Mofs materials, perovskite solar cells, photovoltaic modules and photovoltaic systems

Abstract

This application relates to a Mofs material, perovskite solar cells, photovoltaic modules, and photovoltaic systems, belonging to the field of solar cell technology. The repeating structural unit of the Mofs material is (I): where M is at least one of Pb, Sn, and Bi; R1 is at least one of O, S, and N; X is a halogen; and R2 is a primary amine cation. This Mofs material can be used as a passivation material for the hole transport layer in perovskite solar cells, thereby improving the conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of solar cell technology, and particularly to a Mofs material, perovskite solar cells, photovoltaic modules, and photovoltaic systems. Background Technology

[0002] There are two main structures for perovskite solar cells: the conventional structure (from bottom to top: photoelectric glass - electron transport layer - perovskite absorber layer - hole transport layer - electrode) and the inverted structure (from bottom to top: photoelectric glass - hole transport layer - perovskite absorber layer - electron transport layer - electrode). However, current perovskite solar cells have low energy conversion efficiency. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In view of the above problems, this application provides a Mofs material, a perovskite solar cell, a photovoltaic module, and a photovoltaic system to improve the technical problem of low energy conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells.

[0004] In a first aspect, embodiments of this application provide a Mofs material, wherein the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material is:

[0005] Wherein, M is at least one of Pb, Sn, and Bi; R1 is at least one of O, S, and N; X is a halogen; and R2 is a primary amine cation.

[0006] In the above technical solution, the Mofs material can be used as a passivation layer material in perovskite solar cells. The five-membered heterocycles in the Mofs material have the p-π conjugation ability common to aromatic compounds. With metal atoms as network nodes and halogen atoms and oxygen atoms of five-membered heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids as bridges, metal halides and five-membered heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids are coordinated to form a three-dimensional anionic framework. This allows strong electron clouds and weak covalent bonds to coexist in the passivation layer. Furthermore, in combination with primary amine cations, it can promote hole carrier separation, thereby improving the conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0007] In some embodiments, R2 is at least one of methylamine cation, dimethylamine cation, and trimethylamine cation. This methylamine cation can stabilize the framework of the passivation layer material, further improving the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0008] In some embodiments, M is selected from Pb, Sn, and Bi. All three metal elements have strong coordination abilities and can coordinate with the metal elements in the perovskite host layer of the perovskite solar cell, enabling the passivation layer to form chemical bonds with the perovskite host layer.

[0009] In some embodiments, R1 is selected from S, O, and N. All three five-membered heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid structures are conducive to the formation of a three-dimensional anionic framework, thereby improving the passivation effect of the passivation layer formed by the Mofs material. Simultaneously, the electronegativity of the S, O, and N five-membered heterocycles differs to varying degrees, affecting the electric cloud density of the anionic framework to different extents, thus forming different coordination modes of the anionic framework. This results in certain differences in the band gap of the Mofs material, meeting the requirements of different perovskite solar cells.

[0010] In some embodiments, X is selected from Cl, Br, and I. The metal halides formed by these three halogen elements are all conducive to the formation of a three-dimensional anionic framework and can be consistent with the halogen elements in the perovskite host layer of the perovskite solar cell, which is beneficial to improving the passivation effect of the passivation layer. Furthermore, different halogen elements, when combined with metal ions, can give the Mofs material different band gaps when used as a passivation layer, in order to match the energy levels of perovskite solar cells in different systems.

[0011] In some embodiments, R2 is selected from dimethylamine cations or trimethylamine cations. These methylamine cations can compensate for defects in the perovskite host layer of perovskite solar cells, thereby improving the performance of the perovskite solar cells.

[0012] In some embodiments, M is Pb, R1 is S, X is Cl or Br, and R2 is dimethylamine. If the metal cation in the perovskite host layer of the perovskite solar cell is Pb... 2+ It can more easily coordinate with the metal element Pb in Mofs materials, so as to improve the bonding ability between the perovskite layer and the passivation layer, thereby improving the performance of perovskite solar cells.

[0013] In some embodiments, M is Sn, R1 is S, X is Cl or Br, and R2 is dimethylamine. If the metal cation in the perovskite host layer of the perovskite solar cell is Sn... 2+ It can more easily coordinate with the metal element Sn in Mofs materials, so as to improve the bonding ability between the perovskite layer and the passivation layer, thereby improving the performance of perovskite solar cells.

[0014] In some embodiments, M is Bi, R1 is S, X is Cl or Br, and R2 is dimethylamine. If the metal cation in the perovskite host layer of the perovskite solar cell is Bi... 2+ It can more easily coordinate with the metallic element Bi in Mofs materials, so as to improve the bonding ability between the perovskite layer and the passivation layer, thereby improving the performance of perovskite solar cells.

[0015] In some embodiments, the Mofs material satisfies at least one of the following: the pore size of the Mofs material is... The Mofs material has a hexagonal crystal system; its space group is P6mm; and its cell parameters are α = β = 90° and γ = 120°. The pore size, crystal system, space group, and cell parameters of the Mofs material satisfy the above conditions and, when combined with the aforementioned repeating structural units, determine the coordination mode of the Mofs material. Furthermore, this material exhibits good passivation performance.

[0016] Secondly, embodiments of this application provide a perovskite solar cell, comprising a hole transport layer, a passivation layer, and a perovskite host layer stacked sequentially. The passivation layer is made of Mofs material, and the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material is:

[0017] Wherein, M is at least one of Pb, Sn, and Bi; R1 is at least one of O, S, and N; X is a halogen; and R2 is a primary amine cation.

[0018] In the above technical solution, the passivation layer is located between the hole transport layer and the perovskite host layer, and the Mofs material contained in the passivation layer satisfies the above-mentioned repeating structural unit, which can improve the conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0019] In some embodiments, R2 is at least one of methylamine cation, dimethylamine cation, and trimethylamine cation. This further improves the stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0020] In some embodiments, M is selected from Pb, Sn, and Bi. M has strong coordination ability and can coordinate with the metal elements in the perovskite host layer of the perovskite solar cell, enabling the passivation layer to form chemical bonds with the perovskite host layer. This improves the bonding force between the passivation layer and the perovskite host layer, thereby enhancing the stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0021] In some embodiments, R1 is selected from S, O, and N. It can be further matched with the perovskite solar cell to improve its conversion efficiency.

[0022] In some embodiments, X is selected from Cl, Br, and I. It can be further matched with perovskite solar cells to improve their conversion efficiency.

