Device for measuring slope at a long distance and method of use

Abstract

A device for measuring slopes at a distance relates to the field of engineering measurement technology and includes a resistive displacement sensor, a vertical pole, a first laser distance sensor, a second laser distance sensor, a third laser distance sensor, a drive mechanism, and a single-chip microcomputer. A method for using the device for measuring slopes at a distance includes the steps of leveling and height adjustment of the base, detection by the third laser distance sensor, detection by the first and second laser distance sensors, and calculation of the slope. The present invention can achieve long-distance slope measurement through automated control. The measurement process is simple and convenient, which can improve measurement efficiency, simplify operating procedures, and reduce workload. The slope value can be displayed in real time, eliminating the need for manual calculation. The slope value is accurately measured, avoiding human errors, and can provide great convenience for engineering practice.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of engineering measurement, and in particular to a device for remotely measuring slope and a method for using the device. Background Art

[0002] Traditional slope measurement uses GPS or total station to measure the horizontal distance and height difference between the top and the foot of the slope, and then uses the height difference / horizontal distance to get the slope.

[0003] (1) Preparation work before measurement: the installation of GPS base stations and other instruments, the orientation setting of total stations, etc.

[0004] (2) The measurement process is cumbersome: the person holding the ruler needs to measure once at the top and the bottom of the slope to get the result.

[0005] (3) The measurement results need to be processed internally. The height difference and horizontal distance sight distance are obtained from the instrument respectively, and then divided. They cannot be displayed directly.

[0006] (4) This measurement method does not have the ability to measure slope at a long distance. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The present invention provides a device for measuring slope at a long distance and a method for using the device, the purpose of which is to solve the problems (1)-(4) in the prior art.

[0008] In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is:

[0009] A device for measuring slope at a long distance comprises a resistive displacement sensor, a vertical pole, a first laser distance measuring sensor, a second laser distance measuring sensor, a third laser distance measuring sensor, a drive mechanism, and a single-chip microcomputer. The resistive displacement sensor comprises a level and a scale identifier slidably sleeved on the level. The single-chip microcomputer is embedded in the side end of the scale identifier, and a display screen is provided on the outside of the single-chip microcomputer. The vertical pole is provided at the bottom end of the scale identifier in a direction perpendicular to the level. The upper portion of the outer surface of the level is provided with a resistance band along the scale direction, and the lower portion is provided with a copper band along the scale direction. The front end of the copper band is electrically connected to the front end of the resistance band, and the scale identifier is electrically connected to the resistance band via the copper band. Scale lines are provided on the level from the starting point to the end point of the resistance band, and the scale identifier is electrically connected to the display screen via the single-chip microcomputer. A first mounting hole is provided at the bottom end of the vertical pole towards the level, and a first laser distance measuring sensor is fixed in the first mounting hole. The first laser distance measuring sensor emits a first laser in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the vertical pole. The starting point of the first laser line intersects the center point of the bottom end of the vertical pole; a second mounting hole is formed at the end of the level, and a second laser ranging sensor is disposed in the second mounting hole. A second laser ranging sensor emits a second laser ranging sensor that passes through the second mounting hole and extends in a direction perpendicular to the vertical pole. The starting point of the second laser line is aligned with the zero scale line of the level, and the axis of the second laser line and the first laser line are located in the same vertical plane. There are two third laser ranging sensors, which are symmetrically arranged on either side of the vertical plane of the first and second laser lines, and the third laser lines emitted by the two third laser ranging sensors have the same angle with the vertical plane. The third laser ranging sensor is mounted on a rotating platform, and the bottom end of the vertical pole is fixedly connected to the top end of the rotating platform via a fixing seat. The first, second, and third laser ranging sensors are respectively connected to the single-chip microcomputer signal via wires. The level is moved horizontally by a drive mechanism, and the drive mechanism is electrically connected to the single-chip microcomputer via wires.

