Apparatus, system and method for passive collection of atmospheric carbon dioxide

Abstract

A device, system, and method for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide are disclosed. The device includes a release chamber having an opening and a sorbent regeneration system. The device also includes a capture structure coupled to the release chamber having at least one foldable support and a plurality of tiles spaced along the foldable support. Each tile includes a sorbent material. The capture structure is movable between a collection configuration and a release configuration. The collection configuration includes the capture structure extending upward from the release chamber to expose the capture structure to an airflow and enable the sorbent material to capture atmospheric carbon dioxide. The release configuration includes the foldable support being folded and the plurality of tiles being substantially enclosed inside the release chamber such that the sorbent regeneration system can operate on the plurality of tiles to release the captured carbon dioxide from the sorbent material and form an enriched gas.

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application of Chinese PCT patent application No. 201980080590.4, entitled "Apparatus, System and Method for Passively Collecting Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide", filed on October 28, 2019.

[0002] Cross-reference to related applications

[0003] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62 / 752,319, filed October 29, 2018, entitled “Apparatus, System, and Method for Direct Air Capture,” and also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62 / 828,367, filed April 2, 2019, entitled “Apparatus, System, and Method for Passive Air Capture of CO2,” the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0004] The present invention relates in general to the passive collection of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Background Technology

[0005] The necessity of technologies for removing carbon dioxide from ambient air has been well established. Beyond protection, decarbonization processes, and in-situ capture efforts, significant amounts of carbon dioxide need to be removed from the atmosphere to avert the looming climate change crisis. However, these technologies are still relatively new, and early air capture processes require substantial energy to operate. Due to the extremely low concentration of carbon dioxide in ambient air, atmospheric CO2 collectors quickly exceed the tight energy budgets available for the large volumes of air intake and treatment. Furthermore, conventional carbon dioxide capture systems are typically both expensive and prone to failure. Traditional capture devices also generally have high initial capital costs and high operating costs. Summary of the Invention

[0006] According to one aspect, an apparatus for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide includes a release chamber with an opening and an adsorbent regeneration system. The apparatus further includes a capture structure coupled to the release chamber and having at least one foldable support and a plurality of tiles coupled to and spaced apart along the at least one foldable support. Each tile has adsorbent material, and the capture structure is movable between a collection configuration and a release configuration. The apparatus also includes a lid and a product outlet, the lid covering the opening of the release chamber when the capture structure is in the release configuration, the product outlet being in fluid communication with the interior of the release chamber and configured to receive a product stream of enriched gas. The collection configuration includes the capture structure extending upward from the release chamber to expose at least a portion of the capture structure to the gas flow, and enabling the adsorbent material of the plurality of tiles to capture atmospheric carbon dioxide. The release configuration includes at least one foldable support of the capture structure folded, the lid covering the opening of the release chamber, and the plurality of tiles being fully enclosed within the release chamber, such that the adsorbent regeneration system can operate on the plurality of tiles to release the captured carbon dioxide from the adsorbent material and form an enriched gas within the release chamber.

[0007] Specific implementations may include one or more of the following features: The adsorbent material may be a moisture-fluctuating adsorbent material, and the adsorbent regeneration system may include a release medium and a release medium emitter. The release medium may be one of liquid water and steam. The adsorbent material may be a heat-fluctuating adsorbent material, and the adsorbent regeneration system may include a heat source. The heat source may be a release medium emitter configured to release steam. The release chamber may further include a purge gas inlet coupled to a purge gas source and configured to introduce purge gas into the release chamber to replace the enriched gas. The purge gas may be steam. Each of the plurality of tiles may be substantially flat. For each of the plurality of tiles, the adsorbent material may include a plurality of adsorbent surfaces coupled to the surface of the tile at an angle greater than zero. Each of the plurality of tiles may include pores. Each of the plurality of tiles may include an upper frame and a lower frame, wherein the adsorbent material is sandwiched between the upper frame and the lower frame. The device may further include an actuator and / or a control system, the actuator being coupled to the capture structure, and the control system being communicatively coupled to the actuator and configured to drive the actuator to move the capture structure between a collection configuration and a release configuration. The device may further include at least one sensor communicatively coupled to the control system. The control system may be configured to determine at least one environmental condition based on signals received from the at least one sensor, and to automatically drive the actuator based on the at least one environmental condition to move the capture structure between the collection configuration and the release configuration. The at least one environmental condition may include at least one of temperature, humidity, and / or wind speed. Finally, the device may further include at least one baffle.

[0008] According to another aspect of the invention, a method for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide includes preparing a passive collection device having a release chamber and a capture structure to collect atmospheric carbon dioxide by moving the capture structure into a collection configuration using an actuator driven by a control system. The capture structure includes at least one foldable support and a plurality of tiles coupled to and spaced apart along the at least one foldable support, each tile having an adsorbent material. The collection configuration includes the capture structure extending upward from the release chamber. The method further includes exposing at least a portion of the capture structure to an airflow such that the adsorbent material of the plurality of tiles can capture atmospheric carbon dioxide, and positioning the capture structure into a release configuration by lowering the capture structure into the release chamber by driving the actuator, such that at least one foldable support is folded and the plurality of tiles are completely located inside the release chamber. Additionally, the method includes closing the release chamber with a lid, confining the plurality of tiles inside the release chamber, and regenerating the adsorbent material of the plurality of tiles by operating on the adsorbent material using an adsorbent regeneration system to release the captured carbon dioxide, thereby forming a enriched gas in the release chamber. Finally, the method includes emitting a product stream of the enriched gas through a product outlet in fluid communication with the interior of the release chamber by replacing the enriched gas with purge gas introduced into the release chamber.

[0009] Specific implementations may include one or more of the following features: The adsorbent material may be a moisture-fluctuating adsorbent material, and the adsorbent regeneration system may include a release medium and a release medium emitter. The release medium may be one of liquid water and steam. The adsorbent material may be a heat-fluctuating adsorbent material, and the adsorbent regeneration system may include a heat source. The heat source may be a release medium emitter configured to release steam. The method may also include determining at least one local environmental condition of the passive collection device based on signals received from at least one sensor connected to the control system via a communication link, and / or determining the optimal exposure time of the capture structure based on said at least one environmental condition. The purge gas may be one of air, nitrogen, water vapor, and steam.

[0010] According to another aspect of the invention, a system for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide includes at least one passive collection cluster, each passive collection cluster having at least two passive collection devices. Each passive collection device includes a release chamber with an opening and an adsorbent regeneration system. Each device also includes a capture structure coupled to the release chamber and including at least one collapsible support and a plurality of tiles coupled to and spaced apart along the at least one collapsible support. Each tile includes an adsorbent material. The capture structure is movable between a collection configuration and a release configuration. Each device also includes a lid that covers the opening of the release chamber when the capture structure is in the release configuration. Each device also includes an actuator and a product outlet, the actuator being coupled to the capture structure, the product outlet being in fluid communication with the interior of the release chamber and configured to receive a product stream of enriched gas. The system further includes a control system communicatively coupled to each passive collection cluster and configured to drive the actuator to move the capture structure of at least one passive collection device between the collection configuration and the release configuration. The product outlet of each passive collection device within the same cluster is in fluid communication. For each passive collection device, the collection configuration includes a capture structure extending upward from the release chamber to expose at least a portion of the capture structure to the airflow, and to enable the adsorbent material of the multiple tiles to capture atmospheric carbon dioxide. For each passive collection device, the release configuration includes folding at least one foldable support of the capture structure, covering the opening of the release chamber with a lid, and fully enclosing the interior of the release chamber with the multiple tiles, allowing the adsorbent regeneration system to operate on the multiple tiles to release the captured carbon dioxide from the adsorbent material and form a enriched gas within the release chamber.

[0011] Specific implementations may include one or more of the following features: At least two passive collection devices in each cluster may share the same actuator. The release chambers of each passive collection device in the same cluster may be fluidly connected, such that the enriched gas from one collection device can sweep across the release chamber of an adjacent collection device. The system may further include at least one sensor communicatively coupled to a control system. The control system may be configured to determine at least one environmental condition based on signals received from the at least one sensor, and to automatically drive at least one actuator based on the at least one environmental condition to move at least one capture structure between a collection configuration and a release configuration. The at least one environmental condition may include at least one of temperature, humidity, and wind speed. The control system may be configured to operate the passive collection devices in series to produce a continuous product stream of enriched gas.

