Technology for reference signal mode

Abstract

Methods, systems, and apparatus for wireless communication are described. A user equipment (UE) may receive a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set. The UE may receive a second indication of a resource element format for the reference signal instances in the reference signal instance set, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements. The UE may further receive a reference signal from a base station for estimating a carrier frequency offset (CFO) based on the first indication of the set of reference signal instances and the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instances. The UE may then communicate with the base station based on the received reference signal.

Description

[0001] Cross-references

[0002] This patent application claims the benefits of the following applications: U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 083,539, entitled "Techniques for Reference Signal Patterns," filed by Wang et al. on September 25, 2020; and U.S. Patent Application No. 17 / 398,795, entitled "Techniques for Reference Signal Patterns," filed by Wang et al. on August 10, 2021; each of the above applications is assigned to the assignee of this application. Technical Field

[0003] The following text relates to wireless communication, including techniques used for reference signal modes. Background Technology

[0004] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content, such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, and broadcasting. These systems may be able to support communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple access systems include fourth-generation (4G) systems (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, improved LTE (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-APro systems) and fifth-generation (5G) systems (which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems). These systems may employ technologies such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), or Discrete Fourier Transform Extended Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple access communication system may include one or more base stations or one or more network access nodes, each base station or network access node simultaneously supporting communication with multiple communication devices (which may also be referred to as User Equipment (UE)).

[0005] In some wireless communication systems, wireless communication signals may be susceptible to carrier frequency offset (CFO), which can occur when a signal transmitted within one subcarrier leaks into or overlaps with another subcarrier at the receiver. This interference can degrade the performance of the wireless communication system. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The described techniques relate to improved methods, systems, devices, and apparatuses supporting techniques for reference signal patterns. In general, the described techniques provide improved reference signal patterns for carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation. Specifically, the techniques described herein relate to reference signal patterns with empty resource elements for CFO estimation. In some cases, empty resource elements can be configured as guard bands to mitigate interference from other resource elements and resource elements carrying reference signals. In some aspects, the UE can receive a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set. The first indication may include a pattern specifying the location of each reference signal instance in the time domain, frequency domain, or both. The UE may also receive a second indication of the resource element format for at least one reference signal instance. In some aspects, this configuration may include one or more reference signal resource elements (e.g., resource elements carrying reference signals) and one or more empty resource elements for each corresponding reference signal instance. Specifically, each reference signal instance may include one or more reference signal resource elements and empty resource elements, the empty resource elements separating the one or more reference signal resource elements from other subcarriers in the frequency domain.

[0007] In some aspects, the UE can be configured with patterns for reference signal instances (e.g., reference signal instance format) and / or resource element formats via Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, System Information Block (SIB) signaling, or both. The UE can then receive reference signals (e.g., Phase Tracking Reference Signals (PTRS)) from the base station and can estimate the CFO using the received reference signals based on a first indication of the set of reference signal instances and a second indication of the resource element format. By configuring the reference signal pattern with empty resource elements located near the reference signal resource elements in the time domain, the techniques described herein can reduce or eliminate interference from reference signals (e.g., PTRS) attributable to CFO. Specifically, empty resource elements can separate reference signal resource elements from other data resource elements in the time domain, thus making the PTRS resource elements less susceptible to CFO. In this respect, the techniques described herein can provide reference signal patterns that enable more accurate CFO estimation, thereby enabling the UE to compensate for CFO more accurately and resulting in more efficient and reliable wireless communication.

[0008] A method for wireless communication at a UE is described. The method may include: receiving a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set; receiving a second indication of a resource element format for reference signal instances in the set of reference signal instances, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements; receiving a reference signal from a base station for estimating CFO based on the first indication of the set of reference signal instances and the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instances; and communicating with the base station based on the received reference signal.

[0009] An apparatus for wireless communication at a UE is described. The apparatus may include a processor, a memory coupled to the processor, and instructions stored in the memory. The instructions are executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: receive a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set; receive a second indication of a resource element format for reference signal instances in the set of reference signal instances, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements; receive a reference signal from a base station for estimating CFO based on the first indication of the set of reference signal instances and the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instances; and communicate with the base station based on the received reference signal.

[0010] Another apparatus for wireless communication at a UE is described. The apparatus may include units for performing the following operations: receiving a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set; receiving a second indication of a resource element format for reference signal instances in the reference signal instance set, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements; receiving a reference signal from a base station for estimating CFO based on the first indication of the set of reference signal instances and the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instances; and communicating with the base station based on the received reference signal.

[0011] A non-transitory computer-readable medium is described, storing code for wireless communication at a UE. The code may include instructions executable by a processor to: receive a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set; receive a second indication of a resource element format for reference signal instances in the set of reference signal instances, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements; receive a reference signal from a base station for estimating CFO based on the first indication of the set of reference signal instances and the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instances; and communicate with the base station based on the received reference signal.

[0012] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for performing the following: receiving from a base station a first control message indicating a set of resource element formats for resource elements within a set of reference signal instances, wherein receiving a second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instances may be based on receiving the first control message.

[0013] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the first control message includes an RRC message, a SIB message, or both.

[0014] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for performing the following: receiving from a base station a second control message indicating a resource element format included within a set of resource element formats, wherein receiving a second indication of a resource element format for a reference signal instance may be based on receiving the second control message.

[0015] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the second control message includes a downlink control information (DCI) message, a media access control-control element (MAC-CE) message, or both.

[0016] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for receiving control messages from a base station, the control messages including a first indication of a set of reference signal instances, a second indication of a resource element format of the reference signal instances, or both.

[0017] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for performing the following: sending a request to a base station for a mode for configuring reference signals associated with the estimated CFO, wherein receiving a first indication of a set of reference signal instances, a second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances, or both may be based on sending the request.

[0018] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for performing the following: determining one or more parameters associated with communication between the UE and the base station, wherein a transmission request may be based on determining one or more parameters.

[0019] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, one or more parameters include modulation and coding scheme (MCS), expected CFO, block error rate (BLER), frequency density associated with the resource set, time density associated with the resource set, allowable overhead of the resource set that can be used for a set of reference signal instances, or any combination thereof.

[0020] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, receiving a first indication to a set of reference signal instances within a resource set may include operations, features, units or instructions for receiving a time density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a frequency density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a resource element offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a symbol offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, or any combination thereof.

[0021] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for performing: determining an anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance in a set of reference signal instances; and determining the position of each reference signal instance within the resource set based on the anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance, a time density indicator, a frequency density indicator, a resource element offset indicator, a symbol offset indicator, or any combination thereof, wherein receiving a reference signal may be based on determining the position of each reference signal instance.

[0022] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, a time density indicator indicates the number of reference signal instances per symbol within a resource set, and a frequency density indicator indicates the number of reference signal instances per resource block within a resource set.

[0023] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, a resource element offset indicator indicates a first offset in the frequency domain of a set of reference signal instances relative to a first boundary of the resource set, and wherein a symbol offset indicator indicates a second offset in the time domain of the set of reference signal instances relative to a second boundary of the resource set.

[0024] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, a reference signal instance includes one or more reference signal resource elements and two or more empty resource elements, wherein the empty resource elements are located between the one or more reference signal resource elements and resource elements for other information in the frequency domain.

[0025] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the first resource element format for a resource element within a first reference signal instance in a set of reference signal instances may differ from the second resource element format for a resource element within a second reference signal instance in a set of reference signal instances.

[0026] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, each instance of the reference signal may be symmetric in the frequency domain.

[0027] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the reference signal instance spans one resource element in the time domain and three or more resource elements in the frequency domain.

[0028] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, three or more resource elements in the frequency domain include three or more consecutive resource elements in the frequency domain.

[0029] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, one or more empty resource elements of a reference signal instance include one or more empty subcarriers.

[0030] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, reference signal instances include a first reference signal resource element, a second reference signal resource element, and one or more empty resource elements located in the frequency domain between the first reference signal resource element and the second reference signal resource element.

[0031] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the reference signal instance includes a first reference signal resource element and a second reference signal resource element adjacent to the first reference signal resource element in the frequency domain.

[0032] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, a reference signal instance may be located at the boundary of a resource set, and one or more empty resource elements of the reference signal instance may be omitted from the reference signal instance.

[0033] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for performing one or more measurements using a received reference signal; and estimating the CFO based on the performance of one or more measurements, wherein communication with a base station may be based on the estimated CFO.

[0034] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the power of one or more reference signal resource elements within a set of reference signal instances may be greater than the power of data elements within the resource set.

[0035] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the reference signal used to estimate the CFO includes PTRS.

[0036] A method for wireless communication at a base station is described. The method may include: sending a first indication to a UE of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set; sending a second indication to the UE of a resource element format for reference signal instances in the reference signal instance set, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements; sending a reference signal to the UE for estimating CFO based on the first indication of the set of reference signal instances and the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instances; and communicating with the UE based on sending the reference signal.

[0037] An apparatus for wireless communication at a base station is described. The apparatus may include a processor, a memory coupled to the processor, and instructions stored in the memory. The instructions are executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: send to a UE a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set; send to the UE a second indication of a resource element format for reference signal instances in the reference signal instance set, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements; send to the UE a reference signal for estimating CFO based on the first indication of the set of reference signal instances and the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instances; and communicate with the UE based on sending the reference signal.

[0038] Another apparatus for wireless communication at a base station is described. The apparatus may include units for performing the following operations: transmitting to a UE a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set; transmitting to the UE a second indication of a resource element format for reference signal instances in the reference signal instance set, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements; transmitting to the UE a reference signal for estimating CFO based on the first indication of the set of reference signal instances and the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instances; and communicating with the UE based on transmitting the reference signal.

[0039] A non-transitory computer-readable medium is described, storing code for wireless communication at a base station. The code may include processor-executable instructions to: send to a UE a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set; send to the UE a second indication of a resource element format for reference signal instances in the reference signal instance set, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements; send to the UE a reference signal for estimating CFO based on the first indication of the set of reference signal instances and the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instances; and communicate with the UE based on sending the reference signal.

[0040] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for performing the following: sending a first control message to a UE indicating a set of resource element formats for resource elements within a set of reference signal instances, wherein sending a second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instance may be based on sending the first control message.

[0041] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the first control message includes an RRC message, a SIB message, or both.

[0042] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for performing the following: sending a second control message to the UE indicating a resource element format included within a set of resource element formats, wherein sending the second indication of the resource element format for a reference signal instance may be based on receiving the second control message.

[0043] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the second control message includes a DCI message, a MAC-CE message, or both.

[0044] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, elements, or instructions for sending a control message to a UE, the control message including a first indication of a set of reference signal instances, a second indication of a resource element format of the reference signal instances, or both.

[0045] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for performing the following: receiving from a UE a request for a mode for configuring reference signals associated with the estimated CFO, wherein sending a first indication of a set of reference signal instances, a second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances, or both may be based on receiving the request.

[0046] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for performing the following: determining one or more parameters associated with communication between the UE and the base station, wherein transmitting a first indication to a set of reference signal instances, a second indication to a resource element format, or both may be based on determining one or more parameters.

[0047] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the one or more parameters include MCS, expected CFO, BLER, frequency density associated with the resource set, time density associated with the resource set, allowable overhead of the resource set that can be used for a set of reference signal instances, or any combination thereof.

[0048] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, sending a first indication to a set of reference signal instances within a resource set may include operations, features, units or instructions for sending a time density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a frequency density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a resource element offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a symbol offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, or any combination thereof.

[0049] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for performing: determining an anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance in a set of reference signal instances; and determining the position of each reference signal instance within the resource set based on the anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance, a time density indicator, a frequency density indicator, a resource element offset indicator, a symbol offset indicator, or any combination thereof, wherein transmitting a reference signal may be based on determining the position of each reference signal instance.

[0050] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, a time density indicator indicates the number of reference signal instances per symbol within a resource set, and a frequency density indicator indicates the number of reference signal instances per resource block within a resource set.

[0051] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, a resource element offset indicator indicates a first offset in the frequency domain of a set of reference signal instances relative to a first boundary of the resource set, and wherein a symbol offset indicator indicates a second offset in the time domain of the set of reference signal instances relative to a second boundary of the resource set.

[0052] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, a reference signal instance includes one or more reference signal resource elements and two or more empty resource elements, wherein the empty resource elements are located between the one or more reference signal resource elements and resource elements for other information in the frequency domain.

[0053] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the first resource element format for a resource element within a first reference signal instance in a set of reference signal instances may differ from the second resource element format for a resource element within a second reference signal instance in a set of reference signal instances.

[0054] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, each instance of the reference signal may be symmetric in the frequency domain.

[0055] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the reference signal instance spans one resource element in the time domain and three or more resource elements in the frequency domain.

[0056] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, three or more resource elements in the frequency domain include three or more consecutive resource elements in the frequency domain.

[0057] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, one or more empty resource elements of a reference signal instance include one or more empty subcarriers.

[0058] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, reference signal instances include a first reference signal resource element, a second reference signal resource element, and one or more empty resource elements located in the frequency domain between the first reference signal resource element and the second reference signal resource element.

[0059] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the reference signal instance includes a first reference signal resource element and a second reference signal resource element adjacent to the first reference signal resource element in the frequency domain.

[0060] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, a reference signal instance may be located at the boundary of a resource set, and one or more empty resource elements of the reference signal instance may be omitted from the reference signal instance.

[0061] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the power of one or more reference signal resource elements within a set of reference signal instances may be greater than the power of data elements within the resource set.

[0062] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the reference signal used to estimate the CFO includes PTRS. Attached Figure Description

[0063] Figure 1 An example of a wireless communication system that supports techniques for a reference signal mode according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown.

[0064] Figure 2 An example of a wireless communication system that supports techniques for a reference signal mode according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown.

[0065] Figure 3 An example of a resource allocation scheme for a technology supporting a reference signal mode, based on various aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0066] Figure 4 An example of a resource allocation scheme for a technology supporting a reference signal mode, based on various aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0067] Figure 5 An example of a resource allocation scheme for a technology supporting a reference signal mode, based on various aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0068] Figure 6 An example of a resource allocation scheme for a technology supporting a reference signal mode, based on various aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0069] Figure 7 An example of a resource allocation scheme for a technology supporting a reference signal mode, based on various aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0070] Figure 8 and Figure 9 A block diagram of an apparatus supporting techniques for a reference signal mode according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown.

[0071] Figure 10 A block diagram of a communication manager supporting techniques for reference signal modes according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown.

[0072] Figure 11 A diagram of a system including devices supporting techniques for reference signal modes, according to various aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0073] Figure 12 and Figure 13 A block diagram of an apparatus supporting techniques for a reference signal mode according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown.

[0074] Figure 14 A block diagram of a communication manager supporting techniques for reference signal modes according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown.

[0075] Figure 15 A diagram of a system including devices supporting techniques for reference signal modes, according to various aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0076] Figures 16 to 19 A flowchart illustrating a method for supporting techniques for a reference signal mode according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0077] In some wireless communication systems, wireless communication signals (e.g., Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signals) can be susceptible to carrier frequency offset (CFO). CFO can occur when a signal transmitted within one subcarrier leaks into or overlaps with another subcarrier at the receiver. In some cases, CFO may be caused by mismatch between oscillators at the transmitting and receiving devices. Alternatively, Doppler effects attributable to relative mobility between the transmitting and receiving devices can also cause CFO. For example, the Doppler effect may be more pronounced in non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) due to the rapid movement of satellites relative to terrestrial UEs. In some cases, CFO can lead to significant performance degradation within the wireless communication system. Some wireless communication systems can use a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS) to estimate and account for CFO. However, in cases with significant CFO, adjacent data transmitted on subcarriers adjacent to the subcarrier on which the PTRS is transmitted may interfere with the PTRS subcarrier, negatively impacting CFO estimation. In such a situation, wireless devices within a wireless communication system may be unable to accurately estimate and account for the CFO within the system, leading to increased noise and reduced efficiency and reliability of wireless communication.

[0078] A technique for improved reference signal patterns for CFO estimation is disclosed. Specifically, the technique described herein relates to reference signal patterns with empty resource elements for CFO estimation. An empty resource element can refer to a resource element not used for transmitting signals or information. In some cases, an empty resource element can be configured as a guard band (or guard resource element) to mitigate interference from other resource elements and resource elements carrying reference signals (e.g., reference signal resource elements). In some aspects, the UE can receive a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set (e.g., a resource set allocated for communication at the UE). The first indication may include a pattern specifying the location of each reference signal instance in the time domain, frequency domain, or both. The UE may also receive a second indication of a resource element format for resource elements within at least one reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances. In some aspects, the resource element format may include one or more reference signal resource elements (e.g., PTRS resource elements) and one or more empty resource elements for a given reference signal instance. Specifically, each reference signal instance may include one or more reference signal resource elements and empty resource elements, the empty resource elements separating the one or more reference signal resource elements from other subcarriers in the frequency domain.

