Exposed electrode air anion device with fiber mat surface that can be installed in exposed environment

Abstract

The exposed electrode air anion device can be installed independently or as part of the negative air ion panel system 50 in the exposed environment 56. Each device includes: (a) an electronic module 22 including a negative voltage generator 22B; and (b) an exposed electrode 10 including a mat surface 11 having individual fibers interwoven with each other electrically connected to the negative voltage generator 22B. The mat surface 11 has a minimum average electrical resistance of R MIN such that the maximum capacitive current discharge is below the capacitive current discharge detection threshold. The negative voltage generator 22B is configured to generate the negative voltage source 23 from the power source 21 within a set of electrical parameters. The set of electrical parameters includes a maximum preset negative voltage V MAX and a maximum operating current set to be below or equal to the DC detection threshold.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to air negative ion devices. More specifically, this disclosure relates to air negative ion devices with exposed electrodes that can be installed in exposed environments and have a fiber pad surface. Background Technology

[0002] Negative air ions (NAIs) were discovered over a century ago and are widely used for air purification. The presence of NAIs is believed to enhance mental health and alleviate allergy symptoms. NAI emitters utilize a negative voltage source with a maximum preset negative voltage range of -2kV to -80kV to induce corona discharge. While not strictly necessary, some NAI emitters are designed to incorporate low-frequency alternating current or AC pulse characteristics into the negative voltage source.

[0003] Corona discharge is a discharge caused by the ionization of the air surrounding a high-voltage electrode. Corona discharge represents a localized area where the air undergoes electrical breakdown and becomes conductive, allowing negative charges to continuously leak from the electrode into the air. NAIs can include O - O2 - O3 - CO3 - CO4 - HCO3 - NO2 - and NO3 - .

[0004] Corona discharge occurs at locations on the electrode where the electric field strength (potential gradient) exceeds the dielectric strength of air.

[0005] Ozone ions (O3) - Ozone is considered an unwanted type of NAI. Ozone production increases when corona discharge generates ultraviolet radiation. Ozone production can be minimized by limiting the electric field strength of the electrodes. This can be achieved by reducing the maximum preset negative voltage of the electrodes to around -20 kV and / or by reducing the sharpness of the electrode's point. However, these steps also reduce the NAIs generated by the electrodes. The presence of water can also minimize ozone emissions because water reacts with ozone to produce short-lived OH- radicals.

[0006] For safety reasons, early NAI emitters enclosed the NAI electrodes in an insulating housing. These early NAI emitters typically included a fan to blow the NAIs outside the housing into the exposed environment, such as apartment or office spaces. More recently, NAI emitters have been introduced that can use the leaves of indoor plants as exposed electrodes.

[0007] While using indoor plants as exposed electrodes may be aesthetically pleasing, it could pose a risk of electric shock to users. Plants, especially succulents, contain a lot of water and are therefore effective conductors. Although an electric shock is not life-threatening, it could frighten users and reduce their confidence in any NAI emitter product that uses exposed electrodes.

[0008] As stated in the application filed on August 22, 2017, entitled "Stimulating device for enhancing release of negative air ions by a plant, and plant-based negative air ion producing device".

[0009] As described in U.S. Patent 9,736,993 (referred to as "'993"), this risk of electric shock can be reduced by using a proximity sensor that senses the user's approach. When a user approaches the exposed electrodes in the '993 design, the device's electronics stop the output of the negative voltage source and discharge any capacitive charge on the exposed electrodes. In this way, users of the '993 design will not receive an electric shock when touching the leaves of indoor plants.

[0010] The sensing and / or response to current discharge or charge discharge (hereinafter collectively referred to as "detection").

[0011] The detection of [the virus] has been documented in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard number IEC 60479, entitled […].

[0012] In Parts 1 and 2 of the standard “Effects of current on human beings and livestock”, IEC 60479 references state that, generally speaking, the human body is more conductive to alternating current (AC) than to direct current (DC). 0.5 mA of AC at frequencies between 15 and 100 Hz approaches or is at the detection threshold, while DC only approaches the detection threshold at around 2.0 mA.

[0013] When the stored charge in a capacitor with capacitance C and voltage V discharges through a resistor with resistance R, the maximum (or peak) discharge current is equal to V / R. The discharge current is expressed in terms of e... -t / RC The rate of decay is 1 / 3. The time constant RC, also known as tau, is equal to the product of the circuit resistance (in ohms) and the circuit capacitance (in farads). At the start of discharge, after RC time, the voltage across the capacitor (and the current through the resistor) is only about 37% of its maximum value. After 3RC time, both voltage and current are only about 5% of their maximum values.

[0014] For larger RC values, capacitor current discharge (also known as capacitive current discharge or capacitor discharge) occurs.

[0015] Capacitive current discharge tends to affect the human body more like direct current (DC) because the rate of voltage change is lower for larger RC values. Therefore, if capacitive current discharge passes through a higher resistance, its effect on the human body is more similar to DC (rather than AC). For high resistance, the detection threshold for capacitive current discharge approximates the detection threshold for DC current (e.g., approximately 2.0 mA, as mentioned above). A more conservative threshold choice is an AC detection threshold of 0.5 mA.

[0016] As described above, when current flows from the capacitor through the exposed electrode and the human body, the maximum capacitive current discharge is equal to the maximum capacitive voltage divided by the total resistance between the capacitor and the ground. In the calculations of this disclosure, the resistance of the human body is negligible because it is 100 kΩ or less, while the resistance of the exposed electrode discussed in this disclosure is greater than 1.5 MΩ. For example, if the maximum voltage of the exposed electrode is -20 kV and the resistance is 15 MΩ, the maximum capacitive current released to the user through the exposed electrode is approximately 1.3 mA (below the 2.0 mA DC detection threshold). By matching the resistance of the exposed electrode to its maximum voltage, an appropriate V / R ratio can be established.