[0012] The various aspects and applications of the disclosure presented herein are described below in the accompanying drawings and detailed description. Unless otherwise specified, the words and phrases in this specification and claims have a general, common, and customary meaning to those skilled in the art. The inventors fully recognize that they may make their own definitions if necessary. Knowing that they are capable of making definitions, the inventors decide to use only the general and common meaning of terms in the specification and claims, unless they clearly state otherwise, and then further elaborate on the “specific” definition of the term and explain the difference between the term and the general and common meaning. In the absence of such an explicit statement intended to apply a “specific” definition, the inventors intend and desire to apply the simple, general, and common meaning of the terms to the interpretation of the specification and claims.

[0013] The inventors were also aware of the general rules of English grammar. Therefore, if a noun, term, or phrase is intended to be further characterized, specified, or narrowed in some way, then such a noun, term, or phrase will explicitly include additional adjectives, descriptive terms, or other modifiers according to the general rules of English grammar. Without using these adjectives, descriptive terms, or modifiers, such a noun, term, or phrase is intended to convey to a person skilled in the art the aforementioned general and common English meaning of the noun, term, or phrase.

[0014] Furthermore, the inventors fully understand the standards and applications of the specific provisions of 35 U.S.SC §112(f). Therefore, the terms “function,” “device,” or “step” used in the drawings or specific embodiments or descriptions of the claims are not intended to indicate any reference to the specific provisions of 35 U.S.SC §112(f) for defining the invention. Rather, if an attempt were made to refer to the provisions of 35 U.S.SC §112(f) to define the invention, the claims would specifically and explicitly state the exact phrases “device for…” or “step for…” and would also state the word “function” (i.e., “device for performing the function of [insertion function]”), without stating any structure, material, or action supporting that function in these phrases. Therefore, even if the claims list “device for performing the function of…” or “step for performing the function of…”, if the claims also list any structure, material, or action to support that device or step, or to perform the listed function, the inventors’ explicit intention is not to invoke the provisions of 35 U.S.SC §112(f). Furthermore, even when the provisions of 35 U.S.SC §112(f) are invoked to define the claimed aspects, this means that these aspects are not limited to the specific structures, materials, or actions described in the preferred embodiments, but also include any and all structures, materials, or actions that perform the claimed functions as described in alternative embodiments or forms of the invention, or equivalent structures, materials, or actions known in the prior art or later developed for performing the claimed functions.

[0015] The foregoing and other aspects, features and advantages will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the specification, drawings and claims. Attached Figure Description

[0016] The invention will be described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements, and:

[0017] Figure 1A and Figure 1B These are a perspective view and a side view of a device for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide;

[0018] Figure 2A This is a top view of a disc-shaped tile collector;

[0019] Figure 2B It is a 3D diagram of the frame collecting the tiles;

[0020] Figure 2C It is a three-dimensional diagram of a panel collecting tiles;

[0021] Figure 3A This is a side view of a device for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide, with the capture structure in a collection configuration;

[0022] Figure 3B yes Figure 3A The diagram shows a side view of the device, with the capture structure in a release configuration;

[0023] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of a system for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide, comprising multiple passive collection clusters. Detailed Implementation

[0024] This invention and its aspects and embodiments are not limited to the specific material types, components, methods, or other examples disclosed herein. Many additional material types, components, methods, and processes known in the art are envisioned to be used in specific embodiments of this invention. Therefore, for example, although specific embodiments are disclosed, these embodiments and implementing components may include any components, models, types, materials, versions, quantities, and / or likes known in the art for these systems and implementing components in accordance with the intended operation.

[0025] The terms “exemplary,” “example,” or their various forms, as used herein, are intended to signify something used as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Furthermore, examples are provided solely for clarity and understanding and are not intended to limit or restrict the disclosed subject matter or relevant parts of this disclosure in any way. It should be understood that numerous additional or alternative examples of varying scope may be presented, but these examples have been omitted for the sake of brevity.

[0026] While this disclosure includes many different embodiments, specific embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings and will be described in detail herein, while it is understood that the invention will be considered as an example of the principles of the disclosed methods and systems, and is not intended to limit the broad aspects of the disclosed concepts to the embodiments shown.

[0027] The necessity of technologies for removing carbon dioxide from ambient air has been well established. However, these technologies are still relatively new, and early air capture processes required significant energy to operate. Because CO2 is extremely rarefied in the air (400 parts per million by volume), CO2 collectors cannot afford to invest large amounts of energy to draw in large volumes of air. Heating or cooling the air, drying it, or significantly altering the air pressure would exceed any reasonable energy budget. Furthermore, conventional capture systems tend to be both expensive and prone to failure. Traditional capture devices typically have high initial capital costs and high operating costs. Moreover, traditional capture devices are sometimes better suited to specific environments and ineffective in others.

[0028] This document envisions apparatuses, systems, and methods for passively harvesting atmospheric carbon dioxide from natural airflows or wind, employing a simplified design that is durable, energy-efficient, and adaptable to various conditions, incorporating a variety of adsorbent materials, either alone or in combination, including materials sensitive to vacuum, heat, and / or moisture fluctuations. In some embodiments, these apparatuses can be organized into clusters and systems, providing continuous CO2 capture and a continuous flow of CO2-enriched gas, which will be discussed in more detail below. In other embodiments, these apparatuses can be installed and operated as individual units. Furthermore, in some embodiments, some of the apparatuses, systems, and methods envisioned herein can be implemented automatically or semi-automatically to adapt to changing environmental conditions, thereby improving effectiveness and efficiency.

[0029] Figure 1A and Figure 1B These are perspective and side views of a non-limiting example of an apparatus 100 (hereinafter referred to as a "passive collection apparatus," "collection apparatus," or simply "apparatus") for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide 102. Specifically, Figure 1A It's a 3D image. Figure 1B It is a side view.

[0030] According to various embodiments, the collection device 100 includes: a capture structure 106 configured to expose adsorbent material 110 to ambient air; a release chamber 104 (or regeneration chamber) in which the capture structure 106 can be placed through an opening 116; a lid 114 for sealing or otherwise enclosing the capture structure 106 within the release chamber 104; means for introducing heat and / or moisture into the release chamber 104 (individually or collectively) to regenerate the adsorbent material 110 and release the captured CO2; and means for extracting CO2-enriched gas from the chamber through a product outlet 118.

[0031] In the context of this specification and the following claims, release chamber 104 is therein for releasing captured carbon dioxide for subsequent storage, purification, or application. Release chamber 104 has at least one opening, namely opening 116, through which release chamber 104 receives the captured carbon dioxide and the material that captured the carbon dioxide (e.g., capture structure 106 and its adsorbent material 110, etc.).

[0032] The release chamber 104 may be constructed of a durable material suitable for both the external environment of the collection device 100 and the internal environment inherent to its operation (e.g., the nature of the adsorbent regeneration system 306).

[0033] According to various embodiments, the release chamber 104 includes all necessary equipment or structures to regenerate the adsorbent material used for collecting carbon dioxide. The release chamber 104 may include (but is not limited to) some or all of the following steps: introducing liquid into the chamber, draining liquid from the chamber, propelling purge gas through the chamber, evacuating the chamber, heating the chamber, and injecting steam or water droplets into the chamber. For example, some embodiments may include a pipe support structure that enables the introduction of heat, gas, liquid, etc., into the release chamber 104 and the removal of heat, gas, liquid, etc., from the release chamber 104, which is necessary for performing the regeneration task. Reference will be made below. Figure 3B The regeneration of the capture structure 106 will be discussed in more detail.

[0034] In some embodiments, the release chamber 104 includes an internal flow system comprising a fan or blower to generate recirculated airflow. In other embodiments, the release chamber 104 may include a gas recirculation system, wherein the flow within the chamber 104 is driven by gas pumped into the chamber 104 and returned to an external recirculation system. Reference will be made below. Figure 4 In the passive collection systems and / or clusters under discussion, multiple collection devices 100 may share a single gas recirculation system, or may combine separate internal systems to adopt a shared system.

[0035] In the context of this specification and the following claims, the capture structure 106 is a structure or collection of structures thereon or therein that captures atmospheric CO2. As shown, the capture structure 106 comprises a plurality of tiles 108 coupled to and spaced apart along one or more foldable supports 112. Each tile 108 includes one or more adsorbent materials 110 responsible for capturing carbon dioxide. The adsorbent material 110 will be discussed further below. In some embodiments, the adsorbent material 110 may be disposed on one or more surfaces of the tile 108, while in other embodiments, 108 itself may be composed of the adsorbent material 110. As will be discussed, the adsorbent material 110 releases the captured CO2 during regeneration (e.g., when the adsorbent regeneration system 306 is applied within the release chamber 104, etc.).

[0036] As shown in the figure, when the capture structure 106 is "unfolded" and exposed to the atmosphere to collect carbon dioxide, the tiles 108 are suspended along one or more collapsible supports 112, allowing air to flow between the tiles 108 from any direction. Such an arrangement is advantageous when used to capture CO2 from natural airflows and winds that may change direction. Furthermore, although the tile-based structure envisioned herein is described in the context of passive airflow, it should be understood that the structure can also be used with driven airflows.