[0023] In some embodiments, R2 is selected from dimethylamine cations or trimethylamine cations. This can make the pores of the Mofs material relatively large, thereby improving the hole transport capability of the passivation layer and thus improving the conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0024] In some embodiments, the Mofs material satisfies at least one of the following: the pore size of the Mofs material is... The Mofs material has a hexagonal crystal system; its space group is P6mm; and its cell parameters are α = β = 90° and γ = 120°. By combining these with the aforementioned repeating structural units of the Mofs material, the coordination mode of the Mofs material can be determined. Furthermore, this material exhibits good passivation performance, thereby improving the conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0025] In some embodiments, the perovskite host layer material has the chemical formula ABC3, wherein A includes at least one of methylamine cation, formamidinium cation, and cesium ion; and B includes Pb. 2+ Sn 2+ Bi 2+ At least one of the following: C includes at least one of Cl-, Br-, and I-. As materials for the perovskite host layer, they can cooperate with the aforementioned passivation layer and hole transport layer to passivate the hole transport layer, thereby improving the conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0026] In some embodiments, in the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material, M is Pb, R1 is S, X is Cl or Br, R2 is dimethylamine, and B in the perovskite host layer material is Pb. 2+ It can make the metal cation Pb in the perovskite host layer... 2+ It coordinates with the metal element Pb in the Mofs material to improve the bonding between the perovskite layer and the passivation layer, thereby enhancing the performance of the perovskite solar cell.

[0027] In some embodiments, in the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material, M is Sn, R1 is S, X is Cl or Br, R2 is dimethylamine, and B is Sn in the perovskite host layer material. 2+ This can enable the metal cation Sn in the perovskite host layer to... 2+ It coordinates with the metallic element Sn in the Mofs material to improve the bonding between the perovskite layer and the passivation layer, thereby enhancing the performance of the perovskite solar cell.

[0028] In some embodiments, in the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material, M is Bi, R1 is S, X is Cl or Br, R2 is dimethylamine, and B in the perovskite host layer material is Bi. 2+ This can enable the metal cations Bi in the perovskite host layer to... 2+ It coordinates with the metallic element Bi in the Mofs material to improve the bonding between the perovskite layer and the passivation layer, thereby enhancing the performance of the perovskite solar cell.

[0029] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer is made of an inorganic metal compound. When exposed to light, the metal ions in the inorganic metal compound tend to form unstable, higher-valence metal cations, which, upon contact with the perovskite host layer, can affect its stability. In this application, a passivation layer composed of Mofs material is disposed between the hole transport layer formed by the inorganic metal compound and the perovskite host layer. This allows the high-valence metal cations to complex with the Mofs material, transforming them back into low-valence metal cations, thus preventing them from affecting the perovskite host layer and improving the conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0030] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer material includes at least one selected from nickel oxide, copper oxide, cuprous iodide, and copper thiocyanate. This material exhibits good hole transport performance, and when used in conjunction with Mofs materials, it can further enhance the passivation effect of the hole transport layer.

[0031] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer is made of nickel oxide. The hole transport layer is nickel oxide, and the Ni inside the hole transport layer... 3+ This will enhance hole transport in the battery, and at the same time, the Ni on the surface near the perovskite host layer will... 3+ Complexing with Mofs materials can, to some extent, avoid affecting the perovskite host layer, further improving the conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0032] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer is ≤100nm. This can improve the stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0033] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer is 10 nm to 40 nm. This improves both the stability and conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells.

[0034] Thirdly, embodiments of this application provide a photovoltaic module, including the perovskite solar cell provided in any of the embodiments of the second aspect.

[0035] Fourthly, embodiments of this application provide a photovoltaic system including the photovoltaic module provided in the third aspect. Attached Figure Description

[0036] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application, the accompanying drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. It should be understood that the following drawings only show some embodiments of this application and should not be regarded as a limitation of the scope. For those skilled in the art, other related drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0037] Figure 1This is a schematic diagram of the layer structure of a perovskite solar cell module provided in some embodiments of this application;

[0038] Figure 2 XRD pattern of the Mofs material provided in this application;

[0039] Figure 3 This is a first structural schematic diagram of the Mofs material provided in Embodiment a of this application;

[0040] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the second structure of the Mofs material provided in Embodiment a of this application;

[0041] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the third structure of the Mofs material provided in Embodiment a of this application.

[0042] Icons: 110 - Transparent substrate; 120 - First electrode; 130 - Hole transport layer; 140 - Passivation layer; 150 - Perovskite host layer; 160 - Charge transport layer; 170 - Second electrode. Detailed Implementation

[0043] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of this application clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0044] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application pertains; the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the application; the terms “comprising” and “having”, and any variations thereof, in the specification, claims, and foregoing description of the drawings are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion.

[0045] In the description of the embodiments of this application, technical terms such as "first" and "second" are used only to distinguish different objects and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number, specific order, or primary and secondary relationship of the indicated technical features. In the description of the embodiments of this application, "multiple" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly defined.

[0046] In this document, the term "embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of this application. The appearance of this phrase in various places throughout the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it a separate or alternative embodiment mutually exclusive with other embodiments. It will be explicitly and implicitly understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments.

[0047] In the description of the embodiments in this application, the term "and / or" is merely a description of the relationship between related objects, indicating that three relationships can exist. For example, A and / or B can represent: A existing alone, A and B existing simultaneously, and B existing alone. Additionally, the character " / " in this document generally indicates that the preceding and following related objects have an "or" relationship.

[0048] In the description of the embodiments of this application, the term "multiple" refers to two or more (including two), similarly, "multiple groups" refers to two or more (including two groups), and "multiple pieces" refers to two or more (including two pieces).

[0049] In the description of the embodiments of this application, the technical terms "center," "longitudinal," "lateral," "length," "width," "thickness," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "clockwise," "counterclockwise," "axial," "radial," and "circumferential" indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing the embodiments of this application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on the embodiments of this application.

[0050] In the description of the embodiments of this application, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, technical terms such as "installation," "connection," "joining," and "fixing" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral part; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; they can refer to the internal communication of two components or the interaction between two components. For those skilled in the art, the specific meaning of the above terms in the embodiments of this application can be understood according to the specific circumstances.

[0051] Currently, judging from market trends, the application of solar cells is becoming increasingly widespread. Solar cells have expanded from military and aerospace fields to industry, commerce, agriculture, communications, home appliances, and public utilities. They are particularly useful in decentralized applications in remote areas, mountains, deserts, islands, and rural areas, saving on expensive power transmission lines. As the application areas of solar cells continue to expand, the market demand is also constantly increasing.

[0052] Perovskite solar cells are a type of solar cell that uses perovskite-type organometal halide semiconductors as light-absorbing materials. They belong to the third generation of solar cells and are also known as new concept solar cells.

[0053] There are two main structures for perovskite solar cells: the conventional structure (from bottom to top: photoelectric glass - electron transport layer - perovskite host layer - hole transport layer - electrode) and the inverted structure (from bottom to top: photoelectric glass - hole transport layer - perovskite host layer - electron transport layer - electrode). The inverted structure has attracted widespread attention due to its ability to be processed at low temperatures, its simpler device structure, and its stability, making it one of the important routes to achieving commercial photovoltaic modules.