[0017] Reference IEC 60479 also discusses that if the charge discharge of the exposed electrode is 0.4 μC or lower, a user touching the exposed electrode will not be able to detect the charge discharge (discharge from the electron charge stored in the capacitor). The stored charge in a capacitor is equal to the voltage of the capacitor multiplied by the capacitance of the capacitor. By matching the capacitance of the exposed electrode to the charging voltage of the exposed electrode, an appropriate V·C multiple can be established. For example, a lower maximum voltage will provide a larger capacitance for the exposed electrode. When considering charge discharge, the resistance of the exposed electrode does not need to be considered (because only the total charge discharged from the exposed electrode is considered), but the geometry of the exposed electrode does play a crucial role because capacitance is a function of geometry. The self-capacitance of a single charged disk is 8∈0r. D The self-capacitance of a single charged sphere is 4∈0r. D Therefore, for a given maximum preset negative voltage, the maximum charge transfer from the exposed electrode (whether it is a disc-shaped electrode or a spherical electrode) can be adjusted by limiting the geometry of the exposed electrode.

[0018] As detailed in IEC 60479 reference, the detection threshold for current or charge discharge depends on several parameters, such as the area of ​​contact between the body and the electrode (contact area), contact conditions (e.g., dry, wet, pressure, temperature), and also on individual physiological characteristics. The detection threshold is not the same for everyone, and it varies under different operating conditions. Repeated exposure to an environment or consumer product may cause individuals to overlook other detectable current or charge discharges in that environment or from that consumer product.

[0019] The application of the findings of IEC 60479 to existing consumer electronics can be found in “Design Guideline for Developing Safe Systems that Apply Electricity to the Human Body” by MICHINARIKONO et al., published in ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, Volume 25, Issue 3, Article 19 (hereinafter referred to as “Kono’s article”). Kono’s article provides more than twenty examples of applying small charges and currents to the human body through the design of consumer electronics and their external user interfaces. Example applications include capacitive user interface displays on smartphone touchscreens. The small charges and currents of each listed consumer electronics are typically below human detection levels (see, for example, Table 1 on page 12 of Kono’s article).

[0020] Similar to the consumer electronics products listed in Kono's article, NAI emitters with exposed electrodes can benefit from compliance with the IEC 60479 reference. While '993 addresses the electric shock issue, its solution involves shutting off the power to the NAI emitter and grounding the exposed electrodes. The '993 design is impractical for exposed electrodes located in high-traffic areas because proximity sensors may continuously shut off the NAI emitter. Furthermore, if residents in high-traffic areas are unfamiliar with the '993 design, they could inadvertently experience a detectable electric shock due to a lack of experience with it (e.g., touching the exposed electrodes outside the sensing angle of the proximity sensor).

[0021] Therefore, there is a need for a NAI emitter with exposed electrodes that can operate continuously in exposed environments, regardless of whether the user's location or behavior is within the touch distance of the exposed electrodes. Summary of the Invention

[0022] Typically, the present invention is an exposed electrode air negative ion device, which can be installed independently or as part of an air negative ion panel system 50 in an exposed environment 56. Each device includes:

[0023] (a) Electronic module 22, which includes a negative voltage generator 22B; (b) Exposed electrode 10, which includes a pad 11 of interwoven individual fibers electrically connected to the negative voltage generator 22B. The pad 11 has a minimum average resistance R. MIN To limit the maximum capacitor current discharge below the capacitor current discharge detection threshold. The negative voltage generator 22B is configured to generate a negative voltage source 23 from the power supply 21 within a set of electrical parameters. The set of electrical parameters includes a maximum preset negative voltage V. MAX

[0024] The maximum operating current is set to be lower than or equal to the DC detection threshold.

[0025] Specifically, the first embodiment of the present invention is an exposed electrode air negative ion device, the device comprising: (a) an electronic module including an input port, a negative voltage generator, and an output port; and (b) an exposed electrode comprising a pad having intertwined monofilaments. The input port is configured to receive power and electrically route the power to the negative voltage generator. The negative voltage generator is configured to: (1) generate a negative voltage source from the power source; and (2) output the negative voltage source to the output port within a set of electrical parameters. The set of electrical parameters includes: (1) a maximum preset negative voltage of V. MAX (2) Maximum operating current: The maximum operating current is set to be lower than or equal to the DC detection threshold. The pad surface of the exposed electrode is directly or indirectly electrically connected to the output port of the electronic module at one or more electrical connection points.

[0026] In the first embodiment of the invention, the pad surface has a minimum average resistance R. MIN (that is, a minimum mean resistance of R) MIN It can be measured during a discharge event between the output port of the electronic module and the measuring probe, the measuring probe tip having a polished stainless steel ball with a diameter of 20 mm.

[0027] in:

[0028]

[0029] I TH This is the threshold for detecting capacitor current discharge.

[0030] The second embodiment of the present invention is an air negative ion panel system, which includes the device in the first embodiment of the present invention and two or more devices in the optional embodiments of the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0031] In an optional embodiment of the second embodiment of the invention, each pad surface of the device in the system is configured at least in one of the following locations: (a) a grid arrangement 51 on a wall, ceiling, or floor of an exposed environment 56; (b) a set of spheres or cylinders in the exposed environment 56; or (c) a set of individual panels mounted in the exposed environment 56. Note that the application of the invention is not limited to the configurations listed in this optional embodiment; non-limiting examples of pad surface 11 configurations include mounting on: (a) outdoor trees, elevated walkways, bus shelters, lampposts, street furniture, and billboards; and (b) interior partition walls, lampshades, sunshades, and furniture panels.

[0032] In an optional embodiment of the second embodiment of the present invention, the system further includes: a gateway, a network, and a remote server, wherein each electronic module in the device of the system further includes an Internet of Things (IoT) module that communicates with the remote server via the gateway and the network. Attached Figure Description

[0033] Embodiments of this disclosure are described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0034] Figure 1 This is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of the present invention with exposed electrodes having an integrated electronic module and a conductive base.

[0035] Figure 2 This is a block diagram illustrating the output of a negative voltage source from an electronic module to a conductive base in one embodiment of the present invention.

[0036] Figure 3 A series of equations are listed to represent the maximum permissible surface area of ​​a single charged disk obtained at a given voltage.