[0079] In some aspects, the UE can be configured with a pattern for reference signal instances and / or resource element configuration via Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, System Information Block (SIB) signaling, or both. The UE can then receive reference signals (e.g., PTRS) from the base station and can estimate the CFO using the received reference signals based on a first indication of the reference signal set and a second indication of the resource element format. By configuring the reference signal pattern with empty resource elements located near the reference signal resource elements in the frequency domain, the techniques described herein can reduce or eliminate interference from reference signals (e.g., PTRS) attributable to CFO. Specifically, empty resource elements can separate the reference signal resource elements from other data resource elements in the frequency domain, thus making the resource elements of PTRS less susceptible to CFO. In this respect, the techniques described herein can provide a reference signal pattern that enables more accurate CFO estimation, thereby enabling the UE to compensate for CFO more accurately and resulting in more efficient and reliable wireless communication.

[0080] Various aspects of this disclosure are first described in the context of a wireless communication system. Additional aspects of this disclosure are described in the context of example resource allocation schemes and example process flows. Various aspects of this disclosure are further illustrated by apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts relating to techniques used for reference signal modes, and are described with reference to these diagrams.

[0081] Figure 1Examples of wireless communication systems 100 supporting technologies for reference signal modes according to various aspects of this disclosure are shown. Wireless communication system 100 may include one or more base stations 105, one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, wireless communication system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an improved LTE (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, or a New Radio (NR) network. In some examples, wireless communication system 100 may support enhanced broadband communication, ultra-reliable (e.g., mission-critical) communication, low-latency communication, or communication with low-cost and low-complexity devices, or any combination thereof.

[0082] Base stations 105 can be distributed throughout a geographical area to form a wireless communication system 100, and can be devices of different forms or with different capabilities. Base stations 105 and UE 115 can communicate wirelessly via one or more communication links 125. Each base station 105 can provide a coverage area 110, and UE 115 and base station 105 can establish one or more communication links 125 on the coverage area 110. Coverage area 110 can be an example of a geographical area where base station 105 and UE 115 can support signal transmission according to one or more radio access technologies.

[0083] The UEs can be distributed throughout the entire coverage area 110 of the wireless communication system 100, and each UE 115 can be stationary, mobile, or both at different times. UEs 115 can be devices of different forms or with different capabilities. Figure 1 Some example UE 115s are shown in the document. The UE 115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as other UE 115s, base station 105, or network devices (e.g., core network nodes, relay devices, integrated access and backhaul (IAB) nodes, or other network devices). Figure 1 As shown.

[0084] Base station 105 can communicate with core network 130, communicate with each other, or perform both operations. For example, base station 105 can interface with core network 130 via one or more backhaul links 155 (e.g., via S1, N2, N3, or other interfaces). Base station 105 can communicate with each other directly (e.g., directly between base stations 105) on backhaul links 155 (e.g., via X2, Xn, or other interfaces), or indirectly (e.g., via core network 130), or perform both operations. In some examples, backhaul link 155 may be or include one or more radio links.

[0085] One or more of the base stations 105 described herein may include, or may be referred to by those skilled in the art as, a base station transceiver, a radio base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a node B, an evolved node B (eNB), a next-generation node B or a gigabit node B (any of which may be referred to as a gNB), a home node B, a home evolved node B, or some other suitable term.

[0086] UE 115 may include or be referred to as a mobile device, wireless device, remote device, handheld device, or subscriber device, or some other suitable term, wherein "device" may also be referred to as a unit, station, terminal, or client, and other examples. UE 115 may also include or be referred to as a personal electronic device, such as a cellular phone, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablet computer, laptop computer, or personal computer. In some examples, UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, Internet of Things (IoT) device, Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, and other examples, which may be implemented in various articles such as electrical appliances, vehicles, meters, and other examples.

[0087] The UE 115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as other UEs 115 that may sometimes act as repeaters, as well as base station 105 and network devices, including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations and other examples. Figure 1 As shown. In some aspects, each UE 115 may include a communication manager 101, which is configured to facilitate communication with other wireless devices (e.g., base station 105, satellite 120, other UE 115).

[0088] UE 115 and base station 105 can communicate wirelessly with each other via one or more communication links 125 on one or more carriers. The term "carrier" can refer to a set of radio frequency spectrum resources having a defined physical layer structure for supporting communication link 125. For example, a carrier for communication link 125 may include a portion of a radio frequency spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth portion (BWP)) that operates according to one or more physical layer channels for a given radio access technology (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-APro, NR). Each physical layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information), control signaling coordinating operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. Wireless communication system 100 can support communication with UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. Depending on the carrier aggregation configuration, UE 115 can be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers. Carrier aggregation can be used in conjunction with both frequency division duplex (FDD) component carriers and time division duplex (TDD) component carriers.

[0089] The signal waveform transmitted on a carrier can consist of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multicarrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) or Discrete Fourier Transform Spread Spectrum OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM). In a system employing MCM, a resource element can include a symbol period (e.g., the duration of a modulation symbol) and a subcarrier, where the symbol period and subcarrier spacing are inversely related. The number of bits carried through each resource element can depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both). Therefore, the more resource elements UE 115 receives and the higher the order of the modulation scheme, the higher the data rate can be for UE 115. Wireless communication resources can refer to a combination of radio frequency spectrum resources, temporal resources, and spatial resources (e.g., spatial layers or beams), and the use of multiple spatial layers can further increase the data rate or data integrity used for communication with UE 115.

[0090] It can be expressed in a basic unit of time (which can be, for example, T). s =1 / (Δf) max ·N f The sampling period is ) seconds, where Δf max This can represent the maximum supported subcarrier spacing, and N fThe time interval for base station 105 or UE 115 can be represented as a multiple of the maximum supported Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) size. The time interval for communication resources can be organized based on radio frames, each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms)). Each radio frame can be identified by a System Frame Number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023).

[0091] Each frame may include multiple consecutively numbered subframes or time slots, and each subframe or time slot may have the same duration. In some examples, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a number of time slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable number of time slots, and the number of time slots may depend on the subcarrier spacing. Each time slot may include a number of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix added before each symbol period). In some wireless communication systems 100, time slots may be further divided into multiple micro-time slots containing one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may contain one or more (e.g., N) f (Number) sampling periods. The duration of a symbol period can depend on the subcarrier spacing or the operating frequency band.

[0092] A subframe, time slot, micro-time slot, or symbol can be the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communication system 100 (e.g., in the time domain) and can be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI). In some examples, the duration of the TTI (e.g., the number of symbol periods in the TTI) can be variable. Alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communication system 100 can be dynamically selected (e.g., in a burst form of a shortened TTI (sTTI)).

[0093] Physical channels can be multiplexed on a carrier using various techniques. For example, one or more of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques can be used to multiplex physical control channels and physical data channels on a downlink carrier. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET)) for physical control channels can be defined by the number of symbol periods and can extend across the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of the carrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) can be configured for a group of UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 can monitor or search for control regions for control information based on one or more search space sets, and each search space set can include one or more control channel candidates arranged in a cascaded manner at one or more aggregation levels. The aggregation level for control channel candidates can refer to the number of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs)) associated with coded information for a control information format having a given payload size. The search space set may include a common search space set configured to send control information to multiple UEs 115 and a UE-specific search space set used to send control information to a specific UE 115.

[0094] In some examples, base station 105 may be mobile, and therefore provide communication coverage for mobile geographic coverage areas 110. In some examples, different geographic coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas 110 may be supported by the same base station 105. In other examples, overlapping geographic coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies may be supported by different base stations 105. Wireless communication system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network, in which different types of base stations 105 use the same or different radio access technologies to provide coverage for various geographic coverage areas 110.

[0095] Wireless communication system 100 can be configured to support ultra-reliable communication or low-latency communication, or various combinations thereof. For example, wireless communication system 100 can be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) or mission-critical communication. UE 115 can be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or mission-critical functions (e.g., mission-critical functions). Ultra-reliable communication may include private or group communication and may be supported by one or more mission-critical services (such as mission-critical push-to-talk (MCPTT), mission-critical video (MCVideo), or mission-critical data (MCData)). Support for mission-critical functions may include service prioritization, and mission-critical services may be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, mission-critical, and ultra-reliable low-latency are used interchangeably herein.

[0096] In some examples, UE 115 may also be able to communicate directly with other UE 115s on a device-to-device (D2D) communication link 135 (e.g., using peer-to-peer (P2P) or D2D protocols). One or more UEs 115s utilizing D2D communication may be within the geographic coverage area 110 of base station 105. Other UEs 115s in such a group may be outside the geographic coverage area 110 of base station 105 or otherwise unable to receive transmissions from base station 105. In some examples, groups of UEs 115s communicating via D2D communication may utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system, wherein each UE 115 transmits to each other UE 115 in the group. In some examples, base station 105 facilitates the scheduling of resources for D2D communication. In other cases, D2D communication is performed between UEs 115 without involving base station 105.

[0097] Core network 130 can provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. Core network 130 can be an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC), and can include at least one control plane entity (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), access and mobility management function (AMF)) managing access and mobility, and at least one user plane entity (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), packet data network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or user plane function (UPF)) routing packets to or interconnecting with external networks. The control plane entity can manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for UE 115 served by base station 105 associated with core network 130. User IP packets can be transmitted through the user plane entity, which can provide IP address allocation and other functions. The user plane entity can connect to network operator IP service 150. Carrier IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, intranets, IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), or packet-switched streaming services.

[0098] Some network devices (e.g., base station 105) may include sub-components such as access network entity 140, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC). Each access network entity 140 may communicate with UE 115 through one or more other access network transport entities 145 (which may be referred to as a radio headend, smart radio headend, or transmit / receive point (TRP)). Each access network transport entity 145 may include one or more antenna panels. In some configurations, the various functions of each access network entity 140 or base station 105 may be distributed across individual network devices (e.g., radio headends and ANCs) or incorporated into a single network device (e.g., base station 105).

[0099] Wireless communication system 100 can operate using one or more frequency bands (typically in the range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz). The region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is often referred to as the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelength range extends from approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features, but the waves can be sufficiently permeable to penetrate structures for use in macrocells to provide service to UE 115 located indoors. Compared to the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the lower 300 MHz portion of the spectrum used in the High Frequency (HF) or Very High Frequency (VHF) regions, UHF wave transmission can be associated with smaller antennas and shorter distances (e.g., less than 100 km).

[0100] Wireless communication system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed radio frequency spectrum bands. For example, wireless communication system 100 may employ Licensed Assisted Access (LAA), LTE Unlicensed (LTE-U) radio access technology, or NR technology in unlicensed frequency bands (such as the 5 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band). When operating in unlicensed radio frequency spectrum bands, devices (such as base station 105 and UE 115) may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples, operation in unlicensed frequency bands may be based on carrier aggregation configurations that combine component carriers operating in licensed frequency bands (e.g., LAA). Operation in unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, peer-to-peer (P2P) transmissions, or digital-to-digital (D2D) transmissions, and other examples.

[0101] Base station 105 or UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas, which can be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication, or beamforming. The antennas of base station 105 or UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels (which may support MIMO operation or transmit or receive beamforming). For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly (e.g., an antenna tower). In some examples, the antennas or antenna arrays associated with base station 105 may be located in different geographical locations. Base station 105 may have an antenna array having a number of rows and columns of antenna ports that base station 105 can use to support beamforming for communication with UE 115. Similarly, UE 115 may have one or more antenna arrays that can support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally or alternatively, antenna panels may support radio frequency beamforming for signals transmitted via antenna ports.

[0102] Beamforming (which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception) is a signal processing technique that can be used at a transmitting or receiving device (e.g., base station 105, UE 115) to form or guide an antenna beam (e.g., transmit beam, receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting and receiving devices. Beamforming can be achieved by combining signals transmitted via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating relative to a specific orientation of the antenna array experience constructive interference, while other signals experience destructive interference. Adjustments to the signals transmitted via the antenna elements can include applying amplitude offset, phase offset, or both to the signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the transmitting or receiving device. The adjustments associated with each antenna element can be defined by a set of beamforming weights associated with a specific orientation (e.g., relative to the antenna array of the transmitting or receiving device, or relative to some other orientation).

[0103] The wireless communication system 100 includes a base station 105, a user interface (UE) 115, a satellite 120, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communication system may be an LTE network, an LTE-A network, an LTE-A Pro network, or an NR network. In some cases, the wireless communication system 100 may support enhanced broadband communication, ultra-reliable (e.g., mission-critical) communication, low-latency communication, or communication with low-cost and low-complexity devices.

[0104] The wireless communication system 100 may also include one or more satellites 120. Satellites 120 can communicate with base station 105 (also referred to as a gateway in the NTN) and UE 115 (or other high-altitude or ground communication equipment). Satellite 120 can be any suitable type of communication satellite configured to relay communication between different terminal nodes in the wireless communication system. Examples of satellites 120 include space satellites, balloons, spacecraft, aircraft, drones, unmanned aerial vehicles, etc. In some examples, satellite 120 may be in geostationary or geosynchronous orbit, low Earth orbit, or medium Earth orbit. Satellite 120 may be a multi-beam satellite configured to provide service for multiple service beam coverage areas within a predefined geographic service area. For example, satellite 120 may support a first cell and a second cell, where a first beam of satellite 120 supports the first cell and a second beam of satellite 120 supports the second cell. Satellite 120 can be at any distance from the Earth's surface. In some aspects, each satellite 120 may include a communications manager 102 configured to facilitate communication with other wireless devices (e.g., base station 105, UE 115, other satellites 120).

[0105] In some cases, a cell may be provided or established by satellite 120 as part of a non-terrestrial network. In some cases, satellite 120 may perform the functions of base station 105, acting as a bend-tube satellite, or a regenerative satellite, or a combination thereof. In other cases, satellite 120 may be an intelligent satellite or an example of a satellite with intelligence. For example, an intelligent satellite may be configured to perform more functions than a regenerative satellite (e.g., it may be configured to perform specific algorithms other than those used in a regenerative satellite, be reprogrammed, etc.). A bend-tube transponder or satellite may be configured to receive signals from ground stations and transmit these signals to different ground stations. In some cases, a bend-tube transponder or satellite may amplify signals or shift from uplink frequencies to downlink frequencies. A regenerative transponder or satellite may be configured to relay signals like a bend-tube transponder or satellite, but may also use onboard processing to perform other functions. Examples of these other functions may include: demodulating received signals, decoding received signals, re-encoding signals to be transmitted, or modulating signals to be transmitted, or combinations thereof. For example, a curved satellite (e.g., satellite 120) can receive signals from base station 105 and can relay those signals to UE 115 or base station 105, and vice versa.

[0106] As previously mentioned, wireless communication signals can be susceptible to CFO (Concurrent Function Error). Mismatch between oscillators at the transmitting and receiving wireless devices, Doppler effects, or both can cause CFO. Due to the rapid movement of Satellite 120 relative to the terrestrial UE 115, CFO attributable to Doppler effects may be more pronounced in the context of NTN (Network Transmission Network). If left unaddressed, CFO can lead to significant performance degradation within the wireless communication system. Some wireless communication systems have attempted to utilize PTRS (Pedestrian Transmission Responsibility Response) to estimate and account for CFO. However, in cases with significant CFO, adjacent data transmitted on subcarriers close to the subcarriers on which PTRS is transmitted can interfere with the PTRS subcarriers, negatively impacting CFO estimation.

[0107] Therefore, the UE 115, base station 105, and satellite 120 of the wireless communication system 100 can support techniques for improved reference signal modes for CFO estimation. Specifically, the wireless communication system 100 can support reference signal modes with empty resource elements (e.g., PTRS mode) for CFO estimation. By utilizing empty resource elements as guard bands within the reference signal mode, the techniques described herein can mitigate interference within the reference signal attributable to CFO, thereby achieving improved CFO estimation, which can lead to improved efficiency and reliability of wireless communication.

[0108] For example, UE 115 of wireless communication system 100 can receive a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set from base station 105 and / or satellite 120. The first indication may include a pattern specifying the location of each reference signal instance (e.g., a reference signal instance format) in the time domain, frequency domain, or both. UE 115 may also receive a second indication of a resource element format for at least one reference signal instance in the reference signal instance set. In some aspects, the resource element format may include one or more reference signal resource elements (e.g., PTRS resource elements) and one or more empty resource elements for each corresponding reference signal instance. Specifically, each reference signal instance may include one or more reference signal resource elements and one or more empty resource elements, the empty resource elements separating the one or more reference signal resource elements from other subcarriers in the frequency domain. Subsequently, UE 115 can receive reference signals (e.g., PTRS) from base station 105 and / or satellite 120 based on the first indication of the reference signal set (e.g., reference signal instance format) and the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instances, and can use the received reference signals to estimate CFO.