[0054] Nickel oxide (NiOx) is an ideal hole transport layer in the inverted structure of perovskite solar cells due to its ideal bandgap, low processing cost, high transmittance across the incident light band, and strong processability. The Ni inside the nickel oxide... 3+ It will enhance hole transport in the battery, but if Ni 3+ Appearing on the surface of the nickel oxide layer, that is, in direct contact with the perovskite absorber layer, since the main material of the perovskite host layer is ABC3, where A is generally a small-sized organic cation (e.g., CH3NH3). + (MA), CH2(NH2)2(FA)), which contains H; B is generally a divalent transition metal ion; C is a halide ion. Taking CH2(NH2)2PbI3 as the main material of the perovskite host layer as an example, Ni... 3+ When the perovskite host layer, whose main material is CH2(NH2)2PbI3, comes into direct contact, the perovskite absorber layer will degrade. The degradation mechanism is as follows:

[0055] CH2(NH2)2PbI3→PbI2·CH2(NH2)2I

[0056] CH2(NH2)2I+Ni 3+ O x →CH2(NH2)2 + +I2+Ni 2+ O x H

[0057] Degradation of the perovskite host layer reduces the stability and open-circuit voltage of perovskite solar cells, thus affecting power conversion efficiency. Therefore, passivation treatment of the nickel oxide layer is necessary. Currently, a common approach is to separate the perovskite host layer from the hole transport layer by doping with an auxiliary organic macromolecular layer (e.g., PTAA (poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine])).

[0058] The inventors, through research, have provided a new material for passivating hole transport layers. This material is a Mofs material, and the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material is:

[0059] Wherein, M is at least one of Pb, Sn, and Bi; R1 is at least one of O, S, and N; X is a halogen; and R2 is a primary amine cation.

[0060] In perovskite solar cells, Mofs material can be used as a passivation layer material for the hole transport layer. The five-membered heterocycles in Mofs material have the p-π conjugation ability common to aromatic compounds. With metal atoms as network nodes and halogen atoms and oxygen atoms of five-membered heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids as bridges, metal halides and five-membered heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids are coordinated to form a three-dimensional anionic framework. This allows strong electron clouds and weak covalent bonds to coexist in the passivation layer. Furthermore, in combination with primary amine cations, it can promote hole carrier separation, thereby improving the conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0061] Where M is Pb (M is Pb in all repeating structural units), or M is Sn (M is Sn in all repeating structural units), or M is Bi (M is Bi in all repeating structural units), or M is Pb and Sn (M is Pb in some repeating structural units and Sn in some repeating structural units), or M is Pb and Bi (M is Pb in some repeating structural units and Bi in some repeating structural units), or M is Sn and Bi (M is Sn in some repeating structural units and Bi in some repeating structural units), or M is Pb, Sn and Bi (M is Pb in some repeating structural units, Sn in some repeating structural units, and Bi in some repeating structural units).

[0062] R1 is 0 (R1 is 0 in all repeating structural elements), or R1 is S (R1 is S in all repeating structural elements), or R1 is N (R1 is N in all repeating structural elements), or R1 is 0 and S (R1 is 0 in some repeating structural elements and S in some repeating structural elements), or R1 is 0 and N (R1 is 0 in some repeating structural elements and N in some repeating structural elements), or R1 is S and N (R1 is S in some repeating structural elements and N in some repeating structural elements), or R1 is 0, S and N (R1 is 0 in some repeating structural elements, S in some repeating structural elements and N in some repeating structural elements).

[0063] In some embodiments, R2 is at least one of methylamine cation, dimethylamine cation, and trimethylamine cation. For example: R2 is a methylamine cation (R2 in all repeating structural units is a methylamine cation), or R2 is a dimethylamine cation (R2 in all repeating structural units is a dimethylamine cation), or R2 is a trimethylamine cation (R2 in all repeating structural units is a trimethylamine cation), or R2 is a methylamine cation and a dimethylamine cation (R2 in some repeating structural units is a methylamine cation, and R2 in some repeating structural units is a dimethylamine cation), or R2 is a dimethylamine cation and a trimethylamine cation (R2 in some repeating structural units is a dimethylamine cation, and R2 in some repeating structural units is a trimethylamine cation), or R2 is a methylamine cation, a dimethylamine cation, and a trimethylamine cation (R2 in some repeating structural units is a methylamine cation, R2 in some repeating structural units is a dimethylamine cation, and R2 in some repeating structural units is a trimethylamine cation). This methylamine cation can stabilize the framework of the passivation layer material, further improving the stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0064] In this application, the alkyl chains of the methylamine cations all have hydrogen atoms, which can form hydrogen bonds CH...O with the O in the anionic framework of the repeating structural unit, enhancing the structural stability of the Mofs material. At the same time, the methylamine cations have charge interactions with R1 (at least one of O, S, and N), which makes it difficult for the methylamine cations to leave the system, enhancing stability. Furthermore, the positive charge of the amine in the methylamine cations can bond with the perovskite lattice through charge interactions. When the perovskite undergoes hole carrier separation under sunlight, according to the energy level band gap matching, the charge carriers move towards the electron transport layer, and the holes move towards the hole transport layer. The role of the passivation layer is to accelerate the transfer of holes through the methylamine cations as a hub to the main framework of the passivation layer material itself. Since the main framework itself is negatively charged, it has a weak interaction with the holes, and its cavity is similar to an orbital, accelerating the movement of holes towards the hole transport layer, thereby improving the energy conversion efficiency of the perovskite battery.

[0065] In some embodiments, R2 is selected from dimethylamine cations or trimethylamine cations. These methylamine cations can compensate for defects in the perovskite host layer of perovskite solar cells, thereby improving the performance of the perovskite solar cells.

[0066] In some embodiments, M is selected from Pb, Sn, and Bi. All three metal elements have strong coordination abilities and can coordinate with the metal elements in the perovskite host layer of the perovskite solar cell, enabling the passivation layer to form chemical bonds with the perovskite host layer.

[0067] In some embodiments, R1 is selected from S, O, and N. All three five-membered heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid structures are conducive to the formation of a three-dimensional anionic framework, thereby improving the passivation effect of the passivation layer formed by the Mofs material. Simultaneously, the electronegativity of the S, O, and N five-membered heterocycles differs to varying degrees, affecting the electric cloud density of the anionic framework to different extents, thus forming different coordination modes of the anionic framework. This results in certain differences in the band gap of the Mofs material, meeting the requirements of different perovskite solar cells.

[0068] In some embodiments, X is selected from Cl, Br, and I. The metal halides formed by these three halogen elements are all conducive to the formation of a three-dimensional anionic framework and can be consistent with the halogen elements in the perovskite host layer of the perovskite solar cell, which is beneficial to improving the passivation effect of the passivation layer. Furthermore, different halogen elements, when combined with metal ions, can give the Mofs material different band gaps when used as a passivation layer, in order to match the energy levels of perovskite solar cells in different systems.

