A method for reusing waste mushroom substrate.

Abstract

This invention provides a method for reusing waste mushroom substrate. First, the waste substrate undergoes dual fermentation using lignin-degrading and cellulose-degrading bacteria. This converts the lignin and cellulose in the substrate into sugars in a high proportion, resulting in a product with high nutritional content, suitable for use as high-quality animal feed. Simultaneously, the fermentation broth containing residual fungi and some nutrients is mixed with unfermented substrate and cow dung to prepare an earthworm culture medium. Earthworms are then cultivated using this medium, ultimately yielding marketable earthworms and residual organic fertilizer. This invention, through a series of processing methods, transforms mushroom substrate and other agricultural waste into three economically viable products, significantly improving the utilization rate of waste mushroom substrate and simultaneously generating both short-term and long-term benefits, thus facilitating its economic promotion.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of waste edible mushroom substrate recycling technology, and in particular to a method for recycling waste edible mushroom substrate. Background Technology

[0002] Edible fungi are a type of natural macrofungi that can be consumed by humans. They are nutritious, delicious, and have high nutritional and health benefits. Edible fungi are a variety of agricultural products with a clear competitive advantage in my country. Their production is an industry with relatively low investment, relatively high returns, short production cycles, and quick results. It is estimated that, under normal circumstances, the economic benefits of producing edible fungi are 10 times and 20 times that of producing vegetables and rice, respectively. Generally, edible fungi can be harvested twice a year, but with complete facilities, year-round production can be carried out, resulting in even higher returns. Therefore, edible fungi production is a highly efficient form of agriculture. Developing the edible fungi industry is of great significance in agricultural restructuring. The development of edible fungi can provide an important development path for rural industrial revitalization and increasing farmers' income and wealth, and it is also one of the important ways to solve the increasingly strained food supply in the world today.

[0003] With the large-scale development of the edible mushroom industry, the large amount of waste mushroom substrate generated each year has become a major challenge for the industry's development. Currently, the utilization rate of waste mushroom substrate is extremely low. Apart from a small portion being used as soil fertilizer and seedling substrate, most of it is directly discarded or incinerated. On the one hand, the miscellaneous bacteria in the waste mushroom substrate can enter the soil and water bodies, and incineration produces a large amount of smoke and dust, polluting the surrounding environment. On the other hand, waste mushroom substrate is also rich in nutrients, and the lack of effective utilization of these resources results in a significant waste of bioenergy.

[0004] Waste mushroom substrate, as a discarded raw material after edible mushroom cultivation, retains a large amount of lignin, cellulose, and protein from the mycelium, even though most of the sugars and nutrients are absorbed by the mushrooms. It is also rich in nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, making its nutritional value considerable. Furthermore, contaminated substrate during mushroom cultivation often contains large amounts of mold; improper disposal can pollute soil and water bodies, posing a significant environmental impact.

[0005] Currently, the main methods for reusing waste mushroom substrate are as follows: 1. Reprocessing into edible mushroom culture medium. Although this method is low-cost, it requires re-sterilization, removal of impurities, and addition of new auxiliary materials, resulting in low yield. 2. Using it as organic fertilizer after fermentation. However, the high carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in waste mushroom substrate often leads to competition for nitrogen fertilizer between the mushroom residue and roots in the soil, causing nitrogen deficiency symptoms in the plants. 3. Biomass fuel. Since there is no shortage of other combustible materials in rural areas, and the process of processing it into ethanol is relatively complex, the utilization rate is low. 4. Fermenting it for earthworm farming. However, the large amount of residual lignin and cellulose in the substrate requires a long time to decompose into humus that earthworms can eat through fermentation by common bacteria and fungi, resulting in an excessively long fermentation time for the culture medium, which is not conducive to rapid and economical utilization. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a method for reusing waste mushroom substrate, which solves a series of deficiencies in existing methods for processing waste mushroom substrate.

[0007] According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method for reusing waste mushroom substrate includes the following steps:

[0008] S1. Manually sort and remove the packaging bags from the surface of the waste mushroom sticks, put the mushroom sticks into the crusher and crush them to a fineness of 5-10 mesh, and then grind them in a ball mill for 1-3 hours so that the final output mushroom stick powder reaches a fineness of not less than 80 mesh.

[0009] S2. Put the ground mushroom stick powder into the fermentation container, add water and stir to mix to obtain a slurry, then add lignin-degrading bacteria and carbon source, and while stirring, seal the container to carry out fermentation and degradation. Use natural heat generation during fermentation and external heating to maintain the internal temperature of the fermentation container at 40-60℃, and maintain fermentation for 7-10 days.

