Electrochemical cells and stack of electrochemical cells having series connections and methods for producing, operating and

Abstract

Embodiments described herein relate to electrochemical cells and multi-cells. In some embodiments, a multi-cell may include a cell package including two or more electrochemical cells connected in series inside the cell package. In some aspects, an apparatus includes a plurality of electrochemical cell stacks, each comprising a plurality of electrochemical cells connected in series, a first electrically conductive plate comprising a first section and a second section, and a second electrically conductive plate. The first section of the first electrically conductive plate is in contact with a first terminal end of a first electrochemical cell stack from the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks. The second section of the first electrically conductive plate is in contact with a first terminal end of a second electrochemical cell stack from the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 394,341, filed on August 2, 2022, entitled “Electrochemical Cells and Electrochemical Cell Stacks with Series Connections and Methods of Producing, Operating, and Monitoring the Same”; the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0003] Embodiments described herein relate to electrochemical cells and multi-cells arranged in stacks as part of a module build and methods of producing and operating the same. Background Art

[0004] Electrochemical cell stacks can be formed by placing a plurality of such electrochemical cells on top of each other. Existing methods of arranging electrochemical cells into stacks and connecting them in series are used for low-power battery applications, such as consumer portable electronic products (e.g., lithium button cell cells in laser pens, alkaline cells in flashlights, etc.). In such systems, separate electrochemical cell housings can serve as electrical connection points between electrochemical cells in stacks. However, it may be desirable to manufacture electrochemical cell stacks capable of achieving a high total voltage for use in high-power applications (such as in electric vehicle batteries or solar energy systems). Existing electrochemical cell systems are not suitable for producing electrochemical cell stacks capable of achieving a high total voltage, maintaining compact size, being relatively easy to transport, and being easy to manufacture and low-cost. Summary of the invention

[0005] The embodiments described herein relate to electrochemical cells and multi-cells. A multi-cell may include a cell package including two or more electrochemical cells connected in series inside the cell package. In some aspects, a device includes a plurality of electrochemical cell stacks, each of which includes a plurality of electrochemical cells connected in series, a first conductive plate including a first section and a second section, and a second conductive plate. The first section of the first conductive plate contacts the first terminal end of the first electrochemical cell stack from the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks. The second section of the first conductive plate contacts the first terminal end of the second electrochemical cell stack from the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks. The second conductive plate contacts the second terminal end of the first electrochemical stack. In some embodiments, the first section of the second conductive plate contacts the second terminal end of the first stack, and the second conductive plate includes a second section in contact with the second terminal end of the second electrochemical cell stack.

[0006] In some aspects, a device includes a plurality of electrochemical cell stacks, each electrochemical cell stack from the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks including a plurality of electrochemical cells connected in series, a first conductive plate configured to electrically connect in series a first pair of electrochemical cell stacks from the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks, and a second conductive plate configured to electrically connect in series a second pair of electrochemical cell stacks from the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks. In some embodiments, the first pair of electrochemical cell stacks has an electrochemical cell stack in common with the second pair of electrochemical cell stacks.

[0007] In some aspects, the device includes a first electrochemical cell stack connected in series, a second electrochemical cell stack connected in series, and a conductive plate contacting the first electrochemical cell at a terminal end of the first electrochemical cell stack and contacting the second electrochemical cell at a terminal end of the second electrochemical cell stack. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] Figure 1 is a block diagram of a set of electrochemical cell stacks according to an embodiment.

[0009] Figure 2 is a block diagram of an electrochemical cell stack according to an embodiment.

[0010] FIG. 3A to FIG. 3D is a diagram of an electrochemical cell stack according to an embodiment.

[0011] FIG. 4A to FIG. 4B is a diagram of an electrochemical cell stack according to an embodiment.

[0012] FIG. 5A to FIG. 5I is a diagram of an electrochemical cell stack and a method of producing the same according to an embodiment.

[0013] FIG. 6A to FIG. 6B Multiple groups of electrochemical cell stacks are shown according to embodiments.