[0010] Preferably, a linear slide is provided at the bottom end of the level ruler, a roller penetrating the interior of the scale identifier is embedded at the lower end of the scale identifier, and is slidably connected to the linear slide through the roller, the top of the level ruler is provided with an integrally formed rack structure, the top of the scale identifier is provided with a mounting groove penetrating the interior of the scale identifier, a gear is rotatably connected in the mounting groove, the gear is meshed with the rack structure, the driving mechanism is a first servo motor fixedly arranged on the outside of the scale identifier, the output shaft of the first servo motor penetrates the side wall of the scale identifier and is fixedly connected to the end of the central axis of the gear, and under the drive of the first servo motor, the gear drives the rack structure to move back and forth.

[0011] Preferably, it also includes a support rod and a base, the top of the support rod is connected to the bottom center of the rotating platform through a second servo motor, the bottom end of the support rod is fixedly connected to the top of the base, and the lower surface of the base is provided with three adjustable support feet, and the second servo motor is electrically connected to the single-chip computer through a wire.

[0012] Preferably, the adjustable height support foot includes an electric push rod longitudinally arranged on the lower surface of the base and a universal wheel connected to the bottom end of the electric push rod. The single-chip microcomputer is electrically connected to each electric push rod through a wire. The upper surface of the base is provided with an inclination sensor, and the inclination sensor is connected to the single-chip microcomputer through a wire signal.

[0013] Preferably, the upper surface of the base is also provided with pillars along the longitudinal direction, and there are two pillars, which are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the support rod. The bottom ends of the pillars are fixedly connected to the upper surface of the base, and the top ends of the pillars are slidably connected to the rotating platform through an arc-shaped slide groove preset at the bottom end of the rotating platform.

[0014] Preferably, a fixed platform is provided on the upper portion of the upright pole, the third laser ranging sensor is provided on the upper surface of the fixed platform, and a control panel is also provided on the upper surface of the rotating platform.

[0015] A method for using a device for remotely measuring slope comprises the following steps:

[0016] Step 1: Place the device on the side of the slope to be measured, with the end of the level ruler facing the slope, and activate the single-chip microcomputer start button on the control panel;

[0017] Step 2: The single chip computer starts each electric push rod to make the base in a horizontal posture; and adjusts the height of the electric push rod to make the rotating platform at a preset working height;

[0018] Step 3: The single-chip microcomputer starts the second servo motor and the two third laser ranging sensors, and drives the third laser ranging sensors to move by rotating the rotating platform. When the distances measured by the two third laser ranging sensors are the same, the single-chip microcomputer stops the second servo motor and locks the position. At this time, the device is at an angle facing the slope;

[0019] Step 4: The single-chip microcomputer starts the first laser ranging sensor and the second laser ranging sensor, and starts the first servo motor at the same time, and moves the level ruler back and forth by the first servo motor. When the distances measured by the first laser ranging sensor and the second laser ranging sensor are the same, the single-chip microcomputer stops the first servo motor and locks the position;

[0020] Step 5. The single chip computer calculates the slope of the slope surface based on the identified scale of the level ruler and the height of the pole according to the formula: Slope = Height of the pole / Scale of the level ruler, where the scale of the level ruler represents the horizontal distance between the starting end of the second laser line and the axis of the pole when the starting end of the second laser line is against the slope surface, and the height of the pole represents the height difference between the starting end of the first laser line and the intersection of the first laser line and the second laser line when the starting end of the first laser line is against the slope surface, that is, slope = height difference between the top and bottom of the slope / horizontal distance between the top and bottom of the slope. The obtained slope value is displayed on the display screen.

[0021] The beneficial effects of the device for remotely measuring slope and the method for using the present invention are as follows:

[0022] The present invention can realize the measurement of the slope of a long-distance slope through automatic control. The measurement process is simple and convenient, which can improve measurement efficiency, simplify operation procedures, and reduce workload. The slope value can be displayed in real time without the need for manual calculation. The slope value is measured accurately, avoiding human errors, and can provide great convenience for engineering practice. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023] Figure 1 , a schematic diagram of the front structure of the present invention;

[0024] Figure 2 , an enlarged cross-sectional view of the local structure at A of the present invention;

[0025] Figure 3 , an enlarged front view of the local structure of location A of the present invention;

[0026] Figure 4 , a side sectional view of the level ruler and scale identifier of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 5 , a top view of the operating principle of the present invention (the figure shows the positional relationship of the first laser ranging sensor, the second laser ranging sensor, and the third laser ranging sensor at a top view angle);

