Wick ring cross-plane drainage fabric

Abstract

A geotextile includes a first weft yarn woven in a weft direction, and a first warp yarn and a second warp yarn woven in a warp direction, where the first warp yarn is a wicking yarn and the second warp yarn is a wicking yarn or a non-wicking yarn, the first warp yarn forming a first loop, and the second warp yarn forming a second loop. The first loop is woven through the first face of the woven geosynthetic fabric and extends from the first face across the at least two first weft yarns to form a first gap between the first loop and the first face of the woven geosynthetic fabric.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates generally to geosynthetics. More particularly, the present invention relates to wicking loop cross-plane drainage fabrics. Background Art

[0002] Geotextiles, also known as geosynthetics, are widely used in civil engineering systems to provide benefits such as separation, reinforcement, filtration, drainage, permeability barrier, protection and erosion control. Typical civil structural applications involve waste containment facilities, pavements and retaining structures, to name a few. Moisture accumulation beneath civil structures can destabilize their base, causing a variety of problems.

[0003] Geotextiles can be used to separate two layers of soil with different particle size distributions. For example, geotextiles are used in road construction to prevent the base gravel from seeping into the soil roadbed, thereby maintaining the designed thickness of the road base. In addition, the filtration function of the geotextile allows water to flow between the drainable gravel base and the soil roadbed without fine particles migrating into the larger pores of the gravel, which would otherwise limit its drainage capacity.

[0004] Cross-plane or through-plane drainage through a geotextile is equivalent to flow in a direction perpendicular to its plane, also known as the permittivity of the fabric. Conventional geosynthetics typically drain water from the soil only under saturated conditions. Under saturated conditions, water reaches the plane of the geosynthetic, penetrates through the fabric and then moves across the plane of the fabric, thus maintaining the stability of the base layer. Summary of the invention

[0005] According to one or more embodiments, a geotextile is disclosed herein, comprising first weft yarns woven in a weft direction, and first warp yarns and second warp yarns woven in a warp direction, wherein the first warp yarns are wicking yarns, and the second warp yarns are wicking yarns or non-wicking yarns, and the first warp yarns form a first loop that is woven through a first side of the woven geosynthetic fabric and extends from the first side across at least two first weft yarns to form a first gap between the first loop and the first side of the woven geosynthetic fabric.

[0006] According to other embodiments, the geotextile includes first machine cross-machine direction yarns arranged at an arbitrary angle relative to the machine direction; and first machine direction yarns and second machine direction yarns in the machine direction, wherein the first machine direction yarns are wicking yarns and the second machine direction yarns are wicking yarns or non-wicking yarns, and the first machine direction yarns form a first loop, which is sewn to the geotextile and extends from a first side of the geotextile across at least two first machine cross-machine direction yarns to form a first gap between the first loop and the first side of the geotextile.

[0007] Still further, according to other embodiments, a method of moving water through a geotextile includes providing a geotextile on a first soil layer, the geotextile including first weft yarns woven in a weft direction, and first and second warp yarns in a warp direction; wherein each first warp yarn forms staggered weaving loops on the first and second sides by weaving through the woven geotextile from a first side to a second side of the geotextile, each staggered weaving loop extending across at least two first weft yarns to form a gap of at least 0.25 mm; and moving water from the first soil layer to the second soil layer using the staggered loops in the woven geotextile. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] The present invention will be better understood and the above objects and other objects in addition to those listed above will become apparent when considering the following detailed description of the invention. For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure and the invention described therein, reference should be made to the above and following detailed descriptions in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. When reference is made to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals designate corresponding parts. This description refers to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0009] Figure 1A is a top view of a schematic diagram of a wicking loop fabric;

[0010] Figure 1B yes Figure 1A Another view of the schematic diagram of the wicking loop fabric;

[0011] Figure 2A is a top view of a schematic diagram of a wicking loop fabric;

[0012] Figure 2B yes Figure 2A Another view of the schematic diagram of the wicking loop fabric;

[0013] Figure 2C It is a wicking loop fabric;

[0014] Figure 3A is a side view of a schematic diagram of a wicking loop fabric that moves water;

[0015] Figure 3B Yes Figure 3A A close-up view of a schematic diagram of a wicking loop fabric that moves water is shown;

[0016] Figure 4 is a side view of a schematic diagram of a dewatering bag having a wicking loop fabric;

[0017] Figure 5A Illustrate a fabric roll having a wicking loop sewn on one side;

[0018] Figure 5B illustrates an enlarged top view of a wicking loop sewn to one side of a fabric;

[0019] Figure 5C Example Figure 5B Magnified bottom view of the fabric;

[0020] Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of capillary suction in soil;

[0021] Figure 7 is a graph showing volumetric water content as a function of matrix suction;

[0022] Figure 8 is a graph showing hydraulic conductivity as a function of matrix suction (K function);

[0023] Fig. 9 is a graph showing the accumulation of clear water in the beaker after the filter cake is formed;

[0024] Fig.10 is a coordinate graph showing the variation of differential drainage of geotextiles over time;

[0025] Fig.11 It is a schematic diagram of soil column test;

[0026] Fig.12 is a coordinate graph showing volumetric water content as a function of water volume;

[0027] Fig.13 is a coordinate graph showing volumetric water content as a function of water volume;

[0028] Fig.14 is a coordinate graph showing volumetric water content as a function of water volume;

[0029] Fig.15 is a graph showing the change in contact angle of a water drop on a wicking ring and a comparison geotextile over time;

[0030] Fig.16 The wettability of calendered and uncalendered wicking loop fabrics is exemplified;

[0031] Fig.17A A closed pressure plate test apparatus for measuring soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is illustrated;

[0032] Fig. 17B An example of an open pressure plate test apparatus for measuring a soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is provided;

[0033] Fig.18 Illustrate a capillary rise test apparatus for measuring geosynthetics-water characteristic curve (GWCC);

[0034] Fig.19 Illustrate a pressure plate test apparatus for measuring the geosynthetics-water characteristic curve (GWCC);

[0035] Fig. 20 An example of a salt concentration test apparatus for measuring a geosynthetics-water characteristic curve (GWCC);

[0036] Fig.21A illustrating water remaining above the non-wicking loop fabric; and

[0037] Fig.21B Example by Fig.21A Instantaneous water transport of wicking loop fabrics made from the same base fabric. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0038] Geotextiles, especially when used in civil constructions such as roads, dams, walls, etc., provide separation between two layers of soil with different particle size distributions. For example, geotextiles prevent the base gravel from penetrating into the earthen roadbed, thereby maintaining the designed thickness of the road base. Similarly, the filtration function of the geotextile will allow sufficient water to flow between the drainable gravel base and the earthen roadbed without fine particles migrating into the larger pores of the gravel, which would otherwise limit its drainage capacity. In addition, the geotextile can act as a protective layer to prevent the gravel from piercing the geomembrane used as a moisture barrier.

[0039] Although geotextiles are flexible, the polymers that make up the fabric become rigid when the fabric is placed in tension. The tensile strength of geotextiles adds reinforcement benefits to the soil structure by increasing its stiffness. For example, geotextile reinforcement of pavement can significantly extend the design life of the pavement by delaying the propagation of cracks into the road surface. Such cracks allow water to enter the pavement, initiating the deterioration process.

[0040] Geotextiles are also used for their drainage capabilities, which provide a path for water to flow parallel to the plane of the geotextile in saturated soil. For example, this drainage function is used to dissipate pore water pressure in the base of an embankment or as a shoulder drain in a road surface.

[0041] However, under unsaturated conditions, capillary barriers can form at the interface between materials of opposite hydraulic conductivity (e.g., a geosynthetic covered with fine-grained soil) and induce undesirable moisture accumulation. Thus, the capillary barrier prevents moisture from penetrating through the geosynthetic, gradually undermining some of the benefits of the geosynthetic.

[0042] The average opening size (AOS) of a geotextile is similar to that of a coarse-grained soil. When two unsaturated porous materials of different hydraulic conductivities come into contact (e.g., a fine-grained soil overlying a geotextile), a capillary barrier forms, increasing the water storage of the overlying soil. Water will continue to accumulate in the overlying fine-grained soil until sufficient energy is generated such that the hydraulic conductivity of the fine-grained soil exceeds that of the geotextile, causing a breakthrough that ultimately allows water to flow into the geotextile openings. However, the water storage will not increase above the saturation water content of the soil. This excess water reduces soil strength and stability at the soil / geotextile interface.

[0043] During the design phase of civil construction, it is often assumed that once water reaches a geotextile, it will infiltrate the fabric and be removed from the soil. However, in the presence of unsaturated soils, the capillary barrier resists drainage, causing water to accumulate at the soil / geotextile interface. This excess water reduces soil strength and stability at the soil / geotextile interface. Unsaturated conditions are prevalent in pavement systems and a variety of other civil structures. When a fine-grained soil overlies a coarse-grained soil, the capillary barrier restricts water flow, at which point water will continue to accumulate in the fine-grained soil until the suction in the fine-grained soil is reduced to the point where the hydraulic conductivity of the two adjacent soils is the same. When the suction in the overburden soil is reduced enough to allow water to intrude into the larger pores, called breakthrough suction or breakthrough, the accumulation of water will cease and the flow will advance into the coarse-grained soil.

[0044] Therefore, there is a need for a geosynthetic fabric that can provide cross-plane drainage in unsaturated soil conditions. In addition, there is a need for a geosynthetic fabric that resists capillary barrier formation in unsaturated soils and promotes water penetration into the fabric and underlying soil or drainage material (e.g., aggregate).