[0014] Figure 7 is a schematic flow chart of a method of producing a set of electrochemical cell stacks according to an embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0015] The embodiments described herein describe the production of electrochemical cells as a part of module construction. High voltage cells, modules and battery packs can be constructed, and then the cells can form higher voltage system blocks, thereby reducing the steps in the manufacturing process and the components required for the entire system. The modules can be assembled and sent to the formation area, where they are connected in series to obtain a higher total voltage (e.g., 500V). However, any intermediate voltage can be selected based on the needs of construction, safety, process, power grid or battery formation test machine. The limitation of voltage can also be based on available DC / DC or AC / DC conversion technology (which is based on cost or conversion efficiency). The control system for the energy (charging, discharging) around the bypass module, cell or battery pack can ensure safe operation, prevent overcharging and allow the complete formation of each cell. The safety system can monitor temperature, current and / or voltage to prevent damage to the cell and thermal runaway caused by overheating, overcharging or overdischarging. Methods related to producing electrochemical cells connected in series in a single pouch are described in: U.S. Patent Publication No. 2022 / 0278427, filed on May 13, 2022 and entitled “Electrochemical Cells Connected in Series in a Single Pouch and Method of Making the Same” (“the '427 Publication”), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0016] Existing methods of arranging electrochemical cells into a stack and connecting the electrochemical cells included in the stack in series are used for low power battery applications, such as consumer portable electronics (e.g., lithium button cell cells in laser pens, alkaline cells in flashlights, etc.). Existing methods include (1) placing the electrochemical cells in a housing and stacking such housings on top of each other, the housings serving as electrical connection points between the electrochemical cells in the stack, or (2) arranging multiple electrochemical cells in a stack, connecting the multiple electrochemical cells in series, and placing the multiple electrochemical cells in a single pouch. However, existing electrochemical cell systems often fail to achieve high overall voltages while remaining compact, relatively easy to transport, and easy and inexpensive to manufacture.

[0017] Embodiments described herein relate to systems of electrochemical cells and multiple cells arranged in a stack as part of a module build and methods of producing and operating the same. Embodiments described herein may provide one or more benefits, including, for example: (1) the ability to achieve higher total voltages (e.g., 500V); (2) a reduction in the number of components at the system level (e.g., elimination of busbars); (3) a reduction in the number of manufacturing steps and components required for the system; (4) elimination of the need for welding equipment (e.g., laser or ultrasonic welders); (5) the possibility of the system being assembled on site; (6) easy replacement of cells and / or strings in the event of a cell and / or string failure in the absence of permanent welded connections; (7) easy transportation of the system; (8) a simple design that reduces manufacturing time and cost; and (9) the ability to achieve flexible voltage levels.

[0018] High voltage battery cells, modules and battery packs can be used in high power applications such as electric vehicle batteries and solar energy systems. High voltage battery cells offer benefits such as: (1) higher charge and discharge efficiency than low voltage batteries, thereby allowing support for higher load demands; (2) high energy density; and (3) improved performance of the device, system, appliance or machine being powered.

[0019] In some embodiments, the electrodes described herein may include conventional solid electrodes. In some embodiments, the solid electrodes may include a binder. In some embodiments, the electrodes described herein may include semi-solid electrodes. The semi-solid electrodes described herein may be made: (i) thicker than conventional electrodes (e.g., greater than 100 μm to up to 2,000 μm or even greater) due to the reduced tortuosity and higher conductivity of the semi-solid electrodes, (ii) with a higher active material loading, and (iii) with a simplified manufacturing process using less equipment. These relatively thick semi-solid electrodes reduce the volume, mass, and cost contribution of inactive components relative to active components, thereby enhancing the commercial appeal of batteries made from semi-solid electrodes. In some embodiments, the semi-solid electrodes described herein are binder-free and / or do not use binders used in conventional battery manufacturing. Instead, the volume of the electrode that is typically occupied by the binder in a conventional electrode is now occupied by: 1) electrolyte, which has the effect of reducing tortuosity and increasing the total salt available for ion diffusion, thereby offsetting the typical salt depletion effect of thick conventional electrodes when used at high rates, 2) active material, which has the effect of increasing the charge capacity of the battery, or 3) conductive additive, which has the effect of increasing the electronic conductivity of the electrode, thereby offsetting the high internal impedance of thick conventional electrodes. The reduced tortuosity and higher electronic conductivity of the semi-solid electrodes described herein produce excellent rate performance and charge capacity of electrochemical cells formed by semi-solid electrodes. Since the semi-solid electrodes described herein can be made much thicker than conventional electrodes, the ratio of active materials (i.e., semi-solid cathodes and / or anodes) to inactive materials (i.e., current collectors and separators) in the battery formed by the electrochemical cell stack including the semi-solid electrodes can be much higher relative to similar batteries formed by the electrochemical cell stack including conventional electrodes. This significantly increases the total charge capacity and energy density of the battery including the semi-solid electrodes described herein.

