A method for crop rotation planting of stropharia rugosoannulata and volvariella volvacea

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of big ball cover mushroom and straw mushroom crop rotation planting methods, it is in same shed according to time in advance crop rotation planting Mao wood ear and morel, big ball cover mushroom is planted from September of each year to May of second year, including the harvest of big ball cover mushroom from September to November of this year, the harvest of big ball cover mushroom from March to May of second year;After big ball cover mushroom planting harvest ends, utilize its dregs as the organic culture material of crop rotation straw mushroom;Straw mushroom is planted from June to the end of August of each year, including the harvest of straw mushroom from June to August.The application makes good use of climate and resource conditions, selects suitable growth big ball cover mushroom and straw mushroom, achieves to suit measures to local conditions according to time, suit measures to local conditions;The dregs after harvesting big ball cover mushroom can be used as the organic culture material when crop rotation straw mushroom, which not only can increase economic benefits, but also can reduce resource waste, so as to achieve the purpose of protecting ecological environment.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of edible mushroom planting, in particular to a crop rotation planting method of Stropharia rugosoannulata and Volvariella volvacea. BACKGROUND

[0002] Stropharia rugosoannulata, scientific name Stropharia rugosoannulata, also known as wine red Stropharia, belongs to Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Agaricales, Strophariaceae and Stropharia, is a medium-low temperature grass-decomposing edible mushroom. It is not the colorful poisonous mushroom in people's common sense, but it is a high-nutrition and high-medical-value edible mushroom with bright color. 100g of Stropharia rugosoannulata fruiting body contains 29.1g of crude protein and is rich in essential amino acids for human body. The abundant polysaccharide in it has the effects of anti-oxidation and enhancing human immunity. The rich nutrition and delicious taste make it enjoy the reputation of "vegetarian meat".

[0003] Volvariella volvacea, also known as Volvariella, Chinese mushroom, belongs to Basidiomycota, Agaricales and Volvariella, is a high-temperature grass-decomposing edible mushroom. Volvariella volvacea is rich in protein and low in fat, and has the effects of reducing high blood pressure, resisting tumor and improving immunity.

[0004] The structure of edible mushroom industry is not perfect, and there are many shortcomings and defects in planting, resulting in poor economic benefits of planting edible mushrooms; the unreasonable treatment of waste after planting can easily cause environmental pollution, and the management of environmental problems is more difficult; the existing environmental problems have brought a lot of troubles to people, among which food quality and safety have become the most concerned problems of people, not only to eat, but also to eat healthily and safely. The government departments concerned are actively managing the environmental problems, but these methods not only consume manpower and material resources, but also cannot solve the fundamental problems; therefore, the unreasonable development of abandoned land, the arbitrary modification of idle greenhouse, the arbitrary treatment of agricultural waste and the like have become the primary task of environmental problem management, and how to reasonably utilize these resources and turn waste into treasure has become the top priority of environmental management and green economic development.

[0005] As a new sunrise industry, the edible mushroom industry will have better development prospects by combining existing resources with the edible mushroom industry according to its current development trend, and at the same time, the environment can be improved to achieve the effect of "win-win". Therefore, it is urgent to find an edible mushroom planting technology that can maximize economic profit and solve environmental problems optimally.

[0006] It should be noted that the information disclosed in the background is only intended to increase the understanding of the overall background of the present application, for understanding the background of the inventor's idea, and should not be regarded as admitting or in any form implying that the information constitutes prior art known to those skilled in the art. Summary of the Invention

[0007] Based on the fact that *Stropharia caryophylla* is a low-to-medium temperature decaying edible fungus and *Stropharia pubescens* is a high-temperature decaying edible fungus, and considering the climate conditions and existing local resources, this invention provides a method for crop rotation of *Stropharia caryophylla* and *Stropharia pubescens* to maximize the economic profit of edible fungi cultivation.

[0008] The technical solution adopted is as follows:

[0009] A method for rotating the cultivation of *Agaricus bisporus* and *Straw Mushroom* involves planting *Auricularia auricula-judae* and *Morchella esculenta* in the same greenhouse according to a time cycle. *Agaricus bisporus* is planted from September of the previous year to May of the following year, including harvesting from September to November of the previous year and from March to May of the following year. After the *Agaricus bisporus* planting and harvesting, its mycelial residue is used as organic culture medium for the rotated *Straw Mushroom*. *Straw Mushroom* is planted from June to the end of August of the previous year, including harvesting from June to August.