[0109] In some aspects, UE 115 may be configured (e.g., pre-configured) with modes for reference signal instance and / or resource element formats via RRC signaling, SIB signaling, or both. Base station 105 and / or satellite 120 may then send subsequent control messages (e.g., Media Access Control-Control Element (MAC-CE) messages, Downlink Control Information (DCI) messages) instructing UE 115 which reference signal instance mode(s) and / or resource element format(s) to use. Alternatively, UE 115 may not be pre-configured with reference signal instance modes and / or resource element modes. In such cases, base station 105 and / or satellite 120 may dynamically instruct UE 115 to use which reference signal instance formats and / or resource element formats(s) via dynamic control signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, SIB signaling).

[0110] The techniques described herein support improved reference signal patterns for achieving improved CFO estimation. By configuring the reference signal pattern with empty resource elements located near the reference signal resource elements in the frequency domain, the techniques described herein can reduce or eliminate interference from reference signals (e.g., PTRS) attributable to CFO. Specifically, empty resource elements can separate the reference signal resource elements from other data resource elements in the frequency domain, thus making the PTRS resource elements less susceptible to CFO. In this respect, the techniques described herein can provide reference signal patterns for achieving more accurate CFO estimation, thereby enabling UE 115 to more accurately compensate for CFO and resulting in more efficient and reliable wireless communication within the wireless communication system 100.

[0111] Figure 2 Examples of wireless communication systems 200 supporting techniques for reference signal modes according to various aspects of this disclosure are shown. In some examples, wireless communication system 200 may implement various aspects of wireless communication system 100. Wireless communication system 200 may include UE 115-a, base station 105-a, and satellite 120-a, which may be as referenced Figure 1 Examples of UE 115, base station 105 and satellite 120 described.

[0112] UE 115-a can communicate with base station 105-a using communication link 205-a, and similarly can communicate with satellite 120-a using communication link 205-b. Furthermore, satellite 120-a and base station 105-a can communicate using communication link 205-c. In some cases, communication links 205-a, 205-b, and 205-c may include examples of access links (e.g., Uu links). Communication links 205-a, 205-b, and 205-c may include bidirectional links that can include both uplink and downlink communication. For example, UE 115-a can use communication link 205-a to send uplink transmissions, such as uplink control signals or uplink data signals, to base station 105-a, and base station 105-a can use communication link 205-a to send downlink transmissions, such as downlink control signals or downlink data signals, to UE 115-a. In some respects, communication link 205-a can be understood as a logical concept in which communication occurs between UE 115-a and base station 105-a via communication link 205-b between UE 115-a and satellite 120-a and communication link 205-c between satellite 120-a and base station 105-a. In this case, satellite 120-a can be used as a relay or a bend satellite 120-a.

[0113] In some respects, satellite 120-a may be associated with a global navigation system (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) or Global Positioning System (GPS)). In this respect, wireless communication system 200 may be associated with an NTN. Wireless communication system 200 may support transmissions between UE 115-a and satellite 120-a via communication link 205-b. For example, UE 115-a may send uplink transmissions to satellite 120-a via communication link 205-b, and satellite 120-a may send downlink transmissions to UE 115-a via communication link 205-b. Satellite 120-a may be in an orbit (such as low Earth orbit, medium Earth orbit, geostationary orbit, or other non-geostationary orbit). In any of these examples, satellite 120-a may be thousands of kilometers from Earth, and therefore may be thousands of kilometers from UE 115-a. Therefore, each transmission between satellite 120-a and UE 115-a can travel the distance from Earth to satellite 120-a and back to Earth.

[0114] In some wireless communication systems, wireless communication signals may be susceptible to CFO (Concurrent Factor Error). Mismatch between oscillators at the transmitting and receiving wireless devices, Doppler effects, or both can cause CFO. Due to the rapid movement of satellite 120 (e.g., satellite 120-a) relative to the ground-based UE 115 (e.g., UE 115-a), CFO attributable to Doppler effects may be more pronounced in the context of NTN (Network-to-Network Communication). If left unaddressed, CFO can lead to significant performance degradation within the wireless communication system. Some wireless communication systems have attempted to utilize PTRS (Pedestrian-to-Richter Resonance) to estimate and account for CFO. However, in cases with significant CFO, adjacent data transmitted on subcarriers close to the subcarriers on which PTRS is transmitted may interfere with the PTRS subcarriers, negatively impacting CFO estimation.

[0115] Therefore, the UE 115-a, base station 105-a, and satellite 120-a of the wireless communication system 200 can support techniques for improved reference signal modes for CFO estimation. Specifically, the wireless communication system 200 can support reference signal modes with empty resource elements (e.g., PTRS mode) for CFO estimation. By utilizing empty resource elements as guard bands within the reference signal mode, the techniques described herein can mitigate interference within the reference signal attributable to CFO, thereby achieving improved CFO estimation, which can lead to increased efficiency and reliability of wireless communication.

[0116] Although for simplicity, the signaling used to implement various aspects of this disclosure is shown and described as being executed on communication link 205-a between UE115-a and base station 105-b, such signaling may additionally or alternatively be executed on communication link 205-b between UE115-a and satellite 120-a and / or on communication link 205-c between satellite 120-a and base station 105-a.

[0117] For example, in some aspects, UE 115-a, base station 105-a, or both may determine one or more parameters associated with communication between UE 115-a and base station 105-a. For example, UE 115-a and / or base station 105-a may determine a set of resources (e.g., time resources, frequency resources, spatial resources) for wireless communication, and may determine one or more parameters associated with communication between UE 115-a and base station 105-a on the determined set of resources. In some cases, the set of resources may include a set of resources allocated for communication at UE 115-a. One or more parameters associated with communication between UE 115-a and base station 105-a may include, but are not limited to, modulation and coding scheme (MCS), expected and / or estimated CFO to be experienced at UE 115-a, block error rate (BLER) determined by UE 115-a, frequency density and / or time density associated with the resource set, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the parameter set may additionally or alternatively include available overhead within a resource set, which can be used for a set of reference signal instances associated with the reference signal 220 used for CFO estimation (e.g., what percentage of resources can be allocated to the reference signal 220). In some aspects, UE 115-a and / or base station 105-a may determine one or more parameters by performing measurements on signals received from other devices (e.g., reference signals).

[0118] In some aspects, UE 115-a may send a request 210 for a mode for configuring the reference signal 220 associated with the measurement CFO (e.g., a request for the reference signal instance format and / or resource element format). In some aspects, UE 115-a may send a request 210 for a mode for configuring the reference signal 220 (e.g., PTRS mode) based on determining one or more parameters (e.g., MCS, BLER, expected CFO) for communication between UE 115-a and base station 105-a. In some aspects, request 210 may include an indication of one or more determined parameters. Request 210 may be sent via a MAC-CE message, a Channel State Information (CSI) feedback message, an RRC message, or any combination thereof. In this respect, the request may be sent via the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), or both.

[0119] In some aspects, UE 115-a may receive and / or determine a first indication of a set of reference signal instances (e.g., a reference signal instance format) within a resource set (e.g., within a resource set allocated for communication at UE 115-a). In some aspects, the reference signal instance format may be used to indicate or determine the relative position of a reference signal instance associated with reference signal 220 (e.g., PTRS) within the resource set. In some aspects, UE 115-a may receive and / or determine the first indication of the set of reference signal instances based on determining parameters for communication between UE 115-a and base station 105-a, a request 210 to send a configuration mode for reference signal 220, or both.

[0120] Additionally, UE 115-a may receive a second indication of the format of one or more resource elements associated with at least one reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances. In some aspects, the one or more resource element formats may be used to determine the configuration and / or format of resource elements within at least one reference signal instance. In some aspects, UE 115-a may receive and / or determine the second indication of the resource element format based on determining communication parameters for communication between UE 115-a and base station 105-a, sending a request 210 for a mode of configuration for reference signal 220, receiving a first indication of the set of reference signal instances, or any combination thereof.

[0121] The first indication of the reference signal instance set and the second indication of the resource element format can be received via the same signal and / or message from base station 105-a, via a separate signal and / or message from base station 105-a, or both. In some aspects, the first indication of the reference signal instance set and the second indication of the resource element format can be received via one or more control messages from base station 105-a.

[0122] For example, in some cases, base station 105-a can dynamically indicate a first indication and / or a second indication to UE 115-a via control messages. For instance, whenever UE 115-a is to be configured with a new and / or different mode for estimating the CFO reference signal 220, base station 105-a can send a first control message 215-a to UE 115-a, wherein the first control message 215-a includes a first indication of the set of reference signal instances, a second indication of the resource element format, or both. In this example, the first control message 215-a may include an RRC message, an SIB message, or both.

[0123] In other or alternative scenarios, UE 115-a may receive a first indication of a set of reference signal instances, a second indication of a resource element format, or both, via multiple control messages 215. Specifically, UE 115-a may be configured (e.g., pre-configured) with a set of reference signal instance formats and / or a set of resource element formats via a first control message 215-a, and may be indicated to UE 115-a via a second control message 215-b which reference signal instance format from the set of reference signal instance formats and / or which resource element format from the set of resource element formats should be used by UE 115-a.

[0124] For example, UE 115-a may receive a first control message 215-a (e.g., RRC message, SIB message) from base station 105-a, which indicates a set of modes for configuring the reference signal 220 associated with the measurement CFO. In this regard, the first control message 215-a may include indications of: a set of reference signal instance formats for the reference signal 220 associated with the measurement CFO, a set of resource element formats for the reference signal 220 associated with the measurement CFO, or both. In some aspects, each reference signal instance format may be used to indicate or determine the relative position of the reference signal instance associated with the reference signal 220 (e.g., PTRS) within the resource set. Additionally, each resource element format may be used to indicate or determine the format and / or configuration of resource elements within one or more reference signal instances of the reference signal 220 (e.g., PTRS). In some aspects, the set of modes (e.g., the set of reference signal instance formats, the set of resource element formats) for configuring the reference signal 220 may be indicated via one or more bit values ​​or index values.

[0125] Continuing with the same example, UE 115-a can then receive a second control message 215-b (e.g., a MAC-CE message, a DCI message) from base station 105-a, indicating a mode for configuring the reference signal 220 associated with the measurement CFO, which is included in a set of modes for configuring the reference signal indicated in the first control message 215-a. For example, if the first control message 215-a indicates a set of reference signal instance formats, the second control message 215-b may include an indication of one or more reference signal instance formats included in the set of reference signal instance formats to be used by UE 115-a. Similarly, if the first control message 215-a indicates a set of resource element formats, the second control message 215-b may include an indication of one or more resource element formats included in the set of resource element formats to be used by UE 115-a.

[0126] In this regard, in some cases, the first control message 215-a can be used to pre-configure the UE 115-a with a set of modes for the configuration of the reference signal 220, and the second control message 215-b can be used to indicate to the UE 115-a which mode to use. In such cases, the UE 115-a can be configured to receive a first indication of the set of reference signal instances, a second indication of the resource element format, or both, based on the first control message 215-a, the second control message 215-b, or both.

[0127] In some aspects, a first indication of a set of reference signal instances may include an indication of one or more parameters that can be used to determine the relative position of each reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances within a resource set. For example, the first indication may include a time density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a frequency density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a resource element offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a symbol offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, or any combination thereof.

[0128] The time density indicator can indicate the number of reference signal instances per symbol within the resource set, and the frequency density indicator can indicate the number of reference signal instances per resource block within the resource set. Furthermore, the resource element offset indicator can indicate a first offset of the reference signal instance set in the frequency domain relative to a first boundary of the resource set, and the symbol offset indicator indicates a second offset of the reference signal instance set in the time domain relative to a second boundary of the resource set.

[0129] In some aspects, each resource element format may include one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements (e.g., resource elements carrying data for reference signal 220). In this respect, each reference signal instance associated with a resource element format received via the second indication may include one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements. In some aspects, the resource element format may be configured such that the reference signal instances associated with the resource element format are symmetrical in the frequency domain. Furthermore, each reference signal instance may span one resource element in the time domain and may span three or more resource elements in the frequency domain. In some aspects, the resource elements of each reference signal instance may be adjacent (e.g., consecutive) in the frequency domain. For example, a reference signal instance associated with a resource element format indicated in the second indication may include one or more reference signal resource elements and two or more empty resource elements located between the one or more reference signal resource elements and resource elements for other information (e.g., data resource elements) in the frequency domain. In this example, each of the two or more empty resource elements may be located on opposite sides of the one or more reference signal resource elements in the frequency domain. Therefore, in some cases, empty resource elements can be used as guard bands between reference signal resource elements and other resource elements (e.g., data resource elements) in the frequency domain.

[0130] As another example, a reference signal instance associated with a resource element format may include, in the frequency domain, a first reference signal resource element, a second reference signal resource element, and one or more empty resource elements located between the first and second reference signal resource elements. As another example, a reference signal instance associated with a resource element format may include, in the frequency domain, a first reference signal resource element and a second reference signal resource element adjacent to the first reference signal resource element.

[0131] In some cases, a set of reference signal instances can be associated with multiple resource element formats. For example, a first reference signal instance can be associated with a first resource element format, and a second reference signal instance can be associated with a second resource element format different from the first resource element format. In some cases, one or more reference signal instances can be located at and / or cross the boundaries of a resource set (e.g., located at and / or cross the boundaries of a resource set allocated for communication at UE 115-a). In such cases, one or more empty resource elements of one or more reference signal instances can be omitted based on the resource element format and the relative position of one or more reference signal instances with respect to the boundaries of the resource set. This will be discussed in this document regarding... Figure 6 Further detailed discussion is needed.

[0132] In some aspects, UE 115-a can determine the anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance in the reference signal instance set. The anchor resource element can be used to determine the relative position of each reference signal instance within the resource set. In this regard, UE 115-a can determine the anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance based on receiving a first indication of the reference signal instance set (e.g., a reference signal instance format), receiving a second indication of one or more resource element formats, or both. For example, UE 115-a can determine the anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance based on control messages 215 (e.g., RRC signaling, SIB signaling, MAC-CE message transmission, DCI message transmission) received from base station 105-a.

[0133] Subsequently, UE 115-a can determine the location of each reference signal instance in the reference signal instance set based on receiving a first indication of a set of reference signal instances (e.g., a reference signal instance format), receiving a second indication of one or more resource element formats, determining the anchor resource element of each reference signal instance, or any combination thereof.

[0134] For example, a first indication of a set of reference signal instances may include indications of one or more parameters and / or characteristics that can be used to determine the location of the reference signal instances. For example, a first indication of a set of reference signal instances may include indications of: a time density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a frequency density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a resource element offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a symbol offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, or any combination thereof. In this example, UE 115-a may determine the location of each reference signal instance within the resource set based on the anchor resource element, time density indicator, frequency density indicator, resource element offset indicator, symbol offset indicator, or any combination thereof associated with each reference signal instance. In some aspects, the received indications (e.g., time density indicator, frequency density indicator, resource element offset indicator, symbol offset indicator) may be defined relative to the anchor resource element of the reference signal instance. Therefore, UE 115-a can be configured to determine the location of a reference signal instance by applying received indicators (e.g., time density indicator, frequency density indicator, resource element offset indicator, symbol offset indicator) to one or more anchor resource elements associated with the reference signal instance.

[0135] In some aspects, UE 115-a may receive reference signal 220 from base station 105-a. In some aspects, reference signal 220 may be configured to estimate CFO. In this respect, reference signal 220 may include, but is not limited to, PTRS. In some aspects, UE 115-a may receive reference signal 220 based on determining parameters (e.g., MCS, BLER, estimated CFO) for communication between UE 115-a and base station 105-a, sending a request 210 for a configuration mode for reference signal 220, receiving a first indication for a set of reference signal instances, receiving a second indication for the format of one or more resource elements, determining anchor resource elements, determining the location of each reference signal instance, or any combination thereof.

[0136] For example, base station 105-a may transmit reference signal 220 (e.g., PTRS) based on a reference signal instance format indicated in a first indication of a set of reference signal instances, based on one or more resource element formats indicated in a second indication, or both. In some aspects, UE 115-a may receive reference signal 220 by monitoring the determined location of reference signal instances within the resource set.

[0137] In some aspects, base station 105-a can generate empty resource elements within each reference signal instance by modulating the empty resource elements with zeros. In this respect, the empty resource element within each reference signal can include an empty subcarrier in which no data is transmitted. In some cases, base station 105-a can perform power transfer between empty resource elements and reference signal resource elements of one or more reference signal instances of reference signal 220. Specifically, base station 105-a can transfer power originally associated with an empty resource element to a reference signal resource element such that the power of the reference signal resource element is greater than the power of the empty resource element and / or other resource elements (e.g., data resource elements) within the resource set.