[0037] Figure 1A and Figure 1B The non-limiting example shown is tall and cylindrical, utilizing circular tiles. In some embodiments, the device and / or tile 108 may have a generally circular cross-section, which is advantageous for passive air capture where airflow can come from any direction. In other embodiments, the device and / or tile 108 may have a non-circular cross-section. Reference will be made below. Figure 2A , Figure 2B and Figure 2C A more detailed discussion of the various 108 tile shapes is provided.

[0038] As shown in the figure, the capture structure 106 may include stacked tiles 108. Depending on the implementation, the stacking range of the capture structure 106 can be from a few (5 to 10) tiles 108 to a large number (>1000). Specific implementations use stacks between 50 and 200 tiles.

[0039] The tiles 108 are supported by one or more foldable supports 112, which, when lifted, allow the tiles to hang freely under gravity, thus allowing air to pass through the gaps between the tiles 108. In many embodiments, the tiles 108 are close together when the capture structure 106 is folded within the release chamber 104, and small lifters are used to maintain a small gap between the tiles 108 when the tiles 108 are stationary within the chamber 104.

[0040] In addition to collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide, the capture structure 106 is movable between an arrangement suitable for collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide (e.g., a collection configuration) and an arrangement capable of releasing the captured CO2 into the release chamber 104 (e.g., a release configuration). (Refer to...) Figure 3A and Figure 3B The collection and release configurations are discussed.

[0041] As previously described, the tile 108 is coupled to one or more foldable supports 112 and spaced apart along the one or more foldable supports 112. For example, Figure 1A and Figure 1BA non-limiting example of a single collapsible support 112 having a central axis running through a tile 108 is shown. Examples of the collapsible support 112 include, but are not limited to, ropes, lines, or chains. In one embodiment, each tile 108 may be attached to an upper tile to bear the weight of all tiles 108 below it. In another embodiment, the collapsible support 112 is continuous and designed to bear the weight of all tiles 108, while the tile 108 is structured to bear only its own weight. To give a concrete example of such a support system, consider multiple narrow, long ladders formed by long ropes or chains, with solid rods serving as rungs. These ladders may be narrow, for example, 1 cm wide, or they may be several centimeters wide. By arranging at least three such ladders evenly around the edge of the tile 108, each tile 108 can be hooked onto a single rung. The ladder structure will support the weight of all tiles 108, while a single tile 108 will only need to support its own weight. By increasing the number of ladders, including the thickness of the lines on the sides of the ladders, the ladders can be made thinner, making them easier to fold. Advantageously, if the number of ladders is greater than three, individual ladders can be removed and replaced during maintenance while the capture structure 106 is in an open / collection configuration.

[0042] In another embodiment, the tile 108 can be supported by a telescopic tube or rigid rod folded in a zigzag pattern tangential to the tile 108, thereby creating a "dog bone" shape in the open space from the bottom tile 108 to the top tile 108. In this design, it may be necessary to offset the consecutive tiles 108 anchored at different locations by a few degrees to allow space for the length of the dog bone so that it does not interfere with the upper tile 108.

[0043] In yet another embodiment, the foldable support 112 may be a tapered shape surrounding a hole at the center of the tile 108. When stacked, the tiles 108 are close together, and the distance between the tiles 108 increases as the cones move slightly apart. Such a design naturally facilitates the automatic centering of the tiles 108 when they are stacked. If the cones are truncated at the top and thus open at the top, they will create a vertical open channel through the middle of the stack of folded tiles 108, which can help guide airflow during the regeneration of the tiles 108. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other foldable configurations exist.

[0044] According to various embodiments, the tiles 108 of the collecting device 100 are separated from each other when in a collecting configuration or phase, and stacked on top of each other during a regeneration or release phase. Alternatively, sensitive portions of the tiles 108 may be protected by a buffer structure (e.g., a pad or rim) to prevent them from contacting other tiles 108. The buffer may be constructed in a manner that helps guide airflow to enhance collecting and / or increase yield.

[0045] When freely suspended, limiting the movement of the stacked tiles 108 (e.g., to prevent damage, optimize adsorbent exposure, etc.) can be advantageous. One way to limit movement is to restrain the suspended stack between guides when lifted. An example would be a set of vertical bars, which could also provide structural support to the lifting structure. Three such bars would be sufficient to limit lateral movement of the tiles 108. Another embodiment could have tiles 108 connected by guides along a central hole that prevents relative movement of the tiles 108. If the tiles 108 and the cover 114 are annular, then the guides could also extend inside the tiles 108. Another option for limiting the movement of the tiles 108 is to attach the bottom tile 108 to the bottom of the release chamber 104.

[0046] According to various embodiments, the tile 108 can be attached to the bottom of the cover 114, and when the device 100 is opened to the collection configuration, the cover 114 is pulled up together with the tile 108. In other embodiments, the cover 114 can be opened laterally by sliding or by hinged like a door. A lifting mechanism is then attached to a fixing device on top of the capture structure 106 to raise the capture structure 106 without the cover 114. This design is of particular interest in clusters of collection devices 100 where the lifting mechanism is shared among multiple devices 100. Alternatively, once the capture structure 106 is fully raised, it can be attached to some form of support structure.

[0047] According to various embodiments, the passive collection device 100 can be used with a wide range of adsorbent materials 110 that can be regenerated by various means, including solid and liquid adsorbents. The adsorbent can be made of inorganic or organic materials, or it can be a composite material. The adsorbent can be a material that binds CO2 chemically or physically, i.e., the adsorbent can be an absorbent. The adsorbent can also be an adsorbent that binds carbon dioxide to an internal surface (e.g., an internal porous structure) or a fiber surface. The adsorbent can be regenerated through moisture swing, thermal swing, vacuum swing, or a combination of these methods. The above discussion of different adsorbents is intended to illustrate various options and not to provide an exhaustive description. Other adsorbent-based techniques that can be provided by those skilled in the art may be suitable for use in device 100.

[0048] In one embodiment, the passive collection device 100 may employ an adsorbent material 110 capable of being regenerated by liquid washing, which removes CO2 as part of the washing liquid from the release chamber 104. The liquid can degas its CO2 within the release chamber 104, or the liquid can be transported outside the release chamber 104 where it will undergo further treatment to release CO2. For example, the passive collection device 100 may use a mild carbonate brine, which is converted into a bicarbonate brine by a moisture-fluctuating adsorbent, and then the bicarbonate brine can undergo various regeneration schemes, including possible electrochemical regeneration.

[0049] As a specific example, adsorbent material 110 can be one of many anion exchange resins that have a strong affinity for CO2 when dry but lose this affinity when wet. These are strong base exchange resins, such as polystyrene with quaternary ammonium ions attached to a styrene structure. In any case, changing the relative humidity on the resin from 20% to 100% near room temperature will change the equilibrium partial pressure on the resin by a factor of 500 under any loading condition. Other embodiments can be designed around adsorbent 110, which can be regenerated by heating, vacuum suction, or regeneration with another chemical.

[0050] Adsorbent 110 can be selective for a single adsorbate or interact with multiple adsorbates, either cooperatively or competitively. Adsorbent 110 can autocatalyze its own absorption. As a specific example, some embodiments may employ adsorbents whose affinity for CO2 can be controlled by moisture. In some cases, the presence of moisture increases the binding of CO2 to the adsorbent, while in others it decreases it. A special class of adsorbents, known as moisture-fluctuating adsorbents, bind CO2 under dry conditions and release it when the air becomes moist. Some moisture-fluctuating adsorbents, such as polystyrene with quaternary ammonium ions, are strongly responsive to relative humidity. This means that the effect of increased ambient air temperature increases the adsorbent's CO2 loading because the decrease in relative humidity causes a greater decrease in the adsorbed Gibbs free energy than the increase in temperature. However, if warming occurs under constant relative humidity (e.g., 100% relative humidity) or humid conditions, heating the adsorbent will cause CO2 to desorb. Therefore, moisture fluctuation adsorbents can be used alone with moisture, or in combination with moisture (e.g., liquid water, mist or other droplet forms, vapor, etc.), temperature, and pressure. In some embodiments, the use of this versatile adsorbent can be optimized using algorithms based on efficiency selection according to environmental conditions, which will be discussed further below.

[0051] Some embodiments utilizing moisture fluctuation adsorbents may employ liquid water for regeneration, while others may use steam. Each regeneration medium has its own advantages and disadvantages. Liquid water can be absorbed rapidly, but it readily introduces impurities such as salts into the adsorbent and system, especially if the water source is groundwater. Steam can advantageously be used to provide both heating and moisture. However, if operating in a low-pressure system, steam may transfer too much heat and may be difficult to remove. Some embodiments may utilize both steam (which is referred to as water vapor at low partial pressures) and liquid water. In embodiments without moisture fluctuation, or in embodiments employing reverse moisture fluctuation, liquid water provides no advantage over using steam alone.