[0010] Furthermore, the method for crop rotation of *Stropharia macrocarpa* and *Strawberry* includes the following steps:

[0011] S1. Selection of planting sites: Select abandoned greenhouses for simple renovation and unused wasteland for treatment;

[0012] S2. Cultivation of King Oyster Mushroom: After pretreatment of the selected site, the cultivation material is laid out, and King Oyster Mushroom spawn is sown in early September; fruiting begins in early October, and harvesting ends in mid-November; King Oyster Mushrooms begin to dormant and overwinter; from the end of March to the beginning of April of the following year, fruiting begins again, and harvesting ends in early May;

[0013] S3. Cultivation of straw mushrooms: After the harvest of giant king mushrooms, use the mushroom residue as organic culture medium for rotating straw mushrooms; clean and repair the planting site, sprinkle lime and wet it with water, spread a layer of straw mushroom culture medium on it, and sow straw mushroom spawn; sow at the end of May, and mushrooms can be harvested after 11 days ± 1 day, and harvest in batches multiple times, ending in August.

[0014] Furthermore, in S2, the cultivation of *Schefflera heptaphylla* includes the following steps:

[0015] S21. Select a suitable planting site and level the land;

[0016] S22. After the planting area is treated, lime lines are drawn to mark the planting beds, which are 1 meter wide and spaced apart.

[0017] S23. Preparation of culture medium for giant puffball mushroom: four major steps: pre-wetting, mixing, composting, and fermentation;

[0018] S24. Sow the mushroom spawn in holes with a spacing of 10-12cm between holes, using three layers of substrate and two layers of spawn, and cover with soil or straw.

[0019] S25. Temperature control during mycelium growth;

[0020] S26. Control of moisture, temperature and light during the fruiting period;

[0021] S27. Initial mushroom harvesting and overwintering dormancy management;

[0022] In S3, the cultivation of straw mushrooms includes the following steps:

[0023] S31. After all the king oyster mushrooms have been harvested, the site should be cleaned and repaired, lime should be sprinkled, and water should be used to moisten it.

[0024] S32. Add the mushroom residue from the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus to the preparation of the straw mushroom culture medium;

[0025] S33. Spread a layer of culture medium on the raised bed, sow two layers of straw mushroom spawn, cover with soil or mulch, and the sowing is complete;

[0026] S34. Straw mushroom mycelium grows 5-6 days after sowing;

[0027] S35.11 ± 1 days later, young mushrooms sprouted;

[0028] S36. Initial mushroom harvesting and post-harvest management.

[0029] Furthermore, in S22, the furrows are 1 meter wide, and a drainage ditch is dug 60 cm apart between two furrows. The ditch is 15 cm deep and its shape is wider at the top and narrower at the bottom.

[0030] Furthermore, in S23, the sites for pre-wetting, mixing, piling, and fermentation are treated with a 1200-fold dilution of 48 vol% phoxim for comprehensive pest control.

[0031] Furthermore, in S23, the substrate for *Agaricus bisporus* cultivation is prepared from the following raw materials by weight percentage: wheat straw 52%, grape twig fragments 25%, cow dung powder 12%, wheat bran 9%, and quicklime 2%. After weighing, the substrate is exposed to direct sunlight; the added quicklime is used to absorb moisture from the substrate.

[0032] Furthermore, in S24, the inoculation of *Schefflera heptaphylla* involves three layers of substrate and two layers of spawn, that is, one layer of substrate is laid and one layer of spawn is sown, and this process is repeated. The bottom substrate is 12cm thick, and the spacing between spawn holes is 10cm. The middle layer is 8cm thick, and another layer of spawn is sown, staggered from the bottom layer. The top layer is 4cm thick and is used to cover the spawn.

[0033] Furthermore, in S25, the temperature inside the substrate during the mycelium growth period is controlled at around 20℃, and should not exceed 28℃; in S26, the humidity is maintained at around 85%-90% during the fruiting period, the temperature is controlled at 15℃-25℃, and the light intensity is 3 days of shade and 7 days of sunshine.