[0138] In some respects, empty resource elements within each reference signal instance of reference signal 220 can be used as guard bands to prevent CFO. Specifically, by acting as guard bands between the reference signal resource elements of reference signal 220 and other resource elements (e.g., data resource elements), empty resource elements can enable a degree of CFO to occur without adversely affecting the reference signal resource elements of reference signal 220. Therefore, including empty resource elements within each reference signal instance of reference signal 220 makes reference signal 220 more robust to CFO, thereby enabling more accurate CFO estimation at UE 115-a.

[0139] In some aspects, UE 115-a can utilize reference signal 220 to perform one or more measurements. Specifically, UE 115-a can perform one or more measurements based on a set of reference signal instances within reference signal 220. In this regard, UE 115-a can perform one or more measurements based on determining parameters for communication between UE 115-a and base station 105-a, sending a request 210 for a configuration mode for reference signal 220, receiving a first indication of a set of reference signal instances, receiving a second indication of a format for one or more resource elements, determining an anchor resource element, determining the location of each reference signal instance, receiving reference signal 220, or any combination thereof.

[0140] Additionally, UE 115-a can estimate the CFO based on measurements performed on the received reference signal 220. In some aspects, UE 115-a can be configured to selectively adjust one or more components and / or communication parameters used for communicating with base station 105-a based on the estimated CFO. In this regard, UE 115-a can adjust the CFO to reduce or eliminate the adverse effects of the estimated CFO. Communication parameters that can be selectively adjusted by UE 115-a based on the estimated CFO may include, but are not limited to, the local clock used by UE 115-a, the oscillator used to receive signals from base station 105-a, the sampling rate, or any combination thereof.

[0141] Subsequently, UE 115-a and base station 105-a can communicate with each other based on receiving and / or transmitting reference signal 220, performing measurements on reference signal 220, estimating CFO, selectively adjusting component or communication parameters based on the estimated CFO, or any combination thereof.

[0142] The techniques described herein support improved reference signal patterns for achieving improved CFO estimation. By configuring the reference signal pattern with empty resource elements located near the reference signal resource elements in the frequency-time domain, the techniques described herein can reduce or eliminate interference from reference signals (e.g., PTRS) attributable to CFO. Specifically, empty resource elements can separate the reference signal resource elements from other data resource elements in the frequency domain, thus making the PTRS resource elements less susceptible to CFO. In this respect, the techniques described herein can provide reference signal patterns for achieving more accurate CFO estimation, thereby enabling UE 115-a to more accurately compensate for CFO and resulting in more efficient and reliable wireless communication within the wireless communication system 200.

[0143] Figure 3Examples of resource allocation scheme 300 supporting techniques for reference signal modes according to various aspects of this disclosure are shown. In some examples, resource allocation scheme 300 may be implemented by aspects of wireless communication system 100, wireless communication system 200, or both, or by aspects of wireless communication system 100, wireless communication system 200, or both. In some aspects, resource allocation scheme 300 illustrates an improved reference signal mode for CFO estimation.

[0144] In some aspects, UE 115 may be configured with a resource set 305. In some aspects, resource set 305 may include a resource set 305 allocated for communication at UE 115. Resource set 305 may include a time resource set, a frequency resource set, a spatial resource set, or any combination thereof. In some cases, resource set 305 may include a resource block or another resource element for wireless communication. In some aspects, UE 115 may (e.g., from base station 105) receive a first indication of a set of reference signal instances 315 (e.g., a first indication of reference signal instance format 310), a second indication of one or more resource element formats 320, or both. As previously mentioned herein, the first indication of the set of reference signal instances 315 may include an indication of reference signal instance format 310, wherein reference signal instance format 310 indicates the position of each reference signal instance 315 in the set of reference signal instances 315 within resource set 305.

[0145] For example, a first indication of the set of reference signal instances 315 may include a reference signal instance format 310, which may be used to determine the location of each reference signal instance 315 (e.g., reference signal instances 315-a, 315-b, and 315-c). For simplicity, only subsets of reference signal instances 315 are labeled with reference numerals.

[0146] In some aspects, a first indication of the set of reference signal instances 315 (e.g., reference signal instance format 310) may include an indication of one or more parameters that can be used to determine the relative position of each reference signal instance 315 in the set of reference signal instances 315 within the resource set 305. For example, the first indication may include a time density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances 315, a frequency density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances 315, a resource element offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances 315, a symbol offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances 315, or any combination thereof.

[0147] A time density indicator can indicate the number of reference signal instances 315 per symbol within resource set 305, and a frequency density indicator can indicate the number of reference signal instances 315 per resource block within resource set 305. In this respect, the time density indicator can indicate the density of reference signal instances 315 in the time domain (e.g., along...). Figure 3 The horizontal axis in the frequency domain (e.g., along the horizontal axis), while the frequency density indicator can indicate the density of the reference signal instance 315 in the frequency domain (e.g., along the horizontal axis). Figure 3 (Vertical axis in the reference set 305). Furthermore, the resource element offset indicator can indicate a first offset in the frequency domain of the reference signal instance 315 set relative to a first boundary of the resource set 305, and the sign offset indicator can indicate a second offset in the time domain of the reference signal instance 315 set relative to a second boundary of the resource set 305. For example, the resource element offset can indicate a first offset of reference signal instance 315-c relative to a lower frequency boundary of the resource set 305 (e.g., relative to the bottom horizontal boundary of the resource set 305), and the sign offset indicator can indicate a second offset of reference signal instance 315-c relative to a boundary associated with the initial time of the resource set 305 (e.g., relative to the left vertical boundary of the resource set 305).

[0148] In some aspects, the one or more resource element formats 320 indicated in the second instruction may indicate the configuration, format, or arrangement of resource elements 325, 330 within each respective reference signal instance 315. As previously mentioned herein, resource element format 320 may include one or more reference signal resource elements 325 and empty resource elements 330 for each reference signal instance 315. For example, Figure 3 The reference signal instance 315-b shown can be defined by resource element format 320, which includes reference signal resource element 325, a first empty resource element 330-a, and a second empty resource element 330-b. The empty resource element 330 can be a resource element that does not carry a signal or information, or it can carry a predetermined signal or information. In some cases, the empty resource element 330 can be an example of a protection resource element that protects the reference signal resource element 325 from interference in the frequency domain from other resource elements carrying data or other information.

[0149] In some aspects, such as Figure 3 As shown, empty resource elements 330-a and 330-b can be located between reference signal resource element 325 and other resource elements used for other information in the time domain (e.g., data resource elements). In this respect, empty resource element 330 can be used as a guard band between reference signal resource element 325 and data resource elements within resource set 305 to prevent CFO.

[0150] In some aspects, each reference signal instance 315 within reference signal instance format 310 can be associated with a single resource element format 320. For example, as Figure 3 As shown, each reference signal instance 315 can be associated with a single resource element format 320, such that each reference signal instance 315 is identical. In some aspects, the resource element format can be configured such that the reference signal instances 315 associated with the resource element format 320 are symmetric in the time domain, frequency domain, or both. Furthermore, each reference signal instance 315 can span one resource element in the time domain and can span three or more resource elements in the frequency domain. In some aspects, the resource elements of each reference signal instance can be consecutive in the frequency domain.

[0151] In some aspects, UE 115 may determine the location of each reference signal instance 315 based on determining the anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance 315 in the set of reference signal instances 315. In some aspects, the anchor resource element for each reference signal instance 315 may be indicated via a first indication to the set of reference signal instances 315 (e.g., reference signal instance format 310), a second indication to one or more resource element formats 320, or both. For example, the first indication to the set of reference signal instances 315 and / or the second indication to one or more resource element formats 320 may indicate that the reference signal resource element 325 of each corresponding reference signal instance 315 includes the anchor resource element for the corresponding reference signal instance 315. However, it should be noted herein that any resource element 325, 330 of the corresponding reference signal instance 315 may be used as the anchor resource element for the corresponding reference signal instance 315.

[0152] In some aspects, UE 115 may determine the location of each reference signal instance 315 in the set of reference signal instances 315 based on a determined anchor resource element, a first indication to the set of reference signal instances 315 (e.g., reference signal instance format 310), a second indication to one or more resource element formats 320, or any combination thereof. Specifically, UE 115 may determine the location of each reference signal instance 315 within the resource set 305 based on the determined anchor resource element and one or more received indications (e.g., time density indicator, frequency density indicator, resource element offset indicator, symbol offset indicator) associated with the location of the reference signal instance 315.

[0153] For example, a first indication of the set of reference signal instances 315 may include indications of one or more parameters and / or characteristics (including time density indicators, frequency density indicators, resource element offset indicators, symbol offset indicators, or any combination thereof) that can be used to determine the location of the reference signal instance 315. In this example, UE 115 can determine the location of each reference signal instance 315 within resource set 305 by applying the received indications to the anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance 315. In this regard, the received indications (e.g., time density indicators, frequency density indicators, resource element offset indicators, symbol offset indicators) may be defined relative to the anchor resource element of the reference signal instance 315.

[0154] After determining the location of each reference signal instance 315, UE 115 can receive reference signals (e.g., PTRS) transmitted according to the determined reference signal instance format 310 and / or resource element format 320. In this regard, UE 115 can monitor the location of the determined reference signal instance 315 in order to receive the reference signals, perform measurements on the received reference signals, and estimate CFO based on the performed measurements.

[0155] In some cases, as previously mentioned herein, base station 105 can generate empty resource elements within each reference signal instance 315 by modulating empty resource element 330 with zeros. In this regard, empty resource element 330 may include empty subcarriers in which no data is transmitted. Additionally, base station 105 can perform power transfer between empty resource elements 330 and reference signal resource elements 325 of one or more reference signal instances 315 of the reference signal. Specifically, base station 105 can transfer power originally associated with empty resource element 330 to reference signal resource element 325 such that the power of reference signal resource element 325 is greater than the power of empty resource element 320 and / or other resource elements (e.g., data resource elements) within resource set 305. For example, base station 105 can transfer power from empty resource elements 330-a and 330-b of reference signal instance 315 to reference signal resource element 325 such that the power of reference signal resource element 325 is greater than the power of empty resource elements 330-a, 330-b, surrounding data resource elements, or both. In some cases, performing power transfer according to the techniques described herein can also improve the efficiency of the reference signal (e.g., PTRS), improve the restoring power of the reference signal to the CFO, and improve the ability of UE 115 to estimate the CFO using the reference signal.

[0156] Figure 4Examples of resource allocation scheme 400 supporting techniques for reference signal modes according to various aspects of this disclosure are shown. In some examples, resource allocation scheme 400 may be implemented by aspects of wireless communication system 100, wireless communication system 200, or both, or by aspects of wireless communication system 100, wireless communication system 200, or both. In some aspects, resource allocation scheme 400 illustrates an improved reference signal mode for CFO estimation.

[0157] It should be noted in this article that, unless otherwise stated, regarding Figure 3 Any discussion of the resource allocation scheme 300 shown can be considered applicable to Figure 4 The resource allocation scheme 400 is shown in the diagram. In this respect, UE 115 can be configured to: determine a resource set 405, receive a first indication of a set of reference signal instances 415 (e.g., an indication of reference signal instance format 410), and a second indication of one or more resource element formats 420. UE 115 can be configured to determine the location of each reference signal instance 415 by determining the anchor resource element of each reference signal instance 415 and indicators associated with the location of the reference signal instance 415 (e.g., time density indicator, frequency density indicator, resource element offset indicator, symbol offset indicator).

[0158] and Figure 3 Compared to the resource allocation scheme 300 shown (where each reference signal instance 315 is associated with a single resource element format 320), Figure 4 Reference signal instance 415 of the resource allocation scheme 400 shown can be associated with multiple resource element formats 420. For example, reference signal instances 415-a, 415-b, and 415-e can be associated with a first resource element format 420-a, and reference signal instances 415-c and 415-d can be associated with a second resource element format 420-b that is different from the first resource element format 420-a.

[0159] In some aspects, both the first resource element format 420-a and the second resource element format 420-b may include one or more reference signal resource elements 425 and one or more empty resource elements 430 for each reference signal instance 415. For example, Figure 4 The reference signal instance 415-b shown can be defined by a first resource element format 420-a, which includes a reference signal resource element 425-a, a first empty resource element 430-a, and a second empty resource element 430-b.

[0160] To give another example, Figure 4The reference signal instance 415-d shown can be defined by a second resource element format 420-b, which includes a reference signal resource element 425-b, a first empty resource element 430-c, a second empty resource element 430-d, a third empty resource element 430-e, and a fourth empty resource element 430-f. In this respect, the second resource element format 420-b may include a plurality of empty resource elements 430 located between the reference signal resource element 425-b and other resource elements (e.g., data resource elements) in the frequency domain. The plurality of empty resource elements 430 on each side of the reference signal resource element 425-b can be used as guard bands to provide improved protection and resilience of the reference signal against the CFO.

[0161] Figure 5 Examples of resource allocation schemes 500 supporting techniques for reference signal modes according to various aspects of this disclosure are shown. In some examples, resource allocation scheme 500 may be implemented by or by aspects of wireless communication system 100, wireless communication system 200, or both. In some aspects, resource allocation scheme 500 illustrates an improved reference signal mode for CFO estimation.

[0162] It should be noted in this article that, unless otherwise stated, regarding Figure 3-4 Any discussion of resource allocation schemes 300 and / or 400 shown can be considered applicable to Figure 5 The resource allocation scheme 500 is shown in the diagram. In this respect, UE 115 can be configured to: determine a resource set 505, receive a first indication of a set of reference signal instances 515 (e.g., an indication of reference signal instance format 510), and a second indication of one or more resource element formats 520. UE 115 can be configured to determine the location of each reference signal instance 515 by determining the anchor resource element of each reference signal instance 515 and indicators associated with the location of the reference signal instance 515 (e.g., time density indicator, frequency density indicator, resource element offset indicator, symbol offset indicator).

[0163] In some aspects, one or more reference signal instances 515 may be located at and / or cross the boundaries of resource set 505. For example, Figure 5Reference signal instances 515-a and 515-b shown may be located at the upper frequency boundary of resource set 505, and reference signal instance 515-e may be located at the lower frequency boundary of resource set 505. In some cases where reference signal instance 515 is located at the boundary of resource set 505 and / or crosses the boundary of resource set 505, one or more empty resource elements 530 of one or more reference signal instances 505 may be omitted from reference signal instance 515. For example, as Figure 5 As shown, since reference signal instance 515-b is located at the upper frequency boundary of resource set 505 (e.g., across the upper frequency boundary), empty resource element 530-a can be omitted from reference signal instance 515-b. In some aspects, based on the reference signal instance format 510 and the relative positions of one or more reference signal instances 515 (e.g., reference signal instance 515-b) with respect to the boundary of resource set 505, empty resource element 530 can be omitted from reference signal instance 505.

[0164] It is important to note that locating one or more reference signal instances 515 at and / or across the boundaries of the resource set 505 allocated to UE 115 can further improve the efficiency of the reference signals when estimating CFO. Specifically, one or more reference signal instances 515 located at and / or across the boundaries of the resource set 505 may be less susceptible to CFO because UE 115 may not be configured to receive signals above the upper frequency boundary and below the lower frequency boundary. In this respect, one or more reference signal instances 515 located at and / or across the boundaries of the resource set 505 may be susceptible to CFO in one direction within the frequency domain.

[0165] Figure 6 Examples of a resource allocation scheme 600 supporting techniques for a reference signal mode according to various aspects of this disclosure are shown. In some examples, the resource allocation scheme 600 may be implemented by aspects of wireless communication system 100, wireless communication system 200, or both, or by aspects of wireless communication system 100, wireless communication system 200, or both. In some aspects, the resource allocation scheme 600 illustrates an improved reference signal mode for CFO estimation.

[0166] Specifically, Figure 5The resource allocation scheme 600 shown illustrates various resource element formats 620, which can be used to define the format of resource elements within the reference signal instance 615. Resource allocation scheme 600 illustrates a first resource element format 620-a, a second resource element format 620-b, a third resource element format 620-c, a fourth resource element format 620-d, a fifth resource element format 620-e, and a sixth resource element format 620-f. In some cases, the corresponding resource element format 620 can be defined or characterized by a sequence of "0" and "x", where "0" indicates an empty resource element and "x" indicates a reference signal resource element. For example, the first resource element format 620-a can be represented by the sequence "0x0", and the sixth resource element format 620-f can be represented by the sequence "00x0x00".