[0052] The heating-moisture-vacuum design used in some embodiments offers numerous advantages over conventional devices. Specifically, such a design would enable the moisture-fluctuation-based CO2 capture device to be applied to a variety of climates, including those experiencing high humidity levels and / or colder weather. The envisioned device 100 utilizing a moisture-fluctuation adsorbent would be particularly useful in relatively cold and humid climates. However, although the following discussion of various embodiments of the envisioned collection device 100 takes place in the context of a regeneration system based on heated moisture, it should be understood that the structures and methods discussed herein can be applied to other types and forms of adsorbents 110, with appropriate regeneration steps performed in a closed or sealed release chamber 104.

[0053] Once the capture structure 106 is fully filled with captured carbon dioxide, it is moved into the release chamber 104, where CO2 is recovered and the adsorbent material 110 is regenerated in preparation for further collection. According to various embodiments, the collection of captured CO2 and the regeneration of the adsorbent material 110 are accomplished after the release chamber 104 is closed by placing a lid 114 over the opening 116. According to various embodiments, the lid 114 (and the capture structure 106) can be lowered onto the opening 116 (and the capture structure descends into the chamber 104) by some form of actuator 120. In the context of this specification and the appended claims, the actuator 120 is any device capable of influencing motion and may include, but is not limited to, motors, pistons, hydraulic devices, screw drives, elevators, rollers, and other devices known in the art. Alternatively, the actuator 120 may be directly coupled to the capture structure 106 via the lid 114 or some other structure. In some embodiments, the actuator 120 may also be coupled to the release chamber 104. According to various embodiments, the cover 114 is configured to mate with the release chamber 104 to form a closed chamber. In some embodiments, the cover may form an airtight seal with the release chamber 104.

[0054] As shown in the figure, the passive collection device 100 also includes a product outlet 118. The product outlet 118 allows fluid communication between the interior of the release chamber 104 and some structures outside the release chamber 104 (e.g., storage devices, escalation systems, another release chamber 104, etc.), thereby enabling the collection of CO2-enriched product streams (e.g., CO2 in a higher ratio than that present in ambient air). In some embodiments, the product outlet 118 may be configured for gaseous product streams, while in other embodiments, the product outlet 118 may be configured to discharge liquid product streams (e.g., CO2 captured in brine, etc.).

[0055] Although the term tile 108 derives from a possible design of a flat tile 108, it is important to note that, in the context of this invention, the term tile 108 is intended to encompass a wider range of geometries. In some embodiments, the tile 108 is made entirely of the adsorbent material, while in other embodiments, the tile 108 is made of a structural material that holds the adsorbent material 110 in place. For example, in some embodiments, a liquid adsorbent (e.g., an ionic liquid) can be used by wetting the structural surface of the tile 108. As a specific example, foam materials can be used in conjunction with liquid adsorbents.

[0056] In some embodiments, tile 108 may have a circular cross-section (along the central axis of the stack). In other embodiments, other shapes may be used, including but not limited to approximate circles (e.g., higher-order polygons), triangles, rectangles, squares, hexagons, stars, rings, etc. While a circular cross-section would be suitable for use in environments with unpredictable wind directions, in other embodiments, a more elliptical tile 108 may be used in situations with a dominant wind direction.

[0057] Figure 2A , Figure 2B and Figure 2C A schematic diagram showing non-limiting examples of various tile 108 geometries is provided. Figure 2A A top view of a non-limiting example of a disc tile 200 having a moisture fluctuation absorbent material 220 is shown. As shown, the disc tile 200 includes a central hole 202 through which a foldable support 112 can pass and be coupled to each tile 108, and / or through which air can flow.

[0058] In some embodiments, tiles 108 may be suspended from a structure such as cover 114 while exposed to wind, and may come into contact with each other when lowered into release chamber 104. According to various embodiments, when stacked in its folded form, tiles 108 may include reinforced pads, edges, or lips designed to bear the weight of the upper tiles 108. These pads may also extend further in the vertical direction than the more vulnerable portions of tiles 108 (e.g., absorbent, etc.), such that physical contact between tiles 108 is limited to locations designed to bear that weight. In some embodiments, in addition to absorbent that may be laid on tiles 108, tiles 108 (whether round or angular) may have absorbent / resin suspended from tiles 108.

[0059] The mechanisms for raising and lowering the tiles 108 and for suspending the tiles 108 can be adjusted based on local geographical and weather conditions. For example, in windy areas, the tiles 108 can be substantially more robust and can be completely separated from the chamber 104 to best ensure support. In some embodiments, a support structure may be present that folds or hides during strong winds, thereby pulling the sometimes fragile tiles 108 into shelter. The diversity of support structure options for raising and lowering the tiles 108 merely reflects the various needs that may arise for an installation that can be placed virtually anywhere in the world.

[0060] In some embodiments, the tile 108 may be substantially flat, regardless of any edges or padding used in the stacking. In other embodiments, the tile 108 may be non-flat, such as bowl-shaped or helmet-shaped. In still other embodiments, the tile 108 may include a frame that may close or otherwise secure the absorbent material 110.

[0061] Figure 2B A perspective view of a non-limiting example of a framed tile 204 including an upper frame 206, a lower frame 208, and a central hole 202 is shown. According to various embodiments, the two frames can be joined together to enclose or clamp the adsorbent material 110, or configured to hold the adsorbent material 110 (e.g., a foam material holding a liquid adsorbent, etc.) in place, thereby keeping the material in place while still exposing it to airflow. Such a tile 108 is advantageous for use with adsorbent materials 110 that would otherwise be too fragile as tile construction materials, subject to non-negligible dimensional changes (e.g., expansion, contraction, etc.) when cyclically placed between wet and dry states, or if placed in a location such as… Figure 2A When a solid tile of disc-shaped tile 200 is placed on a solid tile, it must be contained in a material that will have limited exposure to air.

[0062] Figure 2C This is a perspective view of a non-limiting example of a panel tile 210 including multiple adsorbent surfaces 212 made of a thermal fluctuation adsorbent material 218. In some embodiments, the tile 108 may be highly configured to facilitate gas contact with its surface. The tile 108 may include grooves or channels that create a gas flow path from the top to the bottom of the tile 108 to facilitate gas flow in close contact with the adsorbent material 110 of the tile 108.

[0063] In some embodiments, tile 108 can be a large adsorbent structure. In other embodiments, including Figure 2C As shown in the non-limiting example, the adsorbent material 110 can be divided into sheets or surfaces 212, which are individually attached to the surface 214 of the panel tile 210. One such tile can be hexagonal, for example... Figure 2C The tile shown, or the tile 108, has a triangular surface 212.

[0064] To maximize air mixing, the surface of tile 108 can be varied and rough, and adjacent tiles 108 can have different structures in proximity. For example, if tile 108 is made of multiple different tiles, the vertical surfaces above each other do not need to be the same or oriented in the same way. In some embodiments, the adsorbent surface 212 can be angled relative to the surface 214 of tile 210, thus forming an angle 216.

[0065] In some embodiments, the tile 108 may be fitted with triangular (or some other raised shape) protrusions of adsorbent and baffles, which increase exposure and also induce turbulence to enhance capture.

[0066] Figure 3A and Figure 3B This is a side view of a non-limiting example of the collection device 100, wherein the capture structure 106 is located in the collection configuration 300 and the release configuration 312, respectively. A portion of the release chamber 104 has been removed to show the interior of the release chamber 104, which includes the adsorbent regeneration system 306.

[0067] Figure 3AThe capture structure 106 is shown as a collection configuration 300, which includes the capture structure 106 extending upward from the release chamber 104, thereby exposing at least a portion 302 of the capture structure 106 to the airflow 304. According to various embodiments, ambient air comes into contact with the adsorbent material 110 of the capture structure 106 by means of natural air movement (e.g., wind), by induced flow (e.g., thermally guided flow, or flow induced by a pressure drop obtained from natural flow through the channel), by flow induced by a blower, fan, or other mechanical system, or by a combination of these or other methods known in the art.