[0037] Figure 4 A series of equations are listed to represent the maximum permissible radius of a single charged sphere obtained at a given voltage.

[0038] Figure 5 This is a block diagram illustrating the negative air ion panel system in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0039] Figure 6 It is a diagram that identifies the test data collection locations used to test various cylindrical samples.

[0040] Figure 7 A-7C is a chart recording the test data collection values ​​of cylindrical samples of coconut coir after various preprocessing steps.

[0041] Figure 8 It is a diagram that identifies the test data collection locations used to test various circular samples.

[0042] Figure 9 It is a chart that records the test data collection values ​​of circular samples of various types of fiber woven fabrics. Detailed Implementation

[0043] In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form part of this invention. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Other embodiments may be used, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented herein. Unless otherwise stated, the terms "comprising," "comprise," etc., as used herein, are used interchangeably.

[0044] The terms “including” and “include,” and their syntactic variations (or similar terms), all imply “openness” or “inclusivity,” meaning they can include both listed elements and additional, unreferenced elements. As used herein, the software and hardware of a “server” can be implemented as a single, independent computer, a standalone server, multiple dedicated servers, and / or in a larger network of servers.

[0045] Or a virtual server running on cloud computing services.

[0046] Figure 1 This is a block diagram illustrating the exposed electrode 10 with an integrated electronic module 22 and a conductive base 12 in an embodiment of the present invention. The conductive base 12 is located between a mat surface (also referred to as a "surface" or "mat surface") 11 and an insulating surface 14. The mat surface 11 is composed of individual interwoven / entwined fibers. Figure 1 As shown, the proximal end of the wound monofilament is embedded inside the conductive base 12; the distal end of the wound monofilament extends toward the pad surface 11 (see below for an example of the electrical connection method between the interwoven monofilaments and the electronic module 22). The exposed electrode 10 includes an insulating perimeter 15. The electronic module 22 is electrically connected to the power supply 21.

[0047] The electronic module 22 is electrically connected to the electrical connection point 13, which is pierced by a rivet through the conductive base 12.

[0048] like Figure 1As shown, contact between the user and the pad surface 11 may occur through the extended fingers as illustrated.

[0049] 16. The minimum average resistance of the pad surface 11 measured during a discharge event between the output port 22C of the electronic module 22 and the measuring probe is R. MIN The tip of the measuring probe is equipped with a 20 mm diameter projectile.

[0050] Bright stainless steel sphere, wherein:

[0051]

[0052] Where I TH This is the threshold for detecting capacitor current discharge.

[0053] According to Equation 1, if the maximum preset negative voltage V MAX (or rather, V) MAX Maximum preset negative voltage

[0054] That is the maximum preset negative voltage ofV MAX If the voltage is -20kV and the capacitor current discharge detection threshold is 2mA, then the calculated minimum average resistance is 10MΩ. If the capacitor current discharge detection threshold is 2mA, and the maximum preset negative voltage V... MAX For voltages of -40kV, -60kV, and -80kV, the minimum average resistances are 20MΩ, 30MΩ, and 40MΩ, respectively. Since -20kV is V... MAX One of the optimal voltages for the maximum preset negative voltage, and -80kV is the maximum preset negative voltage V. MAX One of the highest likely voltages, if the capacitor current discharge detection threshold is 2mA, then the minimum average resistance R MIN The preferred range is 10MΩ to 40MΩ.

[0055] In some embodiments of low-voltage exposed electrode air negative ion devices, if the capacitor current discharge detection threshold is 2mA, the lower maximum preset negative voltage V MAX It can be set within the range of -3kV to -20kV, thus making the acceptable range of minimum average resistance from 1.5MΩ to 10MΩ. Maximum preset negative voltage V MAX The actual minimum value is approximately -3kV, because there is almost no corona discharge below this voltage threshold. See also Figure 8 and Figure 9 Used when the preset negative voltage V MAX At -7kV and -20

[0056] Experimental data obtained at kV.

[0057] In the design of the exposed electrode 10, the maximum preset negative voltage V MAX The higher the voltage value, the greater the creepage distance and clearance distance are required. Therefore, the maximum preset negative voltage V MAX A higher value will require a more cumbersome design for the exposed electrode 10 without altering its basic function. For many indoor installations, due to practical limitations in creepage distance and gap distance, it is best to use an upper limit of around -40kV.

[0058] According to Equation 1, for the maximum preset negative voltage V MAX Any value of the exposed electrode air negative ion device of the present invention will have a maximum preset negative voltage V. MAX Range and minimum average resistance R MIN (or R) MIN The minimum mean resistance of R MIN When used in conjunction with other components, it can prevent users from feeling discomfort due to any discharge.

[0059] While capacitive current discharge often affects the human body more like direct current (DC) in most cases, some users may perceive it more like alternating current (AC). 0.5mA of AC is close to or within the detection threshold of AC in the 15-100Hz frequency range, while DC only approaches the detection threshold at around 2.0mA. Therefore, to enhance user protection, the capacitive current discharge detection threshold can be set to 0.5mA. When using a 0.5mA capacitive current discharge detection threshold, the minimum average resistance R... MIN It should be increased fourfold. For example, under Equation 1, if a capacitor current discharge detection threshold of 0.5mA is used, when V MAX If the maximum preset negative voltage is -3kV, 20kV, and -40kV, then the minimum average resistance R MIN The calculated values ​​are 6MΩ, 40MΩ and 80MΩ, respectively.

[0060] Minimum average resistance R MIN As defined in Equation 1 above, the measurement is taken during a discharge event (also known as an electric shock). A discharge event is a sudden discharge, such as from the pad surface 11 to an extended finger 16, which occurs when a sufficiently high electric field creates an ionized conductive path through normally insulating air. The minimum average resistance R is measured during the discharge event. MIN This best simulates (or approximates) the intended technical effect of the invention under operating conditions. For example, if the resistance is measured outside of a discharge event, the resistance measured by the measuring probe will be much higher than during a discharge event.