[0028] Figure 6 , a side view showing the operating principle of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 7 , a schematic diagram showing the principle of the vertical pole and the level ruler of the present invention being translated to the slope surface;

[0030] Figure 8 , a bottom view of the rotating platform of the present invention;

[0031] 1. Base; 2. Electric push rod; 3. Universal wheel; 4. Control mechanism; 5. Support rod; 6. Pillar; 7. Arc slide; 8. Second servo motor; 9. Rotating platform; 10. First laser distance sensor; 11. First mounting hole; 12. Vertical pole; 13. Second laser distance sensor; 14. Rack structure; 15. Gear; 16. First servo motor; 17. Display screen; 18. Scale identifier; 19. Level; 20. Second mounting hole; 21. Roller; 22. Linear slide; 23. Fixed platform; 24. Third laser distance sensor; 25. Resistance belt; 26. Scale line; 27. Copper belt; 28. Control panel; 29. Slope; 30. Second laser line; 31. First laser line; 32. Third laser line A; 33. Third laser line B; 34. Starting point of first laser line; 35. Starting point of second laser line. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0032] The following describes in detail the implementation methods of the present invention in a step-by-step manner. This description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included in the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0033] In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "up", "down", "left", "right", "top", "bottom", "inside", "outside", etc., indicating the orientation or position relationship, are based on the orientation or position relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, and a specific orientation structure and operation. Therefore, they cannot be understood as limiting the present invention.

[0034] Example 1:

[0035] A device for measuring slope at a distance, such as Figure 1-8As shown, it includes a resistive displacement sensor, a vertical pole 12, a first laser ranging sensor 10, a second laser ranging sensor 13, a third laser ranging sensor 24, a driving mechanism, and a single-chip microcomputer. The resistive displacement sensor includes a level 19 and a scale identifier 18 slidably sleeved on the level (the scale identifier is the name of the part slidably sleeved on the level. Because it has the scale recognition function, it is called a scale identifier. For related technical content, please refer to the resistive displacement sensor. The content not mentioned is explained with the existing solution). A single-chip microcomputer (not shown in the figure) is embedded in the side end of the scale identifier 18, and a display screen 17 is provided on the outside of the single-chip microcomputer. The scale identifier 18 A vertical rod 12 is provided at the bottom end perpendicular to the level. A resistance strip 25 is provided on the upper portion of the outer surface of the level 19 along the scale direction, and a copper strip 27 is provided on the lower portion along the scale direction. The front end of the copper strip 27 is electrically connected to the front end of the resistance strip 25. The scale identifier 18 is electrically connected to the resistance strip 25 via the copper strip 27. Graduation lines 26 are provided on the level 19 from the starting point to the end point of the resistance strip 25. The scale identifier 18 is electrically connected to the display screen 17 via a single-chip microcomputer. The principle of scale identification: Due to the different positions of the scale identifiers on the level, the resistance values of the resistance strips connected to them are also different. The scale of the level can be identified based on the corresponding relationship between the resistance value and the scale.

[0036] like Figure 1 、 2 As shown, a first mounting hole 11 is provided at the bottom end of the vertical pole 12 toward the direction of the level 19, a first laser ranging sensor 10 is fixed in the first mounting hole 11, and the first laser ranging sensor 10 emits a first laser line 31 in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the vertical pole, and the starting point of the first laser line 31 intersects with the center point of the bottom end of the vertical pole 12; a second mounting hole 20 is provided at the end of the horizontal pole 19, a second laser ranging sensor 13 is provided in the second mounting hole 20, a second laser ranging sensor 13 emits a second laser line 30 that passes through the second mounting hole 20 and extends in a direction perpendicular to the vertical pole, the starting point of the second laser line 30 is aligned with the 0 scale line of the level, and the axes of the second laser line 30 and the first laser line 31 are located in the same vertical plane;

[0037] like Figure 1-3 As shown in FIG5 , there are two third laser ranging sensors 24, which are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the facade of the first laser line and the second laser line, and the angles between the third laser lines emitted by the two third laser ranging sensors 24 and the facade are the same, as shown in FIG5 . Figure 5As shown, angle a and angle b are the same; the third laser ranging sensor is mounted on a rotating platform 9, and the bottom end of the vertical pole 12 is fixedly connected to the top end of the rotating platform 9 through a fixing seat; the first laser ranging sensor 10, the second laser ranging sensor 13, and the third laser ranging sensor 24 are respectively connected to the single-chip microcomputer signal through wires, and the level 19 is moved in the horizontal direction by the drive mechanism, and the drive mechanism is electrically connected to the single-chip microcomputer through wires.