[0068] As shown, the collection device 100 includes an adsorbent regeneration system 306. In the context of this specification and the following claims, the adsorbent regeneration system 306 is a system that generates, provides, directs, or facilitates a medium or energy required to release captured CO2 and regenerate the adsorbent material 110 in preparation for further CO2 collection. In some embodiments, the adsorbent regeneration system 306 may include a release medium emitter 308 that discharges a release medium (e.g., mist, liquid water, steam, other chemicals, etc.) suitable for the adsorbent material 110 used into the release chamber 104. In other embodiments, the adsorbent regeneration system 306 may include a heat source 310 (e.g., for heat fluctuations in the adsorbent material). In still other embodiments, including... Figure 3A As illustrated in the non-limiting example, the adsorbent regeneration system 306 may include a release medium emitter 308 (or multiple emitters) and one or more heat sources 310. As a specific example, some embodiments may employ a release medium emitter 308 configured to discharge steam into the release chamber 104, thereby providing moisture and heat, and facilitating the use of the adsorbent material amidst moisture and / or heat fluctuations. In other embodiments, the heat source 310 may radiate heat provided by steam, wherein the steam may optionally be released into the chamber (e.g., it may be configured to provide heat to some adsorbent material without providing moisture).

[0069] Figure 3B It shows Figure 3AThe collection device 100 includes a capture structure 106 in a release configuration 312. In the context of this specification and the following claims, the release configuration 312 includes the capture structure 106 (e.g., a plurality of tiles 108 and one or more foldable supports 112) enclosed within a release chamber 104, anticipating the regeneration of the adsorbent material 110 and the collection of the captured carbon dioxide 314. As described above, the release configuration 312 may further include a cover 114 coupled to, engaging with, or sealing the release chamber 104 such that the chamber 104 is fully closed, thereby enabling regeneration and collection.

[0070] When the capture structure 106 or a portion thereof is filled with CO2 and has moved into the release chamber 104, the adsorbent material 110 is regenerated to release the captured CO2 314 into the release chamber 104. As previously described, this regeneration and release is accomplished by the adsorbent regeneration system 140.

[0071] The following discussion of the regeneration or release phase of the passive collection device 100 is conducted in the case of adsorbent materials sensitive to heat and moisture. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the passive collection device 100, its trapping structure 106, and release chamber 104 can be adapted for use with any of the aforementioned adsorbents and their associated regeneration processes. Since the introduction of heat and / or some form of liquid is a common element in the regeneration of many different adsorbents, the discussion in the case of heat and moisture also serves as illustrative of other embodiments utilizing other adsorbents. This discussion should not be construed as limiting.

[0072] The regeneration system 306 applies a combination of heat, pressure changes, and / or chemicals (including water) to the adsorbent material 110 to restore it to its initial state and release CO2. In different embodiments, the CO2-enriched intermediate products may be subjected to different pressures and temperatures, and CO2 may be only a portion of the intermediate product stream.

[0073] According to various embodiments, the sealed release chamber 104 may be filled with air, nitrogen, or other purge gas 322, which may be supplied from a purge gas source 320 through a purge gas inlet 318. The chamber 104 may also be purged, or partially purged, to remove most of the background gas. In some embodiments, the release chamber 104 may be purged or otherwise prepared prior to regeneration. The adsorbent material 110 is filled with CO2 in open air and releases CO2 within the release chamber 104 after the adsorbent material 110 has been exposed to moisture and / or heat or contacted with chemicals. As a result, CO2 loss can be minimized during purging or other preparation steps because purging or these other steps occur before the introduction of heat and moisture.

[0074] As previously described, according to various embodiments, the adsorbent 110 releases the captured CO2 in response to the application of heat and / or moisture. Heat can be obtained from a variety of sources. The quality of the heat may be low because, in most applications, the temperature of the heat source may be well below 100°C. Heat sources may include, but are not limited to, geothermal energy, waste geothermal energy left over from geothermal applications at higher temperatures, waste heat from power plants and other energy consumers, solar heat, and heat collected from cooling solar panels. For example, solar heat can be applied by including a chamber designed to capture solar heat around the release chamber 104.

[0075] In some embodiments, waste heat generated by a CO2 compression system used in conjunction with the output of the passive collection device 100 (e.g., product stream 326) can be reused to heat the release chamber 104. In other embodiments, heat can be introduced by supplying moisture as water vapor capable of condensation within the chamber 104. In other embodiments, heat can be transferred via a heat exchanger. In some embodiments, the source of heat and moisture can be external equipment to the chamber 104. In other embodiments, the heat source can be built into the release chamber 104. The chamber may have an outlet for condensate and the product stream 326 containing enriched gas 324. The CO2-enriched gas 324 is removed from the chamber as product stream 326 in preparation for further processing.

[0076] In the context of this specification, release medium 316 is a material or substance that stimulates the release of CO2 from adsorbent material 110. In the case of moisture-fluid adsorbent material 220, release medium 316 may be liquid water or steam. In other embodiments, release medium 316 may be any other solution or substance capable of coexisting with that particular adsorbent material 110. Furthermore, in the context of this specification and the following claims, release medium emitter 210 is a device configured to facilitate the interaction between release medium 316 and CO2-loaded adsorbent material 110. Exemplary release medium emitters 210 include, but are not limited to, misters, nozzles, smoke generators, liquid injectors, reservoirs for the release medium through which the adsorbent passes, steam nozzles, etc.

[0077] Using steam as the release medium 316 has certain advantages over other release media 316 because, in addition to moisture fluctuation adsorbents, steam can also be used with some heat fluctuation adsorbent materials. Steam transfers heat to the adsorbent and also inhibits water extraction.

[0078] In embodiments where the release medium 316 is in liquid form, or when applied via emitter 210 or after application (e.g., steam condenses into liquid water upon cooling), the adsorbent regeneration system 306 may further include one or more liquid extractors 313. These liquid extractors 313 are devices and / or structures configured to collect the liquid release medium 316 and remove it from chamber 104 after the liquid release medium 316 stimulates CO2 release, or for disposal, immediate reuse, conditioning for reuse (e.g., removal of impurities), or as a CO2 storage medium. Additionally, embodiments using water vapor as the release medium 316 may also include one or more liquid extractors 313 for removing liquid water generated during condensation within the chamber.

[0079] The liquid extractor 313 includes a drain at the bottom of chamber 104, which can be pumped to a release medium reservoir. The collected liquid water can be pumped back to the reservoir for reuse, thereby reducing the overall water requirement for operating the collection device 100 and making it usable in environments where water use is reduced.

[0080] In some embodiments, product stream 326 can be formed by replacing enriched gas 324 with purge gas 322 introduced into the release chamber 104. In some embodiments, purge gas 322 is atmospheric air, while in other embodiments, purge gas 322 is another readily available gas.

[0081] Some implementations may use steam as the purge gas 322, which offers certain advantages. The use of steam provides a means of temperature control within the regeneration chamber. Pumping in steam can raise the temperature, while pumping out steam can intentionally cool the chamber and its contents. Furthermore, using a water-saturated purge gas, such as steam (which is referred to as water vapor at low partial pressures), will advantageously prevent moisture fluctuations and adsorbent release of water, which can improve the overall efficiency of the device 100.

[0082] As described above, in some embodiments, the captured CO2 314 can be released from adsorbent 110 into an aqueous solution with sufficient alkalinity to store the CO2. An example is a sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate solution, which may have a rich bicarbonate content in equilibrium with a few percent of the CO2 in the solution. In practice, the solution in contact with material 110 drives moisture fluctuations, but subsequently contains CO2.

[0083] As a specific example, in an embodiment utilizing anion exchange resin, quaternary ammonium ions form a strongly basic resin, wherein positive ions are fixed to the polymer matrix, while negative ions, hydroxides (OH-), are free to move. When the dry resin is loaded with carbon dioxide, hydroxide ions become bicarbonate (OH- + CO2 → HCO3-). Once loaded, the resin is sealed in release chamber 104, in which the resin is wetted. The wetted resin releases CO2 and unloads to form carbonate (2HCO3- → CO3- + CO2 + H2O). Ion hydration drives CO2 affinity (CO3- + H2O, HCO3- + OH-), while equilibrium is driven by the water content. The liquid loaded with CO2 can then be removed from chamber 104 for further processing elsewhere or for continued storage.

[0084] In some implementations, air may be removed from chamber 104 before CO2 is released to increase the proportion of CO2 contained in the gas stream. Options may include applying a vacuum, as well as heat and / or moisture. Furthermore, moisture may be introduced as H2O or other substances, or as H2O containing additives.

[0085] In some embodiments, the release chamber 104 may be at least partially emptied during the regeneration or release phase. In these embodiments, it becomes important that the seal between the cap 114 and the release chamber 104 minimizes gas leakage into the interior. For this purpose, a gasket 315 may be provided between the cap 114 and the top of the chamber 104. Attaching the gasket 315 to the bottom of the cap 114 helps protect the cap from dirt buildup. In some embodiments, the seal is further improved by having a rim around the edge of the cap 114, so that when the cap 114 is closed, a narrow groove exists around the edge of the cap 114. This groove can be filled with water, which will effectively prevent air from entering the closed chamber 104 and allow for easy detection of leaks. Since the flow resistance of liquid is much greater than that of air, residual flow into the chamber 104 will be significantly reduced.