[0020] In some embodiments, the electrode material described herein can be a flowable semi-solid or condensed liquid composition. In some embodiments, the electrode material described herein can be binder-free or substantially free of binder. A flowable semi-solid electrode can include a suspension of an electrochemically active material (anode or cathode particles or microparticles) and an optional electronically conductive material (e.g., carbon) in a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte. In other words, active electrode particles and conductive particles are co-suspended in an electrolyte to produce a semi-solid electrode. Examples of battery architectures utilizing semi-solid suspensions are described in International Patent Publication No. WO 2012 / 024499 entitled "Stationary, Fluid Redox Electrode" and International Patent Publication No. WO 2012 / 088442 entitled "Semi-Solid Filled Battery and Method of Manufacture", and the entire disclosures of these International Patent Publications are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0021] As used in this specification, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, the term "member" is intended to mean a single member or a combination of members, and "material" is intended to mean one or more materials or a combination thereof.

[0022] When used in conjunction with "cylindrical," "linear," and / or other geometric relationships, the term "substantially" is intended to convey that the structure so defined is nominally cylindrical, linear, etc. As an example, a portion of a support member described as "substantially linear" is intended to convey that while linearity of the portion is desired, some nonlinearity may occur in the "substantially linear" portion. Such nonlinearity may result from manufacturing tolerances or other practical considerations, such as, for example, pressure or forces applied to the support member. Thus, a geometric structure modified by the term "substantially" includes such geometric properties within a tolerance range of plus or minus 5% of the geometric structure. For example, a "substantially linear" portion is a portion that defines an axis or centerline whose linearity error is within plus or minus 5%.

[0023] As used herein, the terms "group" and "plurality" may refer to multiple features or a single feature having multiple parts. For example, when referring to a group of electrodes, the group of electrodes may be considered to be one electrode having multiple parts, or the group of electrodes may be considered to be multiple different electrodes. In addition, for example, when referring to multiple electrochemical cells, the multiple electrochemical cells may be considered to be multiple different electrochemical cells or to be one electrochemical cell having multiple parts. Thus, a group of parts or multiple parts may include multiple parts that are continuous or discontinuous with each other. Multiple particles or multiple materials may also be made from multiple items that are produced separately and subsequently joined together (e.g., via mixing, adhesives, or any suitable method).

[0024] As used herein, the term "semisolid" refers to a material that is a mixture of a liquid phase and a solid phase, such as, for example, a particle suspension, a slurry, a colloidal suspension, an emulsion, a gel, or a micelle.

[0025] As used herein, the terms "energy density" and "volume energy density" refer to the amount of energy (e.g., MJ) stored in an electrochemical cell per unit volume (e.g., L) of materials (such as electrodes, separators, electrolytes, and current collectors) included for the operation of the electrochemical cell. Specifically, the materials used to package the electrochemical cell are excluded from the calculation of volumetric energy density.

[0026] As used herein, the term "high capacity material" or "high capacity anode material" refers to a material with an irreversible capacity greater than 300 mAh / g, which can be incorporated into an electrode to promote the absorption of electroactive species. Examples include tin, tin alloys such as Sn-Fe, tin oxide, silicon, silicon alloys such as Si-Co, silicon oxide, aluminum, aluminum alloys, metal oxides (CoO, FeO, etc.) or titanium oxide.

[0027] As used herein, the term "composite high capacity electrode layer" refers to an electrode layer having both a high capacity material and a traditional anode material (eg, a silicon-graphite layer).

[0028] As used herein, the term "solid high-capacity electrode layer" refers to an electrode layer having a single solid phase high-capacity material, such as sputtered silicon, tin, tin alloys such as Sn-Fe, tin oxide, silicon, silicon alloys such as Si-Co, silicon monoxide, aluminum, aluminum alloys, metal oxides (CoO, FeO, etc.) or titanium oxide.

[0029] Figure 11 is a block diagram of a device 100000 including a plurality of multi-battery cells 10000a-10000n (collectively referred to as multi-battery cells 10000) according to an embodiment. In some embodiments, the multi-battery cells 10000a-10000n may include a plurality of electrochemical cells stacked on top of each other to form an electrochemical cell stack 1000a-1000n (hereinafter "stack"). In some embodiments, the plurality of electrochemical cells included in the battery stack 1000a-1000n may be connected in parallel. In some embodiments, the plurality of electrochemical cells included in the battery stack 1000a-1000n may be connected in series. Any number of electrochemical cells may be included in the stack. In some embodiments, the number of electrochemical cells in each stack 1000a-1000n can be in the range of about 2 to about 100, including end values ​​(e.g., about 3, about 4, about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, or about 100 electrochemical cells, including all ranges and values ​​therebetween). In some embodiments, each stack 1000a-1000n may include an odd number of electrochemical cells. In some embodiments, each stack 1000a-1000n may include an even number of electrochemical cells. The device may include a plurality of stacks (collectively referred to as stacks 1000).