[0061] For a given voltage, a measuring probe with a sphere produces a smaller electric field compared to a measuring probe with a sharp point. This is used to measure the minimum average resistance R. MIN The tip of the measuring probe has a polished stainless steel ball with a diameter of 20 mm to best simulate the user touching the pad surface 11 with an extended finger 16. In practice, the ball can be a stainless steel mechanical ball knob attached to the body of the measuring probe with an M5 screw.

[0062] Minimum average resistance R MIN This is the "average" resistance because variations in the pad 11 can result in higher or lower resistance measurements at different locations on the pad 11. For example, the minimum average resistance R of the rectangular pad 11... MIN The fifth highest resistance can be measured in a square grid with nine positions on the pad 11, where the square grid has three rows and three columns. For example, the minimum average resistance R of the spherical pad 11. MIN It can be the third highest resistance value between the first point at the sphere's pole corresponding to electrical connection point 13 and four other points (electrical connection point 13 and the first point defining the axis of the sphere) measured at 0°, 90°, 180° and 270° along the equator of the sphere.

[0063] like Figure 1 As shown, electrical connection point 13 uses conductive rivets to penetrate the conductive base 12. Multiple conductive rivets can be installed at different locations on the conductive base 12, and each conductive rivet can be connected to the electronic module 22 via a wire. Other electrical connection methods can also be used at one or more electrical connection points 13, such as conductive screws, planar electrodes, conductive epoxy resin, wires, or combinations thereof.

[0064] like Figure 1 As shown, the proximal ends of the interwoven single fibers are embedded in the conductive base 12. However, it is also possible to attach the interwoven single fibers to the conductive base 12 using other methods (e.g., conductive epoxy resin, heat treatment, weaving, or mechanical pressure). The interwoven pad 11 can be permanently attached to the conductive base 12 or can be a replaceable pad.

[0065] like Figure 1 As shown, the electronic module 22 is integrated into the exposed electrode 10; however, the electronic module 22 can also be mounted on the outside of the exposed electrode 10. For example, the exposed electrode 10 can be a replaceable unit that snaps into a mounting bracket to accommodate one or more devices, wherein the mounting bracket includes one or more electronic modules 22. Similarly, multiple exposed electrodes 10 can be routed / connected.

[0066] To different output ports 22C of a single electronic module 22.

[0067] like Figure 1 As shown, the exposed electrode 10 includes a conductive base 12 and a negative voltage source 23 passing from the output port 22C to the conductive base 12 at an electrical connection point 13, as well as a pad surface with individual fibers 11 interwoven together. However, in other embodiments of the invention, the conductive base 12 is not included in the exposed electrode 10; the negative voltage source 23 is transmitted from the output port 22C to the pad surface 11 having individual interwoven fibers at one or more electrical connection points 13. In this embodiment, the individual fibers interwoven at one or more electrical connection points 13 act as conductors, distributing the negative voltage source 23 on the pad surface 11.

[0068] Figure 2 This is a block diagram illustrating the output of the negative voltage source 23 from the output port 22C of the electronic module 22 to the conductive base 12 of the exposed electrode 10 in an embodiment of the present invention. The electronic module 22 includes an input port 22A electrically connected to the power supply 21 and an output port 22C electrically connected to the conductive base 12 of the exposed electrode 10 (not shown). The electronic module 22 includes a negative voltage generator 22B configured to generate the negative voltage source 23, whose maximum preset negative voltage is V. MAX .

[0069] like Figure 2 As shown, electronic module 22 includes an Internet of Things (IoT) module 22D with wireless communication capabilities. IoT module 22D can also be connected via a power supply cable from power supply 21 for wired power line communication. Further details regarding the use of IoT module 22D in the air negative ion panel system 50 can be found below. Figure 5 .

[0070] like Figure 2 As shown, the negative voltage source 23 is transmitted from the output port 22C of the electronic module 22 to the conductive base 12. However, in some embodiments of the invention, the conductive base 12 is not included, and the negative voltage source 23 is transmitted from the output port 22C to a pad surface where individual individual fibers 11 are interwoven at one or more electrical connection points 13. In this embodiment, the interwoven individual fibers at one or more electrical connection points 13 act as conductors to distribute the negative voltage source 23 across the pad surface 11.

[0071] Figure 3 A series of equations 3-00 are listed to represent the maximum permissible surface area A of a single charged disk obtained under a given voltage in one embodiment of the present invention. MAX The equation. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, based on a given maximum preset negative voltage, the user's detection of electric shock can be eliminated by limiting the maximum capacitance of the exposed electrode 10. Capacitance is a function of the capacitor's geometry. According to Figure 3 Equation 3a, a single charged disk has 8∈0r D The self-capacitance of the flat pad 11 of the exposed electrode 10 (e.g., a rectangular panel) can be roughly approximated as the self-capacitance of a single charged disk with the same surface area.

[0072] As discussed in IEC 60479 reference, the detection threshold for charge discharge in the human body is 0.4 μC. The maximum charge of a capacitor is its capacitance multiplied by its voltage (here, the maximum preset negative voltage V). MAX Based on the experimental data, V MAX Preferably, the voltage is approximately -20 kV (e.g., in the range of -18 kV to -22 kV) to effectively generate negative air ions. Assuming V... MAX If the charging / discharging detection threshold Q is -20kV, TH If the temperature is 0.4 μC, then according to Figure 3 Equation 2 shows that the approximate capacitance of the rectangular panel should be limited to 20pF. For example... Figure 3 As shown in the formula, the maximum surface area A of a single charged disk MAX Represented by equations 3b to 3d.

[0073] The maximum surface area A of the disc-shaped panel in the application of 3C technology MAX The area will be 0.25 square meters. For example, the maximum charge stored on the disk panel should be limited to 0.4 μC (the human body's charge discharge detection threshold) and V. MAX For -20kV, the capacitance must be limited to 20pF by restricting the panel surface area to approximately 0.25 square meters. Note that, according to Equation 3d, the maximum surface area is related to V. MAX -2 Proportional; if V MAX If the voltage is doubled to -40kV, the maximum surface area of ​​the pad 11 of the disc panel should be reduced by 75%.