[0069] In some embodiments, M is Pb, R1 is S, X is Cl or Br, and R2 is dimethylamine. The repeating structural unit of the Mofs material is:

[0070] Where X is Cl or Br.

[0071] The Mofs material is {[(PbX)(TDC)]·[(CH3)2NH2]} n If the metal cation in the perovskite host layer of a perovskite solar cell is Pb 2+ It can more easily coordinate with the metal element Pb in Mofs materials, so as to improve the bonding ability between the perovskite layer and the passivation layer, thereby improving the performance of perovskite solar cells.

[0072] In some embodiments, M is Sn, R1 is S, X is Cl or Br, and R2 is dimethylamine. The repeating structural unit of the Mofs material is:

[0073] Where X is Cl or Br.

[0074] The Mofs material is {[(SnX)(TDC)]·[(CH3)2NH2]} n If the metal cation in the perovskite host layer of a perovskite solar cell is Sn 2+ It can more easily coordinate with the metal element Sn in Mofs materials, so as to improve the bonding ability between the perovskite layer and the passivation layer, thereby improving the performance of perovskite solar cells.

[0075] In some embodiments, M is Bi, R1 is S, X is Cl or Br, and R2 is dimethylamine. The repeating structural unit of the Mofs material is:

[0076] Where X is Cl or Br.

[0077] The Mofs material is {[(BiX)(TDC)]·[(CH3)2NH2]} n If the metal cation in the perovskite host layer of a perovskite solar cell is Bi 2+ It can more easily coordinate with the metallic element Bi in Mofs materials, so as to improve the bonding ability between the perovskite layer and the passivation layer, thereby improving the performance of perovskite solar cells.

[0078] In some embodiments, the Mofs material satisfies at least one of the following: the pore size of the Mofs material is... The Mofs material has a hexagonal crystal system; its space group is P6mm; and its cell parameters are α = β = 90° and γ = 120°. The pore size, crystal system, space group, and cell parameters of the Mofs material satisfy the above conditions and, when combined with the aforementioned repeating structural units, determine the coordination mode of the Mofs material. Furthermore, this material exhibits good passivation performance.

[0079] The main material of the perovskite host layer is CH2(NH2)2PbI3, and the Mofs material is {[(PbCl)(TDC)]·[(CH3)2NH2]} n The passivation layer is made of nickel oxide (NiO). x For example, the protection mechanism of the passivation layer is as follows:

[0080] {[(PbCl)(TDC)]·[(CH3)2NH2]} n +Ni 3+ O x →{[(PbCl)(TDC)]·[(CH3)2NH]} n +Ni 2+ O x H

[0081] At this point, the passivation layer material at the nickel oxide interface is a periodic metal-organic framework (Mofs) formed by the coordination of lead chloride and 2,5-thiophene dicarboxylic acid. This is a three-dimensional network of cation and anion counterbalancing structures, which can be divided into anionic and cationic portions. The anionic portion constitutes the main body of the material, primarily composed of a three-dimensional anionic framework ({[(PbCl)(TDC)]) formed by the coordination of lead chloride and 2,5-thiophene dicarboxylic acid. -Using lead atoms as network nodes and Cl atoms and oxygen atoms from 2,5-thiophene dicarboxylic acid as bridges, a three-dimensional anionic network structure with negative charges at the nanoscale is formed. This anionic framework with carboxyl groups can effectively contain Ni oxide on the nickel oxide surface. 3+ Oxidation to Ni 2+ Reduce Ni 3+ Degradation of the perovskite host layer; the cationic portion is mainly composed of positively charged organic amine molecules [(CH3)2NH2]. + This type of [(CH3)2NH2] + The positively charged particles arranged in a regular pattern within the anionic framework at the nanoscale pores can enhance the hole extraction capability of nickel oxide.

[0082] In this application, the nickel oxide interface passivation layer material also acts as a "barrier layer," isolating the nickel oxide layer from direct contact with the perovskite host layer. During the continuous power generation process of the perovskite solar cell, the heterojunction interface of the nickel oxide layer will inevitably experience Ni... 3+ If the pollutants escape to the interface and come into direct contact with perovskite, they will catalyze its degradation. The passivation layer material provided in this application can avoid this phenomenon. It is a Mofs material formed by the coordination of carboxylic acids and lead chloride, and the carboxyl groups can strongly passivate Ni. 3+ Furthermore, the passivation layer material forms chemical bonds with the nickel oxide layer surface, enhancing the heterojunction effect. Simultaneously, this passivation layer material is rich in lead chloride amine cations, which can better adhere to the perovskite host layer, enhancing the lattice strength and chemical stability of the perovskite host layer. In addition, the five-membered heterocycle possesses the p-π conjugation capability common to aromatic compounds; the strong electron cloud interspersed with weakly conductive covalent bonds in the passivation layer further enhances the photogenerated hole separation capability, effectively improving the open-circuit voltage and flyback factor (FF) of perovskite solar cells.

[0083] Having introduced Mofs materials above, the preparation methods for Mofs materials will now be described in detail:

[0084] In this application, a mixed solvothermal method is used to prepare Mofs materials. A metal halide and a five-membered heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid are mixed and added to a polytetrafluoroethylene-lined container. Then, a mixed solvent containing an amine source is added, followed by an acid solution. After homogeneous mixing, a mixed precursor solution is obtained, with the pH maintained between 2 and 4. The solution is then kept at 100℃ to 140℃ for 40 to 50 hours, followed by cooling and standing for 4 to 5 days to obtain the Mofs material. As an example, the insulation temperature can be 100℃, 105℃, 110℃, 115℃, 120℃, 125℃, 130℃, 135℃ or 140℃, or any value within the above range; the insulation time can be 40h, 42h, 44h, 46h, 48h or 50h, or any value within the above range; the cooling and standing time can be 4 days, 4.2 days, 4.4 days, 4.6 days, 4.8 days or 5 days, or any value within the above range.

[0085] The metal halide can be at least one of Pb halide, Sn halide, and Bi halide; the metal in the metal halide corresponds to M in the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material. The five-membered heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid can be at least one of 2,5-thiophene dicarboxylic acid, 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid, and 1H-pyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acid. The heteroatom in the five-membered heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid corresponds to R1 in the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material.

[0086] Optionally, the molar ratio of the metal halide to the five-membered heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid is 1:(1 to 3). As an example, the molar ratio of the metal halide to the five-membered heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid is 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2, 1:2.5 or 1:3, or it can be any value within the above range.