[0045] This paper describes geotextiles with wicking loops on one or both sides / one or two faces. In an embodiment, the geotextile is placed between soil layers or drainage material layers for moving water across or through the fabric plane, and / or the geotextile is used in dewatering applications. In other embodiments, the geotextile includes machine direction yarns that form wicking loops on one or both sides of the geotextile. In some embodiments, the geotextile is a woven fabric with warp yarns formed by wicking yarns, which are woven through the fabric and form loops on one or both sides / one or two faces of the fabric. In an embodiment, these loops span at least two wicking yarns from above along the weft of the base fabric. The wicking loops (upper wicking loops) on the first surface absorb moisture from unsaturated soil, allowing moisture to be discharged through the base fabric through the weft yarns in the wicking loops and the base fabric, and the loops (lower wicking loops) on the second surface provide suction through the base fabric because the porous layer below does not have the necessary suction to perform such a process. Moisture drips from the wicking ring below into the porous layer below to be discharged from the fabric. When the soil to be filtered is saturated or nearly saturated (i.e., the soil suction is low), the highly permeable portion of the fabric in the base layer quickly equalizes the moisture in each phase passing through the fabric at high flow rates and alleviates the water head difference. Geosynthetics are anti-capillary barrier geotextiles that help moisture penetration to enhance cross-plane drainage and substantially prevent the formation of capillary barriers at the soil / geotextile interface in unsaturated soils. Anti-capillary barrier geotextiles substantially minimize the accumulation of moisture produced by the capillary barrier due to enhanced cross-plane flow. In one example, this novel feature in the geotextile prevents the soil above from becoming oversaturated and falling off its slope (which can lead to potential debris flow, soil loss and erosion damage).

[0046] Figure 1A and Figure 1B Schematic diagram of a wicking loop geotextile 100. The geotextile 100 has a cross-machine direction (weft direction) and a machine direction (warp direction). The geotextile includes weft yarns 106 (first weft yarns) woven in the cross-machine direction (weft direction). The geotextile also includes first warp yarns 102 and second warp yarns 104 woven in the machine direction (warp direction).

[0047] The weft yarns 106 and the second warp yarns 104 form a base fabric 110 through which the first warp yarns 102 are woven to form connected wicking loops on both sides / faces of the base fabric 110 (see Figure 3A and Figure 3B ). These connected wicking loops provide improved dewatering performance.

[0048] Weft yarn 106 is wicking yarn or non-wicking yarn. "Yarn" means a continuous length of twisted or otherwise entangled filaments (i.e., multifilament) that can be used to make woven or knitted fabrics and other products. "Fiber" means a material with an aspect ratio greater than about 10. "Knitted fabric" means a fabric formed by interlaced loops. The term "wicking yarn" includes wicking fibers, wicking monofilaments, wicking monofilament fiber bundles, or any combination thereof. Wicking yarns are basically transported along a single axis, such as water.

[0049] In embodiments, weft yarn 106 has multi-channel cross-sectional shape, multi-lobate cross-sectional shape, triangular cross-sectional shape, trilobate cross-sectional shape, pillow cross-sectional shape, or circular cross-sectional shape.In some embodiments, wicking yarn has capillary channel structure, and this capillary channel structure has at least two walls extending from base layer, and base layer and wall define at least one capillary channel thus.In some embodiments, wicking yarn has hydrophilic surface composition, and this may be inherent due to the property of the material used to make fiber, or can be manufactured by applying surface modification.In one or more embodiments, wicking yarn is texturized, or air-texturized.

[0050] In one or more embodiments, the weft yarn 106 is a round monofilament. In other embodiments, the weft yarn 106 has a yarn count of about 250 denier to about 7500 denier. However, in some embodiments, the weft yarn 106 has a yarn count of about 500 denier to about 3500 denier.

[0051] In an embodiment, the weft yarns 106 are woven into the base fabric 110 of the geosynthetic fabric 100 at a density of about 5 yarns per inch to about 50 yarns per inch. In other embodiments, the weft yarns 106 are woven into the base fabric 110 of the geosynthetic fabric 100 at a density of about 10 yarns per inch to about 20 yarns per inch.

[0052] The first warp yarn 102 is a wicking yarn having a multi-channel cross-sectional shape, a multi-lobal cross-sectional shape, a triangular cross-sectional shape, a trilobal cross-sectional shape, a pillow cross-sectional shape, or a circular cross-sectional shape. In one or more embodiments, the first warp yarn 102 is textured, or air-textured.

[0053] In some embodiments, the first warp yarn 102 is a fiber bundle, each fiber having a denier of about 0.1 to about 100 denier. In an embodiment, each fiber in the fiber bundle has a denier of about 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, and 100 denier.

[0054] In one or more embodiments, the first warp yarns 102 have a yarn count of about 500 denier to about 15000 denier. However, in some embodiments, the first warp yarns 102 have a yarn count of about 1000 denier to about 3500 denier.

[0055] Geotextiles have different yarn densities, which are specified based on the number of ends per inch of warp and weft / fill yarns in each direction. The higher the value, the greater the number of ends per inch, and thus the greater or higher the density of the yarn fabric. In an embodiment, the first warp yarns 102 are woven into the base fabric 110 of the geosynthetic fabric 100 at a density of about 1 yarn per inch to about 45 yarns per inch. In other embodiments, the first warp yarns 102 are woven into the base fabric 110 of the geosynthetic fabric 100 at a density of about 5 yarns per inch to about 15 yarns per inch.

[0056] The second warp yarn 104 is a wicking or non-wicking yarn. In an embodiment, the second warp yarn 104 is a flat monofilament, a round monofilament, an oval monofilament, a fibrillated tape, a non-fibrillated tape, a continuous filament, a staple yarn, or a multi-channel yarn. In other embodiments, the second warp yarn 104 has a multi-channel cross-sectional shape, a multi-lobed cross-sectional shape, a triangular cross-sectional shape, a trilobal cross-sectional shape, a pillow cross-sectional shape, or a circular cross-sectional shape. In other embodiments, the second warp yarn 104 is textured, or air-textured.

[0057] In one or more embodiments, the second warp yarns 104 have a yarn count of about 500 denier to about 15000 denier. However, in some embodiments, the second warp yarns 104 have a yarn count of about 1000 denier to about 5000 denier.

[0058] In an embodiment, the second warp yarns 104 are woven in the base fabric 110 of the geosynthetic fabric 100 at a density of about 5 yarns per inch to about 45 yarns per inch. In other embodiments, the second warp yarns 104 are woven in the base fabric 110 of the geosynthetic fabric 100 at a density of about 10 yarns per inch to about 20 yarns per inch.

[0059] The weft yarn 106, the first warp yarn 102, and the second warp yarn 104 each independently include synthetic materials, natural materials, or combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of synthetic materials include polyolefins, polyesters, polyamides, polyimides, or combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of natural materials include cotton, wool, linen, or combinations thereof.

[0060] The first warp yarns 102 form interlaced loops that are woven through the base fabric 110. In one or more embodiments, the first warp yarns 102 form first loops 108 (or a plurality of first loops 108) that are woven through the geotextile and extend from a first side of the woven geosynthetic fabric across at least two first weft yarns 106 to form a first gap (or a plurality of first gaps) between the first loops 108 and the first side 110 of the woven geosynthetic fabric (see also Figure 3A and Figure 3B ). Figure 1A , the first warp yarn 102 extends across 7 weft yarns 106 to form a first loop 108, but the number of weft yarns 106 is not limited to this number. In one or more embodiments, the first warp yarn 102 forms a first loop 108 that extends across at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 weft yarns 106.

[0061] The first gap formed between the first ring 108 and the first side 110 of the woven geosynthetic fabric is at least 0.25 mm. In some embodiments, the first gap is about 10 mm to about 50 mm. In other embodiments, the first gap is about or between the following values: 0.25 mm, 1 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 30 mm, 35 mm, 40 mm, 45 mm, and 50 mm.

[0062] The first warp yarns 102 forming the first loop 108 are interlaced / woven through the base fabric 110 at a lower frequency interval than the second warp yarns 104, or are sewn or attached to form the loop on the base fabric. Figure 1A and Figure 1B As shown, a plurality of first loops 108 are formed to extend from a first side of the fabric. In some embodiments, the first warp yarns 102 are woven through the base fabric 110 and also form a plurality of second loops extending from a second opposite side of the base fabric 110 of the woven geosynthetic fabric (see also Figure 3A and Figure 3B ). The plurality of second loops also extend across at least two weft yarns 106 to form a second gap between the second loops and the second face of the woven geotextile. In one or more embodiments, the first loop 108 has a different length than the second loop.

[0063] The first loops 108 and the corresponding second loops on the opposite sides of the base fabric 110 are arranged in a series of staggered groups of offset rows. Figure 1BAs shown, the first loops 108 are arranged in a staggered arrangement of a first row 112 and a second row 114 in the cross-machine direction (weft direction), and the first row 112 and the second row 114 are offset relative to each other so that the first loops 108 in the first row 112 are offset relative to the first loops 108 in the second row 114 in the machine direction (warp direction). The first row 112 and the second row 114 are repeated in a staggered pattern in the cross-machine direction (weft direction) of the fabric. Therefore, the second loops (not shown) on the opposite second side of the fabric have a similar pattern of staggered arrangement of the offset first row second loops and the second row second loops.

[0064] In one or more embodiments, Figure 2A , Figure 2B and Figure 2C As shown, the geotextile 200 further includes second weft yarns 202 woven in the weft direction. The geotextile includes first weft yarns 106 and second weft yarns 202 woven in the cross-machine direction (weft direction). The geotextile 200 further includes first warp yarns 102 and second warp yarns 104 woven in the machine direction (warp direction). Figure 2A and Figure 2B The geotextile shown includes a plurality of groups of two second weft yarns 202 and seven first weft yarns 106 arranged in a staggered manner. Figure 3A The geotextile in the embodiment includes three second weft yarns 202 and eleven first weft yarns arranged in a staggered manner, but the geotextile is not limited to these numbers.

[0065] The first weft yarn 106 and the second weft yarn 202 are each independently a wicking yarn or a non-wicking yarn. The first weft yarn 106 and the second weft yarn 202 are the same or different. In some embodiments, the first weft yarn 106 is a non-wicking yarn and the second weft yarn 202 is a wicking yarn.

[0066] The first weft yarns 106, the second weft yarns 202, and the second warp yarns 104 form a base fabric 110, and the first warp yarns 102 are woven through the base fabric 110 to form connected wicking loops on both sides / faces of the base fabric 110. These connected wicking loops provide improved dewatering performance.