[0086] During the regeneration of adsorbent 110, the partial pressure of CO2 rises above the ambient level. In an embodiment where release chamber 104 is substantially emptied, the present water vapor can serve as purge gas 322. This, in turn, means that in order for gas to flow from one chamber 104 to another, the temperature (and the accompanying water vapor pressure of the purge gas) of the passage from the purge gas inlet to the purge gas outlet needs to be regulated. At a minimum, the temperature change must compensate for the increase in CO2 pressure that occurs during regeneration.

[0087] In some embodiments, such as those where the release chamber 104 has the shape of vertically arranged drums, the combined flow pattern allows gas to be emitted axially along an opening in the center of the trapping structure (e.g., orifice 202 of disc tile 200, etc.), returned along an annular region of the cylindrical wall of chamber 104, and at each horizontal height in chamber 104, to flow radially from the center to the flow in the outer annular region. In such embodiments, the flow in the vertical portion exhibits very little flow resistance, while the radial connection dominates the flow resistance. Therefore, each height exhibits the same pressure drop, resulting in similar flow velocities. Resistance to the flow can be maintained by creating walls with small openings around the inner flow cylinder and around the outer flow path through the annular region. Other options include flow that moves axially through the main portion of chamber 104 and returns through the annular gap between the adsorbent stack material and the wall of chamber 104.

[0088] In some embodiments, the released CO2 can be concentrated into a gas stream flowing through release chamber 104. The gas can be mechanically recirculated over the adsorbent. This gas can be primarily water vapor and carbon dioxide, or contain a large portion of air; it can also include pure nitrogen, or any other gas selected as purge gas 322. Furthermore, the airflow through the chamber can be controlled by a pump, fan, or blower, and another fan that introduces heated air into the adsorbent, while the other fan extracts CO2-enriched air from the chamber.

[0089] In some embodiments, a mechanically driven heated gas stream flows through the adsorbent, and with the aid of moisture and heat, induces the release of CO2 from the adsorbent at a partial pressure significantly exceeding that of ambient air. Higher partial pressures are preferred. Pressure ranges from 0.1 kPa to 8 kPa have been achieved in similar chambers according to various embodiments.

[0090] After CO2 has been released from the adsorbent material 110 of the capture structure 106 within chamber 104, the CO2 is mixed to form enriched gas 324. According to various embodiments, enriched gas 324 is then removed from chamber 104 as product stream 326 through product outlet 118. In some embodiments, product outlet 118 may be a valve, while in other embodiments, product outlet 118 may include a pump. Product outlet 118 is in fluid communication with the interior of release chamber 104.

[0091] As shown in the figure, the collection device 100 further includes a control system 328. According to various embodiments, the control system 328 is responsible for the cyclical operation of the collection device 100. In the context of this specification and the following claims, the control system 328 is a device capable of executing a series of predefined instructions to cause the collection device 100 to operate cyclically, thereby capturing CO2 from the atmosphere and releasing the captured CO2 into the release chamber 104. Examples include, but are not limited to, embedded systems, conventional computer systems, mobile devices, etc. The control system 328 is communicatively coupled to various components that provide information (e.g., sensors) or perform actions (e.g., actuator 120, adsorbent regeneration system 306, etc.). In some embodiments, the control system 328 may be responsible for additional functions. In some embodiments, the control system 328 may provide automation to the collection device 100, enabling the collection device 100 to operate unattended.

[0092] The collection device 100 may further include one or more sensors 330 (e.g., CO2 sensor, humidity sensor, temperature sensor, airflow sensor, light sensor, etc.) coupled to a processor configured with algorithms for efficient operation of the device 100. The passive collection device 100 may further include an actuator 120 or other means of performing mechanical work for raising and lowering the capture structure 106. The passive collection device 100 may also include communication equipment for remote monitoring and operation. In some embodiments, the passive collection device 100 may be configured to operate automatically, adapting to environmental conditions 332 as needed. Power may be supplied directly, via batteries, or from renewable energy sources (e.g., solar, wind, or thermoelectric).

[0093] According to various implementation schemes, one or more measurements can be performed using sensor 330, wherein signal 334 is observed by control system 328. These measurements may include, but are not limited to, wind speed and other weather data, humidity of both indoor and outdoor areas, time, percentage of CO2 degassing, internal temperature of chamber 104, flow rate (to detect blockages), malfunction of components and / or instability during operation, external and internal temperatures, etc. Using this information, control system 328 can be configured to perform one or more operations in response to detected environmental or internal conditions. These operations may include, but are not limited to, commands to lower tile 108 due to strong winds or excessive moisture, timing commands to raise or lower tile 108 to change exposure time, starting, stopping, increasing or decreasing flow rate, extending or shortening the release time of chamber 104 according to the loaded CO2, etc.

[0094] In some embodiments, the passive collection device 100 can be configured to regulate the delivery of heat and moisture to adapt to specific conditions or environmental conditions 332, such as temperature 336, humidity 338, and / or wind speed 340. For example, during hot, dry days in a desert, the performance of the device 100 can be optimized without using additional heat, while during nighttime periods of increased relative humidity, heating the gas recirculated in the release chamber 104 would be advantageous. In some embodiments, this regulation during collection and / or release can be enhanced by applying artificial intelligence to the control system.

[0095] Some embodiments of the passive collection device 100 may employ algorithms developed to generate the optimal response from the adsorbent 110. These algorithms are designed to combine heating and moisture application in an efficient manner. These algorithms optimize the balance between performance and operating costs, ensuring that water and heat are deployed at optimal rates and partial pressures to optimize CO2 delivery. Depending on the various embodiments, optimization may take into account ambient temperature, the loading state of the adsorbent 110, weather conditions, the cost of heat and water, and other relevant parameters. In some embodiments, the temperature at which CO2 is released in chamber 104 can be set to exceed ambient temperature. The optimal temperature depends on environmental conditions and the heat resistance of the materials under consideration, and may also be influenced by the cost of available heat. In specific embodiments, the range is between ambient temperature and 150°C, but may preferably be operated within a range between 45°C and 50°C, depending on the adsorbent. This temperature range is sufficient for many adsorbents, and the heat cost is relatively low. Once the adsorbent 110 is saturated with water and heated, it releases CO2 into the confined volume of the release chamber 104.

[0096] According to various implementations, the control system 328 may further include or be instructed by an artificial intelligence system 317 (AIS), which observes the performance of the device 100 and iteratively adjusts its performance to maximize output and learns optimizations that will vary with weather conditions and the physical state of the device 100. This AIS 317 will improve efficiency, reduce energy costs, and decrease maintenance. For example, the AIS 317 coupled to the control system 328 of the device 100 can "learn" that certain alarms are not critical and will adjust and provide notifications for the operation of specific alarms. Reducing the number of alarms requiring a response will be a major factor in reducing operating costs.

[0097] The control system 328 may utilize software configured to control one or more operations or characteristics, including but not limited to the rate of water addition in liquid / mist / steam form, internal temperature, purge gas flow rate, pumping rate for extracting product gas, timing of exposure to air, and time spent in the release chamber 104. The software may be configured to optimize various characteristics, such as yield, water consumption, and / or energy consumption.

[0098] The automation system may further include, but is not limited to, wind / weather measurement and response, CO2 collection monitoring, automatic timing movement of the capture structure 106 and / or support structure 108, water and air control systems, temperature measurement and control, internal flow measurement, and timing control that matches the functions of other systems.

[0099] In some embodiments, the passive collection device 100 may further include a series of baffles to modify airflow and / or protect various aspects of the device 100. In the context of this specification and the following claims, a baffle is a structure having at least one surface that at least partially impedes airflow, thereby enabling the redirection or concentration of airflow. Some baffles may also at least partially block light and may be used to shield sensitive adsorbent materials. Examples include, but are not limited to, sails, walls, fins, wings, etc. Some baffles may be rigid, while others may be flexible or include flexible surfaces mounted on a rigid frame. Some embodiments may use baffles to introduce or enhance turbulence in localized airflow to increase the exposure of the adsorbent material.

[0100] Depending on the implementation, the baffle can be used in a variety of situations. In some implementations, one or more baffles can be used on the exterior of the capturing device 100. For example, see... Figure 4 The baffle 408 shown will be discussed further below. In other embodiments, one or more baffles may be implemented within or as part of the capture device 100. For example, in one embodiment, the tile 108 may have one or more baffles above and around the central aperture 202 to facilitate and / or control airflow. In another embodiment, a baffle may be used on the tile 108 to protect the adsorbent material 110 from exposure to harmful ultraviolet radiation. Additionally, a baffle may be used on the tile 108 such that when the capture structure 106 is in the collection configuration 300, air turbulence increases and airflow is directed toward the adsorbent 110.