[0087] The amine source in the mixed solvent corresponds to R2 in the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material. If R2 is methylamine, the amine source can be N,N-dimethylformamide or / and N,N-dimethylacetamide; if R2 is dimethylamine, the amine source can be N,N-dimethylformamide or / and N,N-dimethylacetamide; if R2 is trimethylamine, the amine source can be acetonitrile or / and N,N-dimethylacetamide. For example, the mixed solvent can be a mixture of N,N-dimethylacetamide, deionized water, and acetonitrile; optionally, the volume ratio of N,N-dimethylacetamide, deionized water, and acetonitrile is (2-6):(2-4):(0.5-1.5). As an example, the volume ratios of N,N-dimethylacetamide, deionized water, and acetonitrile are 2:2:0.5, 2:3:0.5, 2:2:1, 2:2:1.5, 4:2:0.5, 4:3:0.5, 4:2:1, and 4:2:1. The molar volume ratio of the metal halide to the mixed solvent is 1 mmol:(6-10) mL. For example, the molar volume ratio of the metal halide to the mixed solvent can be 1 mmol:6 mL, 1 mmol:7 mL, 1 mmol:8 mL, 1 mmol:9 mL, or 1 mmol:10 mL, or any value within the above range.

[0088] The acid solution can be sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, etc.; for example, the acid solution is perchloric acid, and the molar ratio of metal halide to perchloric acid is 1:(3 to 5). For example, the molar ratio of metal halide to perchloric acid is 1:3, 1:3.5, 1:4, 1:4.5 or 1:5, or it can be any value within the above range.

[0089] If the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material is:

[0090] Wherein, M is at least one of Pb, Sn, and Bi; R1 is at least one of O, S, and N; X is a halogen; and R2 is at least one of methylamine cation, dimethylamine cation, and trimethylamine cation.

[0091] The preparation method of Mofs material includes: mixing a metal halide (e.g., Pb halide, Sn halide, or Bi halide, with the halogen element being F, Cl, Br, or I) and a five-membered heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid (e.g., 2,5-thiophene dicarboxylic acid, 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid, or 2,5-pyrrole dicarboxylic acid) and adding the mixture to a polytetrafluoroethylene-lined container, then adding a mixed solvent containing N,N-dimethylacetamide, followed by acid, and mixing uniformly to obtain a mixed precursor liquid, the pH of which is maintained at 2–4. The mixture is then kept at 110℃–150℃ for 40–50 hours, then cooled and allowed to stand for 4–5 days to obtain the Mofs material.

[0092] If the repeating structural unit M in the Mofs material is at least two of Pb, Sn, and Bi, the usual preparation method is as follows: first, prepare all repeating structural units in which M is a single metal element (e.g., Pb), and then immerse them in a solution of N'N-dimethylacetamide or N'N-dimethylformamide containing another metal ion (e.g., Sn) for a period of time (e.g., 10 h, the solution can be kept at 40-60 °C to accelerate diffusion), thereby allowing Sn to replace part of Pb.

[0093] If the repeating structural unit R1 in the Mofs material is at least two of O, S, and N, the usual preparation method is to mix the required repeating units together with the metal halide during preparation. For example, after fixing the ratio of metal halide to five-membered heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid, the five-membered heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids of different R1 parts are mixed according to the required repeating units.

[0094] If X in the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material is at least two of the halogens, the usual preparation method is to mix metal halides of different metals but different halogens as required, with the total amount and the ratio of the five-membered heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid fixed. It can also be prepared in one step by solvent method.

[0095] If R2 in the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material is at least two of the primary amine cations, the usual preparation method is as follows: first, prepare all repeating structural units where R2 is a primary amine cation (e.g., dimethylamine cation), then soak them in an organic liquid containing the type of organic amine cation to be replaced. After soaking for a certain period of time, some of the dimethylamine cation can be replaced.

[0096] In the repeating structural units of a Mofs material, M is selected from Pb, Sn, and Bi; R1 is selected from S, O, and N; X is selected from Cl, Br, and I; and R2 is selected from dimethylamine cations or trimethylamine cations. Typically, in the selection of raw materials for preparing Mofs materials, the metal chloride is a single metal chloride (e.g., lead chloride), the five-membered heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid is selected from 2,5-thiophene dicarboxylic acid, 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid, and 2,5-pyrrole dicarboxylic acid, and the mixed solvent contains N,N-dimethylacetamide and acetonitrile.

[0097] In some embodiments, if the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material is:

[0098] Where X is Cl or Br.

[0099] The preparation method of this Mofs material includes: mixing lead chloride or lead bromide and 2,5-thiophene dicarboxylic acid (the molar ratio of lead chloride to 2,5-thiophene dicarboxylic acid is 1:2) and adding the mixture to a polytetrafluoroethylene-lined container. Then, a mixed solvent (N,N-dimethylacetamide, deionized water, and acetonitrile in a volume ratio of 4:3:1) is added, followed by perchloric acid (the molar ratio of lead chloride to perchloric acid is 1:4). The mixture is stirred at 800 rpm for 30 min at 25°C to obtain a homogeneous mixed precursor liquid. The polytetrafluoroethylene-lined container containing the mixed precursor liquid is sealed in a stainless steel container and heated at 120°C for 48 h. Then, the temperature is uniformly reduced to 25°C over 72 h, and after standing for 120 h, the Mofs material is obtained. The specific reaction formula is as follows:

[0100]

[0101] After introducing the Mofs material and its preparation method above, the application of the Mofs material will be introduced below. The Mofs material is mainly used as a passivation material for the hole transport layer in perovskite solar cells.

[0102] Figure 1 For a schematic diagram of the layer structure of the perovskite solar cell module provided in this application, please refer to [link / reference]. Figure 1 The perovskite solar cell includes, from bottom to top, a transparent substrate 110, a first electrode 120, a hole transport layer 130, a passivation layer 140, a perovskite host layer 150, a charge transport layer 160, and a second electrode 170.

[0103] The transparent substrate 110 can be a glass substrate or a transparent flexible substrate (e.g., PI, PET, PEN, PVA).

[0104] The material of the first electrode 120 can be a metallic conductive material (e.g., at least one of gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). The first electrode 120 can also be a metallic conductive oxide (e.g., fluorine-doped tin oxide or indium tin oxide). The first electrode 120 is a transparent electrode so as to be used for light incident. Optionally, the thickness of the first electrode 120 layer is 50 nm to 600 nm.

[0105] The hole transport layer 130 is made of an inorganic metal compound. When exposed to light, the metal ions in the inorganic metal compound easily form unstable, higher-valence metal cations, which, upon contact with the perovskite host layer 150, affect the stability of the perovskite host layer 150. Optionally, the thickness of the hole transport layer 130 is 10 nm to 50 nm.

[0106] The passivation layer 140 is made of the aforementioned Mofs material. Optionally, the thickness of the passivation layer 140 is ≤100 nm. As an example, the thickness of the passivation layer 140 can be 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 90 nm, or 100 nm, or any value within the aforementioned range. In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer 140 is 10 nm to 40 nm.

[0107] The chemical formula of the perovskite host layer 150 material is ABC3, where A includes at least one of methylamine cation, formamidinium cation, and cesium ion; and B includes Pb. 2+ Sn 2+ Bi 2+ At least one of the following; C includes Cl - ,Br - I - At least one of the following materials can be used as the perovskite host layer 150 to cooperate with the aforementioned passivation layer 140 and hole transport layer 130 to passivate the hole transport layer 130, thereby improving the conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell. Optionally, the thickness of the perovskite host layer 150 is 300 nm to 1000 nm.