[0030] The multi-battery unit 10000a-10000n can include a top tray 150 that includes a biasing member 151. In some embodiments, the biasing member 151 is a plurality of springs (e.g., coil springs, Belleville springs, lead springs, etc.) integrated into the top tray 150. In some embodiments, 48 ​​springs are integrated into the top tray 150. In some embodiments, the top tray 150 can include at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 10, at least about 10, at least about 20, at least about 30, at least about 40, at least about 50, at least about 60, at least about 70, at least about 80, at least about 90, at least about 100, at least about 200, at least about 300, at least about 400, at least about 500, at least about 600, at least about 700, at least about 800, or at least about 900 biasing members 151. In some embodiments, the top tray 150 may include no more than about 1,000, no more than about 900, no more than about 800, no more than about 700, no more than about 600, no more than about 500, no more than about 400, no more than about 300, no more than about 200, no more than about 100, no more than about 90, no more than about 80, no more than about 70, no more than about 60, no more than about 50, no more than about 40, no more than about 30, no more than about 20, no more than about 10, no more than about 9, no more than about 8, no more than about 7, no more than about 6, no more than about 5, no more than about 4, no more than about 3, or no more than about 2 biasing members 151. Combinations of the above numbers of biasing members 151 are also possible (e.g., at least about 2 and no more than about 1,000 or at least about 30 and no more than about 100), including all values ​​and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the top tray 150 may include about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 10, about 20, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90, about 100, about 200, about 300, about 400, about 500, about 600, about 700, about 800, about 900, about 100, about 200, about 300, about 400, about 500, about 600, about 700, about 800, about 900, or about 1,000 biasing members 151.

[0031] The biasing member 151 can contact one or more conductive plates 152 (hereinafter "conductive plates") and press them onto the stack 1000 to provide pressure. The conductive plates 152 can electrically connect the stack 1000 in series or in parallel. In some embodiments, the conductive plates 152 may include integrated spring features (e.g., stamped dimples or spring clips) instead of independent springs. In some embodiments, the conductive plates 152 may be plated to reduce contact resistance and enhance corrosion resistance. Raised geometries (e.g., dimples) can be used to reduce contact resistance. The conductor pads and springs can be pre-assembled or otherwise fixed in a tray to include a single component for easy system construction.

[0032] In some embodiments, the top tray 150 contacts two conductive plates 152. In some embodiments, the multi-cell 10000 can have at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, or at least about 45 conductive plates 152. In some embodiments, the multi-cell 10000 can have no more than about 50, no more than about 45, no more than about 40, no more than about 35, no more than about 30, no more than about 25, no more than about 20, no more than about 15, no more than about 10, no more than about 9, no more than about 8, no more than about 7, no more than about 6, no more than about 5, no more than about 4, no more than about 3, or no more than about 2 conductive plates 152. Combinations of the above numbers of conductive plates 152 are also possible (e.g., at least about 1 and no more than about 50 or at least about 2 and no more than about 30), including all values ​​and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, multi-battery unit 10000 may have about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, or about 50 conductive plates 152. In some embodiments, all conductive plates 152 may contact top tray 150 and / or biasing member 151.

[0033] The device 100000 may include a bottom tray 155. The top tray 152 and the bottom tray 155 may be used to align the electrochemical cells in each battery stack 1000a-1000n and provide a device for applying pressure to the surface of the large electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, the bottom tray 155 may include a biasing member 151. In some embodiments, both the top tray 150 and the bottom tray 155 may include a biasing member 151. In some embodiments, the biasing member 151 may contact one or more conductive plates 154 and press it onto the stack 1000 to provide pressure. The conductive plates 154 may electrically connect the battery cell stack 1000 in series or in parallel. In some embodiments, the conductive plates 154 may include integrated spring features (e.g., stamped dimples or spring clips) instead of independent springs. In some embodiments, the conductive plates 154 may be plated to reduce contact resistance and enhance corrosion resistance. Raised geometries (e.g., dimples) may be used to reduce contact resistance. The conductor pads and springs may be pre-assembled or otherwise secured in a tray to comprise a single component for easy system construction.