[0167] In some aspects, each resource element format 620 in resource element format 620 can define the format and / or configuration of reference signal instance 615 such that the corresponding reference signal instance 615 is symmetric in the time domain, frequency domain, or both. Furthermore, each resource element format 620 in resource element format 620 can define the format and / or configuration of reference signal instance 615 such that the corresponding reference signal instance 620 can span one resource element in the time domain and can span three or more resource elements in the frequency domain. In some aspects, resource elements 625, 630 of each reference signal instance can be continuous in the frequency domain.

[0168] In some cases, resource element formats 620 may include and / or define a first reference signal resource element, a second reference signal resource element, and one or more empty resource elements located between the first and second reference signal resource elements in the frequency domain. For example, third resource element formats 620-c and sixth resource element formats 620-f may each include a first reference signal resource element, a second reference signal resource element, and one or more empty resource elements located between the first and second reference signal resource elements in the frequency domain. As another example, second resource element formats 620-b and fifth resource element formats 620-e may include a first reference signal resource element and a second reference signal resource element adjacent to the first reference signal resource element in the frequency domain.

[0169] In some aspects, reference signal instances of the reference signal instance format (e.g., reference signal instances 315, 415, 515, 615) can be associated with one or more resource element formats 620. Furthermore, it should be noted herein that... Figure 6The resource element format 620 shown is provided for illustrative purposes only. In this regard, it is contemplated that additional or alternative resource element formats 620 may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure.

[0170] Figure 7 Examples of process flow 700 supporting techniques for reference signal modes according to various aspects of this disclosure are shown. In some examples, process flow 700 implements aspects of wireless communication system 100, wireless communication system 200, resource allocation scheme 300, 400, 500, 600, or any combination thereof, or is implemented by aspects of wireless communication system 100, wireless communication system 200, resource allocation scheme 300, 400, 500, 600, or any combination thereof. For example, process flow 700 may show: UE 115-b receives a first indication of a set of reference signal instances, receives a second indication of a resource element format, receives a reference signal based on the first and second indications, and communicates with base station 105-b based on the received reference signal, as referenced. Figure 1-6 The process flow 700 may include UE 115-b and base station 105-b, which may be examples of UE 115 and base station 105, as described in reference to Figure 1-6 Described.

[0171] In some examples, the operations shown in process flow 700 can be performed by hardware (e.g., including circuits, processing blocks, logic components, and other components), code executed by a processor (e.g., software or firmware), or any combination thereof. Alternative examples are possible, in which some steps are performed in a different order than described or not at all. In some cases, steps may include additional features not mentioned below, or additional steps may be added.

[0172] The techniques of process flow 700 are shown and described as being performed within the context of a terrestrial network between UE 115-b and base station 105-b. However, unless otherwise stated herein, this should not be considered a limitation of the content of this disclosure. In this respect, Figure 6 The communications shown and described herein may additionally or alternatively be performed in the context of the NTN between UE 115-b and satellite 120.

[0173] At 705, UE 115-b, base station 105-b, or both may determine one or more parameters associated with communication between UE 115-b and base station 105-b. In this regard, UE 115-b may determine one or more parameters associated with communication between UE 115-b and base station 105-b on a set of resources (e.g., time resources, frequency resources). These one or more parameters may include, but are not limited to, MCS, the expected and / or estimated CFO to be experienced at UE 115-b, the BLER determined by UE 115-b, the frequency density and / or time density associated with the set of resources allocated for communication at UE 115-b, the available overhead within the set of resources allocated for communication at UE 115-b (which may be used for a set of reference signal instances associated with a reference signal (e.g., what percentage of resources may be allocated to the reference signal)), or any combination thereof. In some respects, UE 115-b and / or base station 105-b can determine one or more parameters by performing measurements on signals received from other devices (e.g., reference signals).

[0174] At 710, UE 115-b may send a request for a mode for the configuration of a reference signal associated with the measurement CFO (e.g., a request for a reference signal instance format and / or resource element format). In some aspects, UE 115-b may send a request for a mode for the configuration of the reference signal (e.g., PTRS mode) based on one or more parameters determined at 705. In some aspects, the request may include an indication of one or more parameters determined at 705. The request may be sent via a MAC-CE message, a CSI feedback message, an RRC message, or any combination thereof. In this respect, the request may be sent via PUCCH and / or PUSCH.

[0175] At 715, UE 115-b may receive a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set allocated for communication at UE 115-b. In some aspects, the first indication of the set of reference signal instances may include an indication of the format of the reference signal instances. In some aspects, each reference signal instance format may be used to indicate or determine the relative position of a reference signal instance associated with a reference signal (e.g., PTRS) within the resource set. In some aspects, UE 115-b may receive and / or determine the first indication of the set of reference signal instances based on parameters determined at 705 for communication between UE 115-b and base station 105-b, a request sent at 710, or both. In some aspects, UE 115-b may receive the first indication of the set of reference signal instances via control signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, SIB signaling, MAC-CE message transmission, DCI message transmission).

[0176] In some aspects, a first indication of a set of reference signal instances may include an indication of one or more parameters that can be used to determine the relative position of each reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances within a set of resources allocated for UE115-b. For example, the first indication may include a time density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a frequency density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a resource element offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a symbol offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, or any combination thereof.

[0177] At 720, UE 115-b may receive a second indication of the format of one or more resource elements associated with at least one reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances received / determined at 715. In some aspects, the one or more resource element formats may be used to determine the configuration and / or format of resource elements within at least one reference signal instance. In some aspects, UE 115-b may receive and / or determine the second indication of the resource element format based on parameters determined at 705 for communication between UE 115-b and base station 105-b, sending a request at 710, receiving a first indication of the set of reference signal instances at 715, or any combination thereof.

[0178] For example, as previously mentioned herein, UE 115-b may receive an indication of a set of resource element formats via a first control message (e.g., an RRC message, an SIB message), and may subsequently receive an indication of one or more resource element formats within the set of resource element formats to be used by UE 115-b. In this regard, UE 115-b may receive and / or determine a second indication of the resource element format based on the first control message and / or the second control message. It is understood herein that, in some cases, a first indication of a set of reference signal instances and a second indication of the resource element format may be received from base station 105-b via the same or different signaling.

[0179] In some aspects, each resource element format may include one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements. In this respect, each reference signal instance associated with a resource element format received via a second indication may include one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements. In some aspects, the resource element format may be configured such that the reference signal instances associated with the resource element format are symmetric in the frequency domain. Furthermore, each reference signal instance may span one resource element in the time domain and may span three or more resource elements in the frequency domain.

[0180] In some cases, one or more reference signal instances may be located at and / or across the boundary of a resource set allocated for communication at UE 115-b. In this case, one or more empty resource elements of one or more reference signal instances may be omitted based on the resource element format and the relative position of one or more reference signal instances with respect to the boundary of the resource set.

[0181] At 725, UE 115b can determine the anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance in the reference signal instance set. The anchor resource element can be used to determine the relative position of each reference signal instance in the reference signal instance set within the resource set allocated for communication at UE 115b. In this regard, UE 115b can determine the anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance based on a first indication received at 715 for the reference signal instance set (e.g., reference signal instance format), a second indication received at 720 for one or more resource element formats, or both. For example, UE 115b can determine the anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance based on control signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, SIB signaling, MAC-CE message transmission, DCI message transmission) received from base station 105b.

[0182] At 730, UE 115-b can determine the location of each reference signal instance in the reference signal instance set. In some aspects, UE 115-b can determine the location of each reference signal instance in the reference signal instance set based on receiving a first indication of the reference signal instance set (e.g., reference signal instance format) at 715, receiving a second indication of one or more resource element formats at 720, determining the anchor resource element of each reference signal instance at 725, or any combination thereof.

[0183] For example, a first indication of a set of reference signal instances may include indications of one or more parameters and / or characteristics that can be used to determine the location of the reference signal instances. For example, a first indication of a set of reference signal instances may include indications of: a time density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a frequency density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a resource element offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a symbol offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, or any combination thereof. In this example, UE 115-b may determine the location of each reference signal instance within a resource set allocated for UE 115-b based on the anchor resource element, time density indicator, frequency density indicator, resource element offset indicator, symbol offset indicator, or any combination thereof associated with each reference signal instance. In some aspects, the received indicators (e.g., time density indicator, frequency density indicator, resource element offset indicator, symbol offset indicator) may be defined relative to the anchor resource element of the reference signal instance. Therefore, UE 115-b can be configured to determine the location of a reference signal instance by applying received indicators (e.g., time density indicator, frequency density indicator, resource element offset indicator, symbol offset indicator) to each anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance.

[0184] At 735, UE 115-b can receive a reference signal from base station 105-b. In some aspects, the reference signal can be configured to estimate CFO. In this respect, the reference signal may include, but is not limited to, PTRS. In some aspects, UE 115-b can receive the reference signal at 745 based on determining parameters for communication at 705, sending a request for a configuration mode for the reference signal at 710, receiving a first indication for a set of reference signal instances at 715, receiving a second indication for the format of one or more resource elements at 720, determining an anchor resource element at 725, determining the location of each reference signal instance at 730, or any combination thereof. For example, base station 105-b can send the reference signal (e.g., PTRS) at 735 based on the reference signal instance format indicated in the first indication sent at 715, based on the format of one or more resource elements indicated in the second indication sent at 720, or both. In some respects, UE 115-b can receive reference signals by monitoring the location of a reference signal instance determined at 730 within the set of resources allocated for communication at UE 115-b.

[0185] As previously mentioned, each reference signal instance within a reference signal may include one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements. In some aspects, the empty resource elements within each reference signal instance of the reference signal can be used as guard bands to prevent CFO. In particular, by acting as guard bands between the reference signal resource elements of the reference signal and other resource elements (e.g., data resource elements), the empty resource elements can achieve a degree of CFO without adversely affecting the reference signal resource elements of the reference signal. Therefore, including empty resource elements within each reference signal instance of the reference signal can make the reference signal transmitted at 735 more robust to CFO, thereby achieving more accurate CFO estimation.

[0186] In some aspects, base station 105-b can generate empty resource elements within each reference signal instance by modulating the empty resource elements with zeros. In this regard, the empty resource element 330 may include an empty subcarrier in which no data is transmitted. In some cases, base station 105-b may perform power transfer between empty resource elements and reference signal resource elements of one or more reference signal instances of the reference signal. Specifically, base station 105-b may transfer power originally associated with an empty resource element to a reference signal resource element such that the power of the reference signal resource element is greater than the power of the empty resource element and / or other resource elements (e.g., data resource elements) within the resource set allocated for communication at UE 115-b.

[0187] At 740, UE 115-b can perform one or more measurements using the reference signal received at 735. Specifically, UE 115-b can perform one or more measurements based on a set of reference signal instances. In this regard, UE 115-b can perform one or more measurements based on determining parameters for communication at 705, sending a request for a configuration mode for the reference signal at 710, receiving a first indication for the set of reference signal instances at 715, receiving a second indication for the format of one or more resource elements at 720, determining an anchor resource element at 725, determining the location of each reference signal instance at 730, receiving the reference signal at 735, or any combination thereof.

[0188] At 745, UE 115-b can estimate the CFO. In some aspects, UE 115-b can estimate the CFO based on measurements performed at 740. In some aspects, UE 115-b can be configured to selectively adjust one or more components and / or communication parameters used for communicating with base station 105-b based on the estimated CFO. In this respect, UE 115-b can adjust for the CFO to reduce or eliminate the adverse effects of the estimated CFO. Communication parameters that can be selectively adjusted by UE 115-b based on the estimated CFO may include, but are not limited to, the local clock used by UE 115-b, the oscillator used to receive signals from base station 105-b, the sampling rate, or any combination thereof.

[0189] At 750, UE 115-b and base station 105-b can communicate with each other. In some respects, UE 115-b and base station 105-b can communicate with each other based on receiving and / or transmitting reference signals at 735, performing measurements at 740, estimating CFO at 745, selectively adjusting component or communication parameters based on the estimated CFO, or any combination thereof.

[0190] The techniques described herein enable improved reference signal patterns for achieving improved CFO estimation. By configuring the reference signal pattern with empty resource elements located near reference signal resource elements in the frequency domain, the techniques described herein can reduce or eliminate interference from reference signals (e.g., PTRS) attributable to CFO. Specifically, empty resource elements can separate reference signal resource elements from other data resource elements in the frequency domain, thus making PTRS resource elements less susceptible to CFO. In this respect, the techniques described herein can provide reference signal patterns for achieving more accurate CFO estimation, thereby enabling UE 115-b to more accurately compensate for CFO and resulting in more efficient and reliable wireless communication within the wireless communication system (e.g., wireless communication system 100 or 200).

[0191] Figure 8 A block diagram 800 of a device 805 supporting techniques for a reference signal mode according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown. Device 805 may be an example of various aspects of a UE 115 as described herein. Device 805 may include a receiver 810, a communication manager 815, and a transmitter 820. Device 805 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0192] Receiver 810 can receive information such as packets, user data, or control information associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information related to techniques used for reference signal modes). It can transmit this information to other components of device 805. Receiver 810 can be a reference... Figure 11 Examples of various aspects of the transceiver 1120 are described. The receiver 810 may utilize a single antenna or an array of antennas.

[0193] The communication manager 815 can perform the following operations: receive a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set; receive a second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances in the reference signal instance set, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements; receive a reference signal from the base station for estimating CFO based on the first indication of the set of reference signal instances and the second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances; and communicate with the base station based on the received reference signal. The communication manager 815 may be an example of various aspects of the communication manager 1110 described herein.

[0194] Actions performed by the communication manager 815 as described herein can be implemented to achieve one or more potential advantages. For example, by providing an improved reference signal format, the techniques described herein can achieve a reference signal less susceptible to CFO, which can thereby improve CFO estimation at UE 115. By improving the efficiency and accuracy of CFO estimation, the techniques described herein enable the communication manager 815 to more accurately compensate for the estimated CFO, thereby improving the efficiency and reliability of wireless communication.

[0195] By providing a more accurate CFO estimate, the processor of UE 115 (e.g., the processor controlling receiver 810, communication manager 815, transmitter 820, etc.) can reduce the processing resources used for downlink communication. For example, by improving the CFO estimate, UE 115 may be able to compensate for the estimated CFO more accurately, which can improve the efficiency and reliability of wireless communication. Furthermore, by improving the CFO estimate and compensating for the CFO, the techniques described herein can reduce the number of retransmissions required for successfully receiving downlink information and / or transmitting uplink information at UE 115, thereby correspondingly reducing the number of times the processor ramps up processing power and opens processing units to handle downlink reception and uplink transmission.

[0196] The communication manager 815 or its sub-components may be implemented in hardware, processor-executable code (e.g., software or firmware), or any combination thereof. If implemented in processor-executable code, the functionality of the communication manager 815 or its sub-components may be performed by a general-purpose processor, digital signal processor (DSP), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof, designed to perform the functions described in this disclosure.

[0197] The communication manager 815 or its subcomponents may be physically located at various locations (including being distributed such that one or more physical components perform some of the functionality at different physical locations). In some examples, according to various aspects of this disclosure, the communication manager 815 or its subcomponents may be separate and distinct components. In some examples, according to various aspects of this disclosure, the communication manager 815 or its subcomponents may be combined with one or more other hardware components (including, but not limited to, input / output (I / O) components, transceivers, network servers, other computing devices, one or more other components described in this disclosure, or combinations thereof).

[0198] Transmitter 820 can transmit signals generated by other components of device 805. In some examples, transmitter 820 can be co-located with receiver 810 in a transceiver module. For example, transmitter 820 can be a reference... Figure 11 Examples of various aspects of the transceiver 1120 are described. The transmitter 820 may utilize a single antenna or an array of antennas.

[0199] Figure 9 A block diagram 900 of a device 905 supporting techniques for a reference signal mode according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown. Device 905 may be an example of aspects of device 805 or UE 115 as described herein. Device 905 may include a receiver 910, a communication manager 915, and a transmitter 940. Device 905 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0200] Receiver 910 can receive information such as packets, user data, or control information associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information related to techniques used for reference signal modes). This information can be transmitted to other components of device 905. Receiver 910 can be a reference... Figure 11 Examples of various aspects of the transceiver 1120 are described. The receiver 910 may utilize a single antenna or an array of antennas.

[0201] Communication manager 915 may be an example of aspects of communication manager 815 as described herein. Communication manager 915 may include reference signal instance format receiver manager 920, resource element format receiver manager 925, reference signal receiver manager 930, and base station communication manager 935. Communication manager 915 may be an example of aspects of communication manager 1110 as described herein.

[0202] The reference signal instance format receiver manager 920 can receive the first indication of the reference signal instance set within the resource set.

[0203] The resource element format receiver manager 925 can receive a second instruction on the resource element format of a reference signal instance in a set of reference signal instances, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements.