[0108] The charge transport layer 160 can be a mixture of at least one or more of the following materials and their derivatives: imide compounds, quinone compounds, fullerenes and their derivatives, 2,2′,7,7′-tetra(N,N-p-methoxyaniline)-9,9′-spirodifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium (OMeTPA-FA), poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), calcium titanate (CaTiO3), lithium fluoride (LiF), calcium fluoride (CaF2), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid (PED). The charge transport layer 160 can be composed of various metal oxides, including: OT:PSS, poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), triphenylamine with a triphenylene core (H101), 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine (EDOT-OMeTPA), N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobisfluorene (CzPAF-SBF), polythiophene, metal oxides (metal elements selected from Mg, Ni, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, Mo, W, Sb, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, or Cr), silicon dioxide (SiO2), strontium titanate (SrTiO3), and cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN). Optionally, the thickness of the charge transport layer 160 is 15 nm to 100 nm.

[0109] The material of the second electrode 170 can be a metallic conductive material (e.g., at least one of gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu), and the first electrode 120 can also be a metallic conductive oxide (e.g., conductive glass and / or indium tin oxide). Optionally, the thickness of the second electrode 170 layer is 50 nm to 200 nm.

[0110] In this application, a passivation layer 140 composed of Mofs material is provided between the hole transport layer 130 formed by inorganic metal compound and the perovskite host layer 150. This allows high-valence metal cations to complex with the Mofs material and transform them into low-valence metal cations, thus avoiding their impact on the perovskite host layer 150 and improving the conversion efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cell.

[0111] The Mofs material contained in the passivation layer 140 satisfies the above-mentioned repeating structural unit. On the one hand, it can separate the hole transport layer 130 and the perovskite host layer 150. On the other hand, the five-membered heterocycles in the Mofs material have the p-π conjugation ability common to aromatic compounds. With metal atoms as network nodes and halogen atoms and oxygen atoms of five-membered heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids as bridges, metal halides and five-membered heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids are coordinated to form a three-dimensional anionic framework. This allows strong electron clouds and weak covalent bonds to coexist in the passivation layer 140. Furthermore, in combination with primary amine cations, it can promote hole carrier separation, thereby improving the conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0112] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer 130 is made of at least one of nickel oxide, copper oxide, cuprous iodide, and copper thiocyanate. This material has good hole transport performance, and when used in conjunction with Mofs materials, it can also improve the passivation effect of the hole transport layer 130.

[0113] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer 130 is made of nickel oxide. The hole transport layer 130 is nickel oxide, and the Ni inside the hole transport layer 130... 3+ This will enhance hole transport in the battery, and at the same time, the Ni surface near the perovskite host layer 150 contact surface... 3+ Complexing with Mofs materials can, to some extent, avoid the impact on the perovskite host layer 150, further improving the conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.

[0114] In some embodiments, in the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material, M is Pb, R1 is S, X is Cl or Br, R2 is dimethylamine, and B in the perovskite host layer 150 material is Pb. 2+ This can enable the metal cation Pb in the perovskite host layer 150 to... 2+It coordinates with the metal element Pb in the Mofs material to improve the bonding between the perovskite layer and the passivation layer 140, thereby improving the performance of the perovskite solar cell.

[0115] In some embodiments, in the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material, M is Sn, R1 is S, X is Cl or Br, R2 is dimethylamine, and B is Sn in the perovskite host layer 150 material. 2+ This can enable the metal cation Sn in the perovskite host layer 150 to... 2+ It coordinates with the metallic element Sn in the Mofs material to improve the bonding between the perovskite layer and the passivation layer 140, thereby improving the performance of the perovskite solar cell.

[0116] In some embodiments, in the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material, M is Bi, R1 is S, X is Cl or Br, R2 is dimethylamine, and B is Bi in the perovskite host layer 150 material. 2+ This can enable the metal cation Bi in the perovskite host layer 150 to... 2+ It coordinates with the metallic element Bi in the Mofs material to improve the bonding between the perovskite layer and the passivation layer 140, thereby enhancing the performance of the perovskite solar cell.

[0117] This perovskite solar cell can be assembled into a photovoltaic module, and then the photovoltaic module can be fabricated into a photovoltaic system.

[0118] Having introduced the structure of perovskite solar cells above, the following section details the fabrication methods for perovskite solar cell modules:

[0119] Please continue reading. Figure 1 The preparation method includes the following steps:

[0120] (1) Take a set of FTO conductive glass with a specification of 100mm×100mm, and use an infrared laser to... Figure 1 Etch P1, with a width of 20μm to 50μm, to etch the entire glass into multiple sub-cells. The series resistance of different sub-cells is greater than 10MΩ. The top and bottom 5mm to 20mm are used as the area for component welding.

[0121] (2) The etched conductive glass surface is cleaned with acetone and isopropanol several times in sequence, immersed in deionized water and ultrasonically treated for 5 min to 20 min, and then dried under an inert atmosphere, and used as the first electrode 120.

[0122] (3) Place the product obtained in step (2) into a magnetron sputtering device to deposit an inorganic metal compound material as a hole transport layer 130.

[0123] (4) The aforementioned Mofs material is placed in a solvent (e.g., ethyl acetate, cyclohexane, isopropanol, anhydrous ethanol) to obtain a Mofs material suspension with a concentration of 3 mg / mL to 10 mg / mL. Then, it is deposited on the surface of the hole transport layer 130 by spraying and then annealed at 80°C to 150°C for 5 min to 30 min.

[0124] (5) The material of the perovskite host layer 150 is printed onto the passivation layer 140 by inkjet printing and annealed at 80℃~150℃ for 5min~30min.

[0125] (6) Place the product obtained in step (5) in a vacuum thermal evaporation equipment and evacuate it to a vacuum level of 2×10⁻⁶. -4 Pa ~ 10 × 10 - 4 Pa, deposited charge transport layer 160.

[0126] (7) Continue to deposit the conductive metal material or conductive metal oxide in the vacuum thermal evaporation equipment described above, and then remove it.

[0127] (8) Arrange the products obtained in step (7) according to Figure 1 Laser etching is performed on P2, which has a width of 100μm to 200μm and a depth reaching the FTO conductive glass layer. The spacing between P2 and P1 is 10μm to 30μm.

[0128] (9) Place the product obtained in step (8) back into the vacuum thermal evaporation equipment and evacuate it to a vacuum level of 2×10⁻⁶. -4 Pa ~ 10 × 10 -4 Pa, continue to deposit metallic conductive material or metallic conductive oxide to form the second electrode 170, and then cool down and remove it.

[0129] (10) Arrange the product obtained in step (9) according to Figure 1 P-second green laser etching was performed on P3, with a width of 10μm to 30μm and a depth reaching the FTO conductive glass layer. The spacing between P3 and P2 was 10μm to 30μm (the positions of the etching lines are as follows). Figure 1 (P1, P2, P3 shown).