[0034] The shading level during the fruiting body growth period is 70%. The "3 shades and 7 suns" refers to the light transmittance through the greenhouse being 70%.

[0035] Furthermore, in S26, after harvesting in November and entering the dormant period, the seedbed surface should be cleaned, the soil leveled, the mushroom shed kept clean, and watering stopped for mycelial growth.

[0036] Furthermore, in S32, the straw mushroom substrate is prepared from the following raw materials by weight percentage: 70% *Agaricus bisporus* mycelium residue, 20% corn cob, and 10% wheat bran. After mixing evenly, 5 wt% quicklime can be added.

[0037] Furthermore, in S33, the straw mushroom spawn is sown in two layers: one layer of substrate and two layers of spawn. The substrate is 20cm thick. One layer of spawn is sown at a substrate thickness of 12cm, and the other layer is sown on the surface of the substrate. Then, it is covered with soil or a thin film.

[0038] Furthermore, in S34, the temperature is controlled at 32℃-34℃ during mycelial growth, and the humidity in the mushroom shed is maintained at 70%-85%; in S35, the suitable temperature in the mushroom shed during fruiting is 30℃-32℃, the humidity is maintained at 80%-95%, the light intensity is controlled at 700-1200Lx, and the sunshine duration is more than 8 hours.

[0039] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows:

[0040] This invention makes good use of climate and resource conditions, selecting suitable species of mushrooms such as *Schefflera heptaphylla* and *Strawberry* to grow, adapting to the time and place. The residue from harvesting *Schefflera heptaphylla* can be used as organic culture medium during strawberry rotation, which not only increases economic benefits and maximizes the economic profit of edible fungi cultivation, but also reduces resource waste, thereby achieving the goal of protecting the ecological environment. Detailed Implementation

[0041] To better explain and understand the practical significance of this invention, the following detailed description is provided in conjunction with embodiments and comparative examples, but this does not constitute any limitation on the actual scope of protection of this invention, nor does it limit the scope of protection of this invention to these examples.

[0042] Cultivating only King Oyster Mushrooms for one year includes the following steps:

[0043] Site preparation involves turning and leveling the cultivation area, then watering thoroughly. Insecticides are applied for pest control, and lime is used to mark the beds and walkways.

[0044] (2) Preparation of culture medium: 50% cottonseed hulls, 30% corn cob, 18% sawdust, 2% lime. Weigh them according to the proportion, expose them to the sun for 2 days, and add quicklime to absorb the moisture in the medium.

[0045] (3) For pile fermentation, mix the prepared raw materials evenly, and mix them according to a material-to-water ratio of 1:3.

[0046] The subsequent fermentation was carried out in a pile, with a base width of 1.8m, a top width of 1m, and a height of 1.5m.

[0047] (4) Sowing: Before sowing, sprinkle a layer of lime on the cultivation area. Spread three layers of material, sow two layers of spawn. The bottom layer of material is 10-12cm thick, and the spawn spacing is 8-10cm. The middle layer of material is 6-8cm thick, and then sow another layer of spawn. The top layer of material is 4-5cm thick to cover the spawn, keep it warm and moist, and promote the normal germination and feeding of the spawn.

[0048] (5) Control during the mycelium growth period: The temperature inside the material should be controlled at around 20℃. If it exceeds 28℃, you can make a hole or turn over the upper part of the material pile to cool it down, or use a wooden fork to dig upwards from the bottom of the material pile to cool it down.

[0049] (6) During the fruiting period, the humidity should be maintained at around 85%, and water should be sprayed frequently but infrequently. The temperature should be controlled at around 18 degrees Celsius, and the shading degree should be around 65% during the fruiting body growth period.

[0050] (7) Harvesting of the first fruiting body: The fruiting body takes only 5-8 days from budding to maturity during the high temperature period and the low temperature period should be appropriately extended before harvesting.

[0051] (8) Management of mushroom beds: clean the bed surface, add soil, stop watering, allow to hibernate and overwinter, spray with heavy water in early March of the second year to increase humidity and promote bud formation, and then harvest.