[0204] The reference signal receiver manager 930 can receive reference signals from the base station for estimating CFO based on a first indication of a set of reference signal instances and a second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances.

[0205] The base station communication manager 935 can communicate with the base station based on received reference signals.

[0206] Transmitter 940 can transmit signals generated by other components of device 905. In some examples, transmitter 940 can be co-located with receiver 910 in a transceiver module. For example, transmitter 940 can be a reference... Figure 11 Examples of various aspects of the transceiver 1120 are described. The transmitter 940 may utilize a single antenna or an array of antennas.

[0207] Figure 10 A block diagram 1000 of a communication manager 1005 supporting techniques for a reference signal mode according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown. The communication manager 1005 may be an example of aspects of the communication manager 815, communication manager 915, or communication manager 1110 described herein. The communication manager 1005 may include a reference signal instance format receiver manager 1010, a resource element format receiver manager 1015, a reference signal receiver manager 1020, a base station communication manager 1025, a control message receiver manager 1030, a request transmission manager 1035, a reference message instance manager 1040, and a CFO estimation manager 1045. Each of these modules may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0208] The reference signal instance format receiver manager 1010 can receive a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set. In some examples, the reference signal instance format receiver manager 1010 can receive a time density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a frequency density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a resource element offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a symbol offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, or any combination thereof.

[0209] The resource element format receiver manager 1015 can receive a second instruction on the resource element format of a reference signal instance in the reference signal instance set, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements.

[0210] The reference signal receiver manager 1020 can receive reference signals from the base station for estimating CFO based on a first indication of a set of reference signal instances and a second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances. In some examples, the reference signal receiver manager 1020 can use the received reference signals to perform one or more measurements. In some cases, the power of one or more reference signal resource elements within the set of reference signal instances is greater than the power of data elements within the resource set. In some cases, the reference signal used for estimating CFO includes PTRS.

[0211] The base station communication manager 1025 can communicate with the base station based on received reference signals. In some examples, the base station communication manager 1025 can determine one or more parameters associated with communication between the UE and the base station, wherein a transmission request is based on the determination of one or more parameters. In some cases, the one or more parameters include modulation and coding schemes, expected CFO, BLER, frequency density associated with the resource set, time density associated with the resource set, allowable overhead of the resource set that can be used for the reference signal instance set, or any combination thereof.

[0212] The control message receiving manager 1030 can receive from the base station a first control message indicating a set of resource element formats for resource elements within a set of reference signal instances, wherein receiving a second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instances is based on receiving the first control message. In some examples, the control message receiving manager 1030 can receive from the base station a second control message indicating resource element formats included within the set of resource element formats, wherein receiving the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instances is based on receiving a second control message. In some examples, the control message receiving manager 1030 can receive a control message from the base station that includes a first indication of the set of reference signal instances, a second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instances, or both. In some cases, the first control message includes an RRC message, an SIB message, or both. In some cases, the second control message includes a DCI message, a MAC-CE message, or both.

[0213] The request sending manager 1035 can send a request to the base station for a mode for configuring reference signals associated with the estimated CFO, wherein receiving a first indication of a set of reference signal instances, a second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances, or both, is based on sending the request.

[0214] The reference signal instance manager 1040 can determine the anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance in the reference signal instance set. In some examples, the reference signal instance manager 1040 can determine the location of each reference signal instance within the resource set based on the anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance, a time density indicator, a frequency density indicator, a resource element offset indicator, a symbol offset indicator, or any combination thereof, wherein receiving reference signals is based on determining the location of each reference signal instance. In some cases, the time density indicator indicates the number of reference signal instances per symbol within the resource set, and the frequency density indicator indicates the number of reference signal instances per resource block within the resource set. In some cases, the resource element offset indicator indicates a first offset in the frequency domain of the reference signal instance set relative to a first boundary of the resource set, and wherein the symbol offset indicator indicates a second offset in the time domain of the reference signal instance set relative to a second boundary of the resource set.

[0215] In some cases, a reference signal instance includes one or more reference signal resource elements and two or more empty resource elements, where the empty resource elements are located between the one or more reference signal resource elements and resource elements used for other information in the frequency domain. In some cases, the format of the first resource element used for resource elements within a first reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances differs from the format of the second resource element used for resource elements within a second reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances. In some cases, each reference signal instance is symmetric in the frequency domain.

[0216] In some cases, a reference signal instance spans one resource element in the time domain and three or more resource elements in the frequency domain. In some cases, a reference signal instance includes a first reference signal resource element, a second reference signal resource element, and one or more empty resource elements located between the first and second reference signal resource elements in the frequency domain. In some cases, a reference signal instance includes a first reference signal resource element and a second reference signal resource element adjacent to the first reference signal resource element in the frequency domain. In some cases, the reference signal instance is located at the boundary of a resource set, and one or more empty resource elements of the reference signal instance are omitted from the reference signal instance.

[0217] The CFO estimation manager 1045 can estimate the CFO based on performing one or more measurements, wherein communication with the base station is based on the estimated CFO.

[0218] Figure 11 A diagram of a system 1100 including a device 1105 supporting techniques for a reference signal mode, according to various aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Device 1105 may be an example of device 805, device 905, or UE 115 as described herein, or a component including device 805, device 905, or UE 115. Device 1105 may include components for bidirectional voice and data communication (including components for transmitting and receiving communications), including a communication manager 1110, an I / O controller 1115, a transceiver 1120, an antenna 1125, a memory 1130, and a processor 1140. These components may communicate electronically via one or more buses (e.g., bus 1145).

[0219] The communication manager 1110 can perform the following operations: receive a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set; receive a second indication of a resource element format for a reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements; receive a reference signal from the base station for estimating CFO based on the first indication of the set of reference signal instances and the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instance; and communicate with the base station based on the received reference signal.

[0220] I / O controller 1115 can manage input and output signals for device 1105. I / O controller 1115 can also manage peripheral devices not integrated into device 1105. In some cases, I / O controller 1115 can represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral device. In some cases, I / O controller 1115 can utilize, for example... The operating system or another known operating system. In other cases, the I / O controller 1115 may represent or interact with a modem, keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, or similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 1115 may be implemented as part of the processor. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 1105 via the I / O controller 1115 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 1115.

[0221] Transceiver 1120 can communicate bidirectionally via one or more antennas, wired or wireless links as described above. For example, transceiver 1120 can represent a wireless transceiver and can communicate bidirectionally with another wireless transceiver. Transceiver 1120 may also include a modem for modulating packets and providing the modulated packets to the antenna for transmission, and for demodulating packets received from the antenna.

[0222] In some cases, a wireless device may include a single antenna 1125. However, in other cases, the device may have more than one antenna 1125, and more than one antenna 1125 may be able to transmit or receive multiple wireless transmissions simultaneously.

[0223] Memory 1130 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). Memory 1130 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code 1135, which includes instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to perform the various functions described herein. In some cases, in addition to this, memory 1130 may also contain a basic I / O system (BIOS) that controls basic hardware or software operations, such as interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0224] Processor 1140 may include intelligent hardware devices (e.g., general-purpose processors, DSPs, central processing units (CPUs), microcontrollers, ASICs, FPGAs, programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic components, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, processor 1140 may be configured to use a memory controller to operate a memory array. In other cases, the memory controller may be integrated into processor 1140. Processor 1140 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory (e.g., memory 1130) to cause device 1105 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting techniques for reference signal modes).

[0225] Code 1135 may include instructions for implementing various aspects of this disclosure, including instructions for supporting wireless communication. Code 1135 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium (e.g., system memory or other types of memory). In some cases, code 1135 may not be directly executable by processor 1140, but may enable a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform the functions described herein.

[0226] Figure 12 A block diagram 1200 of a device 1205 supporting techniques for a reference signal mode according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown. Device 1205 may be an example of various aspects of a base station 105 as described herein. Device 1205 may include a receiver 1210, a communication manager 1215, and a transmitter 1220. Device 1205 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0227] Receiver 1210 can receive information such as packets, user data, or control information associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information related to techniques used for reference signal modes). This information can be transmitted to other components of device 1205. Receiver 1210 can be a reference... Figure 15 Examples of various aspects of the transceiver 1520 are described. The receiver 1210 may utilize a single antenna or an array of antennas.

[0228] The communication manager 1215 can perform the following operations: send a first indication to the UE of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set; send a second indication to the UE of the resource element format of the reference signal instances in the reference signal instance set, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements; send a reference signal to the UE for estimating CFO based on the first indication to the set of reference signal instances and the second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances; and communicate with the UE based on sending the reference signal. The communication manager 1215 may be an example of various aspects of the communication manager 1510 described herein.

[0229] Actions performed by the communication manager 1215 as described herein can be implemented to achieve one or more potential advantages. For example, by providing an improved reference signal format, the techniques described herein can achieve a reference signal less susceptible to CFO, thereby improving CFO estimation at UE 115. By improving the efficiency and accuracy of CFO estimation, the techniques described herein enable UE 115 and / or base station 105 to more accurately compensate for the estimated CFO, thereby improving the efficiency and reliability of wireless communication.

[0230] By providing a more accurate CFO estimate, the processor of base station 105 (e.g., the processor controlling receiver 810, communication manager 815, transmitter 820, etc.) can reduce the processing resources used for downlink communication. For example, by improving the CFO estimate, UE 115 and / or base station 105 may be able to compensate for the estimated CFO more accurately, which can improve the efficiency and reliability of wireless communication. Furthermore, by improving the CFO estimate and compensating for the CFO, the techniques described herein can reduce the number of retransmissions required for successfully receiving uplink information and / or transmitting downlink information at base station 105, thereby correspondingly reducing the processor's ramp-up processing power and the number of times processing units are turned on to handle uplink reception and downlink transmission.

[0231] The communication manager 1215 or its sub-components may be implemented in hardware, processor-executable code (e.g., software or firmware), or any combination thereof. If implemented in processor-executable code, the functionality of the communication manager 1215 or its sub-components may be performed by a general-purpose processor, DSP, ASIC, FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described in this disclosure.

[0232] The communication manager 1215 or its sub-components may be physically located in different locations (including being distributed such that one or more physical components perform some functions at different physical locations). In some examples, the communication manager 1215 or its sub-components may be separate and distinct components, according to various aspects of this disclosure. In some examples, the communication manager 1215 or its sub-components may be combined with one or more other hardware components, including but not limited to I / O components, transceivers, network servers, other computing devices, one or more other components described in this disclosure, or combinations thereof.

[0233] Transmitter 1220 can transmit signals generated by other components of device 1205. In some examples, transmitter 1220 may be co-located with receiver 1210 in a transceiver module. For example, transmitter 1220 may be a reference... Figure 15 Examples of various aspects of the transceiver 1520 are described. The transmitter 1220 may utilize a single antenna or an array of antennas.

[0234] Figure 13 A block diagram 1300 of a device 1305 supporting techniques for a reference signal mode according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown. Device 1305 may be an example of aspects of device 1205 or base station 105 as described herein. Device 1305 may include a receiver 1310, a communication manager 1315, and a transmitter 1340. Device 1305 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0235] Receiver 1310 can receive information such as packets, user data, or control information associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information related to techniques used for reference signal modes). This information can be transmitted to other components of device 1305. Receiver 1310 can be a reference... Figure 15 Examples of various aspects of the transceiver 1520 are described. The receiver 1310 may utilize a single antenna or an array of antennas.

[0236] Communication manager 1315 may be an example of aspects of communication manager 1215 as described herein. Communication manager 1315 may include reference signal instance format transmission manager 1320, resource element format transmission manager 1325, reference signal transmission manager 1330, and UE communication manager 1335. Communication manager 1315 may be an example of aspects of communication manager 1510 as described herein.

[0237] The reference signal instance format transmission manager 1320 can send a first indication to the UE of the reference signal instance set within the resource set.

[0238] The resource element format sending manager 1325 can send a second indication to the UE of the resource element format of a reference signal instance in the reference signal instance set, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements.

[0239] The reference signal transmission manager 1330 can transmit reference signals for estimating CFO to the UE based on a first indication of a set of reference signal instances and a second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances.

[0240] The UE communication manager 1335 can communicate with the UE by sending reference signals.

[0241] Transmitter 1340 can transmit signals generated by other components of device 1305. In some examples, transmitter 1340 may be co-located with receiver 1310 in a transceiver module. For example, transmitter 1340 may be a reference... Figure 15 Examples of various aspects of the transceiver 1520 are described. The transmitter 1340 may utilize a single antenna or an array of antennas.

[0242] Figure 14 A block diagram 1400 of a communication manager 1405 supporting techniques for a reference signal mode according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown. The communication manager 1405 may be an example of aspects of the communication manager 1215, communication manager 1315, or communication manager 1510 described herein. The communication manager 1405 may include a reference signal instance format transmission manager 1410, a resource element format transmission manager 1415, a reference signal transmission manager 1420, a UE communication manager 1425, a control message transmission manager 1430, a request reception manager 1435, and a reference signal instance manager 1440. Each of these modules may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0243] The reference signal instance format transmission manager 1410 can send a first indication to the UE of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set. In some examples, the reference signal instance format transmission manager 1410 can send a time density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a frequency density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a resource element offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a symbol offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, or any combination thereof.

[0244] The resource element format sending manager 1415 can send a second indication to the UE of the resource element format of a reference signal instance in the reference signal instance set, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements.

[0245] The reference signal transmission manager 1420 can transmit a reference signal for estimating CFO to the UE based on a first indication of a set of reference signal instances and a second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances. In some cases, the power of one or more reference signal resource elements within the set of reference signal instances is greater than the power of data elements within the resource set. In some cases, the reference signal for estimating CFO includes PTRS.

[0246] The UE communication manager 1425 can communicate with the UE based on transmitting reference signals. In some examples, the UE communication manager 1425 can determine one or more parameters associated with communication between the UE and the base station, wherein transmitting a first indication of a set of reference signal instances, a second indication of a resource element format, or both is based on determining said one or more parameters. In some cases, said one or more parameters include modulation and coding schemes, expected CFO, BLER, frequency density associated with a resource set, time density associated with a resource set, allowable overhead of the resource set that can be used for the set of reference signal instances, or any combination thereof.

[0247] The control message sending manager 1430 can send a first control message to the UE indicating a set of resource element formats for resource elements within a set of reference signal instances, wherein sending a second indication of the resource element formats for the reference signal instances is based on sending the first control message. In some examples, the control message sending manager 1430 can send a second control message to the UE indicating resource element formats included within the set of resource element formats, wherein sending the second indication of the resource element formats for the reference signal instances is based on receiving a second control message. In some examples, the control message sending manager 1430 can send a control message to the UE including a first indication of the set of reference signal instances, a second indication of the resource element formats for the reference signal instances, or both. In some cases, the first control message includes an RRC message, an SIB message, or both. In some cases, the second control message includes a DCI message, a MAC-CE message, or both.

[0248] The request receiving manager 1435 may receive from the UE a request for a mode for configuring reference signals associated with the estimated CFO, wherein sending a first indication of a set of reference signal instances, a second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances, or both, is based on the receiving request.

[0249] The reference signal instance manager 1440 can determine the anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance in the reference signal instance set. In some examples, the reference signal instance manager 1440 can determine the location of each reference signal instance within the resource set based on the anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance, a time density indicator, a frequency density indicator, a resource element offset indicator, a symbol offset indicator, or any combination thereof, wherein sending a reference signal is based on determining the location of each reference signal instance. In some cases, the time density indicator indicates the number of reference signal instances per symbol within the resource set, and the frequency density indicator indicates the number of reference signal instances per resource block within the resource set. In some cases, the resource element offset indicator indicates a first offset in the frequency domain of the reference signal instance set relative to a first boundary of the resource set, and wherein the symbol offset indicator indicates a second offset in the time domain of the reference signal instance set relative to a second boundary of the resource set.

[0250] In some cases, a reference signal instance includes one or more reference signal resource elements and two or more empty resource elements, where the empty resource elements are located between the one or more reference signal resource elements and resource elements used for other information in the frequency domain. In some cases, the format of the first resource element used for resource elements within a first reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances differs from the format of the second resource element used for resource elements within a second reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances. In some cases, each reference signal instance is symmetric in the frequency domain.

[0251] In some cases, a reference signal instance spans one resource element in the time domain and three or more resource elements in the frequency domain. In some cases, a reference signal instance includes a first reference signal resource element, a second reference signal resource element, and one or more empty resource elements located between the first and second reference signal resource elements in the frequency domain. In some cases, a reference signal instance includes a first reference signal resource element and a second reference signal resource element adjacent to the first reference signal resource element in the frequency domain. In some cases, the reference signal instance is located at the boundary of a resource set, and one or more empty resource elements of the reference signal instance are omitted from the reference signal instance.