[0101] In some embodiments, the baffles may be hinged and may further be mechanized and programmably movable in response to different environmental conditions. In some embodiments, baffles may be present at the bottom and along the sides of chamber 104 to enhance airflow and moisture distribution. However, in other embodiments, the passive collection device 100 may be completely without baffles.

[0102] The passive collection device 100 can be standalone, or it can be the backbone of a larger air capture system, such as a passive collection cluster 402 consisting of two or more integrated collection devices 100, or a passive collection system 400 including at least one cluster 402. The complete passive collection system 400 can be built around two collection devices 100, or it can include a complex interconnected network of thousands of collection devices 100. In one embodiment, an interconnected system of 5 to 20 collection devices 100 forms a passive collection cluster 402, while in other embodiments, the cluster 402 can simply be two devices 100 working in coordination. In some embodiments, the passive collection cluster 402 can be a skid-mounted module including a self-contained system, but it can also be field-installed.

[0103] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of a system 400 for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide, comprising multiple passive collection clusters 402. In the context of this specification, a passive collection system 400 is a combination of collection devices 100, or a single collection device having associated hardware, connections, control systems and software for internal processing and additional equipment, and control systems and software for subsequent processing of the output of the collection devices 100. To distinguish system 400 from clusters 402, system 400 consists of at least one cluster 402, but cluster 402 consists of at least two devices 100. Furthermore, passive collection system 400 is a group of collection devices 100 that are particularly closely connected and organized in one or more clusters 402. For example, they can be coordinated in a single skid-mounted containerized subsystem. The use of the terms system and cluster is partially overlapping. Passive collection clusters 402 are generally more closely connected than passive collection systems 400.

[0104] The collection devices can be interconnected to a passive collection system 400, which can generate a nearly continuous product stream 406 through coordinated regeneration. This continuous product stream 406 can be enhanced by sweeping product gas from nearly empty cells through cells that still exhibit higher loads. For example, in one embodiment, collection device 100a in cluster 402 can be nearly empty, sweeping its product gas into an adjacent collection device 100b with a higher load (in the same cluster 402). Devices 100a and 100b are in fluid communication with each other (e.g., device 100b is in fluid communication with the product outlet 118 of device 100a) and share a purge gas source in some sense.

[0105] The use of passive collection system 400 or cluster 402 can provide a continuous product stream 406, which is flexible and adaptable to changing weather and climate conditions. In some embodiments, system 400 and / or cluster 402 may include a control system 404, which may replace or operate in conjunction with the control system 328 of individual device 100. Control system 404 may be configured to operate multiple devices in series, enabling such system 400 to operate continuously, thereby effectively increasing CO2 from a typical 400 parts per million in ambient air to a few percent ranging from 1% to 10%. The advantages of the systems and methods contemplated herein are that they can minimize energy costs and operate optimally under varying conditions. It should be noted that the control system 404 of cluster 402 or system 400 can perform all the operations and measurements contemplated by the control system 328 of individual device 100, as described above.

[0106] In some embodiments, the individual collection units 100 of the passive collection system 400 can be kept in place and interconnected via various means, such that enriched gas 324 from one passive collection unit 100 passes through a series of regenerating collection units 100. Gas treatment, water, steam, or power treatment connections can be switched between all or subsets of the collection units 100 as needed. Alternatively, the collection units 100 can be organized in a hierarchical structure of individual collection units 100, clusters 402 of collection units 100, clusters of clusters, clustered systems, etc.

[0107] The passive collection system 400 may include a treatment unit system that allows purge airflow through the collection device 100, or optionally, a treatment unit system that empties the collection device 100 and extracts CO2 from it. These treatment units may include piping, pumps, fans, valves, sensors, actuators, control software, and other components necessary for interconnecting the collection device 100. Furthermore, the passive collection system 400 may include a piping and valve system to deliver water to the collection device 100 for wastewater recovery and / or water recovery and recycling.

[0108] Some passive collection systems 400 and / or clusters 402 may include shared resources. For example, such as Figure 4 As shown, in some embodiments, multiple passive collection devices 100 may share the same actuator 120 to move their respective capture structures 106 between collection configuration 300 and release configuration 312. The actuator 120 may be shared among the multiple devices 100 using mechanical means such as gears, arms, pulleys, and / or any other mechanical means known in the art.

[0109] In some embodiments, the passive collection system 400 may include a shared system for delivering the release medium 316 to multiple collection devices 100, while in other embodiments, each passive collection device 100 may have its own medium source. The passive collection system 400 may also include a support structure for holding the multiple collection devices 100 in place. The support structure may include, but is not limited to, a foundation, a tent-like structure for raising and lowering the superstructure to lift and lower the capture structure 106, a sun-protective structure, and panels that guide wind through the system in various ways.

[0110] like Figure 4 As shown, in some embodiments, the passive collection system 400 may further include one or more baffles 408 to redirect the airflow, exposing it more to the adsorbent material of the capture device 100. In some embodiments, these baffles 408 may be articulated and may be configured to adjust to changes in environmental conditions (e.g., wind direction, sun position in the sky, weather, etc.). Those skilled in the art will recognize that the baffles 408 can also be employed in the same manner in the case of the standalone capture device 100.

[0111] Additionally, some passive collection systems 400 and / or clusters 402 may employ automated systems. Automated systems may include, but are not limited to, wind / weather measurement and response, CO2 collection monitoring, automatic timing of the movement of tiles 108 and covers, water and air control systems, temperature measurement and control, internal flow measurement, timing control matching the functionality of other collection devices 100 in the same system or cluster, blow-down control, and any other automated operations contemplated herein for individual devices 100.

[0112] According to one embodiment, the following discussion is intended to illustrate, rather than limit, the operation of a passive collection device 100 employing heat- and moisture-sensitive adsorbent tiles 108. The working cycle of the passive collection device 100 begins in a closed position, where all adsorbent tiles 108 are inside the release chamber 104 and there is no CO2. (Hereinafter, "no" means rarefied; there may be residual CO2 on the adsorbent, or even in a completely empty state, the adsorbent may contain CO2 as, for example, carbonates, if the adsorbent fluctuates between carbonates and bicarbonates.) The lid is pulled up by actuator 120, thereby moving all tiles 108 from the chamber where the tiles 108 are pressed together to a collection configuration 300 where all tiles 108 are suspended from at least one collapsible support 112. When the lid 114 reaches its top position, all adsorbent tiles 108 are exposed to air movement. Gaps exist between the tiles 108, allowing air to flow through all tiles 108, thus initiating the capture phase. The exposure time of the CO2 capture phase can vary depending on climatic conditions and the choice of adsorbent. Under conditions of moisture fluctuations, tile 108 will release some moisture and bind CO2. This is likely the same for other adsorbents exposed to moisture during regeneration. One reason for exposing the adsorbent to moisture (e.g., in the form of mild steam) is to prevent the adsorbent from unloading moisture at a high energy cost. This differs from moisture fluctuations, where the very presence of moisture stimulates CO2 release.

[0113] After exposure, the lid 114 is lowered again. Once the lid closes the release chamber 104, collection begins. In the example of a moisture-fluctuating adsorbent, the adsorbent tiles 108 bind sufficient moisture to release CO2. The air in the chamber is now enriched with CO2, which exits through the product outlet 118. Once the tiles 108 are emptied, they will be raised again, and the adsorbent 110 will resume its cycle of collecting CO2 from the air as it dries. Condensed water is either pumped back to the radiator or discharged. To avoid a gradual decrease in the CO2 concentration in the product stream 326, multiple collection devices 100 can be combined, with purge gas from a nearly empty passive collection device 100 entering a passive collection device 100 that still has a higher CO2 equilibrium concentration. The concentration of the product stream 326 delivered in this manner is close to the concentration of the product stream 326 when it is nearly full of resin.

[0114] In some implementations, the device 100 or cluster 402 of the collection device 100 can be elevated above other equipment. This is done to reduce footprint and land use and / or to enhance collection, as collection at higher elevations will increase airflow in some terrains.

[0115] In some embodiments, the passive collection system 400 may include panels for guiding airflow. These panels, or sail-like structures, are intended to direct airflow toward or away from the passive collection device 100, thereby increasing the operating range of the passive collection device 100 relative to wind speeds. At low wind speeds, air will be drawn into the passive collection device 100, and at high wind speeds, the air will be deflected. The panels may also be used externally to the system 400 or cluster 402 in conjunction with a single collection device 100.

