792 results about "Ionomer" patented technology

The invention provides a novel polynorbornene anion exchange ionomer containing a polar functional group as well as a preparation method and application of the novel polynorbornene anion exchange ionomer. The polynorbornene has excellent thermal stability and chemical stability. Meanwhile, the AEI main chain of the polynorbornene has no aryl group, so that the adsorption influence caused by the aryl group is avoided. The synthesized addition polynorbornene AEI in the form of quaternary ammonium salt can be dissolved in a low-boiling-point solvent, and it is ensured that a membrane electrode can be prepared through a solvent casting method. Besides the solubility of the AEI, the addition polynorbornene-based AEI in the form of quaternary ammonium salt is modified by utilizing a thiol-ene click reaction, an anion exchange ionomer containing a polar functional group can be prepared, the interaction between the AEI and an electrolytic catalyst is improved, the reaction is simple and easy to operate, the universality is high, and the method is suitable for industrial production. And the current density in the AEMWE system containing the AEI can be effectively improved.

The invention relates to an anion exchange membrane based on isopropyl piperidone and biphenyl and a preparation method of a membrane electrode, the preparation method comprises the following steps: respectively dissolving an aromatic monomer and IPD in a first solvent, and mixing to obtain a mixed solution, the aromatic monomer being BP or TP; dropwise adding an acidic initiator into the mixed solution for reaction at the reaction temperature of-5 DEG C to 0 DEG C to obtain a nitrogen heterocyclic ring polymer intermediate; adding a quaternization reagent into the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring polymer intermediate to realize quaternization modification of nitrogen atoms to obtain a quaternization ionomer; and forming a film to obtain the AEM film. The preparation method of the membrane electrode comprises the following steps: respectively forming a cathode catalyst layer and an anode catalyst layer on two opposite sides of an AEM membrane through ultrasonic spraying to obtain the MEA. The AEM membrane and the MEA obtained according to the invention have the characteristics of excellent stability and high water electrolysis performance, can significantly improve the efficiency and durability of AEMWE, and are suitable for the fields of hydrogen production by water electrolysis and the like.

The invention relates to the technical field of electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction catalysts, and discloses a preparation method and application of a mixed ionomer modified cuprous oxide catalyst, a hydrophobic ionomer and a proton exchange ionomer are used for performing surface modification on cuprous oxide powder, an effective hydrophobic structure is constructed on a Cu2O active site in a physical coating form, and the cuprous oxide modified cuprous oxide catalyst is prepared. A stable and controllable hydrophobic gas-liquid-solid three-phase reaction micro-interface is formed, so that the problems of low C-2 Faraday efficiency, poor selectivity, serious competitive hydrogen evolution reaction, carbonate deposition and the like in the existing process of preparing a C-2 product by electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction are solved, and the industrial current density (gt; and the method has the advantages of simple process flow, low price, high product selectivity and the like.

The invention provides a random copolymerization sulfonated phenyl polyphenyl ionomer material and a preparation method thereof, belongs to the technical field of proton exchange membrane materials of fuel cells, and aims to solve the technical problems of low conductivity and poor chemical stability of proton exchange membranes. The ionomer takes monomers I and II as raw materials, the raw materials are dissolved in a reaction medium of a polar solvent, a catalyst is added into a reaction system at the temperature of 70-100 DEG C, and the reaction continues for 3-6 h under the condition; pouring a reaction solution into a concentrated hydrochloric acid aqueous solution after the reaction is finished, separating out a precipitate, and filtering; and washing with concentrated hydrochloric acid and deionized water, and finally drying to obtain the target ionomer. The preparation method has the characteristics that the synthesis is simple, the cost is low, the molecular weight of the obtained polymer is high, the proton exchange membrane is good in conductivity, high in water absorption and the like, and the prepared proton exchange membrane has a wide application prospect when being used as a proton exchange membrane of a hydrogen fuel cell.