[0067] The first weft yarn 106, the first warp yarn 102, and the second warp yarn 104 are described above with respect to Figure 1A and Figure 1B The second weft yarn 202 is a wicking yarn or a non-wicking yarn. In an embodiment, the second weft yarn 202 has a multi-channel cross-sectional shape, a multi-lobed cross-sectional shape, a triangular cross-sectional shape, a trilobal cross-sectional shape, a pillow cross-sectional shape, or a circular cross-sectional shape. In one or more embodiments, the second weft yarn 202 is a textured wicking yarn, or an air-textured wicking yarn.

[0068] The second weft yarn 202 is a synthetic material, a natural material, or a combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of synthetic materials include polyolefins (e.g., polyester), polyamides, polyimides, or a combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of natural materials include cotton, wool, linen, or a combination thereof.

[0069] In one or more embodiments, the second weft yarn 202 has a yarn count of about 250 denier to about 7500 denier. However, in some embodiments, the second weft yarn 202 has a yarn count of about 1000 denier to about 2500 denier.

[0070] In an embodiment, the second warp yarns 104 are woven in the base fabric 110 of the geosynthetic fabric 100 at a density of about 5 yarns per inch to about 45 yarns per inch. In other embodiments, the second warp yarns 104 are woven in the base fabric 110 of the geosynthetic fabric 100 at a density of about 10 yarns per inch to about 20 yarns per inch.

[0071] In one or more embodiments, the first weft yarn 106 is a non-wicking yarn and the second weft yarn 202 is a wicking yarn. Figure 2A and Figure 3A As shown, the second weft yarns 202 are interwoven / woven in the base fabric 110 at a lower density than the first weft yarns 106. In some embodiments, the ratio of the first weft yarns 106 to the second weft yarns 202 is from about 1:1 to about 50:1. In other embodiments, the ratio of the first weft yarns 106 to the second weft yarns 202 is from about 1: to about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, or about 50.

[0072] In other embodiments, a repeating pattern of 2 to 3 second weft yarns 202 and 7 to 11 first weft yarns 106 is woven in the weft direction. However, in other embodiments, a repeating pattern of about 1 to about 4 second weft yarns 202 and about 5 to about 13 first weft yarns 106 is woven in the weft direction. Furthermore, in other embodiments, a repeating pattern of about 1 to about 5 second weft yarns 202 and about 2 to about 11 first weft yarns 106 is woven in the weft direction.

[0073] The first warp yarns 102 form interwoven loops that are woven through a base fabric 110 formed by first weft yarns 106, second weft yarns 202, and second warp yarns 104. In one or more embodiments, the first warp yarns 102 form a first loop 108 (or a plurality of first loops 108) that are woven through the geotextile adjacent to or between a pair of second weft yarns 202. In other embodiments, such as Figure 2AAs shown, the first warp yarn 102 is woven under the second weft yarn 202 and then woven over the second weft yarn, and the first warp yarn and the second weft yarn are arranged in pairs between each loop. Figure 2C As shown, the first warp yarns 102 are woven under the second weft yarns 202 and then woven over the second weft yarns, with the first warp yarns and the second weft yarns being arranged in groups of three between each loop.

[0074] The first warp yarns 102 extend from the first side of the woven geosynthetic fabric across at least two first weft yarns 106 to form a first gap between the first loop 108 and the first side of the woven geosynthetic fabric (see also Figure 3A and Figure 3B ).exist Figure 2A In the embodiment, the first warp yarn 102 extends across 7 weft yarns 106, but the number of weft yarns 106 is not limited to this number. In one or more embodiments, the first warp yarn 102 forms a loop (or multiple loops) that extends across at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 weft yarns 106.

[0075] The first gap formed between the first ring 108 and the first side of the woven geosynthetic fabric is at least 0.25 mm. In some embodiments, the first gap is about 10 mm to about 50 mm. In other embodiments, the first gap is about or between the following values: 0.25 mm, 1 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 30 mm, 35 mm, 40 mm, 45 mm, and 50 mm.

[0076] The first warp yarns 102 forming the first loops 108 are interwoven / woven through the base fabric 110 at a lower frequency interval than the second warp yarns 104. Figure 2A , Figure 2B and Figure 2C As shown, a plurality of first loops 108 are formed to extend from a first side of the fabric. In some embodiments, the first warp yarns 102 weave through the base fabric 110 and also form a plurality of second loops extending from a second opposite side of the base fabric 110 of the woven geosynthetic fabric. The plurality of second loops also extend across at least two weft yarns 106 to form a second gap between the second loops and the second side of the woven geosynthetic fabric. In one or more embodiments, the first loops 108 have a different length than the second loops.

[0077] The weave pattern of a fabric structure is the pattern in which the warp yarns are interlaced with the weft yarns (filling yarns). Woven fabrics are characterized by the interlacing of these yarns, while plain weaves are characterized by a repeating pattern in which each warp yarn is woven over one weft yarn and then woven under the next weft yarn.

[0078] The term "shed" is derived from the temporary separation between the upper and lower warp yarns during the weaving process, through which the weft or filling yarn passes. The shed allows the warp yarns to be interwoven with the filling yarns based on the heddle lifting pattern to form a specific woven fabric. By separating some warp yarns from other warp yarns, a shuttle, a projectile, etc. can, for example, carry the filling yarn through the shed perpendicular to the warp yarns. As is known in weaving, after each passage of the weft yarn, the raised warp yarn and the lowered warp yarn become the lowered warp yarn and the raised warp yarn, respectively. During the weaving process, the shed is raised; the shuttle carries the weft yarn through the shed; the shed is closed; and the filling yarn is then pressed into place, which is called the fell. Therefore, as used herein with respect to woven fabrics, the term "shed" means a corresponding set of weft yarns supported by the warp yarns.

[0079] According to some embodiments, the weaving pattern of the geotextiles described herein is a plain weave with 1 to 2 weft yarns inserted. Figure 1A and Figure 2A The illustrated base fabric 110 is a plain weave, but the weave pattern of the geotextile base fabric is not limited to a plain weave.

[0080] In some embodiments, the geotextile base fabric is a plain multi-weft weave. The plain multi-weft weave is characterized by a repeating pattern, wherein the warp yarn group of one or more warp yarns is woven on a weft yarn group including two or more filling yarns / weft yarns, and then woven under the next weft yarn group. In other words, the plain multi-weft weave includes a weft yarn group with two or more filling yarns per shed. For example, six-weft weaves are characterized by a repeating pattern, wherein the warp yarn group of one or more warp yarns is woven on a weft yarn group including six weft yarns, and then woven under the next weft yarn group. That is to say, the plain six-weft weave includes a weft yarn group with six weft yarns per shed. As used herein, 1 / 2 plain weave is characterized by such a repeating pattern: wherein each warp yarn is woven on a weft yarn group including two filling yarns, and then woven under the next weft yarn group including two filling yarns. The 1 / 3, 1 / 4, and 1 / 5 plain weaves are characterized by a repeating pattern in which each warp yarn is woven over a weft yarn group that includes three, four, or five filling yarns, respectively, and then woven under the next weft yarn group that includes the same number of filling yarns. As used herein, the 1 / 6 plain weave is characterized by a repeating pattern in which each warp yarn is woven over a weft yarn group and then woven under the next weft yarn group.

[0081] In other embodiments, the geotextile base fabric is a twill weave. Compared with plain weave and plain multi-weft weave, the interweaving of twill weave in a given area is less. Twill is a basic weaving type, and there are many different twill weaves. Twill weave is named by the number of weft yarns / filling yarns that a single warp yarn passes through from above and then passes through below. For example, in a 2 / 2 twill weave, a single warp yarn end is woven on two filling yarns and then woven under two filling yarns. In a 3 / 1 twill weave, a single warp yarn end is woven on three filling yarns and then woven under a filling yarn. For fabrics composed of yarns of the same type and size and with identical linear density or monofilament density, the interweaving of twill weave per unit area is less than corresponding plain weave fabrics. Therefore, twill weave is not plain multi-weft weave.

[0082] In one or more embodiments, the geotextile base fabric is a satin weave. Compared with plain weave and plain multi-weft weave, satin weave also has less interweaving in a given area. This is another basic weave type, from which a variety of variations can be produced. Satin weave is named by the number of ends on which the weave pattern repeats. For example, a five-harness satin weave repeats on five ends, with a single warp yarn floating on four filling yarns and then passing under one filling yarn. An eight-harness satin weave repeats on eight ends, with a single warp yarn floating on seven filling yarns and then passing under one filling yarn. For fabrics made of the same type and with the same yarn density, the interweaving of satin weave is less than that of corresponding plain or twill weave fabrics. In one or more embodiments, the geotextile base fabric is a two-layer weave. The two-layer weave reduces the number of interweavings by separating the interweaving from the warp yarns on the second weft yarn, thereby forming a looser weave.

[0083] The wicking fibers and non-wicking fibers used for both warp and weft yarns herein are made of melt-spinnable polymers, wherein the melt-spinnable polymers include, but are not limited to, polyesters, nylons, polyolefins, and cellulose esters. Non-limiting examples of polymers include poly(ethylene terephthalate), polypropylene, polyethylene, polypropylene / polypropylene copolymer blends, polyamides, chemical cellulose-based polymers such as viscose and di- or triacetyl, copolymers, terpolymers, and grafted polymers, thermoplastic polymers such as polyesters and copolymers of dicarboxylic acids or their esters and glycols, or any combination thereof. Dicarboxylic acids and ester compounds include, but are not limited to, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, p, p'-diphenyl dicarboxylic acids, p, p'-dicarboxy diphenyl ethane, p, p'-dicarboxy diphenyl hexane, p, p'-dicarboxy diphenyl ether, p, p'-dicarboxy phenoxy ethane, and the like, and their dialkyl esters containing 1 to about 5 carbon atoms in their alkyl groups.

[0084] As described above, at low water content, high soil suction retains moisture and prevents water from migrating to more porous media. The geotextiles described herein are arranged between soil layers or drainage layers in some embodiments to move water from one layer to another. When the geotextile includes staggered wicking rings on opposite sides / faces of the fabric, these staggered rings move water from a first soil layer or drainage layer to a second soil layer or drainage layer.