[0010] S3. Add cellulose-degrading bacteria to the fermentation vessel, then cool to 30-35℃ and continue fermentation for 10-15 days while keeping the vessel stirred.

[0011] S4. After fermentation, let the slurry settle for 1-2 days. Then, separate the upper fermentation liquid from the lower sediment. Heat the sediment to 50-60℃ and continue heating until all the water evaporates. Put the remaining dry material into the pulverizer again to crush and break it up. Package it as animal feed for sale. Then, add cow dung and mushroom powder from S1 that has only been processed by the pulverizer to the fermentation liquid. Mix them thoroughly to obtain earthworm breeding substrate.

[0012] S5. Earthworms are raised on earthworm breeding substrate for 3 to 6 months. After the earthworms grow to more than 10cm, the earthworms and earthworm breeding substrate are separated and packaged and sold as commercial earthworms and organic fertilizer, respectively.

[0013] Furthermore, in step S1, after the mushroom sticks are crushed in the pulverizer, they are first placed in a hot air oven and dried at a temperature of 50-60℃ for 2-4 hours, and then placed in a ball mill for fine grinding.

[0014] Preferably, the lignin-degrading bacteria include one or more of white-rot fungi, brown-rot fungi, or soft-rot fungi.

[0015] Preferably, the carbon source includes one or more of wheat bran, corn cob, potato or cassava flour, or a mixture thereof.

[0016] Furthermore, in step S2, the mass ratio of the added powder, water, lignin-degrading bacteria and carbon source is 1:0.8-1.5:0.008-0.015:0.05-0.08.

[0017] Preferably, the cellulose-degrading bacteria include one or more of Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma viride, and Trichoderma koningii.

[0018] Preferably, in step S3, the mass ratio of raw materials to cellulose-degrading bacteria is 1:0.01-0.016.

[0019] Furthermore, in step S4, the fermented slurry is first heated to 90-100℃ and maintained for 0.5-1h to inactivate the fungi inside, and then dried and evaporated.

[0020] Preferably, in step S4, the mass ratio of fermentation liquid, cow dung and mushroom powder is 1:1.2-1.5:1-1.2.

[0021] Furthermore, the earthworm farming in step S5 includes the following specific steps:

[0022] A. Select a flat open space in a sheltered and shady area. Dig a trench about 1 meter wide and 20-30 cm deep with the length depending on the location. Dig drainage ditches around the trench and build a canopy about 50-60 cm high on the trench. Cover it with a layer of plastic film for rain protection.

[0023] B. Place a small piece of substrate about 10-20cm thick in the earthworm breeding tank, put in a small number of earthworms, and observe the activity of the earthworms. If the earthworms burrow into the substrate after a period of time and do not escape within a day, it means that the substrate has been successfully decomposed and is suitable for earthworm survival. At this time, large-scale breeding can be carried out.

[0024] C. Lay a substrate about 10-20cm thick in the earthworm breeding tank, place the breeding earthworms on the substrate, and after all the earthworms have entered the substrate, use a spray bottle to mix water with a small amount of citric acid, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and urea and sprinkle it into the substrate to adjust the pH and adaptability of the substrate.

[0025] D. Turn over the earthworm substrate every day to observe the earthworm activity and whether the substrate moisture is appropriate. If the earthworm activity is not high, take immediate measures to solve the problem. If the moisture is insufficient, sprinkle water on the substrate until the substrate moisture content is about 60% to 70%. A small amount of citric acid, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and urea can be added to the water every day.

[0026] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0027] 1. This invention first involves the dual fermentation of waste mushroom substrate with lignin-degrading and cellulose-degrading bacteria, which converts the lignin and cellulose contained therein into sugars in a high proportion, thereby obtaining a product with high nutritional content that can be used as high-quality animal feed. At the same time, the fermentation liquid containing residual fungi and some nutrients is mixed with unfermented mushroom substrate and cow manure to prepare earthworm culture medium. Earthworms are then cultivated using the medium, and finally, commercial earthworms and residual organic fertilizer are obtained. This invention, through a series of processing methods, produces three economical products from mushroom substrate and other agricultural waste, greatly improving the utilization rate of waste mushroom substrate and obtaining both short-term and long-term benefits, which is conducive to economic promotion.