[0052] Cultivating straw mushrooms exclusively for one year includes the following steps:

[0053] (1) Site preparation: Level the site or turn the soil with a rotary tiller, irrigate thoroughly, and disinfect and kill insects with quicklime powder;

[0054] (2) Preparation of culture medium: 62% corn cob, 33% cow dung powder, 5% lime. The corn cob should be fresh, dry, and free from mold. It should be crushed into small pieces and weighed according to the proportion. The material-to-water ratio is 1:2.5.

[0055] (3) Build a pile for fermentation. The fermentation time is about 5 days. The corn cob is ready when water can be squeezed out and the moisture content is about 65%.

[0056] (4) Sowing: Spread the fermented culture medium evenly on the bed, spray water to wet the culture medium, sow the inoculum, cover the culture medium, sow the inoculum again, cover with a thin layer of culture medium, and finally attach a layer of fine soil.

[0057] (5) Management during the mycelial growth period: The temperature for mycelial growth should be controlled at around 32℃. The temperature control of the culture medium during this stage is crucial, at 35℃-40℃. The air humidity should be controlled at 70%-85%.

[0058] (6) Management during the fruiting period: the substrate temperature should be maintained at around 36℃, the temperature of the mushroom shed should be controlled at 33℃-35℃, the humidity of the mushroom shed should be controlled at 80%-95%, and the sunshine should be more than 10 hours.

[0059] (7) Harvesting: Straw mushrooms grow very quickly, so they need to be observed closely. Harvest them promptly before the caps open.

[0060] Harvest the mushrooms to prevent them from opening their caps after they mature, which would affect their quality. Example 1

[0061] A method for crop rotation of *Stropharia carinata* and *Pleurotus ostreatus* includes the following steps:

[0062] (1) Selection of planting sites: Select abandoned land for cleaning and leveling, and renovate abandoned greenhouses;

[0063] (2) Site treatment: Level the site or turn the soil with a rotary tiller, irrigate the soil thoroughly, use 0.2 vol% carbendazim to sterilize the site, use 48 vol% octyl sulfuric acid at 1200 times dilution to kill insects, use lime to mark lines, and mark the beds and walkways. The beds are 1 meter wide and the distance between two beds is 60 cm. A drainage ditch is dug with a depth of 15 cm (wider at the top and narrower at the bottom) to facilitate drainage of water accumulation.

[0064] (3) Preparation of culture medium for giant puffball mushroom: 52wt% wheat straw, 25wt% grape branch debris, 12wt% cow dung powder, 9wt% wheat bran, and 2wt% quicklime. Weigh them according to the proportion, expose them to the sun for 3 days, and add quicklime to absorb the moisture in the medium.

[0065] (4) Mix the raw materials evenly, build a pile for fermentation, with a base width of 1.5-2.0m, a top width of 1-1.3m, and a pile height of 1-1.8m;

[0066] (5) Sowing of giant oyster mushrooms: three layers of substrate and two layers of spawn, that is, one layer of substrate and one layer of spawn are sown, and so on. The bottom layer of substrate is 12cm thick, the spacing between spawn holes is 10cm, the middle layer of substrate is 8cm, and then another layer of spawn is sown, trying to stagger it from the bottom layer of spawn. The top layer of substrate is 4cm thick and is used to cover the spawn.

[0067] (6) Management during the mycelium growth period: During the mycelium growth period, the temperature inside the material should be controlled at around 20℃ and should not exceed 28℃. If it exceeds 28℃, you can make holes or turn over the upper part of the material pile to cool it down, or use a wooden fork to dig upwards from the bottom of the material pile to cool it down. Keep the soil moist. When the temperature is low, cover it with straw mats or plastic film to keep it warm. Do not spray water directly onto the mycelium in the bed within 15 days after sowing. Water can be sprayed after 20 days when the mycelium has grown to 3 / 5 of the bed. Spray water thoroughly.

[0068] (7) During the fruiting period, the humidity should be maintained at around 85%, and water should be sprayed frequently but infrequently. The temperature should be controlled at around 20℃, and the light should be 3 days in the shade and 7 days in the sun. The shading degree during the fruiting body growth period should be around 70%.