[0085] Figure 3A is a side view of a schematic diagram of a wicking loop fabric that moves water from a first soil layer 316 (or drainage layer, also known as an aggregate layer) to a second soil layer 308 (or drainage layer, also known as an aggregate layer). Figure 3B Yes Figure 3A 3. A close-up view of a schematic diagram of a wicking loop fabric for moving water is shown. The geotextile is arranged between a first soil layer 316 (or drainage layer) and a second soil layer 308 (or drainage layer). The geotextile includes a base fabric 306 having wicking warp yarns 310 woven through the base fabric 306 and forming staggered loops on opposite sides of the base fabric 306. The wicking warp yarns 310 form first loops 318 on a first face / side of the base fabric 306. The first loops 318 extend from the first face / side of the base fabric and form first gaps 319 between the base fabric 306 and the first loops 318. The wicking warp yarns 310 are woven around first weft yarns 314 through the base fabric back to the first face and around adjacent second weft yarns 315 through the base fabric back to the second face to form second loops 322 and second gaps on the second face / side of the base fabric 306. The wicking warp yarn 310 is then woven back through the base fabric to the first side around another first weft yarn 314 and woven back to the first side around an adjacent second weft yarn 315 to form a first loop 318. The first loop 318 (upper wicking loop) is disposed in the first soil layer 316 (or aggregate layer) and the second loop 322 (lower wicking loop) is disposed in the second soil layer 308 (or aggregate layer). In some embodiments, the first weft yarn 314 and the second weft yarn 315 are wicking yarns.

[0086] The first soil layer 316 (or drainage layer) includes soil particles 320 (or drainage particles) having pores therebetween, and water 302 within the pores. The second soil layer 308 (or drainage layer) includes soil particles 321 (or drainage particles) having pores therebetween that are larger than the pores of the first soil layer 316, such as drainage stone. At low water contents, the high soil suction typically retains water in the first soil layer 316 and prevents the water from falling into the more porous second soil layer 316. However, the wicking loop geotextile provides sufficient suction to overcome the capillary barrier created under unsaturated conditions and transport water from the first soil layer 316 to the second soil layer 308 (drainage layer or aggregate layer). When the soil above (first soil layer 316) has a lower soil suction (for higher water contents and / or more sandy soils), the high permeability base fabric 306 ensures that the geotextile is well dehydrated (see Figure 3A , showing high water flow 312 through highly permeable portions of base fabric 306 between rings). First ring 318 wicks water 302 from the first soil layer 316 above, directing water 302 across base fabric 306, and second ring 322 is then saturated, dripping water 302 into second soil layer 308 (or drainage layer or aggregate layer).

[0087] In some embodiments, a method of moving water through a geotextile includes providing a geotextile between a first soil layer (or drainage layer) and a second soil layer (or drainage layer or aggregate layer), and then using alternating loops in the woven geotextile to move water from the first soil layer to the second soil layer.

[0088] In one or more embodiments, the first soil layer (or drainage layer) is a layer of material that includes rare earth elements and / or acid mining sludge, and the second soil layer (or drainage layer) includes drainage gravel. Acid mine drainage occurs when groundwater passes through a layer of sulfide minerals and becomes acidic, forming a low pH sulfuric acid solution. This drainage leaches heavy metals into solution, which oxidize when in contact with air. Acidic water is discharged from surface and underground mines into the open environment, contaminating surface water with ochre, which is a red, orange, or yellow precipitated sediment.

[0089] In some embodiments, geotextiles used to move water are sewn into dewatering bags or geotubes. Figure 44 is a side view of a schematic diagram of a dewatering bag 402 or geotube bag with a wicking loop fabric. The dewatering bag 402 includes a wicking loop geotextile. The geotextile includes a dewatering base fabric 403 and a staggered wicking loop 410 structure located on both sides of the dewatering base fabric 403. The dewatering bag 402 includes a material 404 to be dewatered, such as acid mining sludge and / or rare earth elements. The dewatering bag 402 is arranged on a drainage layer 414 (e.g., drainage gravel) on a roadbed 412. A portion of the dewatering bag 402 is also exposed to the air. At the surface of the dewatering bag 402 exposed to the air, the wicking loop 410 generates a water / moisture suction force 406, which moves water from the material 404 to be dewatered in the dewatering bag 402 to the outside air, causing water to evaporate 409 into the air. At the portion where the dewatering bag 402 contacts the drainage layer 414, the wicking ring 410 generates a water / moisture suction force 416 that moves water from the material to be dewatered in the dewatering bag 402 to the drainage layer 414 (see water dripping 416).

[0090] In one or more embodiments, geotextiles are used in landfills. Geotextiles are used in a variety of applications in landfills. Geotextiles act as a liner at the bottom of a landfill, possibly between multiple layers of material. Geotextiles are also placed above a landfill, possibly between multiple layers of material. Geotextiles allow water to flow and permit drainage.

[0091] In some embodiments, the geotextile has stitched wicking loops on one or both sides of the fabric. Figure 5A A roll of geotextile 500 having wicking loops sewn to a base fabric 510. The geotextile has a cross-machine direction and a machine direction. The base fabric 510 is a nonwoven fabric (e.g., a spunbond fabric). The base fabric 510 also includes first cross-machine direction yarns 506 arranged at any angle relative to the machine direction. The first cross-machine direction yarns are woven, knitted, sewn, adhered or laid at any angle relative to the machine direction. The first cross-machine direction yarns 506 and the base fabric 510 form a base fabric.

[0092] The first machine direction yarns 502 are arranged in the machine direction on the first cross-machine direction yarns 506 and are wicking yarns. The first machine direction yarns 502 form first loops 508, which are sewn to the base fabric 510 by the bonding yarns 512 and extend from the first side of the geotextile to form a first gap between the first loops 508 and the first side of the base fabric 510 of the geotextile 500. In some embodiments, the bonding yarns 512 are sewn on the first machine direction yarns 502 in a herringbone pattern or a zigzag pattern, and each first loop 508 is defined by the distance between consecutive bonding yarns 512 in the machine direction.

[0093] In one or more embodiments, all of the first loops are secured to the first side of the fabric by a binder yarn 512. Non-limiting examples of materials for the binder yarn 512 include polyester, nylon, polyolefins, and cellulose esters. Non-limiting examples of polymers for the binder yarn 512 include poly(ethylene terephthalate), polypropylene, polyethylene, polypropylene / polypropylene copolymer blends, polyamides, chemical cellulose-based polymers such as viscose and di- or triacetyl, copolymers, terpolymers, and grafted polymers, thermoplastic polymers such as polyesters and copolymers of dicarboxylic acids or their esters and glycols, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the binder yarn is a bicomponent polyester fiber having a core and / or sheath comprising polyester.

[0094] Figure 5B An enlarged top view illustrating a wicking loop sewn to one side of a geosynthetic fabric 520, Figure 5C Example Figure 5B Magnified bottom view of fabric. Geosynthetic fabric 520 has a cross-machine direction and a machine direction. Nonwoven base fabric 510 (e.g., scrim) also includes first cross-machine direction yarns 506 arranged at any angle relative to the machine direction. First cross-machine direction yarns 506 are woven, knitted, stitched, sewn, adhered or laid at any angle relative to the machine direction. First cross-machine direction yarns 506 and fabric 510 form a base fabric. First machine direction yarns 502 are wicking yarns. First machine direction yarns 502 form first loops 508, which are stitched to base fabric 510 by bonding yarns 512 and extend from a first side of the geosynthetic fabric to form a first gap between the first loops 508 and the first side of the base fabric 510 of geosynthetic fabric 520.

[0095] In one or more embodiments, the geosynthetic fabric further comprises second cross-machine direction yarns woven in the cross-machine direction.In an embodiment, the first cross-machine direction yarns are non-wicking yarns and the second cross-machine direction yarns are wicking yarns.

[0096] The above article about Figures 1A to 2C Any of the first warp yarns or the second warp yarns described for the geotextiles 100, 200 in the drawings may be used for the first machine direction yarns or the second machine direction yarns. Figures 1A to 2CAny of the first weft yarns or the second weft yarns described for the geotextiles 100, 200 in the above may be used for the first machine direction yarns or the second machine direction yarns. The first gap formed by the first machine direction yarns 502 has any size described above for the geotextiles 100, 200. In some embodiments, the first gap formed between the first loop and the first face of the geosynthetic fabric 500, 520 is at least 0.25 mm. In some embodiments, the first gap formed between the first loop and the first face of the geosynthetic fabric is about 1 mm to about 10 mm, or about 1 mm to about 8 mm. In other embodiments, the first gap formed between the first loop and the face of the geotextile is about 1 mm to about 50 mm.

[0097] In some embodiments, the geosynthetic fabric is formed by forming a base fabric that is a nonwoven fabric, a woven fabric, or a knitted fabric, and then weaving or stitching wicking warp yarns through or on the base fabric to form loops on one or both sides of the fabric. In other embodiments, the geosynthetic fabric is formed by forming a base fabric and stitching wicking warp yarns to the base fabric on one or both sides of the fabric.

[0098] Geotextiles relieve capillary suction in soil. Soil suction is the ability to wick and hold water primarily due to capillary action in the soil structure and is of interest because increased water content changes the hydraulic and mechanical properties of the soil and can cause engineering problems involving unsaturated soils. The forces acting on the spherical particles within the soil are due to surface tension. The finer the soil particles, the greater the soil capillary suction and the higher the capillary rise, e.g. Figure 6 In other words, finer-grained soils, such as clay and silt loam, accumulate water to a greater extent than coarser-grained soils, such as sandy loam and fine sand, due to soil capillary suction and result in an undesirably higher capillary rise within the soil.

[0099] There are various types of water available in the soil. Hygroscopic water is "bound" water which can only be removed by oven drying. Capillary water is water held by matrix suction and is also water that plants can draw up. Gravity water is free water that can drain away under the influence of gravity.

[0100] For coarse-grained soils, hydraulic conductivity is proportional to porosity or void percentage to some extent, but for fine-grained soils (e.g., silts and clays), hydraulic conductivity is low despite a high void percentage. The reason for this phenomenon is that most of the void space is usually occupied by hygroscopic and capillary water, leaving very little gravity-drainable pore space.