[0028] 2. In this invention, when the mushroom sticks are used as a culture medium, the mycelium of edible fungi penetrates into the cellulose in materials such as straw, bran, and sawdust, thereby destroying the crystal structure of crystalline cellulose and converting it into amorphous cellulose, or even partially degrading it into hemicellulose. Therefore, during the fermentation process, the degradation rate of cellulose is faster than that of lignin. Correspondingly, this invention first adds lignin-degrading bacteria, and then adds cellulose-degrading bacteria after fermentation for a period of time, to avoid excessive degradation of cellulose into water and carbon dioxide, so that the final fermentation product remains in the form of low-chain polysaccharides, making it more suitable for use as animal feed.

[0029] 3. In this invention, the residual fermentation liquid is mixed with cow dung and unfermented mushroom substrate powder to obtain an earthworm culture medium containing a large amount of fungi, partially fermented nutrients, and some fungal corpses. At the same time, the cow dung and mushroom substrate can continue to ferment. Therefore, earthworms initially feed on the fermented nutrients and fungal corpses, and later feed on the gradually fermenting cow dung and mushroom substrate. Earthworms can be raised directly without additional composting and fermentation, which greatly reduces the earthworm breeding cycle and the time required to obtain economic benefits. Detailed Implementation

[0030] The technical solutions of the present invention will be further described below with reference to the embodiments.

[0031] Example 1:

[0032] In this embodiment, the lignin-degrading bacteria is white-rot fungus; the cellulose-degrading bacteria is Trichoderma reesei; and the carbon source is wheat bran.

[0033] This embodiment includes the following steps:

[0034] S1. Manually sort and remove the packaging bags from the surface of the waste mushroom sticks, put the mushroom sticks into the crusher and crush them to a fineness of 5 mesh. First, put them into the hot air oven and dry them at a temperature of 50°C for 4 hours. Then, grind them in a ball mill for 1 hour so that the final output mushroom stick powder reaches a fineness of not less than 80 mesh.

[0035] S2. Add the ground mushroom stick powder to the fermentation container, add water and stir to mix to obtain a slurry, then add lignin-degrading bacteria and carbon source. The mass ratio of the added powder, water, lignin-degrading bacteria and carbon source is 1:0.8:0.008:0.05. While stirring, seal the container for fermentation and degradation, and use natural heat generation during fermentation and external heating to maintain the internal temperature of the fermentation container at 40℃ for 10 days.

[0036] S3. Add cellulose-degrading bacteria to the fermentation vessel, wherein the mass ratio of raw material to cellulose-degrading bacteria is 1:0.01; then cool down to 30°C and continue fermentation for 15 days while maintaining stirring.

[0037] S4. After fermentation, the slurry is allowed to settle for 1 day. Then, the upper fermentation liquid is separated from the lower sediment. The sediment is first heated to 90°C and maintained for 1 hour to inactivate the fungi inside. Then, it is cooled to 50°C and heated until all the water evaporates. The remaining dry material is put into a pulverizer again for crushing and breaking down, and packaged and sold as animal feed. Then, cow dung and mushroom powder processed by the pulverizer in S1 are added to the fermentation liquid and mixed thoroughly to obtain earthworm breeding substrate. The mass ratio of fermentation liquid, cow dung and mushroom powder is 1:1.2:1.

[0038] S5. Earthworms are raised on earthworm breeding substrate for 3 to 6 months. After the earthworms grow to more than 10cm, the earthworms and earthworm breeding substrate are separated and packaged and sold as commercial earthworms and organic fertilizer, respectively.

[0039] In a further embodiment, the earthworm farming in step S5 includes the following specific steps:

[0040] A. Select a flat open space in a sheltered and shady area. Dig a trench about 1 meter wide and 20-30 cm deep with the length depending on the location. Dig drainage ditches around the trench and build a canopy about 50-60 cm high on the trench. Cover it with a layer of plastic film for rain protection.

[0041] B. Place a small piece of substrate about 10-20cm thick in the earthworm breeding tank, put in a small number of earthworms, and observe the activity of the earthworms. If the earthworms burrow into the substrate after a period of time and do not escape within a day, it means that the substrate has been successfully decomposed and is suitable for earthworm survival. At this time, large-scale breeding can be carried out.

[0042] C. Lay a substrate about 10-20cm thick in the earthworm breeding tank, place the breeding earthworms on the substrate, and after all the earthworms have entered the substrate, use a spray bottle to mix water with a small amount of citric acid, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and urea and sprinkle it into the substrate to adjust the pH and adaptability of the substrate.

[0043] D. Turn over the earthworm substrate every day to observe the earthworm activity and whether the substrate moisture is appropriate. If the earthworm activity is not high, take immediate measures to solve the problem. If the moisture is insufficient, sprinkle water on the substrate until the substrate moisture content is about 60% to 70%. A small amount of citric acid, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and urea can be added to the water every day.