[0069] (8) Harvesting of the first mushrooms: The fruiting bodies take only 5-8 days from budding to maturity during the high-temperature period, and the low-temperature period should be appropriately extended. Harvest 1-2 batches.

[0070] (9) Management of mushroom beds: clean the bed surface, fill and cover with soil, stop watering, and allow the mushrooms to hibernate and overwinter. In early March of the second year, spray heavy water to increase humidity and promote bud formation. After that, harvest 2-4 batches.

[0071] (10) After the cultivation and harvest of giant king mushrooms, the mushroom residue from which giant king mushrooms were grown is used as the organic culture medium for rotating straw mushrooms. Specifically, the site where giant king mushrooms were grown is cleaned and repaired to serve as the site for rotating straw mushrooms;

[0072] (11) Preparation of straw mushroom culture medium: Mix 70wt% of giant king mushroom residue, 20wt% of corn cob, and 10wt% of wheat bran evenly, and then add 5wt% of lime.

[0073] (12) Sowing of straw mushroom spawn: one layer of substrate and two layers of spawn. The substrate thickness is 20cm. One layer of spawn is sown at the 12cm thickness of the substrate, and another layer of spawn is sown on the surface of the substrate. Cover with soil. After sowing the spawn, cover the surface with a layer of fine soil. The soil should be slightly alkaline (pH=7.5-8).

[0074] (13) During mycelial growth, the temperature should be controlled at 32-34℃, and the humidity in the mushroom shed should be maintained at 70%-85%;

[0075] (14) During the fruiting period, the temperature of the mushroom shed should be 30℃-32℃, the humidity should be maintained at 80%-95%, the light intensity should be 700-1200Lx, and the sunshine duration should be more than 8 hours.

[0076] (15) Straw mushrooms grow very fast and open their caps in a short time (12-24h). Harvest when the fruiting bodies are in the middle of the elongation period.

[0077] This invention compares the yield, cost, and profit of crop rotation of *Stropharia matsutake* and *Straw Mushroom* versus monoculture of *Stropharia matsutake* and *Straw Mushroom*. The results are as follows:

[0078] This invention provides a method for crop rotation of king oyster mushrooms and straw mushrooms, which greatly improves both yield and profit. The yield of king oyster mushrooms after crop rotation is increased by 12%-20% and straw mushrooms by about 25%. The income from one crop rotation is 23,000-26,000 yuan higher than the combined income from planting king oyster mushrooms and straw mushrooms separately.

[0079] The invention provides a method for crop rotation of giant puffball mushrooms and straw mushrooms, which improves the quality of the soil in the cultivation area while increasing yield and income.

[0080] This document uses two comparative examples and one embodiment to illustrate the invention, and is only intended to help understand the method and core ideas of the invention.

[0081] The detailed descriptions listed above are merely specific illustrations of feasible embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. All equivalent embodiments or modifications made without departing from the spirit of the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for crop rotation cultivation of *Stropharia macrocarpa* and *Straw Mushroom*, characterized in that, The method involves rotating the cultivation of Auricularia auricula-judae and morel mushrooms within the same greenhouse according to their respective time periods. From September of each year to May of the following year, Agaricus bisporus is planted, including the harvesting of Agaricus bisporus from September to November of the current year and from March to May of the following year. After the Agaricus bisporus planting and harvesting, its substrate is used as organic culture medium for the rotation of straw mushrooms. Straw mushrooms are planted from June to the end of August each year, including the harvesting of straw mushrooms from June to August. The steps include the following: S1. Selection of planting sites: Select abandoned greenhouses for simple renovation and unused wasteland for treatment; S2. Cultivation of King Oyster Mushroom: After pretreatment of the selected site, the cultivation material is laid out, and King Oyster Mushroom spawn is sown in early September; fruiting begins in early October, and harvesting ends in mid-November; King Oyster Mushrooms begin to dormant and overwinter; from the end of March to the beginning of April of the following year, fruiting begins again, and harvesting ends in early May; S3. Cultivation of straw mushrooms: After the harvest of giant king mushrooms, use the mushroom residue as organic culture medium for rotating straw mushrooms; clean and repair the planting site, sprinkle lime and wet it with water, spread a layer of straw mushroom culture medium on it, and sow straw mushroom spawn; sow at the end of May, and the mushrooms can be harvested after 11 days ±1 day, and harvest in batches multiple times, with the harvest ending in August. In S2, the cultivation of giant puffball mushrooms includes the following steps: S21. Select a suitable planting site and level the land; S22. After the planting area is treated, lime lines are drawn to mark the planting beds, which are 1 meter wide and spaced apart. S23. Preparation of culture medium for giant puffball mushroom: four major steps: pre-wetting, mixing, composting, and fermentation; S24. Sow the mushroom spawn in holes with a spacing of 10-12cm between holes, using three layers of substrate and two layers of spawn, and cover with soil or straw. S25. Temperature control during mycelium growth; S26. Control of moisture, temperature and light during the fruiting period; S27. Initial mushroom harvesting and overwintering dormancy management; In S3, the cultivation of straw mushrooms includes the following steps: S31. After all the king oyster mushrooms have been harvested, the site should be cleaned and repaired, lime should be sprinkled, and water should be used to moisten it. S32. Add the mushroom residue from the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus to the preparation of the straw mushroom culture medium; S33. Spread a layer of culture medium on the raised bed, sow two layers of straw mushroom spawn, cover with soil or mulch, and the sowing is complete; S34. Straw mushroom mycelium grows 5-6 days after sowing; S35.11 ± 1 days later, young mushrooms sprouted; S36. Initial mushroom harvesting and post-harvest management.