[0101] Although counterintuitive, the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated gravel or geotextiles can be significantly less than that of unsaturated soil because a capillary barrier forms when an unsaturated fine-grained soil layer is beneath another unsaturated porous material with relatively larger pore sizes, such as a coarse-grained soil layer (e.g., sand, gravel) or a porous geosynthetic material (e.g., nonwoven geotextile). Water does not move from the soil into the porous medium until the soil moisture increases to a certain point, known as capillary rupture. At low soil moisture contents, increased suction in the porous medium can cause capillary rupture.

[0102] To quantify the water storage capacity in porous media such as soils, the volumetric water content θ is measured as a function of the suction ψ of the porous medium. The volumetric water content is defined as the ratio between the volume of water and the total volume of the geomaterial. The relationship between the moisture content of the soil and the suction defines the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC), which shows the amount of water present in the pore space and the suction water content curve (see Figure 7 ). The SWCC curve illustrates the moisture state (expressed as volumetric water content, θ w = water volume / total volume, expressed as a decimal; w = water mass / solid mass, expressed as a percentage; or saturation, S = water volume / void volume, expressed as a percentage) and matrix suction u w -u a (to a logarithmic scale). Similarly, the Geosynthetics-Water Characteristic Curve (GWCC) defines the relationship between moisture and suction of a geotextile.

[0103] Matric suction is the difference between the pore air pressure and the pore water pressure. Laboratory measurements of matric suction can be made using the axis translation technique described below and exemplified in Fig.17A and Fig. 17B The axis translation technique converts the reference origin of the pore water pressure from standard atmospheric conditions to the final air pressure in the chamber. The tendency of the water in the measuring system to become negative is counteracted by increasing the air pressure in the chamber. Ultimately, under equilibrium conditions, the difference between the air pressure in the chamber and the water pressure measured at equilibrium is the matrix suction of the soil. For the test, the soil samples are compacted at the optimum moisture content. Each sample is compacted into five layers, with thin metal plates separating the different layers to ensure that the contact surfaces are relatively flat and smooth. The sample is then placed in a plastic mold and immersed in water to saturate it. Once saturated, the soil sample is placed in a pressure plate test apparatus. The test sample is placed above a high air intake ceramic disk ( Fig.17A). As long as the air pressure applied to the sample is below the air entry value (AEV) of the ceramic disk, the ceramic disk conducts only water. The air pressure forces the pore water to flow through the water-conducting ceramic disk. The excess water is collected in a 50 mL beaker and the mass of the beaker is measured regularly until a constant value is obtained, indicating that a state of equilibrium is reached. In the state of equilibrium, the air pressure corresponds to the value of the matrix suction and the water content of the sample is determined after the test ( Fig. 17B ).

[0104] The relationship between water content and suction in SWCC is sensitive to the pore size distribution of the material and shows how the volumetric water content of the material changes as the suction increases or decreases. Smaller pore sizes correspond to higher air entry values ​​(AEV), indicating that it is more difficult for air to penetrate the pores. Figure 7 As shown, the desorption curve (drying path) starts with an initially saturated sample until the sample reaches a residual state as the suction increases. The initial saturated volumetric water content at low suction is the same as the porosity because all the air in the sample has been replaced by water. The Air Entry Value (AEV) is the suction value when the sample first begins to desaturate. The final residual water content corresponds to the small amount of water retained in the soil pores that has no way to escape. The adsorption curve (wetting path) starts with an initially dry sample until the sample becomes saturated as the suction decreases. The Air Entry Value is the suction value when water is first able to enter the sample. There is some hysteresis between these two curves. This is because during drying, large pores will drain first and small pores will drain later. However, the order is reversed during wetting because the large pores prevent some of the small pores from filling and cause air entrapment, which creates hysteresis, which prevents complete saturation.

[0105] To measure the geosynthetics-water characteristic curve (GWCC) (see Figure 8 ), which defines the relationship between moisture and suction of geotextiles, three traditional tests were conducted, including the capillary rise test to determine the WRC in the low suction range (≤10 kPa), the pressure plate test to determine the WRC in the medium suction range (10 kPa to 1500 kPa), and the salt concentration test to determine the WRC in the high suction range (>1500 kPa).

[0106] Fig.18A shows the test equipment for the capillary rise test. The geotextile sample is cut into strips of 0.1m wide × 1.0m long and saturated before testing. The entire sample is covered with a plastic film to minimize water loss due to evaporation. One end of the sample is immersed in a water reservoir, and the water surface is regarded as the reference plane. At the same time, the other end of the sample is suspended vertically above the water reservoir, and a ruler is also suspended parallel to the side of the sample to determine the sample height. The water in the test sample flows downward under the influence of gravity. The pore water pressure below the reference plane is positive, and the pore water pressure above the reference plane is negative. Under steady state, the pore water pressure is linearly distributed in the vertical direction, as expressed by the following formula:

[0107] ψ=ρ w gh

[0108] Where, ψ = matrix suction, kPa; ρ w = water density, kg / m 3 ; g = acceleration due to gravity, m / s 2 ; h = height of the sample's center of gravity, m.

[0109] Fig.19 The test equipment for the pressure plate test is shown. The saturated geotextile sample is sandwiched between two acrylic plates, and the sample is erected and fastened in the vertical direction with a clamp. A thin layer of soil slurry (kaolin: water = 1:2 weight ratio) is then applied to the bottom of the sample to ensure that the sample has a good contact area with the ceramic disk. Note that the soil slurry should not be too thick to hinder the water flow, nor too thin to flow away. The soil slurry layer ensures a continuous liquid water flow path, and when regulated air pressure is applied, excess pore water can be freely discharged from the sample. Excess water is discharged from the system into a 50mL beaker, and the mass of water is continuously measured until a constant value is obtained. Under equilibrium conditions, the lower part of the sample is contaminated and it is cut off. The upper part of the sample is used to determine the water content.

[0110] Fig. 20The test apparatus for the salt concentration test is shown. A relative humidity controlled environment is used to establish a constant total suction. The pore water in the sample is allowed to evaporate and reach equilibrium with the surrounding vapor pressure. The relative humidity is controlled by the salt concentration in the MgCl2 solute. According to the Kelvin equation, the relationship between the concentration and the corresponding suction is presented in Table 1 below (see Fredlund, DG et al., Predicting the permeability function for unsaturated soils using the soil-water characteristic curve, Can. Geotech J. 31. 533-546 (1994)). Six glass jars were filled with solutes of different salt concentrations, and the corresponding suction values ​​ranged from 1303 kPa to 14554 kPa. The saturated samples were placed in a tin foil sample holder with perforations at the bottom to shorten the time required to reach equilibrium. After the samples were placed in the glass jars, the glass jars were sealed with electrical tape. It took about 7 days to reach equilibrium, and the water content of the samples was determined after the test. Given the suction value and the corresponding water content, the WRC at high suction levels can be determined.

[0111] Table 1. Salt concentration and corresponding suction

[0112] <![CDATA[MgCl2(g / L)]]> Suction force(kPa) 19.050 1303 38.100 2739 47.626 3523 66.676 5244 95.251 8249 142.877 14554

[0113] Figure 7 SWCC of clay, sand, silt, granular bases, and GWCC of non-wicking geotextiles and moisture management geotextiles (MMG) with wicking yarns are exemplified. The GWCC of non-wicking geotextiles is similar to that of sand. Non-wicking geotextiles have an AEV of 0.5 kPa, and the water content decreases significantly as the suction increases from 0.0 kPa to 1.5 kPa. When the suction exceeds the AEV, most of the pores in the non-wicking geotextile are occupied by air, and the geotextile acts as a capillary barrier to prevent water from passing through.

[0114] In contrast, the GWCC of the wicking geotextile (MMG) shows a stronger water holding capacity under saturated conditions. The GWCC of the wicking geotextile has a bimodal shape, which can be described by two sets of regression parameters, resulting in two AEVs: inter-yarn AEV and intra-yarn AEV. These parameters are due to the presence of wicking fibers in the in-plane direction. The inter-yarn air entry value (AEV) of the wicking ring geotextile is 1.1 kPa, which is mainly controlled by the relatively large pores between the woven polyethylene yarns. In fact, the inter-yarn AEV of the wicking geotextile is similar to that of the non-wicking geotextile, and when the suction exceeds 1.1 kPa, the air can easily enter the pores among the woven yarns. In other words, the wicking geotextile will act as a capillary barrier in the cross-plane direction. However, the uniqueness of the wicking geotextile is the specially designed wicking fibers in the in-plane direction. The intra-yarn AEV of the wicking geotextile is 254.0 kPa, which is mainly controlled by the size of the openings in the deep grooves of the wicking geotextile. The deep grooves within the fiber remain saturated and can act as channels for water flow under unsaturated conditions. When the suction exceeds the AEV within the yarn, the deep grooves become desaturated and the ability of the wicking geotextile to transport water is expected to decrease significantly. Therefore, the theoretical functional suction range for wicking geotextiles is 0 kPa to 254 kPa. In summary, wicking geotextiles have relatively strong lateral drainage capabilities in the in-plane direction when compared to non-wicking geotextiles.

[0115] The ability of a geomaterial to transport water under unsaturated conditions can be explained by its hydraulic conductivity or K function. Figure 8 A graph illustrating the relationship between hydraulic conductivity and suction (also known as the K function) for clay, nonwoven geotextiles, and wicking geotextiles. The K function provides a measure of the resistance to water flow that increases with increasing water content. Near saturation, the coarser material (geotextile) has a relatively higher hydraulic conductivity than the finer material (clay). The intersection of the curves is the capillary invasion point between the clay and each geotextile, or the suction between which water flows.

[0116] For comparison, Figure 8 Also shown on the far left of FIG. 1 is the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC, volumetric water content (%)) for the clay soil, which relates the soil water content at different soil suction values. In order to determine the capillary breakthrough point between the clay soil and the geotextile (wicking or nonwoven), the soil suction at the invasion between the materials (e.g., between the clay soil and the nonwoven fabric, or between the clay soil and the wicking geotextile) is first determined, that is, the soil suction at which the two K-function curves intersect each other. For the intersection point of clay / nonwoven fabric, the suction is about 1.2 kPa. For the intersection point of clay / wicking geotextile, the suction is about 10 kPa. Next, the soil suction at these specific soil suction values ​​( Figure 8The moisture content in the clay soil at 1.2 kPa is 42%, so it is the intrusion moisture content of the clay into the nonwoven fabric. The moisture content in the clay soil at 10 kPa is 30%, which is the intrusion moisture content of the clay into the wicking geotextile.