The present invention provides a catalyst-layer-equipped electrolyte membrane and an application of the same, said catalyst-layer-equipped electrolyte membrane comprising: an anode catalyst layer containing an ionomer and an anode catalyst component that is composed of iridium-containing manganese dioxide, the molar ratio of iridium to manganese in the anode catalyst component being 0.011-0.182, and the logarithm log(amount of ionomer / amount of anode catalyst component) of the ratio of the amount of the ionomer to the amount of the anode catalyst component being −1.40 to −0.46; a proton exchange membrane; and a cathode catalyst layer.

The invention relates to a membrane electrode with high oxygen permeability and a preparation method thereof, the membrane electrode comprises a proton exchange membrane, an anode catalyst layer and a cathode catalyst layer, the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer are arranged on two sides of the proton exchange membrane, and anode catalyst slurry comprises an anode catalyst, an ionomer and a dispersing solvent in a mass ratio of 1: (1-10): (10-1000); the cathode catalyst slurry comprises a cathode catalyst, an ionomer, an ionic liquid and a dispersing solvent in a mass ratio of 1: (1-10): (1-10): (10-1000). Compared with the prior art, in order to solve the problem that oxygen mass transfer of a porous carbon carrier in a fuel cell catalyst layer is difficult, the method that ionic liquid and ionomer are mixed in advance, then slurry is prepared, and the slurry is sprayed to prepare the membrane electrode is adopted, so that a compact structure formed by an ionomer membrane on the surface of a catalyst is weakened, and the distribution uniformity of the ionomer membrane is improved; the local oxygen mass transfer resistance is obviously reduced, and the performance of the fuel cell under high current density is improved.

The invention discloses a method and a system for generating a two-dimensional aggregate structure model of a catalyst layer. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring target quantities corresponding to carriers, catalyst particles and ionomers respectively; generating a carrier in the catalyst layer grid, and marking a grid region where the carrier is located by adopting a first mark value; available blank adjacent points of the catalyst layer grid areas marked by adopting the first mark values are obtained, catalyst particles are generated at the available blank adjacent points, and the grid areas where the catalyst particles are located are marked by adopting second mark values; obtaining placement points in the remaining area of the catalyst layer grid to generate an ionomer, and marking the grid area where the ionomer is located by adopting a third mark value; and filling gaps of the generated ionomer, and marking an ionomer connected component meeting an area threshold condition by adopting a third mark value to obtain a catalyst layer two-dimensional aggregate structure model. By utilizing the scheme of the invention, the real distribution state and dependency relationship of each phase in the catalyst layer can be accurately reflected.

The invention discloses a method for evaluating the ink performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, and relates to the technical field of proton exchange membrane fuel cell detection. The method mainly adopts an electrochemical workstation to perform performance test on the dispersed slurry, simulates stress conditions under specific working conditions, effectively distinguishes electrochemical active area attenuation caused by ionomer agglomeration and platinum particle separation in the slurry in combination with electrochemical response differences, and is relatively high in test result precision, short in period and high in accuracy. And the slurry development marginal cost can be obviously reduced.

The invention relates to the technical field of membrane electrodes, in particular to a membrane electrode catalyst layer with a gradient aperture structure and a manufacturing method thereof.The catalyst layer is attached to the side face of a proton exchange membrane through hot pressing, and the catalyst layer at least comprises three catalyst sub-layers; the catalytic sublayer comprises ultrapure water, an organic solvent, a catalyst, a foaming agent and an ionomer; in the direction far away from the proton exchange membrane, the mass ratio of the catalyst to the foaming agent in different catalytic sub-layers is gradually reduced, and the pore diameter and the porosity in the catalytic layers are gradually increased. The membrane electrode catalyst layer provided by the embodiment of the invention can reduce the probability of'flooding 'of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and improve the transmission performance of battery gas and reactants.