[0034] The bottom tray 155 may be coupled to the conductive plates 154 via a system connector (not shown). The system connector may protrude to the outside of the bottom tray 155 via a positive terminal and a negative terminal, and may electrically connect the multi-battery unit 10000a-10000n to one or more other multi-battery units 10000a-10000n. In some embodiments, the multi-battery unit 10000 may include at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, or at least about 45 conductive plates 154. In some embodiments, the multi-cell 10000 may have no more than about 50, no more than about 45, no more than about 40, no more than about 35, no more than about 30, no more than about 25, no more than about 20, no more than about 15, no more than about 10, no more than about 9, no more than about 8, no more than about 7, no more than about 6, no more than about 5, no more than about 4, no more than about 3, or no more than about 2 conductive plates 154. Combinations of the above numbers of conductive plates 154 are also possible (e.g., at least about 1 and no more than about 50 or at least about 2 and no more than about 30), including all values ​​and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, multi-cell 10000 may have about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, or about 50 conductive plates 154. In some embodiments, all conductive plates 154 may contact bottom tray 155 and / or biasing member 151.

[0035] The connection between the stack 1000 and the conductive plates 152, 154 allows current to flow through the stack 1000. In some embodiments, current flows from the negative terminal via the first stack 1000a to the first conductive plate 152 contacting the top tray 150. The current then passes through the second stack 1000b to the conductive plate 154 contacting the bottom tray 155. The current can then pass through the third stack to the second conductive plate 152, and then through the fourth stack to the positive terminal.

[0036] In some embodiments, multi-battery cell 10000a may be electrically connected to one or more other multi-battery cells 10000. In some embodiments, multi-battery cell 10000a may be electrically connected to multi-battery cell 10000b via a series connection, multi-battery cell 10000b may be electrically connected to multi-battery cell via a series connection, and so on. In some embodiments, device 100000 may include four multi-battery cells 10000. Including multiple multi-battery cells in device 100000 allows the device 100000 to achieve a high total voltage for use in high power applications.

[0037] In some embodiments, device 100000 may include at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 10, at least about 20, at least about 30, at least about 40, at least about 50, at least about 60, at least about 70, at least about 80, at least about 90, at least about 100, at least about 200, at least about 300, at least about 400, at least about 500, at least about 600, at least about 700, at least about 800 or at least about 900 multiple battery cells 10000. In some embodiments, the device 100000 may include no more than about 1,000, no more than about 900, no more than about 800, no more than about 700, no more than about 600, no more than about 500, no more than about 400, no more than about 300, no more than about 200, no more than about 100, no more than about 90, no more than about 80, no more than about 70, no more than about 60, no more than about 50, no more than about 40, no more than about 30, no more than about 20, no more than about 10, no more than about 9, no more than about 8, no more than about 7, no more than about 6, no more than about 5, no more than about 4, no more than about 3 multi-battery cells 10000. Combinations of the above numbers of multi-battery cells 10000 are also possible (e.g., at least about 2 and no more than about 1,000 or at least about 4 and no more than about 50), including all values ​​and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the device 100000 may include about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 20, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90, about 100, about 200, about 300, about 400, about 500, about 600, about 700, about 800, about 900, or about 1,000 multiple battery cells 10000. The series connector may be composed of a conductive material. The device 100000 includes a collective negative terminal and a collective positive terminal for connecting to a voltage source.

[0038] Figure 21 is a block diagram of an electrochemical cell stack (or multi-cell) 1000 according to an embodiment. As shown, the electrochemical cell stack 1000 includes electrochemical cells 100a, 100b, ..., 100n (collectively referred to as electrochemical cells 100). As shown, the electrochemical cells 100 are connected in series. The electrochemical cell 100 includes an anode 110a, 110b, ..., 100n (collectively referred to as anode 110) disposed on an anode current collector 120a, 120b, ..., 120n (collectively referred to as anode current collector 120), a cathode 130a, 130b, ..., 130n (collectively referred to as cathode 130) disposed on a cathode current collector 140a, 140b, ..., 140n (collectively referred to as cathode current collector 140), and a separator 150a, 150b, ..., 150n (collectively referred to as separator 150) disposed between the anode 110 and the cathode 130. Anode current collector 120 includes anode tabs 122a, 122b, ..., 122n, each of which is coupled to collective anode tab 122. Cathode current collector 140 includes cathode tabs 142a, 142b, ..., 142n, each of which is coupled to collective cathode tab 142. As shown, cathode tabs 142a, 142b, ..., 142n are each connected to collective cathode tab 142 in parallel. As shown, electrochemical cell 100 is disposed in housing 160. In some embodiments, each of electrochemical cells in electrochemical cell 100 can be placed in a separate housing.