[0117] Wicking geotextiles do continually draw water away from the soil with which they are in contact. The wicking yarns in a wicking geotextile are themselves hygroscopic, so they draw water, but it must transfer it rather than store it. The wicking fibers are hygroscopic due to their polymer composition, but their structure provides capillary action and permanent suction, which occurs under unsaturated conditions, which is most important. Under saturated conditions, water will drain away, and free water will initially pool, but will eventually leave through the soil by evaporation, as runoff, etc. Therefore, the role of the wicking yarns is to draw water and move it, but the best and preferred "system" would be one that is less intrusive and optimized to achieve this role. Although wicking geotextiles with wicking yarns are effective, they are not optimal. However, the wicking loop fabrics described herein provide the desired absorption and movement, as well as a path with the least tortuosity for the water to pass through the channel and leave the soil.

[0118] Figure 8 The various soil media are shown to have a high degree of variability in how well they hold water. Sand does not hold water very well and, in fact, acts more like a drain pipe. On the other hand, highly plastic clay holds a greater volume of water for a much longer period of time. When sand, clay, and various fabrics are compared to the wicking loop fabric, the loop structure provides a slightly greater ability to move water out of the system in a shorter period of time, which equates to a lower volumetric water content in the soil, and a stiffer, i.e., greater modulus, soil. The above features promote the ability of the soil to return to equilibrium at a faster rate and remain in place rather than sliding.

[0119] The geotextiles described herein with wicking loops interlaced between the faces of the geotextile improve the K function of the geotextile, thereby causing capillary rupture at lower water contents. The hydraulic conductivity of relatively large pore materials decreases more rapidly than that of smaller pore materials. As shown in the figure, a suction force of about 1.5 kPa is the capillary invasion point of clay moisture into the nonwoven geotextile.

[0120] Traditional methods for defining the K function can be costly, time consuming, and prone to error due to the experimental problems involved in controlling water flow through unsaturated geomaterials. Therefore, the K function is often predicted based on information obtained using theoretical derivations based on measured SWCC and GWCC. The K function can be predicted using the method described in Fredlund et al., Predicting the permeability function for unsaturated soils using the soil-water characteristic curve, Can. Geotech J. 31. 533-546 (1994).

[0121] Based on the fact that both the permeability function and the SWCC are mainly determined by the pore size distribution of the soil, a statistical model is proposed to determine the permeability function of unsaturated soils using the SWCC. The calculation is performed by dividing the relationship between volumetric water content and suction into m equal water content increments. Each water content midpoint corresponds to a specific matrix suction. The midpoints are numbered starting from point 1, and the permeability function can be predicted according to the following formula:

[0122]

[0123] Among them, k w = Water content w i Predicted hydraulic conductivity (corresponding to the i-th interval), m / s; i = the number of intervals that increases with decreasing water content; j = the count from “i” to “m”; m = the total number of intervals between the saturated water content and the minimum water content on the SWCC curve (for our case, m = 20); k s = measured saturated hydraulic conductivity; ksc = saturated permeability, m / s; A d = Adjustment constant. Calculating the permeability at a specific volumetric water content involves summing the suction values ​​corresponding to the water content at that suction value and the suction values ​​below that suction value. Matching coefficient k s / k sc Using the saturated permeability as a basis is necessary to more accurately fit the unsaturated permeability. The shape of the permeability function is determined by the terms within the summation sign of this formula, which in turn are obtained from the SWCC.

[0124] According to one or more embodiments, the geotextiles described herein have a breakthrough suction of at least 50 kilopascals. In other embodiments, the geotextiles have a breakthrough suction of about 1 kilopascal to about 1000 kilopascals.

[0125] Geotextiles have high matrix suction, drawing water from the surrounding soil, and have good wettability, which allows water to quickly penetrate the fabric. Super wicking yarns in the fabric create a filtering geotextile that wets instantly, as measured by contact angle. When a water drop is placed on the surface of the wicking yarn, the contact angle relative to the fabric surface is significantly less than other geotextiles. When a water drop is placed on the wicking yarn, the water drop passes through the fabric essentially immediately. According to one or more embodiments, a 2 microliter water drop on the first side of the geotextile has a contact angle of less than or equal to 55 degrees after 0.1 microseconds.

[0126] In some embodiments, the geotextile is processed by calendering or laminating. In other embodiments, the geotextile is a calendered geotextile or a laminated geotextile. Unexpectedly, calendering the geotextile results in improved wettability.

[0127] Example

[0128] Example 1

[0129] A uniaxial wicking loop fabric (having wicking yarns in one direction, i.e., the warp direction, e.g., as shown in Tables 2 and 3 below) designated FWL-T1 was formed using the yarn parameters and weaving parameters in Tables 2 and 3 below. Figure 1A ), and biaxial wicking loop fabrics (having wicking yarns in the warp and weft directions, e.g. Figure 2A shown).

[0130] Table 2. Uniaxial Wicking Loop Fabric Construction (FWL-T1)

[0131]

[0132] Table 3. Biaxial Wicking Loop Fabric Construction (FWL-T2)

[0133]

[0134]

[0135] Example 2

[0136] The rapid dewatering test (RDT) funnel test was used to compare the water flow through the wicking loop geotextile and the geotextile without wicking loops. HP665 (GT500) is a 2 / 2 twill double weft weave consisting of monofilament warp and fibrillated ribbon weft. FW409 is a 100% monofilament warp and weft fabric. FWL-T2 is the biaxial wicking loop fabric described in Example 1 above, with wicking loops added to the FW409 base fabric.

[0137] The fabrics were arranged at the bottom of the RDT funnel and placed in a beaker. The initial solids content of the soil slurry was 35.6%. A moist soil sample from a stream formed a filter cake on each fabric in the funnel, and the water accumulated in the beaker due to flow through the fabric was measured over time. The clear water accumulated in the beaker represented the difference between the water dripping into the beaker from the RDT funnel and the water lost from the beaker by evaporation through the beaker mouth and the small gap in the RDT funnel.

[0138] Table 4 and Fig. 9 The results of the RDT test are illustrated. As shown, throughout the 7-day measurement, more water passed through or through the wicking loop fabric (FWL-T2) relative to the other fabrics.

[0139] Fig.10 Graph illustrating the differential water displacement (grams) of FWL-T2 wicking loop fabrics of the present invention and FW409 relative to HP665.

[0140] As shown, the dewatering performance of FWL-T2 appears to be better than both HP665 (GT500) and FW409. The addition of an attached wicking ring to the base fabric FW409 improves the dewatering performance in the following ways. The time required for the filter cake to stabilize was reduced from 34 minutes for FW409 to 5 minutes for FWL-T2, indicating that the wicking ring helps to draw water from the slurry more quickly to solidify the formation of the filter cake. At the wetter soil stage, the dewatering rate of FWL-T2 was faster than that of FW409, indicating that the wicking ring aided the dewatering process. Additionally, at the drier soil stage, when soil suction is expected to be important, evaporation begins to reduce the weight of the water in the beaker, indicating that little or no water is dripping from the RDT funnel. However, the reduction for FWL-T2 was smaller, indicating that at this drier soil stage, the wicking ring is still drawing water from the soil above.

[0141] Table 4. RDT clear water accumulation

[0142]

[0143]

[0144] Example 3

[0145] Permeable soil column tests were conducted to evaluate the performance differences of FWL-T1 and FWL-T2 wicking loop geotextiles compared to conventional geotextiles (i.e., RS380i, without wicking loops). The apparatus consisted of an acrylic column of 19.7 cm diameter in which 32 cm of Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA) soil was compacted into two and three cm thick lift layers. The geotextile was placed under 15 cm of RMA soil, and below that was 17 cm of the same soil. Three moisture sensors were placed at 2 cm, 8 cm, and 13 cm above the geotextile, and one moisture sensor was placed 2 cm below the geotextile. Fig.11 The equipment used is presented.

[0146] The soil column model established in this test procedure was constructed under the conditions of 10% initial weight moisture content and 77.2% relative compaction, corresponding to a dry density of 1.47 g / cm 3 (91.81pcf). Follow the steps below to build a soil column apparatus. First, place a piece of filter paper before starting to place the soil to avoid clogging. Then, place the corresponding weight of soil and compact it to create five 3cm thick soil lift layers. Place an initial moisture sensor (called M1) and place a 2cm thick soil lift layer on top of the sensor. Then, carefully place the geotextile between two acrylic cylinders. Subsequently, place a 2cm lift layer, three 3cm lift layers, and two 2cm lift layers on top of the geotextile. The moisture sensors are installed between these lift layers at 2cm, 8cm, and 13cm from the geotextile (M2, M3, and M4, respectively). Table 5 shows the calculation method for estimating the weight of soil required for each lift layer. Once the soil is placed in the soil column, the filter paper is placed on top of the soil layer and the top of the soil column is sealed with plastic film. Then, a low-flow peristaltic pump is used to provide a uniform flow rate to the soil column. The pump is calibrated to apply a flow rate of 0.45mL / min. In addition, at the beginning of the test, the LABVIEW code for the dump bucket under the soil column was started to measure the outflow.