The invention belongs to the technical field of membrane electrodes, and particularly relates to a hydrogen fuel cell catalyst layer slurry based on hydrophilic and hydrophobic regulation and a preparation method of a membrane electrode. The slurry of the catalyst layer comprises the following contents: the slurry of the PEM close to the cathode side comprises a Pt / C catalyst, deionized water, a perfluorosulfonic acid ionic polymer solution and isopropanol; the mass ratio, namely I / C ratio, of the ionic polymer to the carbon carrier is 0.8-1.2; the GDL cathode side slurry comprises a Pt / C catalyst, deionized water, a perfluorosulfonic acid ionic polymer solution, a PTFE aqueous solution (polytetrafluoroethylene aqueous solution) and isopropanol, and the mass ratio of the ionic polymer to the carbon carrier, namely I / C ratio, is 0.3-0.5. High hydrophilic ionomer content is reserved on the side, close to the cathode, of the PEM, proton conduction and catalyst active site wetting are guaranteed, the proportion of hydrophobic ionomers and hydrophobic materials is increased on the GDL side, a drainage channel is formed, liquid water is prevented from blocking gaps, then the performance of the membrane electrode is remarkably improved, and the interface contact resistance is stabilized to be 1.64-1.76 m omega (2.5 A / cm < 2 >).

The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing a catalyst, a pore forming agent, an ionomer and a solvent, carrying out ultrasonic treatment in an ice-water bath until the mixture is uniformly dispersed, then coating a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane with the mixture to obtain a catalytic layer, and then carrying out hot pressing and transferring the catalytic layer to two sides of a proton exchange membrane to obtain the membrane electrode. The catalyst layer of the prepared membrane electrode has a cross-linked porous network structure formed in situ when the pore forming agent is pyrolyzed and separated in the hot-pressing transfer printing process, so that the specific surface area of a three-phase interface and the utilization rate of a noble metal catalyst are increased, the gas and liquid mass transfer resistance of the membrane electrode is reduced, and the material transmission capability is improved; the performance of the membrane electrode is improved, and the membrane electrode has more excellent stability.

The invention discloses a multi-component atomic level oxide solid solution integrated electrode for electrolyzed water and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the field of metal material surface plating. The electrode is composed of a gas diffusion layer, a nano array substrate and an atomic level oxide solid solution catalyst layer. The preparation method comprises the following steps: constructing a nano array microreactor on the surface of the gas diffusion layer; the method comprises the following steps: driving an atomic hierarchy solid solution to reconstruct by utilizing an array confinement effect through combination of precursor directional spraying and a heat treatment-rapid quenching process, and constructing a three-dimensional conformal ionomer network on the surface of the atomic hierarchy solid solution; and performing gold plating treatment on the back side of the electrode. Through the synergistic effect of spatial constraint and thermodynamic regulation of the nano microreactor, the traditional electrode interface mismatch bottleneck is broken through, and while precise construction of atomic-scale active sites is realized, the mechanical stability and oxygen evolution reaction kinetics of the electrode are improved. The preparation process has the advantages of controllable flow, strong large-scale expansibility and good industrial preparation prospect.

To provide a hydrogen ion conductive multi-layer composite membrane having excellent durability, ion conductivity, and hydrogen permeation reduction effect.SOLUTION: The present invention provides a hydrogen ion conductive multilayer composite membrane comprising: inner reinforced membranes comprising a porous PTFE layer impregnated with an ionomer composition and outer reinforced membranes positioned on both sides of the inner reinforced membrane, wherein the outer reinforced membranes comprise a porous PTFE layer impregnated with an ionomer composition.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

The present invention provides an organic phosphonic acid betaine and a preparation method thereof, specifically an ammonium phosphonic acid betaine containing a glycidyl group. The organic phosphonic acid betaine can be used as a functional monomer for free radical grafting modification of the surface of a polymer material such as polyolefin, or can be mixed with acrylate, acrylonitrile or other olefin monomers for copolymerization to prepare an amphoteric ionomer. The organic phosphonic acid betaine can also be used for ring-opening grafting modification of polymer materials such as starch, cellulose, polyurethane, and polyamide containing amino or hydroxyl groups in their structures. At the same time, the phosphonic acid betaine imparts functional effects such as zwitterionization, hydrophilicity, antibacterial properties, and antifouling properties to the obtained polymer material. The organic phosphonic acid betaine also has high chemical stability in acidic and alkaline water environments.

The invention belongs to the technical field of hydrogen fuel cells, and particularly relates to high-stability fuel cell catalyst slurry as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and the catalyst slurry comprises nonionic polyacrylamide, a catalyst, an ionomer solution and a water-alcohol mixed solution. The stability of the JM4000 hydrogen fuel cell catalyst slurry is improved by adding polyacrylamide (PAM) as a nonionic additive, and the dispersity, the stability and the electrochemical performance of the slurry are successfully improved.