[0044] Example 2:

[0045] In this embodiment, the lignin-degrading bacteria include a mixture of white-rot and brown-rot fungi in equal proportions; the cellulose-degrading bacteria include a mixture of Trichoderma reesei and Trichoderma viride in equal proportions; and the carbon source includes a mixture of wheat bran and corn cob in equal proportions.

[0046] This embodiment includes the following steps:

[0047] S1. Manually sort and remove the packaging bags from the surface of the waste mushroom sticks, put the mushroom sticks into the crusher and crush them to a fineness of 8 mesh. First, put them into the hot air oven and dry them at a temperature of 55℃ for 3 hours. Then, grind them in a ball mill for 2 hours so that the final output mushroom stick powder reaches a fineness of not less than 80 mesh.

[0048] S2. Add the ground mushroom stick powder to the fermentation container, add water and stir to mix to obtain a slurry, then add lignin-degrading bacteria and carbon source. The mass ratio of the added powder, water, lignin-degrading bacteria and carbon source is 1:1:0.01:0.06. While stirring, seal the container for fermentation and degradation, and use natural heat generation during fermentation and external heating to maintain the internal temperature of the fermentation container at 50℃ for 8 days.

[0049] S3. Add cellulose-degrading bacteria to the fermentation vessel, wherein the mass ratio of raw material to cellulose-degrading bacteria is 1:0.013; then cool down to 33°C and continue fermentation for 12 days while maintaining stirring.

[0050] S4. After fermentation, the slurry is allowed to settle for 1.5 days. Then, the upper fermentation liquid is separated from the lower sediment. The sediment is first heated to 95°C and maintained for 0.8 hours to inactivate the fungi inside. Then, it is cooled to 55°C and heated until all the water evaporates. The remaining dry material is put into a pulverizer again for crushing and breaking down, and packaged and sold as animal feed. Then, cow dung and mushroom powder processed by the pulverizer in S1 are added to the fermentation liquid and mixed thoroughly to obtain earthworm breeding substrate. The mass ratio of fermentation liquid, cow dung and mushroom powder is 1:1.4:1.1.

[0051] S5. Earthworms are raised on earthworm breeding substrate for 3 to 6 months. After the earthworms grow to more than 10cm, the earthworms and earthworm breeding substrate are separated and packaged and sold as commercial earthworms and organic fertilizer, respectively.

[0052] The earthworm farming method in this embodiment is the same as in Embodiment 1.

[0053] Example 3:

[0054] In this embodiment, the lignin-degrading bacteria include a mixture of white-rot fungi, brown-rot fungi, and soft-rot fungi in equal proportions; the cellulose-degrading bacteria include a mixture of Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma viride, and Trichoderma koningii in equal proportions; and the carbon source includes a mixture of wheat bran, corn cob, potato, and cassava flour in equal proportions.

[0055] This embodiment includes the following steps:

[0056] S1. Manually sort and remove the packaging bags from the surface of the waste mushroom sticks, put the mushroom sticks into the crusher and crush them to a fineness of 10 mesh. First, put them into the hot air oven and dry them at a temperature of 60℃ for 1 hour. Then, grind them in a ball mill for 3 hours so that the final output mushroom stick powder reaches a fineness of not less than 80 mesh.

[0057] S2. Add the ground mushroom stick powder to the fermentation container, add water and stir to mix to obtain a slurry, then add lignin-degrading bacteria and carbon source. The mass ratio of the added powder, water, lignin-degrading bacteria and carbon source is 1:1.5:0.015:0.08. While stirring, seal the container for fermentation and degradation, and use natural heat generation during fermentation and external heating to maintain the internal temperature of the fermentation container at 60℃ for 7 days.

[0058] S3. Add cellulose-degrading bacteria to the fermentation vessel, wherein the mass ratio of raw material to cellulose-degrading bacteria is 1:0.016; then cool down to 35°C and continue fermentation for 10 days while maintaining stirring.

[0059] S4. After fermentation, allow the slurry to settle for 1-2 days. Then, separate the upper fermentation liquid from the lower sediment. The sediment is first heated to 100℃ and maintained for 0.5 hours to inactivate the fungi inside. Then, it is cooled to 60℃ and heated until all the water evaporates. The remaining dry material is then put into a pulverizer for further pulverization and packaging for sale as animal feed. Then, cow dung and mushroom powder processed only in S1 are added to the fermentation liquid and mixed thoroughly to obtain earthworm breeding substrate. The mass ratio of fermentation liquid, cow dung, and mushroom powder is 1:1.5:1.2.