[0147] Table 5. Calculation of soil column configuration using RMA soil

[0148] Lifting layer H(cm) high <![CDATA[Volume (cm 3 )]]> <![CDATA[W 干燥 (g)]]> <![CDATA[W 水 (g)]]> <![CDATA[W 湿润 (g)]]> 1 3 3 914.42 1344.79 134.48 1479.27 2 3 6 914.42 1344.79 134.48 1479.27 3 3 9 914.42 1344.79 134.48 1479.27 4 3 12 914.42 1344.79 134.48 1479.27 5 3 15 914.42 1344.79 134.48 1479.27 6 2 17 609.61 896.53 89.65 986.18 7 2 19 609.61 896.53 89.65 986.18 8 3 22 914.42 1344.79 134.48 1479.27 9 3 25 914.42 1344.79 134.48 1479.27 10 3 28 914.42 1344.79 134.48 1479.27 11 2 30 609.61 896.53 89.65 986.18 12 2 32 609.61 896.53 89.65 986.18 total 32 218 9753.77 14344.47 1434.45 15778.92

[0149] Three soil column tests were conducted. The geotextiles tested were RS380i (control, no wicking ring), FWL-T1 and FWL-T2. The results of the three column tests conducted are presented in Fig.12 (RS380i, comparison), Fig.13 (FWL-T1, uniaxial wicking) and Fig.14(FWL-T2, biaxial wicking). The change in moisture content in the sensor directly above the geotextile (sensor M2) is detected, as is the change in moisture content that indicates breakthrough has occurred (sensor M1). From these two values, a parameter identified as "flow increment" is determined. Once the moisture content stabilizes and the water is collected in the dump bucket (outflow is detected), the test is over.

[0150] Table 6 summarizes the test characteristics and results of the three soil column tests. The flow increment in the soil column constructed using RS380i formed a relatively significant capillary barrier, which was 5.3 times the flow increment obtained in the soil column using FWL geotextile. In addition, the soil columns using FWL-T1 and FWL-T2 stored approximately 577.8 mL and 620.1 mL of inflow, respectively, and had similar flow increments (213 mL and 208 mL). This similarity in flow increments reflects the similar behavior of unimpeded cross-plane flow (anti-capillary barrier) (i.e., flow applied perpendicular to the geotextile).

[0151] Table 6. Soil column test results

[0152]

[0153] The volumetric water content retained before breakthrough was between 5% and 9%. In terms of time, it took about 1300 minutes for the FWL geotextile column to reach breakthrough. Based on the information presented in Table 7, it can be concluded that the RS380i geotextile creates a relatively strong capillary barrier and that a relatively high amount of water is stored in the clay before breakthrough.

[0154] The FWL-1 and FWL-2 geotextiles are cross-plane enhanced drainage (CPED) geotextiles. Moisture accumulation was observed after breakthrough, which may indicate that for the column, the impact flow rate of 0.45 ml / min may be higher than the amount of cross-plane flow that can be conducted through the geotextile without obstruction. It is expected that the presence of "wicking" yarns at higher frequencies in the FWL products provides higher unobstructed flow (or, conversely, that the current yarn frequencies are well suited to smaller impact flow rates).

[0155] Three different capillary barrier devices were tested using an experimental soil column model to observe the formation of a capillary barrier. The soil columns were prepared using unsaturated silty clay from Rocky Mountain Arsenal. The two prototype products (FWL geotextiles) produced similar results and confirmed that they were CPED geotextiles, and the magnitude of the unimpeded flow rate could be controlled by the number of "wicking" yarns per unit area. As expected, the control (RS580i) geotextile produced a relatively strong capillary barrier.

[0156] Example 4

[0157] The contact angle of a water droplet on the fabric surface is measured over time. Water drops are placed on wicking and non-wicking fibers to compare matrix suction, which demonstrates the ability to draw water from the surrounding soil, and wettability, which demonstrates the ability for water to quickly penetrate the fabric structure.

[0158] Fig.15 Results showing the change in contact angle over time for 2 microliter and 5 microliter water drops on wicking fibers of wicking geotextiles (WG) and control geotextiles (CG) are shown. As shown, the wicking yarns in the fabrics produce a filtering geotextile that is capable of immediate wet-out, as measured by contact angle, demonstrating the utility of wicking looped yarns in geotextiles for moving water across the plane of the fabric.

[0159] Example 5

[0160] The geotextile with wicking loops was calendered. The uncalendered fabric is shown in Fig.16 on the left, while the calendered fabric is shown on Fig.16 The effect of calendering on the ability of water to drain through the fabric was tested by placing a water drop on the fabric and collecting the water below. As shown, calendering causes the wicking yarn loops to tighten and allows water to diffuse more easily within the fabric, which surprisingly improves wettability. Table 7 shows the effect of calendering. FWL402 D-T1 and FWL700 D-T1 fabrics include wicking loops, while FW700 does not.

[0161] Table 7. Calendering effect

[0162]

[0163] Example 6

[0164] Fig.21A and Fig.21B Shown by 100% monofilament warp and weft fabric ( Fig.21A ) and a biaxial wicking loop fabric made from the same base fabric but with additional wicking loop yarns added. Even after adding 15 drops of water with a dropper, the puddle of water did not penetrate through the fabric ( Fig.21A ). However, when a wicking ring was added to the same fabric, a drop of water was immediately transported through the fabric via the wicking ring ( Fig.21B ).

[0165] Example 7

[0166] Capillary barrier test and breakthrough test were performed on various fabrics. 180N, HP570 and RS580i are nonwoven fabrics without wicking yarns. H2Ri and FW402 are nonwoven fabrics with multi-lobal wicking yarns (no loops). FW LSame as FW402, but with ring included. As shown, the addition of the wicking ring significantly reduces the soil saturation level at capillary breakthrough (FW L 59.1%, compared with 72.2% for FW402), and significantly shortened the capillary breakthrough time (FW L is 1250min, compared with 1500min for FW402).

[0167] Table 8. Capillary barrier test and breakthrough test

[0168]

[0169] The compositions, methods and articles may alternatively include, consist of, or consist essentially of any suitable material, step or component disclosed herein. The compositions, methods and articles may additionally or alternatively be formulated to lack or be essentially free of any material (or substance), step or component that is not necessary to achieve the function or purpose of the compositions, methods and articles.

[0170] All ranges disclosed herein include endpoints, and the endpoints can be combined independently of each other (e.g., the range "up to 25% by weight, or more specifically, 5% by weight to 20% by weight" includes the endpoints and all intermediate values ​​of the range "5% by weight to 25% by weight", etc.). "Combination" includes blends, mixtures, alloys, reaction products, etc. The terms "first", "second", etc. do not indicate any order, quantity, and importance, but are used to distinguish one element from another. The terms "one", "a kind of", and "the" do not represent a limitation on quantity, but should be understood to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise stated in this article or clearly contradictory to the context. "Or" means "and / or", unless otherwise explicitly stated. As used herein, the terms "include", "comprise", "have", "contain", "involve", etc. should be understood as open terms, that is, meaning "including" but not limited to, unless otherwise specified. As used herein, "about" or "approximately" includes the specified value and means within the acceptable deviation range of the specific value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, taking into account the measurement in question and the errors associated with the measurement of the specific quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, "about" can mean within one or more standard deviations, or ±10% or ±5% from the specified value. The use of any and all examples or exemplary language (e.g., "such as") is intended only to better illustrate the present invention and does not impose limitations on the scope of the present invention unless otherwise stated. No language in the specification should be construed to indicate that any unclaimed element is essential to the practice of the present invention as used herein.

[0171] References throughout the specification to "one aspect," "one embodiment," etc., mean that a particular element described in connection with that embodiment is included in at least one embodiment described herein, and may or may not be present in other embodiments. In addition, it will be understood that the described elements may be combined in any suitable manner in the various embodiments. "Combinations thereof" is an open-ended expression that includes any combination of at least one of the listed components or characteristics, optionally together with similar or equivalent components or characteristics.

[0172] Various embodiments of the present invention are described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings. Without departing from the scope of the present invention, alternative embodiments may be designed. Although various connections and positional relationships (e.g., above, below, adjacent, etc.) between elements are described in the following description and the accompanying drawings, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that many positional relationships described herein are independent of orientation when the described functions are maintained even when the orientation changes. Unless otherwise specified, these connections and / or positional relationships may be direct or indirect, and the present invention is not intended to be limited in this regard. Therefore, the coupling of entities may refer to direct or indirect coupling, and the positional relationship between entities may be direct or indirect positional relationship. As an example of an indirect positional relationship, it is mentioned in this specification that forming layer "A" on layer "B" includes the situation where one or more intermediate layers (e.g., layer "C") are between layer "A" and layer "B", as long as the intermediate layer does not substantially change the relevant characteristics and functions of layer "A" and layer "B".

[0173] The following definitions and abbreviations are used to interpret the claims and specification. As used herein, the terms "comprises," "comprising," "having," or "containing," or any other variation of these terms, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that includes a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus.

[0174] In addition, the term "exemplary" is used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any embodiment or design described herein as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or superior to other embodiments or designs. The terms "at least one" and "one or more" are understood to include any integer greater than or equal to 1, i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. The term "plurality" is understood to include any integer greater than or equal to 2, i.e., 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. The term "connected" may include indirect "connections" and direct "connections."

[0175] References to "one embodiment", "an exemplary embodiment", etc. in the specification indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but each embodiment may or may not include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. In addition, these phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. In addition, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in conjunction with one embodiment, it is considered to be within the knowledge of those skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in conjunction with other embodiments, whether or not explicitly described.

[0176] For the purposes of the description below, the terms "upper", "lower", "right side", "left side", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom" and their derivatives shall refer to the described structures and methods as oriented in the accompanying drawings. The terms "overlying", "on top of", "on top of", "positioned on", or "positioned on top of" mean that a first element (such as a first structure) is present on a second element (such as a second structure), wherein an intervening element (such as an interface structure) may be present between the first element and the second element. The term "direct contact" means that a first element (such as a first structure) and a second element (such as a second structure) are connected at the interface of the two elements without any intermediate conductive layers, insulating layers, and semiconductor layers.

[0177] The terms "about," "substantially," "approximately," and variations thereof are intended to include the degree of error associated with measuring a particular quantity based on available equipment at the time the application was filed. For example, "about" may include a range of ±8%, 5%, or 2% of a given value.

[0178] The corresponding structures, materials, actions, and equivalents of all means or step-plus-function elements in the following claims are intended to include any structure, material, or action for performing a function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of the present invention is presented for the purpose of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the disclosed form. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. These embodiments are selected and described in order to best explain the principles and practical applications of the present invention, and to enable other persons of ordinary skill in the art to understand that the various embodiments of the present invention with various modifications are suitable for the intended specific use.

[0179] While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art may now and in the future make various improvements and enhancements which fall within the scope of the appended claims. These claims should be construed to maintain the proper protection for the invention as originally described.