To provide a manufacturing method for a catalyst ink that can reduce the sedimentation of catalyst particles within the catalyst ink.SOLUTION: There is provided a manufacturing method for a catalyst ink, the catalyst ink Including: catalyst particles including a metal catalyst supported on a carbon carrier; a solvent; and an ionomer. The method includes a step of stirring and mixing, by using beads having a bead diameter of 2 mm or less, the catalyst particles, the solvent, and the ionomer, thereby, an average particle diameter of the catalyst particles becomes 2.2 μm or less after the stirring and mixing.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

The invention discloses an ionomer enhanced PA composite material and a preparation method thereof in the field of polyamide materials. The ionomer enhanced PA composite material comprises the following components in parts by weight: 70-80 parts of PA6, 20-30 parts of an ethylene-octylene copolymer, 1-3 parts of an enhancer, 0.02-0.05 part of an initiator and 0.05-0.1 part of an antioxidant. An ionomer reinforcing agent, ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds are added in a PA6 and POE system, so that the reinforcing agent and PA6 form a'synergistic stress network ', local stress concentration is reduced, strength is improved, 'strength-toughness-rigidity' synergistic improvement is achieved, an ionomer structure of the reinforcing agent is compatible with polar PA6 and a non-polar ethylene-octene copolymer at the same time, and the strength of the POE is improved. The phase separation defect is eliminated, and the material performance stability is high.

The invention provides an argon gas cluster ion polishing machine and a diamond crystal workpiece polishing method. The polishing machine comprises a pulse control valve used for generating pulse type airflow beams, and a nozzle device, a beam splitter, an ionizer, an absorption electrode, an accelerator and a permanent magnet which are sequentially arranged in the spraying direction of the pulse type airflow beams. The nozzle device is used for spraying pulse type airflow beams; wherein the pulse type airflow beam comprises divergent argon atom airflow and neutral cluster particle flow concentrated on a central shaft; the beam splitter is used for screening and separating neutral cluster particles and argon atoms in the pulse type airflow beam; the ionizer is used for ionizing the neutral cluster particles into cluster ions; the suction electrode is used for guiding the ionized ionomer clusters to form an initially converged conical airflow beam; the accelerator is used for focusing and accelerating the conical airflow beam; the permanent magnet is used for separating ions with different masses to form a pure cluster ion beam; and high-quality polishing of the surface of the diamond crystal workpiece can be achieved.

The invention provides catalyst slurry as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The method comprises the following steps: premixing a first ionomer solution and a catalyst, and adding a first solvent into the system for first mixing to form first slurry; performing second mixing on the first slurry, a second ionomer solution and a second solvent to form second slurry; performing high-pressure nano-dispersion on the second slurry to obtain catalyst slurry; wherein the first ionomer solution is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 5 to 30 percent of perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin and 70 to 95 percent of water; the second ionomer solution is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 5 to 30 percent of perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin, 10 to 70 percent of alcohol solvent and 0 to 50 percent of water. On the basis, the catalyst slurry is better in stability, and the membrane electrode performance is better.

Proton exchange membranes are described. The proton exchange membrane includes: a reinforcing membrane; a continuous non-porous hydrogen recombination catalyst coating, the continuous non-porous hydrogen recombination catalyst coating comprising a mixture of a hydrogen recombination catalyst and a proton conducting ionomer; and a continuous non-porous cross-linked polyelectrolyte multilayer coating, the continuous non-porous cross-linked polyelectrolyte multilayer coating comprising alternating layers of a polycationic polymer and a polyanionic polymer. Catalyst coated membranes incorporating proton exchange membranes and methods of making proton exchange membranes are also described.

The present invention provides a method and system for testing gas surface adsorption and bulk dissolution, relating to the field of fuel cell technology. The method comprises: step S1: preparing ionomer films of varying thicknesses on a quartz crystal microbalance wafer; step S2: measuring changes in the wafer vibration frequency and, based on the Sauerbrey equation, determining changes in the gas equilibrium within the film; and step S3: determining the surface adsorption and bulk dissolution per unit thickness based on the measured equilibrium. The method utilizes the quartz crystal microbalance's sensitivity to minute masses to determine changes in the gas equilibrium of the film under varying gas pressures or concentrations. Furthermore, the method utilizes the relationship between varying film thicknesses and gas equilibrium to determine surface adsorption and bulk dissolution, enabling offline testing of interfacial gas adsorption patterns.