[0116] According to various embodiments, the passive collection system 400 also includes electrical, sensor, and control systems for powering and managing the collection device 100. Some passive collection systems 400 also include upgrade systems for improving the quality of the product stream 326. In some embodiments, the passive collection system 400 may be configured to deliver a dry CO2 / air mixture with a CO2 concentration ranging from 0.1% to 95% or higher. Some passive collection systems 400 may employ a system that binds CO2 to a second adsorbent from which pure CO2 can be generated. Other passive collection systems 400 may use a system that starts with a low-pressure stream equivalent to nearly pure CO2 and water vapor, and then dries and compresses the low-pressure stream to produce a pure concentrated stream of CO2. In other passive collection systems 400, a system that dissolves CO2 in a carbonate / bicarbonate solution may be used. Some passive collection systems 400 may utilize multiple systems to upgrade the system output. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the collection device 100 and system 400 are designed to collect CO2 from the atmosphere and present the CO2 in a form useful for downstream applications. The collection device 100 and system 400 are not limited by the choice of adsorbent material or the intended downstream application.

[0117] In the context of the foregoing examples, embodiments, and implementation reference examples, those skilled in the art should understand that other passive collection devices, systems, methods, and examples can be used interchangeably with or substitute for the provided passive collection devices, systems, methods, and examples. Where the foregoing specification relates to specific embodiments of passive collection devices, systems, and methods, it is apparent that various modifications can be made without departing from their spirit, and these embodiments and implementations can also be applied to other carbon dioxide collection devices, systems, and methods. Accordingly, the disclosed subject matter is intended to encompass all such changes, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the invention and the knowledge of those skilled in the art.

Claims

1. A device for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide, comprising: The release chamber includes an opening and an adsorbent regeneration system; A capture structure, coupled to the release chamber, includes at least one foldable support and a plurality of tiles, the plurality of tiles being suspended by and spaced apart along the at least one foldable support, each tile comprising an adsorbent material, and the capture structure being movable from a collection configuration to a release configuration by folding at least one foldable support; A lid that covers the opening of the release chamber when the capture structure is in the release configuration; as well as The product outlet is in fluid communication with the interior of the release chamber and is configured to receive the product stream enriched with gas. The collection configuration includes the capture structure extending upward from the release chamber to expose at least a portion of the capture structure to the airflow, and the adsorbent material of the plurality of tiles capturing atmospheric carbon dioxide. The release configuration includes the at least one foldable support of the capture structure being folded, the cover covering the opening of the release chamber, and the plurality of tiles being fully enclosed inside the release chamber, so that the adsorbent regeneration system can operate on the plurality of tiles to release the captured carbon dioxide from the adsorbent material and form a enriched gas in the release chamber.

2. The apparatus for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 1, wherein, The adsorbent material is a moisture fluctuation adsorbent material, and the adsorbent regeneration system includes a release medium and a release medium emitter, wherein the release medium is one of liquid water and steam.

3. The apparatus for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 1, wherein, The adsorbent material is a heat fluctuation adsorbent material, and the adsorbent regeneration system includes a heat source.

4. The apparatus for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 3, wherein, The heat source is a release medium emitter configured to release steam.

5. The apparatus for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein, The release chamber further includes a purge gas inlet connected to a purge gas source and configured to introduce purge gas into the release chamber to replace the enriched gas.

6. The apparatus for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 1, 2 or 3, further comprising a gasket between the release chamber and the cover.

7. The apparatus for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein, Each of the multiple tiles is substantially flat.

8. The apparatus for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 7, wherein, For each of the plurality of tiles, the adsorbent material comprises a plurality of adsorbent surfaces connected to the surface of the tile at an angle greater than zero.

9. The apparatus for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 1, wherein, Each of the plurality of tiles includes a hole.

10. The apparatus for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 1, wherein, Each of the plurality of tiles includes an upper frame and a lower frame, with the adsorbent material sandwiched between the upper frame and the lower frame.

11. The apparatus for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 1, 2 or 3, further comprising: An actuator, which is coupled to the capture structure; A control system, which is communicatively coupled to the actuator and configured to drive the actuator to move the capture structure between a collection configuration and a release configuration.

12. The apparatus for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 11, further comprising: At least one sensor is communicatively connected to the control system; The control system is configured to determine at least one environmental condition based on signals received from the at least one sensor, and to automatically drive an actuator based on the at least one environmental condition to move the capture structure between a collection configuration and a release configuration. The at least one environmental condition includes at least one of temperature, humidity, and wind speed.

13. The apparatus for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 1, further comprising at least one baffle.

14. A method for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide, comprising: An apparatus for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to any one of claims 1 to 13 is prepared, comprising a release chamber and a capture structure, wherein atmospheric carbon dioxide is collected by moving the capture structure to a collection configuration using an actuator driven by a control system, the capture structure comprising at least one foldable support and a plurality of tiles suspended by and spaced apart along the at least one foldable support, each tile comprising an adsorbent material, the collection configuration comprising the capture structure extending upward from the release chamber; At least a portion of the capture structure is exposed to the airflow so that the adsorbent material of the multiple tiles captures atmospheric carbon dioxide; The capture structure is lowered into the release chamber by a drive actuator, thereby placing the capture structure in the release configuration, such that at least one foldable support is folded and multiple tiles are fully located inside the release chamber. The release chamber is closed with a lid, thus confining multiple tiles inside the release chamber; The adsorbent material of multiple tiles is regenerated by operating an adsorbent regeneration system on the adsorbent material to release the captured carbon dioxide and form enriched gas in the release chamber. The enriched gas product stream is emitted through a product outlet that is in fluid communication with the inside of the release chamber by replacing the enriched gas with purge gas introduced into the release chamber.

15. The method for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 14, wherein, The adsorbent material is a moisture fluctuation adsorbent material, and the adsorbent regeneration system includes a release medium and a release medium emitter, wherein the release medium is one of liquid water and steam.

16. The method for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 14, wherein, The adsorbent material is a heat fluctuation adsorbent material, and the adsorbent regeneration system includes a heat source.

17. The method for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 16, wherein, The heat source is a release medium emitter configured to release steam.

18. The method for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 14, 15 or 16, further comprising: The local environmental conditions of the device for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide are determined based on signals received from at least one sensor connected to the control system via a communication link. The optimal exposure time for the capture structure is determined based on at least one of the environmental conditions.

19. The method for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 14, wherein, The purging gas is one of air, nitrogen, water vapor, and steam.

20. A system for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide, comprising: At least one passive collection cluster, each passive collection cluster comprising at least two devices for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to any one of claims 1 to 13, each device for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide comprising: The release chamber includes an opening and an adsorbent regeneration system; A capture structure is coupled to the release chamber and includes at least one foldable support and a plurality of tiles, the plurality of tiles being suspended by and spaced apart along the at least one foldable support, each tile including an adsorbent material, and the capture structure being movable from a collection configuration to a release configuration by folding at least one foldable support; A lid that covers the opening of the release chamber when the capture structure is in the release configuration; An actuator, which is coupled to the capture structure; and The product outlet is in fluid communication with the interior of the release chamber and is configured to receive the product stream enriched with gas. A control system, which is communicatively coupled to each passive collection cluster and configured to drive actuators to move the capture structure of at least one device for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide between a collection configuration and a release configuration; In this cluster, the product outlets of each device for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide within the same cluster are fluidly connected. In each of the devices for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide, the collection configuration includes a capture structure extending upward from the release chamber to expose at least a portion of the capture structure to the airflow, and to enable the adsorbent material of the multiple tiles to capture atmospheric carbon dioxide. In each of the devices for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide, the release configuration includes at least one foldable support of the capture structure folding, the cover covering the opening of the release chamber, and the plurality of tiles fully enclosing the tiles inside the release chamber, such that the adsorbent regeneration system can operate on the plurality of tiles to release the captured carbon dioxide from the adsorbent material and form a enriched gas in the release chamber.

21. The system for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 20, wherein, At least two devices in each cluster that passively collect atmospheric carbon dioxide share the same actuator.

22. The system for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 20 or 21, wherein, The release chambers of each device in the same cluster that passively collects atmospheric carbon dioxide are fluidly connected, allowing the enriched gas from one collection device to sweep across the release chambers of adjacent collection devices.

23. The system for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 20, further comprising: At least one sensor is communicatively connected to the control system; The control system is configured to determine at least one environmental condition based on signals received from the at least one sensor, and to automatically drive at least one actuator based on the at least one environmental condition to move at least one capture structure between a collection configuration and a release configuration. The at least one environmental condition includes at least one of temperature, humidity, and wind speed.

24. The system for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide according to claim 23, wherein, The control system is configured to operate in series with devices for passively collecting atmospheric carbon dioxide to produce a continuous product stream of enriched gas.

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