[0074] (For example, in the above example, the reduction is from 0.25 square meters to 0.0625 square meters). Equation 3c used to calculate the self-capacitance of the disc panel can be applied to simulate (or estimate) the maximum surface area A of the rectangular panel pad 11 or any flat pad 11. MAXFor example, as used in this disclosure and claims, the maximum surface area A MAX Used to approximate (or estimate) the maximum surface area of ​​any type of flat surface (whether disc-shaped or rectangular).

[0075] Figure 4 A series of equations 4-00 are listed to represent the equations for the maximum permissible radius of a single charged sphere obtained at a given voltage in one embodiment of the invention. (See above regarding...) Figure 3 In the case of the rectangular panel geometry discussed, the user's perception of electric shock can be eliminated by limiting the capacitance of the spherical exposed electrode 10 under a given maximum preset negative voltage. The self-capacitance of the spherical exposed electrode 10 can be roughly approximated as the self-capacitance of a single charged sphere. Figure 4 In equation 4a, the self-capacitance of a single charged sphere is 4∈0r. D .

[0076] Assume V MAX The voltage is -20kV and the charge / discharge detection threshold is 0.4μC. Figure 4 Equation 2 in the middle,

[0077] The capacitance of the exposed electrode 10 should be limited to 20pF. As... Figure 4 As shown, the maximum radius of a single charged sphere is represented by Equation 4b. Applying Equation 4b, the maximum radius of the spherical electrode can be approximately approximated as 0.56 meters to limit the capacitance to 20 pF. Note that, according to Equation 4b, the maximum radius of the sphere is related to V. MAX -1 Proportional; if V MAX Doubling the voltage to -40kV would reduce the maximum radius of the spherical panel by 50% to approximately 0.28 meters.

[0078] Figure 5 This is a block diagram illustrating the air negative ion panel system 50 in an embodiment of the present invention. System 50

[0079] Includes a grid arrangement 51 on a wall having four columns and four rows of exposed electrodes 10 (see items 1A to 1D, 2A to 2D, 3A to 3D and 4A to 4D) in an exposed environment 56. The grid arrangement 51 is electrically connected to a power supply 21. Figure 5 An exposed environment 56 is shown where a human is present; in the exposed environment 56, a human is not insulated or prevented from contacting the pad surface 11 of the exposed electrode 10.

[0080] like Figure 5As shown, the exposed environment 56 also includes a gateway 53 with wireless data communication capability to a plurality of sensors 52 mounted in the exposed environment 56. Although not shown in Figure 5 As shown, gateway 53 can also wirelessly connect to the IoT module 22D of each device or communicate via wired power lines. Gateway 53 communicates with network 54, which in system 50 is connected to a remote server (also known as an offline server) 55. The remote server 55 includes a parameter setting module 55A, a sensor recording module 55B, and an analysis module 55C.

[0081] Figure 6 Figure 6-00 is included to show the test data collection locations used to test various cylindrical samples 61. As shown in Figure 6-00, test data are collected at 45°, 90° and 135° angles from the outer center (or outer center) 62 of the cylindrical sample 61 on the xy plane parallel to the ground, respectively, from a distance of one meter or two meters from the outer center.

[0082] Figure 7 A-7C are charts (7A-00, 7B-00, and 7C-00), recording 61 cylindrical samples.

[0083] The test values ​​collected during the experiment, and the cylindrical sample having interwoven individual fibers wound around a cylindrical electrode and connected to a voltage pulse source (or voltage source). The test data summarized in the charts (7A-00, 7B-00, and 7C-00) represent the average air negative ion readings over a sampling time of approximately 10 seconds. The test data in the charts are expressed as 1000 negative ions per cubic centimeter (1000 NAI / cm³). 3 Provided by the unit.

[0084] Figure 7 Figure 7A-00 of A provides the distances at one meter and two meters from the outer center 62 of the cylindrical sample 61 (e.g., ...). Figure 6 The test data obtained (as shown in Figure 6-00). Figure 7 Chart 7B-00 in B and Figure 7 Chart 7C-00 of C provides a distance of one meter from the outer center 62 of the cylindrical sample 61 ( Figure 6 The test data was obtained (as shown in Figure 6-00). The environmental NAI during the test data collection period was approximately 130 NAI / cm². 3 The test data represents the average negative ion emission reading over a sampling period of approximately 10 seconds. The maximum preset negative voltage for the voltage pulse group is -20kV.

[0085] Figure 7 Figure 7A-00 in A provides test data for cylindrical palm coconut samples that were not treated with flame retardants or waterproofing agents. Figure 7 Chart 7B-00 in section B provides test data for cylindrical palm fiber samples treated with flame retardant. Figure 7 The chart for C7C-00 provides test data for cylindrical palm fiber samples treated with a waterproofing agent.

[0086] Figure 7 Chart 7A-00 of Figure A illustrates the correlation between the decrease in NAI concentration and the distance from the outer center 62 of cylindrical sample 61. Comparison of test data from the three charts (7A-00, 7B-00, and 7C-00) indicates that: (i) the NAI emissions of untreated, flame-retardant-treated, and waterproofed palm fiber are approximately the same; and (ii) the NAI concentration of palm fiber is approximately the same whether wet or dry.

[0087] Figure 8 Figure 8-00 illustrates the data acquisition location for the experiment of a circular sample 81 in an xy-plane parallel to the ground. The circular sample 81 is electrically connected to a voltage pulse source. The various fiber weaves of the circular sample 81 are: (i) approximately 20 cm long; and (ii) wrapped around and attached to the equatorial region of a spherical sphere 82. The data collection is shown in Figure 8-00: (i) at recognition angles of 90°, 180°, and 270°, at a radial distance of 5 cm from the weave; and (ii) in an xy-plane parallel to the ground.