A membrane substrate in the form of a sheet is provided, comprising a polyolefin matrix, the polyolefin matrix defining a network of interconnecting pores communicating throughout the polyolefin matrix; and finely divided, substantially water-insoluble silica distributed throughout the polyolefin matrix. The membrane substrate comprises sulfonic acid-functional groups bonded thereto. Alternatively, the membrane substrate comprises carboxylic acid- and / or phosphonic acid-functional groups bonded thereto. Also provided are membranes comprising the membrane substrate described above and a proton exchange ionomer impregnated into the membrane substrate. Also provided are methods for preparing a membrane substrate and methods for preparing a component of a membrane electrode assembly.

The invention provides a modified membrane electrode catalyst layer, a membrane electrode assembly and a proton exchange membrane electrolytic tank, and relates to the technical field of proton exchange membrane electrolyzed water. The modified membrane electrode catalyst layer comprises an anode catalyst and an ionomer, and the surface of one side of the modified membrane electrode catalyst layer is formed by plasma etching treatment; wherein gas used in the plasma etching treatment comprises at least one of ozone, oxygen and nitrogen. The modified membrane electrode catalyst layer has excellent electron conduction performance, water vapor transmission and long-period operation stability.

The invention discloses a high-oxygen-permeability ionomer with a large steric hindrance group as well as a preparation method and application of the high-oxygen-permeability ionomer, and belongs to the technical field of fuel cells. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) in a solution environment, carrying out nucleophilic substitution reaction on perfluorosulfonyl fluoride resin and an aminobenzene sulfonic acid compound under the action of an acid-binding agent, and recovering to obtain an ionomer after the reaction is finished; (2) washing the ionomer in a strong alkali solution, and filtering to obtain a product; and (3) carrying out protonation treatment on the product, and recovering to obtain the high-oxygen-permeability ionomer with the large steric hindrance group after the protonation treatment is completed. The method has the advantages that the process is convenient, post-treatment is convenient, batch preparation can be achieved, and the method is suitable for industrial production. The high-oxygen-permeability ionomer with the large steric hindrance group is used for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, the peak power density is optimized, the mass transfer performance is improved, and the high-oxygen-permeability ionomer shows excellent cell output performance especially in a large-current-density area and has a wide application prospect.

The invention belongs to the technical field of high polymer materials, and particularly relates to a polylactic acid blended composite material applied to automotive interiors and a preparation method thereof. The raw material of the material is polylactic acid modified ionomer or polylactic acid modified copolymer; a biodegradable polyester or elastomer; a chain extender; an anti-hydrolysis agent; an antioxidant; a nucleating agent; and a lubricant. The preparation method comprises the following steps: carrying out vacuum drying on the polylactic acid ionomer or the polylactic acid modified copolymer and the biodegradable polyester or the elastomer; uniformly mixing the dried polylactic acid ionomer or polylactic acid modified copolymer, biodegradable polyester or elastomer, a chain extender, an antioxidant and a lubricant to obtain a mixture; melting, blending and extruding the mixture; water in the material is pumped out at the tail end of an extruder in a vacuumizing mode, and the polylactic acid blending composite material is obtained after the procedures of water cooling, grain-sized dicing and drying. The material disclosed by the invention has excellent characteristics of high rigidity, high toughness, heat resistance, ultraviolet resistance, antibacterial property and the like, and can be applied to the field of automotive upholstery.

The invention discloses an electrolytic adhesive, an adhesive tape and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of adhesives, the electrolytic adhesive comprises the following raw material components by weight: 100 parts of an adhesive main body, 2-10 parts of an auxiliary agent, 3-5 parts of bis (1-vinyl imidazole-2-) ketone, 0.5-1 part of an initiator, and 80-120 parts of a diluent; the main body of the adhesive is an ionomer; monomers for synthesizing the ionomer comprise a short-chain alkyl acrylate monomer, a long-chain alkyl acrylate monomer, an acrylic polyether bond ester monomer, an acidic vinyl monomer and other monomers. The electrolytic adhesive is good in storage stability, high in adhesion before electrification, easy to strip after electrification, good in weather resistance and moisture resistance, still high in stripping force after one-time adhesion, and good in restorability.