[0252] Figure 15A diagram of a system 1500 including a device 1505 supporting techniques for a reference signal mode, according to various aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Device 1505 may be an example of device 1205, device 1305, or base station 105 as described herein, or a component including device 1205, device 1305, or base station 105. Device 1505 may include components for bidirectional voice and data communication (including components for transmitting and receiving communications), including a communication manager 1510, a network communication manager 1515, a transceiver 1520, an antenna 1525, a memory 1530, a processor 1540, and an inter-station communication manager 1545. These components may communicate electronically via one or more buses (e.g., bus 1550).

[0253] The communication manager 1510 can perform the following operations: send a first indication to the UE of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set; send a second indication to the UE of a resource element format for reference signal instances in the reference signal instance set, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements; send a reference signal to the UE for estimating CFO based on the first indication to the set of reference signal instances and the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instances; and communicate with the UE based on sending the reference signal.

[0254] The network communication manager 1515 can manage communication with the core network (e.g., via one or more wired backhaul links). For example, the network communication manager 1515 can manage the transmission of data communication to client devices (e.g., one or more UEs 115).

[0255] Transceiver 1520 can communicate bidirectionally via one or more antennas, wired or wireless links as described above. For example, transceiver 1520 can represent a wireless transceiver and can communicate bidirectionally with another wireless transceiver. Transceiver 1520 may also include a modem for modulating packets and providing the modulated packets to the antenna for transmission, and for demodulating packets received from the antenna.

[0256] In some cases, a wireless device may include a single antenna 1525. However, in other cases, the device may have more than one antenna 1525, and more than one antenna 1525 may be able to transmit or receive multiple wireless transmissions simultaneously.

[0257] Memory 1530 may include RAM, ROM, or a combination thereof. Memory 1530 may store computer-readable code 1535, which includes instructions that, when executed by a processor (e.g., processor 1540), cause the device to perform the various functions described herein. In some cases, in addition to this, memory 1530 may also contain a BIOS, which can control basic hardware or software operations, such as interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0258] Processor 1540 may include intelligent hardware devices (e.g., general-purpose processors, DSPs, CPUs, microcontrollers, ASICs, FPGAs, programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic components, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, processor 1540 may be configured to use a memory controller to operate a memory array. In some cases, the memory controller may be integrated into processor 1540. Processor 1540 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory (e.g., memory 1530) to cause device 1505 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting techniques for reference signal modes).

[0259] Inter-site communication manager 1545 can manage communication with other base stations 105 and may include a controller or scheduler for cooperating with other base stations 105 to control communication with UE 115. For example, inter-site communication manager 1545 can coordinate the scheduling of transmissions to UE 115 for various interference mitigation techniques such as beamforming or joint transmission. In some examples, inter-site communication manager 1545 may provide an X2 interface within LTE / LTE-A wireless communication network technology to facilitate communication between base stations 105.

[0260] Code 1535 may include instructions for implementing various aspects of this disclosure, including instructions for supporting wireless communication. Code 1535 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium (e.g., system memory or other types of memory). In some cases, code 1535 may not be directly executable by processor 1540, but may enable a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform the functions described herein.

[0261] Figure 16 A flowchart illustrating a method 1600 for supporting techniques for a reference signal mode according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown. Operation of method 1600 can be implemented by a UE 115 or its components as described herein. For example, operation of method 1600 can be implemented by a reference... Figures 8 to 11The communication manager described herein is used for execution. In some examples, the UE can execute a set of instructions to control the UE's functional elements to perform the functions described below. Alternatively, the UE can use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the functions described below.

[0262] At 1605, the UE may receive a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within the resource set. The operation at 1605 can be performed according to the method described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation at 1605 may be determined by reference... Figures 8 to 11 The reference signal instance format described is used by the receiver manager for execution.

[0263] At 1610, the UE may receive a second indication of the resource element format for a reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements. Operation 1610 can be performed according to the method described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1610 may be determined by, as in reference... Figures 8 to 11 The resource element format described is received and executed by the manager.

[0264] At point 1615, the UE can receive reference signals from the base station for estimating the CFO based on a first indication of the set of reference signal instances and a second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances. The operation at point 1615 can be performed according to the method described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation at point 1615 can be determined by, for example, reference... Figures 8 to 11 The reference signal receiver manager described is used to perform this.

[0265] At point 1620, the UE can communicate with the base station based on a received reference signal. Operation at point 1620 can be performed according to the method described herein. In some examples, aspects of operation at point 1620 can be determined by, as referenced... Figures 8 to 11 The base station communication manager described is used to execute this.

[0266] Figure 17 A flowchart illustrating a method 1700 for supporting techniques for a reference signal mode according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown. Operation of method 1700 can be implemented by a UE 115 or its components as described herein. For example, operation of method 1700 can be implemented by a reference mode as described herein. Figures 8 to 11 The communication manager described herein is used for execution. In some examples, the UE can execute a set of instructions to control the UE's functional elements to perform the functions described below. Alternatively, the UE can use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the functions described below.

[0267] At 1705, the UE can receive from the base station a first control message indicating a set of resource element formats for resource elements within a set of reference signal instances. Operation at 1705 can be performed according to the method described herein. In some examples, aspects of operation at 1705 can be determined by, as referenced... Figures 8 to 11 The described control message receiving manager is used to perform this action.

[0268] At 1710, the UE can receive from the base station a second control message indicating the resource element formats included within the resource element format set. Operation 1710 can be performed according to the method described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1710 can be determined by referring to... Figures 8 to 11 The described control message receiving manager is used to perform this action.

[0269] At 1715, the UE may receive a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within the resource set. Operation at 1715 can be performed according to the method described herein. In some examples, aspects of operation at 1715 may be determined by reference... Figures 8 to 11 The reference signal instance format described is used by the receiver manager for execution.

[0270] At 1720, the UE may receive a second indication of the resource element format for a reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements, wherein receiving the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instance is based on receiving a first control message, a second control message, or both. Operation 1720 can be performed according to the method described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1720 may be determined by reference to... Figures 8 to 11 The resource element format described is received and executed by the manager.

[0271] At 1725, the UE can receive reference signals from the base station for estimating CFO based on a first indication of the set of reference signal instances and a second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances. The operation at 1725 can be performed according to the method described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation at 1725 can be determined by, as referenced... Figures 8 to 11 The reference signal receiver manager described is used to perform this.

[0272] At 1730, the UE can communicate with the base station based on a received reference signal. Operation at 1730 can be performed according to the method described herein. In some examples, aspects of operation at 1730 can be determined by, as referenced... Figures 8 to 11 The base station communication manager described is used to execute this.

[0273] Figure 18A flowchart illustrating a method 1800 for supporting techniques for a reference signal mode according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown. Operation of method 1800 can be implemented by a UE 115 or its components as described herein. For example, operation of method 1800 can be implemented by a reference mode as described herein. Figures 8 to 11 The communication manager described herein is used for execution. In some examples, the UE can execute a set of instructions to control the UE's functional elements to perform the functions described below. Alternatively, the UE can use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the functions described below.

[0274] At step 1805, the UE can determine one or more parameters associated with communication between the UE and the base station. The operation at step 1805 can be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation at step 1805 can be determined by, as referenced... Figures 8 to 11 The base station communication manager described is used to execute this.

[0275] At point 1810, the UE may send a request to the base station for a mode configured for a reference signal associated with the estimated CFO, wherein the request is based on determining one or more parameters. Operation 1810 can be performed according to the method described herein. In some examples, aspects of operation 1810 can be determined by, for example, by referring to... Figures 8 to 11 The request sending manager is described and executed.

[0276] At point 1815, the UE may receive a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within the resource set. The operation at point 1815 can be performed according to the method described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation at point 1815 may be determined by, for example, reference... Figures 8 to 11 The reference signal instance format described is used by the receiver manager for execution.

[0277] At 1820, the UE may receive a second indication of the resource element format for a reference signal instance in the reference signal instance set, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements, wherein receiving the first indication of the reference signal instance set, the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instance, or both, is based on sending the request. Operation 1820 can be performed according to the method described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1820 may be determined by, as referenced... Figures 8 to 11 The resource element format described is received and executed by the manager.

[0278] At point 1825, the UE can receive reference signals from the base station for estimating the CFO based on a first indication of the set of reference signal instances and a second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances. The operation at point 1825 can be performed according to the method described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation at point 1825 can be determined by, as referenced... Figures 8 to 11 The reference signal receiver manager described is used to perform this.

[0279] At point 1830, the UE can communicate with the base station based on a received reference signal. Operation at point 1830 can be performed according to the method described herein. In some examples, aspects of operation at point 1830 can be determined by, as referenced... Figures 8 to 11 The base station communication manager described is used to execute this.

[0280] Figure 19 A flowchart illustrating a method 1900 for supporting techniques for a reference signal mode according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown. Operation of method 1900 can be implemented by a base station 105 or its components as described herein. For example, operation of method 1900 can be implemented by a base station 105 or its components as described herein. Figures 12 to 15 The communication manager described below is used to perform this function. In some examples, the base station may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the base station to perform the functions described below. Alternatively, the base station may use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the functions described below.

[0281] At point 1905, the base station may send a first indication to the UE of the set of reference signal instances within the resource set. The operation at point 1905 can be performed according to the method described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation at point 1905 may be determined by reference to... Figures 12 to 15 The reference signal instance format described is sent to the manager for execution.

[0282] At point 1910, the base station may send a second indication to the UE of the resource element format for a reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements. The operation at point 1910 can be performed according to the method described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation at point 1910 may be determined by reference to... Figures 12 to 15 The resource element format described is sent to the manager for execution.

[0283] At point 1915, the base station can transmit a reference signal to the UE for estimating the CFO based on a first indication of a set of reference signal instances and a second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances. The operation at point 1915 can be performed according to the method described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation at point 1915 can be determined by, for example, a reference... Figures 12 to 15 The reference signal sending manager is used to execute the description.

[0284] At point 1920, the base station can communicate with the UE based on transmitting a reference signal. Operation at point 1920 can be performed according to the method described herein. In some examples, aspects of operation at point 1920 can be determined by, for example, a reference signal. Figures 12 to 15 The UE communication manager is described and executed.

[0285] It should be noted that the methods described in this paper describe possible implementations, and the operations and steps can be rearranged or otherwise modified, and other implementations are possible. Furthermore, aspects from two or more methods can be combined.

[0286] The following provides a summary of various aspects of this disclosure:

[0287] Aspect 1: A method for wireless communication at a UE, the method comprising: receiving a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set; receiving a second indication of a resource element format of reference signal instances in the set of reference signal instances, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements; receiving a reference signal for estimating a CFO from a base station based at least in part on the first indication of the set of reference signal instances and the second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances; and communicating with the base station based at least in part on receiving the reference signal.

[0288] Aspect 2: The method according to aspect 1 further includes: receiving from the base station a first control message indicating a plurality of resource element formats for resource elements within the set of reference signal instances, wherein receiving the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instances is at least partially based on receiving the first control message.

[0289] Aspect 3: According to the method of aspect 2, the first control message includes a radio resource control message, a system information block message, or both.

[0290] Aspect 4: The method according to any one of Aspects 2 to 3 further includes: receiving from the base station a second control message indicating a resource element format included within the plurality of resource element formats, wherein receiving the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instance is at least partially based on receiving the second control message.

[0291] Aspect 5: According to the method of aspect 4, the second control message includes a DCI message, a MAC-CE message, or both.

[0292] Aspect 6: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 5 further includes: receiving a control message from the base station, the control message including a first indication of the set of reference signal instances, a second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances, or both.

[0293] Aspect 7: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 6 further includes: sending a request to the base station for a mode for configuring reference signals associated with estimating the CFO, wherein receiving the first indication to the set of reference signal instances, the second indication to the resource element format of the reference signal instances, or both are at least partially based on sending the request.

[0294] Aspect 8: The method according to aspect 7 further includes: determining one or more parameters associated with communication between the UE and the base station, wherein sending the request is at least in part based on determining the one or more parameters.

[0295] Aspect 9: The method according to aspect 8, wherein the one or more parameters include MCS, expected CFO, BLER, frequency density associated with the resource set, time density associated with the resource set, allowable overhead of the resource set that can be used for the reference signal instance set, or any combination thereof.

[0296] Aspect 10: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 9, wherein receiving the first indication to the set of reference signal instances within the resource set comprises: receiving a time density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a frequency density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a resource element offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a symbol offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, or any combination thereof.

[0297] Aspect 11: The method according to aspect 10 further includes: determining an anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances; and determining the position of each reference signal instance within the resource set based at least in part on the anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance, the time density indicator, the frequency density indicator, the resource element offset indicator, the symbol offset indicator, or any combination thereof, wherein receiving the reference signal is based at least in part on determining the position of each reference signal instance.

[0298] Aspect 12: The method according to any one of Aspects 10 to 11, wherein the time density indicator indicates the number of reference signal instances per symbol in the resource set, and the frequency density indicator indicates the number of reference signal instances per resource block in the resource set.

[0299] Aspect 13: The method according to any one of Aspects 10 to 12, wherein the resource element offset indicator indicates a first offset in the frequency domain of the reference signal instance set relative to a first boundary of the resource set, and the symbol offset indicator indicates a second offset in the time domain of the reference signal instance set relative to a second boundary of the resource set.

[0300] Aspect 14: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 13, wherein the reference signal instance comprises one or more reference signal resource elements and two or more empty resource elements, wherein the empty resource elements among the two or more empty resource elements are located between the one or more reference signal resource elements and resource elements for other information in the frequency domain.

[0301] Aspect 15: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 14, wherein the first resource element format for a resource element in a first reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances is different from the second resource element format for a resource element in a second reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances.

[0302] Aspect 16: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 15, wherein each reference signal instance is symmetric in the frequency domain.

[0303] Aspect 17: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 16, wherein the reference signal instance spans one resource element in the time domain and three or more resource elements in the frequency domain.

[0304] Aspect 18: The method according to aspect 17, wherein the three or more resource elements in the frequency domain include three or more consecutive resource elements in the frequency domain.

[0305] Aspect 19: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 18, wherein the one or more empty resource elements of the reference signal instance include one or more empty subcarriers.

[0306] Aspect 20: The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 19, wherein the reference signal instance includes a first reference signal resource element, a second reference signal resource element, and one or more empty resource elements located in the frequency domain between the first reference signal resource element and the second reference signal resource element.

[0307] Aspect 21: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 20, wherein the reference signal instance includes a first reference signal resource element and a second reference signal resource element adjacent to the first reference signal resource element in the frequency domain.

[0308] Aspect 22: The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 21, wherein the reference signal instance is located at the boundary of the resource set, and one or more empty resource elements of the reference signal instance are omitted from the reference signal instance.

[0309] Aspect 23: The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 22 further includes: performing one or more measurements using the received reference signal; and estimating the CFO based at least in part on the performance of the one or more measurements, wherein communication with the base station is based at least in part on the estimated CFO.

[0310] Aspect 24: The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 23, wherein the power of the one or more reference signal resource elements in the reference signal instance set is greater than the power of the data elements in the resource set.

[0311] Aspect 25: The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 24, wherein the reference signal used to estimate the CFO includes a phase tracking reference signal.

[0312] Aspect 26: A method for wireless communication at a base station, the method comprising: sending to a UE a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within a resource set; sending to the UE a second indication of a resource element format of reference signal instances in the set of reference signal instances, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements; sending to the UE a reference signal for estimating CFO based at least in part on the first indication of the set of reference signal instances and the second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances; and communicating with the UE based at least in part on sending the reference signal.

[0313] Aspect 27: The method according to aspect 26 further includes: sending a first control message to the UE indicating a plurality of resource element formats for resource elements within the set of reference signal instances, wherein sending the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instances is at least partially based on sending the first control message.

[0314] Aspect 28: The method according to aspect 27, wherein the first control message includes a radio resource control message, a system information block message, or both.

[0315] Aspect 29: The method according to any one of Aspects 27 to 28 further includes: sending to the UE a second control message indicating a resource element format included within the plurality of resource element formats, wherein sending the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instance is at least partially based on receiving the second control message.

[0316] Aspect 30: The method according to aspect 29, wherein the second control message includes a DCI message, a MAC-CE message, or both.

[0317] Aspect 31: The method according to any one of Aspects 26 to 30 further includes: sending a control message to the UE, the control message including a first indication of the set of reference signal instances, a second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances, or both.

[0318] Aspect 32: The method according to any one of aspects 26 to 31 further includes: receiving from the UE a request for a mode for configuring reference signals associated with estimating the CFO, wherein sending the first indication to the set of reference signal instances, the second indication to the resource element format of the reference signal instances, or both are at least partially based on receiving the request.