[0060] S5. Earthworms are raised on earthworm breeding substrate for 3 to 6 months. After the earthworms grow to more than 10cm, the earthworms and earthworm breeding substrate are separated and packaged and sold as commercial earthworms and organic fertilizer, respectively.

[0061] The earthworm farming method in this embodiment is the same as in Embodiment 1.

[0062] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and are not intended to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can be made to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention, and all such modifications or substitutions should be covered within the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for reusing edible mushroom waste mushroom sticks, characterized in that, It comprises the following steps: S1, manually sorting and removing the packaging bag on the surface of the waste mushroom stick, putting the mushroom stick into a pulverizer, pulverizing to a fineness of 5-10 meshes, and then grinding for 1-3 hours by using a ball mill, so that the final discharged mushroom stick powder reaches a fineness of not less than 80 meshes; S2, putting the ground mushroom stick powder into a fermentation container, mixing the powder with water to obtain slurry, then adding lignin-degrading bacteria and carbon source, keeping stirring, and sealing the container to carry out fermentation and degradation, using natural heat generated by fermentation and external heating to maintain the internal temperature of the fermentation container at 40-60℃, and maintaining fermentation for 7-10 days; S3, adding cellulose-degrading bacteria to the fermentation container, then cooling to 30-35℃, and continuing to ferment for 10-15 days under the condition of keeping stirring; S4, placing the fermented slurry for 1-2 days for sedimentation, then separating the upper fermentation liquid from the lower sediment, heating the sediment to 50-60℃, continuously heating until all the water is evaporated, putting the remaining dry material into a pulverizer again for pulverization and scattering, and selling the material as animal feed; then adding cow dung and the mushroom stick powder processed only by the pulverizer in S1 to the fermentation liquid, mixing thoroughly, and obtaining earthworm breeding base material; S5, breeding earthworms based on the earthworm breeding base material, breeding the earthworms for 3 months to half a year, separating the earthworms and the earthworm breeding base material after the earthworms grow to more than 10 cm, and selling the earthworms and the earthworm breeding base material as commercial earthworms and organic fertilizer respectively.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: In the step S1, after the mushroom stick is pulverized in the pulverizer, the mushroom stick is first placed in a hot air oven, dried at a temperature of 50-60℃ for 2-4 hours, and then placed in a ball mill for fine grinding. ​ 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: The lignin-degrading bacteria comprise a mixture of one or more of white rot fungi, brown rot fungi or soft rot fungi. ​ 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: The carbon source comprises a mixture of one or more of bran, corn cob, potato or cassava powder. ​ 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is characterized by: In the step S2, the mass ratio of the added powder, water, lignin-degrading bacteria and carbon source is 1:0.8-1.5:0.008-0.015:0.05-0.

08.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is characterized by: The cellulose-degrading bacteria comprise a mixture of one or more of Trichoderma reesei, T. virens and T. koningii.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: In the step S3, the mass ratio of the original material to the cellulose-degrading bacteria is 1:0.01-0.

016. ​ 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is characterized by: In the step S4, the fermented slurry is first heated to 90-100℃ and maintained for 0.5-1 hour to inactivate the internal fungi, and then dried and evaporated.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: In the step S4, the mass ratio of the fermentation liquid, cow dung and mushroom stick powder is 1:1.2-1.5:1-1.

2. ​ 10. A method for reusing waste mushroom substrate as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The earthworm breeding of the step S5 comprises the following specific steps: A, selecting a flat open space in a leeward shady place, digging a groove with a width of 1 meter, a depth of 20-30 cm and a length that can be adjusted according to the site, digging a drainage ditch around the groove, and building a shed with a height of 50-60 cm on the groove, covering a layer of plastic film for rain protection in rainy days; B, in the worm breeding tank to lay a small piece of 10~20cm thick base, put a small amount of species earthworms, observe the earthworm activity, if a period of time after the earthworms into the base, and a day without escape, then the base compost success, suitable for earthworm survival, at this time to carry out a large number of breeding; C, in the worm breeding tank to lay full of 10~20cm thick base, the species earthworms to the base, after the earthworms all into the base, with a water jug with a small amount of citric acid, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and urea sprinkled in the base, to adjust the base pH and adaptability; D, every day open earthworm base, observe the activity of earthworms, base moisture is appropriate, if the activity of earthworms should be immediately taken measures to solve the problem, if the water is insufficient should be sprinkled in the base to base moisture content 60%~70%; every day in the water with a small amount of citric acid, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and urea.