2. The method for crop rotation cultivation of *Stropharia macrocarpa* and *Strawberry* according to claim 1, characterized in that... In S22, the furrows are 1 meter wide, and a drainage ditch is dug 60 cm apart between two furrows. The ditch is 15 cm deep and is wider at the top and narrower at the bottom.

3. The method for crop rotation cultivation of *Stropharia macrocarpa* and *Strawberry* according to claim 1, characterized in that... In S23, the culture medium for giant puffball mushrooms is prepared from the following raw materials by weight percentage: wheat straw 52%, grape branch fragments 25%, cow dung powder 12%, wheat bran 9%, and quicklime 2%.

4. The method for crop rotation cultivation of *Stropharia macrocarpa* and *Strawberry* according to claim 1, characterized in that... In S24, the inoculation of giant puffball mushrooms involves three layers of substrate and two layers of spawn. That is, one layer of substrate is laid and one layer of spawn is sown, and this process is repeated. The bottom substrate is 12cm thick and the spacing between spawn holes is 10cm. The middle layer is 8cm thick and another layer of spawn is sown, staggered from the bottom layer. The top layer of substrate is 4cm thick and is used to cover the spawn.

5. The method for crop rotation cultivation of *Stropharia macrocarpa* and *Strawberry* according to claim 1, characterized in that... In S25, the temperature inside the substrate during the mycelium growth period should be controlled at around 20℃ and should not exceed 28℃; in S26, the humidity should be maintained at around 85%-90% during the fruiting period, the temperature should be controlled at 15℃-25℃, the light should be 3 shades and 7 suns, and the shading degree should be 70% during the fruiting body growth period.

6. The method for crop rotation cultivation of *Stropharia macrocarpa* and *Strawberry* according to claim 1, characterized in that... In S32, the straw mushroom substrate is prepared from the following raw materials by weight percentage: 70% of giant puffball mushroom residue, 20% of corn cob, and 10% of wheat bran.

7. The method for crop rotation cultivation of *Stropharia macrocarpa* and *Strawberry* according to claim 1, characterized in that... In S33, straw mushroom spawn is sown in two layers: one layer of substrate and two layers of spawn. The substrate is 20cm thick. One layer of spawn is sown at a substrate thickness of 12cm, and the other layer is sown on the surface of the substrate. Cover with soil or plastic film.

8. The method for crop rotation cultivation of *Stropharia macrocarpa* and *Strawberry* according to claim 1, characterized in that, In S34, the temperature is controlled at 32℃-34℃ during mycelial growth, and the humidity in the mushroom shed is maintained at 70%-85%; in S35, the suitable temperature in the mushroom shed during fruiting is 30℃-32℃, the humidity is maintained at 80%-95%, the light intensity is controlled at 700-1200Lx, and the sunshine duration is more than 8 hours.