[0319] Aspect 33: The method according to any one of aspects 26 to 32 further includes: determining one or more parameters associated with communication between the UE and the base station, wherein the transmission of the first indication to the set of reference signal instances, the second indication to the resource element format, or both are at least partially based on determining the one or more parameters.

[0320] Aspect 34: The method according to aspect 33, wherein the one or more parameters include MCS, expected CFO, BLER, frequency density associated with the resource set, time density associated with the resource set, allowable overhead of the resource set that can be used for the reference signal instance set, or any combination thereof.

[0321] Aspect 35: The method according to any one of Aspects 26 to 34, wherein sending the first indication to the set of reference signal instances within the resource set comprises: sending a time density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a frequency density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a resource element offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a symbol offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, or any combination thereof.

[0322] Aspect 36: The method according to aspect 35 further includes: determining an anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances; and determining the position of each reference signal instance within the resource set based at least in part on the anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance, the time density indicator, the frequency density indicator, the resource element offset indicator, the symbol offset indicator, or any combination thereof, wherein transmitting the reference signal is based at least in part on determining the position of each reference signal instance.

[0323] Aspect 37: The method according to any one of Aspects 35 to 36, wherein the time density indicator indicates the number of reference signal instances per symbol in the resource set, and the frequency density indicator indicates the number of reference signal instances per resource block in the resource set.

[0324] Aspect 38: The method according to any one of Aspects 35 to 37, wherein the resource element offset indicator indicates a first offset in the frequency domain of the reference signal instance set relative to a first boundary of the resource set, and the symbol offset indicator indicates a second offset in the time domain of the reference signal instance set relative to a second boundary of the resource set.

[0325] Aspect 39: The method according to any one of Aspects 26 to 38, wherein the reference signal instance comprises one or more reference signal resource elements and two or more empty resource elements, wherein the empty resource elements among the two or more empty resource elements are located between the one or more reference signal resource elements and resource elements for other information in the frequency domain.

[0326] Aspect 40: The method according to any one of Aspects 26 to 39, wherein the first resource element format for a resource element in a first reference signal instance of the reference signal instance set is different from the second resource element format for a resource element in a second reference signal instance of the reference signal instance set.

[0327] Aspect 41: The method according to any one of aspects 26 to 40, wherein each reference signal instance is symmetrical in the frequency domain.

[0328] Aspect 42: The method according to any one of Aspects 26 to 41, wherein the reference signal instance spans one resource element in the time domain and three or more resource elements in the frequency domain.

[0329] Aspect 43: The method according to aspect 42, wherein the three or more resource elements in the frequency domain include three or more consecutive resource elements in the frequency domain.

[0330] Aspect 44: The method according to any one of Aspects 26 to 43, wherein the one or more empty resource elements of the reference signal instance include one or more empty subcarriers.

[0331] Aspect 45: The method according to any one of Aspects 26 to 44, wherein the reference signal instance includes a first reference signal resource element, a second reference signal resource element, and one or more empty resource elements located in the frequency domain between the first reference signal resource element and the second reference signal resource element.

[0332] Aspect 46: The method according to any one of aspects 26 to 45, wherein the reference signal instance includes a first reference signal resource element and a second reference signal resource element adjacent to the first reference signal resource element in the frequency domain.

[0333] Aspect 47: The method according to any one of Aspects 26 to 46, wherein the reference signal instance is located at the boundary of the resource set, and one or more empty resource elements of the reference signal instance are omitted from the reference signal instance.

[0334] Aspect 48: The method according to any one of aspects 26 to 47, wherein the power of the one or more reference signal resource elements in the reference signal instance set is greater than the power of the data elements in the resource set.

[0335] Aspect 49: The method according to any one of Aspects 26 to 48, wherein the reference signal for estimating the CFO includes a phase tracking reference signal.

[0336] Aspect 50: An apparatus for wireless communication at a UE, comprising: a processor; a memory coupled to the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of Aspects 1 to 25.

[0337] Aspect 51: An apparatus for wireless communication at a UE, comprising at least one unit for performing the method of any one of aspects 1 to 25.

[0338] Aspect 52: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a UE, the code comprising instructions executable by a processor to perform the methods of any one of Aspects 1 to 25.

[0339] Aspect 53: An apparatus for wireless communication at a base station, comprising: a processor; a memory coupled to the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of Aspects 26 to 49.

[0340] Aspect 54: An apparatus for wireless communication at a base station, comprising at least one unit for performing the method of any one of aspects 26 to 49.

[0341] Aspect 55: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a base station, the code comprising instructions executable by a processor to perform the methods of any one of Aspects 26 to 49.

[0342] While aspects of LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR systems may be described for illustrative purposes, and the terms LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR may be used extensively in the description, the techniques described herein apply beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the techniques described can be applied to a variety of other wireless communication systems, such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, and other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0343] The information and signals described herein can be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and methods. For example, the data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips mentioned throughout the description may be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, light fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0344] The various illustrative blocks and components described herein can be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, DSP, ASIC, CPU, FPGA, or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. The general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but alternatively, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors combined with a DSP core, or any other such configuration).

[0345] The functions described herein can be implemented using hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented using software executed by a processor, the functions can be stored on or transmitted via a computer-readable medium as one or more instructions or code. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of this disclosure and the appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, the functions described herein can be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or any combination of these. Features implementing the functions can also be physically located in various locations, including being distributed such that different parts of the functions are implemented in different physical locations.

[0346] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media, with communication media encompassing any medium that facilitates the transfer of a computer program from one place to another. Non-transitory storage media can be any available medium accessible by a general-purpose computer or a special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media can include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, compressed optical disc (CD) ROM or other optical disc storage, disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code units in the form of instructions or data structures, and accessible by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Furthermore, any connection is appropriately referred to as computer-readable media. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included within the definition of computer-readable media. As used herein, disks and optical discs include CDs, laser discs, optical discs, digital multifunction discs (DVDs), floppy disks, and Blu-ray discs, wherein disks typically copy data magnetically, while optical discs use lasers to copy data optically. The combination described above is also included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0347] As used herein (including in the claims), the word "or" in a list of items (e.g., a list of items ending with a phrase such as "at least one of" or "one or more of") indicates an inclusive list, such that a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Furthermore, as used herein, the phrase "based on" should not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step described as "based on condition A" could be based on both condition A and condition B without departing from the scope of this disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase "based on" should be interpreted in the same manner as the phrase "at least partially based on".

[0348] In the accompanying drawings, similar components or features may have the same reference numerals. Furthermore, various components of the same type can be distinguished by a dash and a second reference numeral following the reference numeral, used to differentiate between similar components. If only the first reference numeral is used in the specification, the description applies to any one of the similar components having the same first reference numeral, without regard to the second reference numeral or other subsequent reference numerals.

[0349] This document describes exemplary configurations in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and does not represent all examples that can be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term "example" as used herein means "serving as an example, instance, or illustration," and not "preferred" or "advantageous over other examples." The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. However, these techniques can be implemented without these specific details. In some cases, known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.

[0350] The description herein is provided to enable those skilled in the art to implement or use the present disclosure. Various modifications to the present disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein can be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Therefore, the present disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein, but is given the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A user equipment (UE), comprising: transceiver; processor; Memory coupled to the processor; as well as Instructions, which are stored in the memory and operable when executed by the processor, cause the UE to perform the following operations: Receive, via the transceiver, a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within the resource set; The transceiver receives a second instruction on the resource element format of a reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements, wherein the one or more empty resource elements separate the one or more reference signal resource elements from other resource elements in the frequency domain. The reference signal for estimating the carrier frequency offset is received from the base station via the transceiver, based at least in part on the first indication of the set of reference signal instances and the second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances. as well as The communication with the base station is based at least in part on receiving the reference signal via the transceiver.

2. The UE according to claim 1, wherein, The instructions are also executable by the processor to cause the UE to perform the following operations: The transceiver receives a first control message from the base station indicating a plurality of resource element formats for resource elements within the set of reference signal instances, wherein receiving a second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instances is at least partially based on receiving the first control message.

3. The UE according to claim 2, wherein, The instructions are also executable by the processor to cause the UE to perform the following operations: The transceiver receives a second control message from the base station indicating a resource element format included within the plurality of resource element formats, wherein receiving the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instance is at least partially based on receiving the second control message.

4. The UE according to claim 1, wherein, The instructions are also executable by the processor to cause the UE to perform the following operations: The transceiver receives a control message from the base station, the control message including a first indication of the set of reference signal instances, a second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances, or both.

5. The UE according to claim 1, wherein, The instructions are also executable by the processor to cause the UE to perform the following operations: The transceiver sends a request to the base station for a mode for configuring reference signals associated with the estimated carrier frequency offset, wherein receiving a first indication of the set of reference signal instances, a second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances, or both, is at least in part based on sending the request.

6. The UE according to claim 5, wherein, The instructions are also executable by the processor to cause the UE to perform the following operations: One or more parameters associated with communication between the UE and the base station are determined, wherein sending the request is based at least in part on the determination of the one or more parameters.

7. The UE according to claim 6, wherein, The one or more parameters include modulation and coding scheme, expected carrier frequency offset, block error rate, frequency density associated with the resource set, time density associated with the resource set, allowable overhead of the resource set for use in the reference signal instance set, or any combination thereof.

8. The UE according to claim 1, wherein, The instruction for receiving the first indication to the set of reference signal instances within the resource set is executable by the processor to cause the UE to perform the following operations: The system receives a time density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a frequency density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a resource element offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a symbol offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, or any combination thereof, wherein the time density indicator indicates the number of reference signal instances per symbol within the resource set, and the frequency density indicator indicates the number of reference signal instances per resource block within the resource set, and wherein the resource element offset indicator indicates a first offset in the frequency domain of the set of reference signal instances relative to a first boundary of the resource set, and the symbol offset indicator indicates a second offset in the time domain of the set of reference signal instances relative to a second boundary of the resource set.

9. The UE according to claim 8, wherein, The instructions are also executable by the processor to cause the UE to perform the following operations: Determine the anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances; and The position of each reference signal instance within the resource set is determined at least in part based on the anchor resource element, the time density indicator, the frequency density indicator, the resource element offset indicator, the symbol offset indicator, or any combination thereof associated with each reference signal instance, wherein receiving the reference signal is at least in part based on determining the position of each reference signal instance.

10. The UE according to claim 1, wherein, The reference signal instance includes one or more reference signal resource elements and two or more empty resource elements, wherein the empty resource elements are located between the one or more reference signal resource elements and resource elements used for other information in the frequency domain.

11. The UE according to claim 1, wherein, The first resource element format used for resource elements within a first reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances is different from the second resource element format used for resource elements within a second reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances.

12. The UE according to claim 1, wherein, Each reference signal instance is symmetrical in the frequency domain.

13. The UE according to claim 1, wherein, The reference signal instance spans one resource element in the time domain and three or more resource elements in the frequency domain, wherein the three or more resource elements in the frequency domain include three or more consecutive resource elements in the frequency domain.

14. The UE according to claim 1, wherein, The one or more empty resource elements of the reference signal instance include one or more empty subcarriers.

15. The UE according to claim 1, wherein, The reference signal instance includes a first reference signal resource element, a second reference signal resource element, and one or more empty resource elements located in the frequency domain between the first reference signal resource element and the second reference signal resource element.

16. The UE according to claim 1, wherein, The reference signal instance includes a first reference signal resource element and a second reference signal resource element that is adjacent to the first reference signal resource element in the frequency domain.

17. The UE according to claim 1, wherein, The reference signal instance is located at the boundary of the resource set, and one or more empty resource elements of the reference signal instance are omitted from the reference signal instance.

18. The UE according to claim 1, wherein, The instructions are also executable by the processor to cause the UE to perform the following operations: One or more measurements are performed using the received reference signal; as well as The carrier frequency offset is estimated at least in part based on performing one or more of the measurements, wherein communication with the base station is at least in part based on the estimated carrier frequency offset.

19. The UE according to claim 1, wherein, The power of one or more reference signal resource elements within the set of reference signal instances is greater than the power of data elements within the set of resources, and wherein the reference signal used to estimate the carrier frequency offset includes a phase tracking reference signal.

20. A base station, comprising: transceiver; processor; Memory coupled to the processor; as well as Instructions, which are stored in the memory and operable when executed by the processor, cause the base station to perform the following operations: The transceiver transmits a first indication to the user equipment (UE) of a set of reference signal instances within the resource set. The transceiver sends a second indication to the UE of the resource element format of the reference signal instance in the reference signal instance set, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements, and the one or more empty resource elements separate the one or more reference signal resource elements from other resource elements in the frequency domain. Reference signals for estimating carrier frequency offset are transmitted to the UE via the transceiver, based at least in part on the first indication of the set of reference signal instances and the second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances. as well as Communication with the UE is based at least in part on transmitting the reference signal via the transceiver.

21. The base station according to claim 20, wherein, The instructions are also executable by the processor to cause the base station to perform the following operations: The transceiver sends a first control message to the UE, indicating a plurality of resource element formats for resource elements within the set of reference signal instances, wherein sending a second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instances is at least partially based on sending the first control message.

22. The base station according to claim 21, wherein, The instructions are also executable by the processor to cause the base station to perform the following operations: The transceiver sends a second control message to the UE, indicating the resource element format included in the plurality of resource element formats, wherein the second indication of the resource element format for the reference signal instance is at least partially based on receiving the second control message.

23. The base station according to claim 20, wherein, The instructions are also executable by the processor to cause the base station to perform the following operations: The transceiver sends a control message to the UE, the control message including a first indication of the set of reference signal instances, a second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances, or both.

24. The base station according to claim 20, wherein, The instructions are also executable by the processor to cause the base station to perform the following operations: The transceiver receives a request from the UE for a mode for configuring reference signals associated with estimating the carrier frequency offset, wherein sending a first indication to the set of reference signal instances, a second indication to the resource element format of the reference signal instances, or both, is at least in part based on receiving the request.

25. The base station according to claim 20, wherein, The instructions are also executable by the processor to cause the base station to perform the following operations: One or more parameters associated with communication between the UE and the base station are determined, wherein the first indication to the reference signal instance set, the second indication to the resource element format, or both are at least partially based on the determination of the one or more parameters, wherein the one or more parameters include modulation and coding scheme, expected carrier frequency offset, block error rate, frequency density associated with the resource set, time density associated with the resource set, allowable overhead of the resource set that can be used for the reference signal instance set, or any combination thereof.

26. The base station according to claim 20, wherein, The instruction for transmitting the first indication to the set of reference signal instances within the resource set is executable by the processor to cause the base station to perform the following operations: Transmit a time density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a frequency density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a resource element offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a symbol offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, or any combination thereof, wherein the time density indicator indicates the number of reference signal instances per symbol in the resource set, and the frequency density indicator indicates the number of reference signal instances per resource block in the resource set, and wherein the resource element offset indicator indicates a first offset in the frequency domain of the set of reference signal instances relative to a first boundary of the resource set, and the symbol offset indicator indicates a second offset in the time domain of the set of reference signal instances relative to a second boundary of the resource set.

27. The base station according to claim 26, wherein, The instructions are also executable by the processor to cause the base station to perform the following operations: Determine the anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances; and The position of each reference signal instance within the resource set is determined at least in part based on the anchor resource element, the time density indicator, the frequency density indicator, the resource element offset indicator, the symbol offset indicator, or any combination thereof associated with each reference signal instance, wherein transmitting the reference signal is based at least in part on determining the position of each reference signal instance.

28. The base station according to claim 20, wherein, The reference signal instance includes one or more reference signal resource elements and two or more empty resource elements, wherein the empty resource elements are located between the one or more reference signal resource elements and resource elements used for other information in the frequency domain.

29. A method for wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: Receive the first indication to the set of reference signal instances within the resource set; Receive a second indication of the resource element format for a reference signal instance in the set of reference signal instances, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements, wherein the one or more empty resource elements separate the one or more reference signal resource elements from other resource elements in the frequency domain; Reference signals for estimating carrier frequency offset are received from the base station based at least in part on the first indication of the set of reference signal instances and the second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances. as well as Communication with the base station is based at least in part on receiving the reference signal.

30. A method for wireless communication performed by a base station, the method comprising: Send a first indication to the user equipment (UE) for the set of reference signal instances within the resource set; Send a second indication to the UE of the resource element format of the reference signal instance in the reference signal instance set, the resource element format including one or more empty resource elements and one or more reference signal resource elements, wherein the one or more empty resource elements separate the one or more reference signal resource elements from other resource elements in the frequency domain; The reference signal for estimating the carrier frequency offset is transmitted to the UE based at least in part on the first indication of the set of reference signal instances and the second indication of the resource element format of the reference signal instances; as well as Communication with the UE is based at least in part on transmitting the reference signal.

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