[0130] (11) Use infrared edge cleaning on the product obtained in step (10), that is, etch 5mm to 20mm on each side of the module to finally obtain the perovskite solar cell module.

[0131] The following examples will describe one or more embodiments in more detail. Of course, these examples do not limit the scope of the one or more embodiments.

[0132] Example a

[0133] Preparation of Mofs materials:

[0134] Lead chloride and 2,5-thiophene dicarboxylic acid (TDCA) were mixed in a molar ratio of 1:2 and added to a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) liner. A mixed solvent (N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC):deionized water:acetonitrile, by volume, was added at a ratio of 1 mmol:8 mL) to lead chloride:mixed solvent. Perchloric acid was then added at a molar ratio of lead chloride:perchloric acid = 1:4. The mixture was stirred at 800 rpm for 30 min at 25 °C to obtain a homogeneous mixed precursor solution. The PTFE liner containing the mixed precursor solution was sealed in a stainless steel container and heated at 120 °C for 48 h. The mixture was then cooled to 25 °C at a uniform rate over 72 h and allowed to stand for 120 h to obtain the Mofs material.

[0135] Example b

[0136] The difference between this embodiment and embodiment a is that lead chloride is replaced with lead bromide, while the other preparation methods and raw materials are the same.

[0137] Figure 2 The XRD pattern of the Mofs material provided in this application, wherein Figure 2 The image on the left (in the middle section) is the XRD pattern of the Mofs material provided in Example a. Figure 2 The image on the right shows the XRD pattern of the Mofs material provided in Example b. The crystallographic data and structural parameters of the Mofs materials provided in Examples a and b are shown in Table 1.

[0138] Table 1 Crystallographic data and structural parameters of Mofs materials

[0139]

[0140]

[0141] The structure of the Mofs material provided in Example a was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Figure 3 This is a first structural schematic diagram of the Mofs material provided in Embodiment a of this application; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the second structure of the Mofs material provided in Embodiment a of this application; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the third structure of the Mofs material provided in Embodiment a of this application. Please refer to... Figures 3-5 The compound's three-dimensional (3D) anionic framework is composed of a variable one-dimensional inorganic (PbCl) structure. n n+ chain( Figure 3 (b) It is constructed by interconnecting 2,5-thiophene dicarboxylate (TDC). Figure 3(a)). Crystal structure analysis (Table 1) shows that the compound crystallizes in space group P61 of the hexagonal crystal system. Each asymmetric unit of the compound contains a lead ion, a chlorine atom, and a TDC molecule, and the cavity contains a balanced-charge dimethylamine cation. The central lead ion adopts an octa-atom coordination mode, with two chlorine atoms and six carboxyl oxygen atoms from four different TDCs coordinating to form a distorted PbO6Cl2 dodecahedral unit. Figure 3 (c)). The Pb-O bond length of this compound is located at... Within this range, the O-Pb-O bond angle is between 49.13(19)° and 161.58(17)°, but there is one Pb-O bond (Pb(1)-O(3)). The bond lengths of the Pb-Cl bonds are longer than those of common Pb-O bonds, indicating a weaker bond strength. Therefore, describing the coordination of lead ions in this compound using a semi-directional seven-coordinated pentagonal bipyramidal polyhedron or a highly deformed 7+1 coordination mode is more appropriate. The bond lengths of the Pb-Cl bonds are respectively... and

[0142] The three-dimensional anionic framework of this compound reveals the presence of protonated dimethylamine cations [(CH3)2NH] around its three-dimensional channels. 2+ ]( Figure 4 (a)). Analysis of the reactants shows that [(CH3)2NH 2+ The only possible source is the decomposition of DMAC (N,N-dimethylacetamide) under high-temperature acidic conditions. The compound's flower-like, three-dimensional anionic framework is formed by TDC bridging one-dimensional polyhedral chains of PbO6Cl2 from two different directions, with the crystal view along the c-axis showing a one-dimensional triangular channel. ()( Figure 5 (a)), these triangular channels along the c-axis are [(CH3)2NH 2+ According to the principle of charge conservation, the [(CH3)2NH] form an ordered filling structure. 2+ The presence of CH··O, NH··O, and CH··Cl hydrogen bonds between PbCl and TDC contributes to further structural stability of the compound. Therefore, based on the above analysis, the chemical formula of the Mofs material provided in Example a is: {[(PbCl)(TDC)]·[(CH3)2NH2]} n (n represents only periodic repetition), and its repeating structural unit is:

[0143] The chemical formula of the Mofs material provided in Example b is: {[(PbBr)(TDC)]·[(CH3)2NH2]}n (n represents only periodic repetition).

[0144] Example 1

[0145] Fabrication of perovskite solar cells (see [link]) Figure 1 ):

[0146] (1) A set of FTO conductive glass with a specification of 100mm×100mm is used to etch P1 with an infrared laser. P1 is 30μm wide. The entire glass is etched into 10 sub-cells. The series resistance of different sub-cells is greater than 10MΩ. The top and bottom 10mm are used as the area for component welding.

[0147] (2) The etched conductive glass surface was cleaned twice with acetone and isopropanol, immersed in deionized water and ultrasonically treated for 10 minutes, then dried in a forced-air drying oven and placed in a glove box (N2 atmosphere) as the first electrode 120.

[0148] (3) The cleaned conductive glass is placed in a magnetron sputtering device to deposit a hole transport layer 130 with a nickel oxide film thickness of about 15nm.

[0149] (4) The ethyl acetate ultrasonic suspension of the prepared 5 mg / mL Mofs material was deposited on the surface of the nickel oxide layer by spraying, and then annealed at 100 °C for 10 min to obtain a passivation layer 140 with a film thickness of about 15 nm.

[0150] (5) The FAPbI3 perovskite host layer 150 with a thickness of about 500 nm was printed on the passivation layer 140 by inkjet printing and annealed at 100°C for 10 min.

[0151] (6) Place the substrate with the prepared perovskite host layer 150 into a vacuum thermal evaporation equipment and evacuate it to a vacuum level of 4×10⁻⁶. - 4 Pa, depositing 30nm C60 as the component charge transport layer 160.

[0152] (7) After the charge transport layer 160 is deposited in the vacuum thermal evaporation equipment, 10 nm Ag is deposited on its surface and then the vacuum is broken and the layer is removed.

[0153] (8) Laser etching of P2, P2 width is 150μm, depth is etched to FTO layer, and the interval between P2 and P1 is 20μm.

[0154] (9) Place the substrate back into the vapor deposition equipment and evacuate it to a vacuum level of 4×10. -4 After Pa, another Ag layer with a thickness of about 80 nm is deposited, and then the sample is removed by cooling.

[0155] (10) P3 is etched by green laser for P seconds. The width of P3 is 15 μm and the depth is etched to the FTO layer. The interval between P3 and P2 is 20 μm.