[0038] Example 2:

[0039] Based on Example 1, this example is further improved as follows:

[0040] like Figure 2 、 4 As shown, a linear slide groove 22 is provided at the bottom end of the level ruler 19, and a roller 21 which passes through the interior of the scale identifier is embedded at the lower end of the scale identifier 18, and is slidingly connected to the linear slide groove 22 through the roller 21. An integrally formed rack structure 14 is provided at the top end of the level ruler 19, and a mounting groove which passes through the interior of the scale identifier is provided at the top end of the scale identifier. A gear 15 is rotatably connected in the mounting groove, and the gear 15 is meshed with the rack structure 14. The driving mechanism is a first servo motor 16 fixedly arranged on the outside of the scale identifier 18, and the output shaft of the first servo motor 16 passes through the side wall of the scale identifier and is fixedly connected to the end of the central axis of the gear 15. Driven by the first servo motor 16, the gear drives the rack structure to move back and forth, that is, drives the level ruler 19 to move back and forth.

[0041] Example 3:

[0042] Based on Example 2, this example is further improved as follows:

[0043] like Figure 1 As shown, it also includes a support rod 5 and a base 1. The top of the support rod 5 is connected to the center of the bottom end of the rotating platform 9 through a second servo motor 8. The bottom end of the support rod 5 is fixedly connected to the top of the base 1. The lower surface of the base 1 is provided with three adjustable support feet. The second servo motor 8 is electrically connected to the single-chip microcomputer through a wire.

[0044] like Figure 1 As shown, the adjustable height support foot includes an electric push rod 2 longitudinally arranged on the lower surface of the base 1 and a universal wheel 3 connected to the bottom end of the electric push rod 2. The single-chip microcomputer is electrically connected to each electric push rod 2 through a wire. An inclination sensor (not shown in the figure) is provided on the upper surface of the base 1, and the inclination sensor is connected to the single-chip microcomputer through a wire signal.

[0045] In this embodiment, the adjustable support feet are used to adjust the height of the device to meet measurement needs. At the same time, the adjustable support feet can adjust the level of the base. When the base is horizontal, the spirit level is in a horizontal position and the vertical pole is in a longitudinal position.

[0046] Example 4:

[0047] Based on Example 3, this example is further improved as follows:

[0048] like Figure 1 、 8 As shown, the upper surface of the base 1 is further provided with two longitudinal struts 6, symmetrically arranged on either side of the support rod 5. The bottom ends of the struts 6 are fixedly connected to the upper surface of the base 1, and the top ends of the struts 6 are slidably connected to the rotating platform 9 via an arcuate chute 7 pre-set at the bottom end of the rotating platform 9. The struts serve to maintain the stability of the rotating platform, and the arcuate chute limits a certain rotation angle, allowing the rotating platform to rotate within a certain angle when facing the slope.

[0049] Example 5:

[0050] Based on Example 4, this example is further improved as follows:

[0051] like Figure 1-3 As shown, a fixed platform 23 is provided on the upper portion of the upright pole 12 , the third laser ranging sensor 24 is provided on the upper surface of the fixed platform 23 , and a control panel 28 is further provided on the upper surface of the rotating platform 9 .