[0088] Figure 9 Figure 9-00 records the test data collected during the experiment for various types of circular samples 81 in the fiber weave. The length of each fiber weave is approximately 20 cm. The test data summarized in Figure 9-00 represents the average negative ion emission reading at a radial distance of 5 cm from the surface of each fiber weave circular sample for a sampling time of approximately 10 s. The test data in the figure are expressed as 1000 negative ions per cubic centimeter (1000 NAI / cm³). 3 Provided by unit. The environmental NAI during the data collection period was approximately 130 NAI / cm. 3Test data were collected using the maximum preset negative voltage of the negative voltage pulse group at -20kV and -7kV, respectively. The sample fabrics included fibers from palm, coarse nettle, fine nettle, pineapple, banana, jute, abaca, and hyacinth.

[0089] As shown in Table 9-00, the test data indicates that NAI emissions are significantly improved when the maximum preset negative voltage is set to -20kV compared to -7kV. The test data also show that NAI emissions are generally consistent at each angle tested in the xy plane. Overall, palm and coarse nettle woven fabrics were tested to be superior to other fiber types. Theoretically, the spiky or fuzzy nature of natural fibers such as palm provides high NAI emission efficiency on extended surfaces because the uneven surface and sharp ends of individual fibers provide numerous locations for high-curvature geometry to generate a large number of local electric field maxima, each promoting corona discharge.

[0090] The first embodiment of the present invention is an air negative ion device with an exposed electrode 10, the device comprising: (a) an electronic module 22 including an input port 22A, a negative voltage generator 22B, and an output port 22C; and (b) an exposed electrode 10, the exposed electrode 10 comprising a pad 11 with individual fibers interwoven with each other. The input port 22A is configured to electrically receive a power supply 21 and electrically route the power supply 21 to the negative voltage generator 22B. The negative voltage generator 22B is configured to: (1) generate a negative voltage source from the power supply 21; and (2) output the negative voltage source to the output port 22C within a set of electrical parameters. The set of electrical parameters includes: (1) a maximum preset negative voltage V MAX (2) Maximum operating current, which is set to be lower than or equal to the DC detection threshold. The pad surface 11 of the exposed electrode 10 is directly or indirectly electrically connected to the output port 22C of the electronic module 22 at one or more electrical connection points 13. The pad surface 11 has a minimum average resistance R measured during a discharge event between the output port 22C of the electronic module 22 and the measuring probe. MIN The measuring probe tip has a polished stainless steel ball with a diameter of 20 mm, wherein:

[0091]

[0092] Where I TH This is the threshold for detecting capacitor current discharge.

[0093] In an optional embodiment of the first embodiment of the present invention, the pad surface 11 is planar (or flat) and has a maximum surface area A. MAX ,in,

[0094]

[0095] Among them, Q TH ∈0 is the charge discharge detection threshold; ∈0 is the dielectric constant of free space.

[0096] The charge discharge detection threshold is 0.4 μC.

[0097] In an optional embodiment of the first embodiment of the present invention, the pad surface 11 is spherical with a maximum radius of r. MAX ,in,

[0098]

[0099] Among them, Q TH ∈0 is the charge discharge detection threshold; ∈0 is the dielectric constant of free space.

[0100] The charge discharge detection threshold is 0.4 μC.

[0101] In an optional embodiment of the first embodiment of the present invention, the DC detection threshold is 2.0mA.

[0102] In an optional embodiment of the first embodiment of the present invention, the capacitor current discharge detection threshold is 2.0mA.

[0103] In an optional embodiment of the first embodiment of the present invention, the minimum average resistance R MIN The resistance range is from 10 MΩ to 40 MΩ. Please note that the invention is not limited to the minimum average resistance R described in this optional embodiment. MIN Range; minimum average resistance R MIN The total range is from 1.5MΩ to 80MΩ.

[0104] In an optional embodiment of the first embodiment of the present invention, each interwoven monofilament is composed of at least one selected from palm fiber, hyacinth fiber, jute fiber, Manila hemp fiber (or abacafibre), banana fiber, pineapple fiber, and nettle fiber. Please note that the present invention is not limited to the natural fibers listed in this optional embodiment; other optional natural fibers may also be used in the present invention, and engineered polymer fibers may also be used.

[0105] In an optional embodiment of the first embodiment of the invention, each interwoven / wound single fiber is composed of flame-retardant palm fiber having the following characteristics: (a) an average diameter in the range of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm; and (b) an average length in the range of 0.15 m to 0.28 m.

[0106] In an optional embodiment of the first embodiment of the present invention, the intertwined individual fibers are hygroscopic. Hygroscopicity is an important characteristic of natural fibers because the water content of natural fibers is the primary conductive material. Without this water, natural fibers would be unsuitable for NAI production because the fiber's resistance would be too high. The main components of plant fibers, arranged in descending order of hygroscopicity, are hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. By selecting fibers with different proportions of these three components, the volume resistivity of the fiber pad surface 11 of the exposed electrode 10 can be adjusted for specific humidity levels.

[0107] Furthermore, hygroscopic fibers have the potential benefit of reducing ozone emissions, as water can react with ozone to produce short-lived OH- radicals. Natural fibers have high levels of hygroscopicity. Certain engineered polymer fibers also possess hygroscopicity. Hygroscopic engineered polymer fibers include nylon, ABS, polycarbonate, cellulose, and poly(methylmethacrylate) (i.e., poly(methylmethacrylate)). Engineered polymer fibers can also be coated to increase their hygroscopicity (see, for example, Japanese Patent 3177719B2 entitled "Synthetic Fiber with Enhanced Hygroscopicity" granted on June 18, 2001).

[0108] In an optional embodiment of the first embodiment of the present invention, the pad surface 11 of the exposed electrode 10 is at least one of the following: (a) a single interwoven fiber wound around a spherical base or a cylindrical base; (b) a suspension rope; and (c) a rectangular pad.

[0109] In an optional embodiment of the first embodiment of the present invention, the maximum preset negative voltage V MAX The range is -18kV to -22kV. The advantage of using the maximum preset negative voltage within this range is that it reduces ozone ion generation while maintaining the effective generation of negative air ions. It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the maximum preset negative voltage range described in this alternative embodiment; V MAX The total maximum preset negative voltage range is -3kV to 80kV.