[0156] Then, infrared edge clearing is used on the component, that is, 10mm is etched on each side of the component.

[0157] Other perovskite solar cells differ from Example 1 in the following aspects: the perovskite host layer 150 material, the hole transport layer 130 material, the passivation layer 140 material, and the passivation layer 140 thickness, as detailed in Table 2.

[0158] The performance of perovskite solar cells was tested, and the test results are shown in Table 2. The test methods are as follows:

[0159] Under normal temperature and pressure, using a standard AM1.5G solar light source as the simulated light source, the current-voltage characteristic curve of the module under the illumination of the light source was measured using a four-channel digital source meter (Keithley 2440). The open-circuit voltage Voc, short-circuit current density Jsc, and fill factor FF of the module were obtained, and the energy conversion efficiency Eff of the module was obtained from this.

[0160] After the test, the battery was placed in an atmospheric environment (relative humidity 65-80%, ambient temperature approximately 15-30℃) for at least 500 hours. The energy conversion efficiency was then tested again, and the ratio of the module efficiency after 500 hours of atmospheric placement to the initial efficiency was calculated as a performance parameter for module stability.

[0161] Table 2 Parameters and performance of perovskite solar cells

[0162]

[0163]

[0164] As can be seen from Table 2, in the perovskite solar cell, the Mofs material passivation layer 140 provided in this application is provided between the hole transport layer 130 and the perovskite host layer 150, which can improve the energy conversion efficiency, the effect of the module after 500h placement, and the stability of the cell.

[0165] As can be seen from the comparison of Examples 1 to 3 and Examples 12 to 15, the material of the perovskite host layer 150 is FAPbI3 and the material of the hole transport layer 130 is NiO. x At that time, the material of passivation layer 140 is {[(PbBr)(TDC)]·[(CH3)2NH2]} n (n represents only periodic repetition), which can improve the performance of perovskite solar cells.

[0166] A comparison of Examples 3 to 5 shows that the material of the perovskite host layer 150 is FAPbI3, and the material of the hole transport layer 130 is NiO. x At that time, the material of passivation layer 140 is {[(PbI)(TDC)]·[(CH3)2NH2]} n (n represents only periodic repetition), when the thickness of the passivation layer 140 is 15nm to 30nm, the overall performance of the perovskite solar cell can be better.

[0167] A comparison of Examples 3, 6, and 7 shows that the material of the perovskite host layer 150 is FAPbI3, and the material of the passivation layer 140 is {[(PbI)(TDC)]·[(CH3)2NH2]}. n (n represents only periodic repetition), which has a better passivation effect on the nickel oxide hole transport layer 130.

[0168] A comparison of Examples 3 and 8 to 11 shows that when the metal elements in the perovskite host layer 150 are the same as the metal elements in the passivation layer 140, the performance of the perovskite solar cell can be improved.

[0169] The embodiments described above are some, but not all, of the embodiments of this application. The detailed description of the embodiments of this application is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed application, but merely to illustrate selected embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of this application without inventive effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

Claims

1. A Mofs material, characterized in that, The repeating structural unit of the Mofs material is: Wherein, M is at least one of Pb, Sn, and Bi; R1 is at least one of O, S, and N; X is a halogen; and R2 is a primary amine cation.

2. The Mofs material according to claim 1, characterized in that, R2 is at least one of methylamine cation, dimethylamine cation, and trimethylamine cation.

3. The Mofs material according to claim 2, characterized in that, Repeating structural units in Mofs materials satisfy at least one of the following conditions: a) M is selected from one of Pb, Sn, and Bi; b) R1 is selected from S, O, and N; c) X is selected from one of Cl, Br, and I; d) R2 is selected from dimethylamine cation or trimethylamine cation.

4. The Mofs material according to claim 3, characterized in that, The repeating structural unit of the Mofs material satisfies one of the following: e) M is Pb, R1 is S, X is Cl or Br, and R2 is dimethylamine; f) M is Sn, R1 is S, X is Cl or Br, and R2 is dimethylamine; g) M is Bi, R1 is S, X is Cl or Br, and R2 is dimethylamine.

5. The Mofs material according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The Mofs material satisfies at least one of the following: h) The pore size of the Mofs material is 2 Å to 10 Å; i) The Mofs material is hexagonal; j) The space group of the Mofs material is P6mm; k) The cell parameters of the Mofs material are: α=β=90°, γ=120°.

6. A perovskite solar cell, characterized in that, The structure comprises a hole transport layer, a passivation layer, and a perovskite host layer stacked sequentially. The passivation layer is made of Mofs material, and the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material is: Wherein, M is at least one of Pb, Sn, and Bi; R1 is at least one of O, S, and N; X is a halogen; and R2 is a primary amine cation.

7. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 6, characterized in that, R2 is at least one of methylamine cation, dimethylamine cation, and trimethylamine cation.

8. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 7, characterized in that, Repeating structural units in Mofs materials satisfy at least one of the following conditions: a) M is selected from one of Pb, Sn, and Bi; b) R1 is selected from S, O, and N; c) X is selected from one of Cl, Br, and I; d) R2 is selected from dimethylamine cation or trimethylamine cation.

9. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 6, characterized in that, The Mofs material satisfies at least one of the following: e) The pore size of the Mofs material is 2 Å to 10 Å; f) The Mofs material is hexagonal; g) The space group of the Mofs material is P6mm; h) The cell parameters of the Mofs material are: α=β=90°, γ=120°.

10. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that, The chemical formula of the perovskite host layer material is ABC3, where A includes at least one of methylamine cation, formamidinium cation, and cesium ion; and B includes Pb. 2+ Sn 2+ Bi 2+ At least one of the following; C includes Cl - ,Br - I - At least one of them.

11. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 10, characterized in that, In the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material, M is Pb, R1 is S, X is Cl or Br, and R2 is dimethylamine. In the perovskite host layer material, B is Pb. 2+ .

12. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 10, characterized in that, In the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material, M is Sn, R1 is S, X is Cl or Br, and R2 is dimethylamine. In the perovskite host layer material, B is Sn. 2+ .

13. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 10, characterized in that, In the repeating structural unit of the Mofs material, M is Bi, R1 is S, X is Cl or Br, and R2 is dimethylamine. In the perovskite host layer material, B is Bi. 2+ .

14. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that, The hole transport layer is made of an inorganic metal compound.

15. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 14, characterized in that, The material of the hole transport layer includes at least one of nickel oxide, copper oxide, cuprous iodide, and copper thiocyanate.

16. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 15, characterized in that, The hole transport layer is made of nickel oxide.

17. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 15 or 16, characterized in that, The thickness of the passivation layer is ≤100nm.

18. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 17, characterized in that, The thickness of the passivation layer is 10nm~40nm.

19. A photovoltaic module, characterized in that, Including the perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 6 to 18.

20. A photovoltaic system, characterized in that, Includes the photovoltaic module as described in claim 19.

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