[0052] Example 6:

[0053] Based on the above embodiments, this embodiment further discloses:

[0054] A method for using a device for measuring slope at a distance, such as Figure 1-8 As shown, the following steps are included:

[0055] Step 1: Place the device on the side of the slope to be measured, with the end of the level ruler facing the slope, and activate the single-chip microcomputer start button on the control panel;

[0056] Step 2: The single chip computer starts each electric push rod to make the base in a horizontal posture; and adjusts the height of the electric push rod to make the rotating platform at a preset working height;

[0057] Step 3: The single-chip microcomputer starts the second servo motor and two third laser ranging sensors, and drives the third laser ranging sensors to move by rotating the rotating platform. When the distances measured by the two third laser ranging sensors are the same (because the ends of the level rulers have been pointed toward the slope in advance, the third laser lines will be projected onto the slope during the rotation process), the single-chip microcomputer stops the second servo motor and locks the position. At this time, the device is at an angle facing the slope.

[0058] Step 4: The single-chip microcomputer starts the first laser ranging sensor and the second laser ranging sensor, and starts the first servo motor at the same time, and moves the level ruler back and forth by the first servo motor. When the distances measured by the first laser ranging sensor and the second laser ranging sensor are the same, the single-chip microcomputer stops the first servo motor and locks the position;

[0059] Step 5. The single chip computer calculates the slope of the slope surface based on the identified scale of the level ruler and the height of the pole according to the formula: Slope = Height of the pole / Scale of the level ruler, where the scale of the level ruler represents the horizontal distance between the starting end of the second laser line and the axis of the pole when the starting end of the second laser line is against the slope surface, and the height of the pole represents the height difference between the starting end of the first laser line and the intersection of the first laser line and the second laser line when the starting end of the first laser line is against the slope surface, that is, slope = height difference between the top and bottom of the slope / horizontal distance between the top and bottom of the slope. The obtained slope value is displayed on the display screen.

[0060] The use principle of the present invention:

[0061] like Figure 5 As shown in the figure, when the distances measured by the two third laser ranging sensors are the same, it means that the vertical plane where the axes of the second laser line 30 and the first laser line 31 are located is perpendicular to the slope surface, so it is the standard measurement position. In this measurement position, when the distances measured by the first laser ranging sensor and the second laser ranging sensor are the same, as shown in the figure, Figure 8 As shown, it means that the bottom of the vertical pole (the starting point of the first laser line) and the end of the level ruler (the starting point of the second laser line) can both offset the slope surface at the same time after moving this distance toward the slope surface. At this time, the scale value of the level ruler represents the horizontal distance between the top and bottom of the measured slope section, and the height of the vertical pole represents the height difference between the top and bottom of the slope. The single-chip microcomputer calculates the ratio of the length of the vertical pole to the scale value of the level ruler to obtain the slope value of the slope surface.

Claims

1. A device for measuring slope at a distance, characterized by: The device comprises a resistive displacement sensor, a vertical pole, a first laser distance measuring sensor, a second laser distance measuring sensor, a third laser distance measuring sensor, a driving mechanism and a single chip microcomputer. The resistive displacement sensor comprises a level and a scale identifier slidably sleeved on the level. The side end of the scale identifier is embedded with a single chip microcomputer, and a display screen is arranged on the outside of the single chip microcomputer. The bottom end of the scale identifier is provided with a vertical pole along a direction perpendicular to the level. The upper part of the outer surface of the level is provided with a resistance belt along the scale direction, and the lower part is provided with a copper belt along the scale direction. The front end of the copper belt is electrically connected to the front end of the resistance belt, and the scale identifier is electrically connected to the resistance belt through the copper belt. Scale lines are provided on the level from the starting point to the end point of the resistance belt, and the scale identifier is electrically connected to the display screen through the single chip microcomputer. A first mounting hole is provided at the bottom end of the vertical pole towards the level. A first laser distance measuring sensor is fixed in the first mounting hole. The first laser distance measuring sensor emits a first laser line along a direction perpendicular to the axis of the vertical pole. The starting point of the laser line intersects the center point of the bottom end of the vertical pole. A second mounting hole is formed at the end of the level, and a second laser ranging sensor is disposed in the second mounting hole. A second laser ranging sensor emits a second laser ranging sensor that passes through the second mounting hole and extends in a direction perpendicular to the vertical pole. The starting point of the second laser ranging sensor is aligned with the zero scale line of the level, and the axis of the second laser line and the first laser line are located in the same vertical plane. There are two third laser ranging sensors, symmetrically arranged on either side of the vertical plane of the first and second laser lines, and the third laser ranging sensors emit the same angle with the vertical plane. The third laser ranging sensor is mounted on a rotating platform, and the bottom end of the vertical pole is fixedly connected to the top end of the rotating platform via a fixing seat. The first, second, and third laser ranging sensors are respectively connected to the single-chip microcomputer signal via wires. The level is moved horizontally by a drive mechanism, and the drive mechanism is electrically connected to the single-chip microcomputer via wires.