In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to a flame retardant plastic composition comprising a polymer component and a brominated flame retardant (BrFR), where the BrFR comprises one or more particles at least partially encapsulated by a thermoplastic toughening agent. In some aspects, the encapsulation can take the form of a core-shell structure wherein the shell has an average thickness of about 5 nm to 10 [mu] m. The thermoplastic toughening agent can be selected from the group consisting of styrenic block copolymers, thermoplastic polyurethanes, nitrile rubbers, acrylic elastomers, copolyester elastomers, thermoplastic polyether ester elastomers, thermoplastic amide ether elastomers, chlorinated rubbers, ionomers, thermoplastic vulcanizates, and combinations thereof. The flame-retardant plastic composition additionally comprises a filler and / or a compatibilizer. A method for preparing the flame retardant plastic composition and articles made from the composition are also disclosed.

The invention discloses an anion exchange membrane electrode and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of new energy material and catalytic electrode preparation, the method comprises the following steps: S1, preparing an anode catalyst slurry comprising a hydrophobic covalent organic framework material, an anode catalyst, an anion exchange ionomer and a solvent; s2, preparing a cathode catalyst slurry of which the components comprise a cathode catalyst, an anion exchange ionomer and a solvent; and S3, respectively spraying or coating the anode catalyst slurry and the cathode catalyst slurry on two side surfaces of an anion exchange membrane or a gas diffusion layer, and carrying out heat treatment to obtain the anion exchange membrane electrode. The method provided by the invention can solve the problems of large gas-liquid-ion three-phase mass transfer resistance, easy shielding of active catalytic sites by ionomers and unbalanced water management in the membrane electrode assembly in the existing AEMWE device.

The invention discloses a high-activity and high-stability carbonized nanofiber membrane electrode and a preparation method thereof, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing water, alcohol, a catalyst and a binder according to a ratio to prepare an electrostatic spinning slurry, adopting electrostatic spinning to prepare nanofibers, and carbonizing the prepared nanofibers in a mixed atmosphere of H2 and Ar; grinding the carbonized product, preparing slurry with water, alcohol and an ionomer, uniformly attaching the slurry to a cathode and an anode of a proton exchange membrane, and drying to obtain the proton exchange membrane. According to the method, the nanofiber morphology of the catalyst layer is maintained, and the Pt utilization rate of the catalyst layer can be maintained. And the catalytic activity of the catalyst is improved by adopting H2 / Ar condition carbonization. Then, no ionomer (Nafion) is added when the nanofibers are constructed in the first step, impurities wrapping the catalyst after carbonization are reduced, the catalytic activity is improved, finally, the non-conductive binder is changed into conductive carbon through the carbonized nanofibers, and the conductivity and stability of the catalytic layer are improved.

The invention discloses a porous catalytic membrane, a membrane electrode assembly and a water electrolysis device, and relates to the technical field of new energy. The porous catalytic membrane provided by the invention comprises a porous polymeric membrane formed by interweaving randomly arranged nanofibers, and a catalyst covering the surfaces of the nanofibers, the porous polymeric membrane has a self-supporting structure and a large specific surface area, and provides a large number of loading sites for the catalyst; the catalyst can be directly anchored on the nanofiber of the porous polymeric membrane through a physical or chemical preparation method, uniform dispersion is realized, and no ionomer is needed for coating, so that the problems of high cost and performance reduction caused by use of the ionomer are avoided, the exposure degree of catalytic active sites is remarkably improved, and the catalytic activity of the catalyst is improved. Therefore, the utilization efficiency of the catalyst is improved and the dosage of the noble metal catalyst can be reduced; in addition, the porous catalytic membrane and the ion exchange membrane have excellent interface contact characteristics, and integrated combination of the porous catalytic membrane and the ion exchange membrane is facilitated.