[0110] In an optional embodiment of the first embodiment of the present invention, the electronic module 22 is incorporated into the exposed electrode 10.

[0111] In an alternative embodiment of the first embodiment of the invention: (a) the exposed electrode 10 includes a conductive base 12; (b) a pad 11 with intertwined single fibers is mounted on the conductive base 12; and (c) the conductive base 12 is electrically connected to the output port 22C of the electronics module 22 at one or more electrical connection points 13. This embodiment is also optionally configured such that: (a) the exposed electrode 10 includes an insulating outer edge 15 and an insulating surface 14; and (b) the conductive base 12 is located between the pad 11 and the insulating surface 14. This embodiment can also be optionally configured such that the conductive base 12 includes a carbon-infused elastomer (or, a carbon-filled elastomer).

[0112] The second embodiment of the present invention is an air negative ion panel system 50, which includes the device of the first embodiment of the present invention and / or two or more of the optional embodiments of the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0113] In an optional embodiment of the second embodiment of the invention, each pad surface 11 of the device in system 50 is configured at least in one of the following: (a) a grid arrangement 51 on a wall, ceiling, or floor of an exposed environment 56; (b) a set of spheres or cylinders in the exposed environment 56; or (c) a set of individual panel mounts in the exposed environment 56. Note that the application of the invention is not limited to the configurations listed in this optional embodiment; non-limiting examples of pad surface 11 configurations include installations in: (a) on outdoor trees, elevated sidewalks, bus shelters, lampposts, street furniture, and billboards; and (b) in interior partition walls, lampshades, sunshades, and furniture sidings.

[0114] In an alternative embodiment of the second embodiment of the present invention, the power supply 21 of each device is supplied by a local solar panel.

[0115] In an optional embodiment of the second embodiment of the present invention, system 50 further includes a gateway 53, a network 54, and a remote server 55, wherein each electronic module 22 of the devices in system 50 further includes an Internet of Things (IoT) module 22D that communicates with the remote server via the gateway 53 and the network 54. This embodiment is also optionally configured such that: (a) the remote server 55 further includes a parameter setting module 55A, configured to store the latest electrical parameter set of each device in system 50; (b) the IoT module 22D of each device is configured to perform wired or wireless data communication with the parameter setting module 55A of the remote server 55 via the gateway 53 and the network 54; (c) the parameter setting module 55A is configured to send the latest electrical parameter set of the device to each device; and (d) each device is configured to receive the latest electrical parameter set of the device from the parameter setting module 55A via the device's IoT module 22D. This embodiment is also optionally configured such that: (a) the remote server 55 further includes a sensor recording module 55B; (b) the system 50 further includes a plurality of sensors 52 installed in an exposed environment 56, each sensor 52 communicating with the sensor recording module 55B of the remote server 55 via a gateway 53 and a network 54; (c) the sensors 52 include at least one of a temperature sensor 52, a humidity sensor 52, a motion sensor 52, and a negative ion concentration sensor 52. This embodiment is also optionally configured such that: (a) the remote server 55 further includes an analysis module 55C; (b) the analysis module 55C is configured to create a system 50 report detailing at least one of a historical record of data from the selected sensors 52 stored in the sensor recording module 55B and a summary of the latest electrical parameter sets for each device in the system 50.

[0116] The main technical solution of this invention is to maintain the current level and / or charge discharge level below the detection threshold. The maximum operating current is set to be below or equal to the DC detection threshold by the electronic module 22. This is achieved by: (i) using interwoven fibers with high resistance on the pad surface 11 in the exposed electrode 10, and maintaining / preserving at least a minimum average resistance R on the pad surface 11. MIN ; and (ii) the minimum average resistance R of the pad surface 11. MIN A matching maximum preset negative voltage ensures that the maximum capacitor current discharge remains below or equal to the capacitor current discharge detection threshold. In an optional embodiment, this can also be achieved by limiting the maximum surface area A. MAX To limit the capacitance of the flat exposed electrode 10, or through the maximum radius r MAX The capacitance of the spherical exposed electrode 10 is limited so that the maximum value of charge discharge can be kept below or equal to the charge discharge detection threshold.

[0117] As a result of limiting these current and charge discharge characteristics, for an exposed electrode negative air ionizer with an exposed electrode 10, a user can touch the exposed electrode 10 in an exposed environment 56 without experiencing any physical pain and / or discomfort due to any current or charge discharge. This design allows the exposed electrode negative air ionizer to operate continuously and safely in an exposed environment 56, whether the device is a standalone consumer product or two or more devices are used in a system 50. For example, the exposed electrode 10 can be installed in a grid arrangement 51 on a wall or ceiling in a high-traffic area in a private or public space. Unlike the '993 design, it is not necessary to stop the negative voltage source and release any capacitive charge on the exposed electrode 10 because of the presence of a user near the exposed electrode 10.

[0118] Other technical solutions of the present invention include quiet, fanless operation and seamless integration of the exposed electrodes 10 into the exposed environment 56. The present invention allows for an unlimited number of individual panels (or independent panels) in a grid arrangement 51 on a wall or ceiling to enable distributed and continuous production of NAI.

[0119] The aesthetic properties of natural fibers further enhance the ability of the exposed electrode 10 to be integrated into the exposed environment 56. Consumers can choose from a variety of colors and sizes of panels to enhance the décor and overall ambiance of a space. Moreover, unlike indoor plants, the natural fiber mat surface 11 does not cause static shocks to the touch and does not require regular watering. Coconut palm, a preferred material of this invention, is a low-cost, renewable agricultural byproduct that exhibits high NAI emission performance, whether wet or dry, processed or unprocessed (see...). Figure 7 and Figure 9 ).

[0120] Each electronic module 22, including sensors 52 installed in the exposed environment 56 and optional IoT module 22D, can additionally provide remote management of system 50. Sensors 52 may include temperature sensors, humidity sensors, and negative ion concentration sensors. In this way, feedback from sensors 52 in the exposed environment 56 can be used to optimize the electrical parameters of the device via a remote server 55.