2. The device for remotely measuring slope according to claim 1, wherein: The bottom end of the level is provided with a linear slide, the lower end of the scale identifier is embedded with a roller that passes through the interior of the scale identifier and is slidably connected to the linear slide through the roller, the top of the level is provided with an integrally formed rack structure, the top of the scale identifier is provided with a mounting groove that passes through the interior of the scale identifier, a gear is rotatably connected in the mounting groove, the gear is meshed with the rack structure, the driving mechanism is a first servo motor fixedly arranged on the outside of the scale identifier, the output shaft of the first servo motor passes through the side wall of the scale identifier and is fixedly connected to the central axis end of the gear, and under the drive of the first servo motor, the gear drives the rack structure to move back and forth.

3. The device for remotely measuring slope according to claim 2, wherein: It also includes a support rod and a base. The top of the support rod is connected to the center of the bottom end of the rotating platform through a second servo motor. The bottom end of the support rod is fixedly connected to the top end of the base. Three adjustable support feet are provided on the lower surface of the base. The second servo motor is electrically connected to the single-chip computer through a wire.

4. The device for remotely measuring slope according to claim 3, wherein: The adjustable height support foot includes an electric push rod longitudinally arranged on the lower surface of the base and a universal wheel connected to the bottom end of the electric push rod. The single-chip microcomputer is electrically connected to each electric push rod through a wire. The upper surface of the base is provided with an inclination sensor, and the inclination sensor is connected to the single-chip microcomputer through a wire signal.

5. The device for remotely measuring slope according to claim 4, characterized in that: The upper surface of the base is also provided with pillars along the longitudinal direction. There are two pillars, which are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the support rod. The bottom ends of the pillars are fixedly connected to the upper surface of the base, and the top ends of the pillars are slidably connected to the rotating platform through arc-shaped slide grooves preset at the bottom end of the rotating platform.

6. The device for remotely measuring slope according to claim 5, characterized in that: A fixed platform is provided on the upper part of the vertical pole, the third laser ranging sensor is arranged on the upper surface of the fixed platform, and a control panel is also provided on the upper surface of the rotating platform.

7. The method for using the device for remotely measuring slope according to claim 6, wherein: The steps include: Step 1: Place the device on the side of the slope to be measured, with the end of the level ruler facing the slope, and activate the single-chip microcomputer start button on the control panel; Step 2: The single chip computer starts each electric push rod to make the base in a horizontal posture; and adjusts the height of the electric push rod to make the rotating platform at a preset working height; Step 3: The single-chip microcomputer starts the second servo motor and the two third laser ranging sensors, and drives the third laser ranging sensors to move by rotating the rotating platform. When the distances measured by the two third laser ranging sensors are the same, the single-chip microcomputer stops the second servo motor and locks the position. At this time, the device is at an angle facing the slope; Step 4: The single-chip microcomputer starts the first laser ranging sensor and the second laser ranging sensor, and starts the first servo motor at the same time, and moves the level ruler back and forth by the first servo motor. When the distances measured by the first laser ranging sensor and the second laser ranging sensor are the same, the single-chip microcomputer stops the first servo motor and locks the position; Step 5. The single chip computer calculates the slope of the slope surface based on the identified scale of the level ruler and the height of the pole according to the formula: Slope = Height of the pole / Scale of the level ruler, where the scale of the level ruler represents the horizontal distance between the starting end of the second laser line and the axis of the pole when the starting end of the second laser line is against the slope surface, and the height of the pole represents the height difference between the starting end of the first laser line and the intersection of the first laser line and the second laser line when the starting end of the first laser line is against the slope surface, that is, slope = height difference between the top and bottom of the slope / horizontal distance between the top and bottom of the slope. The obtained slope value is displayed on the display screen.

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