Claims

1. A geotextile comprising: A first weft yarn woven in a weft direction; as well as A first warp yarn and a second warp yarn are woven in a warp direction, wherein the first warp yarn is a wicking yarn and the second warp yarn is a wicking yarn or a non-wicking yarn, the first warp yarn forming a first loop, the first loop being woven through a first side of the woven geosynthetic fabric and extending from the first side across at least two of the first weft yarns to form a first gap between the first loop and the first side of the woven geosynthetic fabric.

2. The geotextile of claim 1, wherein said first gap formed between said ring and said face of said woven geosynthetic fabric is at least 0.25 mm.

3. The geotextile of claim 2, wherein the first gap formed between the first ring and the face of the woven geosynthetic fabric is about 10 mm to about 50 mm.

4. The geotextile of claim 2, wherein the first warp yarns forming the first loops are interlaced at a lower frequency interval than the second warp yarns.

5. The geotextile of claim 1, wherein the first warp yarns further form second loops extending from a second side of the woven geosynthetic textile across at least two of the weft yarns to form second gaps between the second loops and the second side of the woven geotextile.

6. The geotextile of claim 5, wherein the first loop is a different length than the second loop.

7. The woven geotextile of claim 1, wherein the first warp yarns have a multi-channel cross-sectional shape, a multi-lobal cross-sectional shape, a triangular cross-sectional shape, a trilobal cross-sectional shape, a pillow cross-sectional shape, or a circular cross-sectional shape.

8. The woven geotextile of claim 1, wherein the second warp yarns are flat monofilaments, round monofilaments, oval monofilaments, fibrillated tapes, non-fibrillated tapes, continuous filaments, staple yarns, or multi-channel yarns.

9. The geotextile according to claim 1, wherein: The first warp yarn, the first weft yarn, and the second weft yarn each independently include a synthetic material, a natural material, or a combination thereof.

10. The geotextile of claim 9, wherein the synthetic material is a polyolefin, a polyamide, a polyimide, or a combination thereof.

11. The geotextile of claim 10, wherein the synthetic material is polyester.

12. The geotextile of claim 9, wherein the natural material is cotton, wool, linen, or a combination thereof.

13. The geotextile of claim 1, wherein the first weft yarn has a multi-channel cross-sectional shape, a multi-lobal cross-sectional shape, a triangular cross-sectional shape, a trilobal cross-sectional shape, a pillow cross-sectional shape, or a circular cross-sectional shape.

14. The geotextile of claim 1, wherein the second warp yarns have a multi-channel cross-sectional shape, a multi-lobal cross-sectional shape, a triangular cross-sectional shape, a trilobal cross-sectional shape, a pillow cross-sectional shape, or a circular cross-sectional shape.

15. The geotextile of claim 1, wherein the first warp yarns are textured.

16. The geotextile of claim 1, wherein the first weft yarn is a wicking yarn or a non-wicking yarn.

17. The geotextile of claim 1, further comprising a second weft yarn woven along the weft direction.

18. The geotextile of claim 1, wherein the first weft yarns are non-wicking yarns and the second weft yarns are wicking yarns.

19. The geotextile of claim 1, wherein the first warp yarns are fiber bundles, each fiber having a denier of about 0.1 to about 100 denier.

20. The geotextile of claim 1, wherein a 2 microliter water drop on the first side of the woven geotextile has a contact angle of less than or equal to 55 degrees after 0.1 microseconds.

21. The geotextile of claim 1, wherein the wicking yarns have a breakthrough suction of at least 50 kPa.

22. A geotextile comprising: first cross-machine direction yarns arranged at any angle relative to the machine direction; as well as and a first machine direction yarn and a second machine direction yarn in a machine direction, wherein the first machine direction yarn is a wicking yarn and the second machine direction yarn is either a wicking yarn or a non-wicking yarn, the first machine direction yarn forming a first loop, the first loop being sewn to the geotextile, extending from a first side of the geotextile across at least two of the first cross-machine direction yarns to form a first gap between the first loop and the first side of the geotextile.

23. The geotextile of claim 22, wherein said first cross-machine direction yarns are woven, knitted, adhered, stitched, sewn or laid at an angle relative to said machine direction.

24. The geotextile of claim 22, wherein the first gap formed between the first ring and the first face of the woven geosynthetic fabric is at least 0.25 mm.

25. The geotextile of claim 22 wherein said first cross-machine direction yarns and said second machine direction yarns form a scrim base fabric and all of said first loops are located on said first side of said fabric by means of binder yarns.

26. The geotextile of claim 23, wherein the first gap formed between the first ring and the face of the geotextile is about 10 mm to about 50 mm.

27. The geotextile of claim 22, wherein the first machine direction yarns have a multi-channel cross-sectional shape, a multilobal cross-sectional shape, a triangular cross-sectional shape, a trilobal cross-sectional shape, a pillow cross-sectional shape, or a circular cross-sectional shape.

28. The geotextile of claim 22, wherein the second machine direction yarns are flat monofilaments, round monofilaments, oval monofilaments, fibrillated tapes, non-fibrillated tapes, continuous filaments, staple yarns, or multi-channel yarns.

29. The geotextile of claim 22, wherein the first machine direction yarns, the second machine direction yarns, and the first cross-machine direction yarns each independently comprise a synthetic material, a natural material, or a combination thereof.

30. The geotextile of claim 29, wherein the synthetic material is a polyolefin, a polyamide, a polyimide, or a combination thereof.

31. The geotextile of claim 29, wherein the synthetic material is polyester.

32. The geotextile of claim 29, wherein the natural material is cotton, wool, linen, or a combination thereof.

33. The geotextile of claim 22, wherein the first CD yarns have a multi-channel cross-sectional shape, a multilobal cross-sectional shape, a triangular cross-sectional shape, a trilobal cross-sectional shape, a pillow cross-sectional shape, or a circular cross-sectional shape.

34. The geotextile of claim 22, wherein the second machine direction yarns have a multi-channel cross-sectional shape, a multilobal cross-sectional shape, a triangular cross-sectional shape, a trilobal cross-sectional shape, a pillow cross-sectional shape, or a circular cross-sectional shape.

35. The geotextile of claim 22 wherein the first machine direction yarns are textured.

36. The geotextile of claim 22, wherein the first cross-machine direction yarns are wicking yarns or non-wicking yarns.

37. The geotextile of claim 22 further comprising second CD yarns woven in the CD direction.

38. The geotextile of claim 22 wherein said first cross-machine direction yarns are non-wicking yarns and said second cross-machine direction yarns are wicking yarns.

39. The geotextile of claim 22 wherein the first machine direction yarns are bundles of fibers each having a denier of from about 0.1 denier to about 100 denier.

40. The geotextile of claim 22, wherein a 2 microliter water drop on the first side of the woven geotextile has a contact angle of less than or equal to 55 degrees after 0.1 microseconds.

41. A method of moving water through a geotextile, the method comprising: providing the geotextile on the first soil layer, the geotextile comprising first weft yarns woven in a weft direction, and first warp yarns and second warp yarns in a warp direction; wherein each first warp yarn forms staggered weaving loops on the first side and the second side of the woven geotextile by weaving through the woven geotextile from the first side to the second side, each staggered weaving loop extending across at least two of the first weft yarns to form a gap of at least 0.25 mm; and The interlaced loops in the woven geotextile are used to move water from the first soil layer to the second soil layer.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein the geotextile is sewn into a dewatering bag or a geotube.

43. The method of claim 41, wherein the water comprises rare earth elements and acid mining sludge.

44. The method of claim 41 wherein each of said gaps formed between said ring and said face of said geotextile is at least 0.25 millimeters.

45. The method of claim 43, wherein each of the gaps is about 10 mm to about 50 mm.

46. ​​The method of claim 41, wherein the first warp yarns form first loops that are interlaced at a lower frequency interval than the second warp yarns.

47. The method of claim 41 wherein the first warp yarns further form second loops extending from a second side of the woven geotextile across at least two of the weft yarns to form a second gap between the second loops and the second side of the geotextile.

48. The method of claim 46, wherein a length of each of the first loops is different than a length of each of the second loops.

49. The method of claim 41, wherein the first warp yarns have a multi-channel cross-sectional shape, a multilobal cross-sectional shape, a triangular cross-sectional shape, a trilobal cross-sectional shape, a pillow cross-sectional shape, or a circular cross-sectional shape.

50. The method of claim 41, wherein the second warp yarns are flat monofilaments, round monofilaments, oval monofilaments, fibrillated tapes, non-fibrillated tapes, continuous filaments, spun yarns, or multi-channel yarns.

51. The method of claim 41, wherein the first warp yarn, the first weft yarn, and the second weft yarn each independently comprise a synthetic material, a natural material, or a combination thereof.

52. The method of claim 50, wherein the synthetic material is a polyolefin, a polyamide, a polyimide, or a combination thereof.

53. The method of claim 50, wherein the synthetic material is polyester.

54. The method of claim 50, wherein the natural material is cotton, wool, linen, or a combination thereof.

55. The method of claim 41, wherein the first weft yarn has a multi-channel cross-sectional shape, a multi-lobal cross-sectional shape, a triangular cross-sectional shape, a trilobal cross-sectional shape, a pillow cross-sectional shape, or a circular cross-sectional shape.

56. The method of claim 41, wherein the second warp yarns have a multi-channel cross-sectional shape, a multilobal cross-sectional shape, a triangular cross-sectional shape, a trilobal cross-sectional shape, a pillow cross-sectional shape, or a circular cross-sectional shape.

57. The method of claim 41, wherein the first warp yarns are texturized.

58. The method of claim 41, wherein the first weft yarn is a wicking yarn or a non-wicking yarn.

59. The method of claim 41 further comprising weaving a second weft yarn in the weft direction.

60. The method of claim 41, wherein the first weft yarn is a non-wicking yarn and the second weft yarn is a wicking yarn.

61. The method of claim 41, wherein the first warp yarns are fiber bundles, each fiber having a denier of about 0.1 to about 100 denier.

62. The method of claim 41, wherein a 2 microliter water droplet on the first side of the woven geotextile has a contact angle of less than or equal to 55 degrees after 0.1 microseconds.

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