[0121] The pad surface 11 of the present invention also enables NAI designs to have low ozone emissions, especially for -18kV to

[0122] A preferred voltage range of -22kV. The pad surface 11 has a large number of interwoven individual fibers. Each fiber has rough edges and sharp distal ends along its length, forming numerous locations for acting as local electrodes. By placing multiple local electrodes on the pad surface 11, the maximum preset negative voltage can be reduced while maintaining a high level of NAI emissions.

[0123] The hygroscopic nature of natural fibers gives them sufficient conductivity to generate suitable ozone (NAI), as the moisture in natural fibers is the primary conductive material. Without this water, natural fibers would be unsuitable for NAI generation due to excessively high resistance. Using natural fibers may also reduce ozone production because their inherent hygroscopic properties increase the amount of water available at the emission electrode. Water reacts with ozone to produce short-lived OH radicals, thereby reducing ozone concentration.

[0124] While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art, upon reading the foregoing disclosure, that various other modifications and alterations to the invention will be readily apparent without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications and alterations are within the scope of the appended claims. The aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for illustrative purposes and not for limitation; the true scope and spirit of the invention are indicated by the appended claims.

Claims

1. An air negative ion device with exposed electrodes, characterized in that, The device includes: (a) An electronic module including an input port, a negative voltage generator, and an output port. (i) wherein the input port is configured to receive power and route the power to the negative voltage generator; (ii) wherein the negative voltage generator is configured as follows: (1) A negative voltage source is generated from the power source; and (2) Output the negative voltage source to the output port within the range of electrical parameter groups; and (iii) Wherein, the electrical parameter group includes: (1) Maximum preset negative voltage V MAX ;and (2) Maximum operating current, wherein the maximum operating current is set to be lower than or equal to a DC current detection threshold; and (b) An exposed electrode comprising a pad having interwoven individual fibers, each interwoven individual fiber being hygroscopic. (i) wherein the pad surface of the exposed electrode is directly or indirectly electrically connected to the output port of the electronic module located at one or more electrical connection points (13); and (ii) wherein the pad surface has the minimum average resistance R MIN It can be measured during a discharge event between the output port of the electronic module and the measurement probe, the tip of which has a polished stainless steel ball with a diameter of 20 mm. (Equation 1); where, This is the threshold for detecting capacitor current discharge.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pad surface is planar and has a maximum surface area of A MAX ,in: (Formula 3d); This is the charge discharge detection threshold; is the dielectric constant of free space.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pad surface is spherical with a maximum radius of [missing information]. r MAX ,in: (Equation 4b); in, It is the charge discharge detection threshold; 0 is the dielectric constant of free space.

4. The apparatus according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that, The charge discharge detection threshold is 0.4 µC.

5. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The DC current detection threshold is 2.0 mA.

6. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The capacitor current discharge detection threshold is 2.0 mA.

7. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, Minimum average resistance R MIN The range is 10 MΩ to 40 MΩ.

8. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The interwoven single fibers consist of at least one of palm fiber, hyacinth fiber, jute fiber, abaca fiber, banana fiber, pineapple fiber, and nettle fiber.

9. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, Each interwoven single fiber is composed of flame-retardant palm fiber, which has: (a) an average diameter between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm; (a) and (b) have average lengths between 0.15 meters and 0.28 meters.

10. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The pad surface of the exposed electrode is at least one of the following: (a) interwoven individual fibers wound around a spherical base or a cylindrical base; (b) a suspension rope; and (c) a rectangular pad.

11. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The maximum preset negative voltage V MAX The range is from -18kV to -22kV.

12. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The electronic module is incorporated into the exposed electrode.

13. The apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, (a) wherein the exposed electrode includes a conductive base; (b) a pad having individual interwoven fibers is mounted on the conductive base; and (c) wherein the conductive base is electrically connected to the output port of an electronic module located at one or more electrical connection points (13).

14. The apparatus according to claim 13, characterized in that, (a) wherein the exposed electrode includes an insulating outer edge and an insulating surface; and (b) wherein the conductive base is located between the pad surface and the insulating surface.

15. The apparatus according to claim 13, characterized in that, The conductive base includes a carbon-filled elastomer.

16. An air negative ion panel system, characterized in that, Includes two or more devices as described in any one of claims 1 to 15 that are installed in an exposed environment.

17. The system according to claim 16, characterized in that, Each pad in the device of the system is configured in at least one of the following locations: (a) a grid arrangement on a wall, ceiling or floor of an exposed environment; (b) a set of spheres or cylinders in an exposed environment; and (c) a set of individual panel mounts in an exposed environment.

18. The system according to claim 16, characterized in that, Each device is powered by local solar panels.

19. The system according to claim 16, characterized in that, The system also includes a gateway, a network, and a remote server. Each electronic module in the device of the system further includes an Internet of Things (IoT) module that communicates with the remote server via the gateway and the network.

20. The system according to claim 19, characterized in that, (a) Among them, The remote server also includes a parameter setting module, which is configured to store the latest electrical parameter set for each device in the system. (b) wherein the IoT module of each device is configured to perform wired or wireless data communication with the parameter setting module in the remote server via the gateway and the network; (c) wherein the parameter setting module is configured to send the latest set of electrical parameters of the device to each device; (d) wherein each device is configured to receive the latest set of electrical parameters of the device from the parameter setting module via the device’s Internet of Things module.

21. The system according to claim 19, characterized in that, (a) Among them, The remote server also includes a sensor recording module; (b) Wherein, the system further includes multiple sensors installed in an exposed environment, and each sensor communicates with the sensor recording module of the remote server via a gateway and network; and (c) wherein the sensor comprises at least one of the following: (i) Temperature sensor; (ii) Humidity sensor; (iii) Motion sensor; and (iv) Negative ion concentration sensor.

22. The system according to claim 19, characterized in that, (a) Wherein, the remote server further includes an analysis module; and (b) wherein the analysis module is configured to create a system report detailing at least one of the following: (i) Historical records of selected sensor data stored in the sensor recording module; and (ii) A summary of the latest electrical parameter sets for each device in the system.

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