[0039] In some embodiments, each of the stacks 1000 may include electrochemical cells 100 arranged in a stack, a collective anode tab 142, a collective cathode tab 122, a housing 160 including a base and a cover assembly, an optional compliant layer, and an insulating layer. In some embodiments, a plurality of electrochemical cells 100 may be arranged in a plurality of stacks, each of which is arranged in a housing 160, which is stacked on top of each other to form a plurality of stacks. In some embodiments, the collective anode tab 122 and the collective cathode tab 142 may be configured such that a plurality of electrochemical cells 100 (e.g., an anode current collector or a cathode current collector of each of the electrochemical cells) is in contact with one tab, thereby allowing electrical energy to be transmitted to and / or removed from one or more electrochemical cells via a single tab of each tab coupled thereto.

[0040] FIG. 3A to FIG. 3DA stack (or multi-cell) 3000 according to an embodiment is shown. As shown, the stack 3000 includes electrochemical cells 300 arranged in a stack, a collective anode tab 322, a collective cathode tab 342, a housing 360 including a base 362 and a cap assembly 364, an optional compliant layer 366, and an insulating layer 368. Rivet 365 fits into rivet hole 367. In some embodiments, the electrochemical cells 300 and housing 360 can be as described above with reference to Figure 1 to Figure 2 The described electrochemical cell 100 and housing 160 are identical or substantially similar. Therefore, certain aspects of the electrochemical cell 300 and housing 360 are not described in greater detail herein.

[0041] The base 362 and the cover assembly 364 form the housing 360. In some embodiments, the base 362 can be polarized. In some embodiments, the base 362 can be positively polarized or negatively polarized. In some embodiments, the cover assembly 364 can be polarized. In some embodiments, the cover assembly 364 can be positively polarized or negatively polarized. In some embodiments, the depth of the base 362 can correspond to the number of electrochemical cells 300 disposed on the base 362. For example, in some embodiments, if the base 362 accommodates a small number of electrochemical cells 300, the base 362 can be shallow. In some embodiments, the depth of the base 362 can be increased to accommodate a larger number of electrochemical cells 300. In some embodiments, the compliant layer 366 can provide insulation and / or space fillers between the electrochemical cells 300 and the base 362. In some embodiments, the compliant layer 366 can be a soft layer that applies pressure to the electrochemical cells 300 when compressed. The insulator 368 can be disposed inside the housing 360 to limit heat transfer within the electrochemical cell stack 3000.

[0042] Rivet 365 is inserted through rivet hole 367 in cap assembly 364, insulator 368 and base 362 to hold housing 360 together. Rivet 365 can transmit current from electrochemical cell 300 to the outer surface of housing 360. This can promote the movement of current from stack 3000 to another stack. The feedthrough of rivet 365 can also maintain the airtight seal in housing 360. In some embodiments, the feedthrough of rivet 365 can be press-fit, insert molded, epoxy or fixed via threaded features and support nuts. In some embodiments, base 362 and / or cap assembly 364 can be used as an electrically active terminal, used as an electrical contact surface. In some embodiments, base 362 and / or cap assembly 364 can be plated with low resistance metal to enhance conductivity. In some embodiments, the surface of the cover component 364 and / or the surface of the base 362 can be treated internally or externally with one or more coatings or treatments, or one or more coatings can be placed on one or more surfaces of the cover component, for example, to increase the conductivity of the surface so that the current flowing through the surface increases when in contact with another stack. In some embodiments, the cover component 364 and / or the base 362 may include additional layers and / or surface treatments to increase the number of contact points between the stacks. In some embodiments, the additional layers and / or surface treatments may include, for example, soft layers and / or deformable layers, porous metal mesh layers, plating layers (e.g., electroplating layers), conductive epoxy resins, surface roughening treatments, surface flatness treatments, or any treatments, coatings or layers configured to improve connection areas or points (i.e., reduce the resistance of the compression connection), or any suitable combination thereof. In some embodiments, the additional layers may include a semi-solid slurry with high electronic conductivity and bonding ability. In some embodiments, the semi-solid slurry may include a silicone oil-based liquid to enhance the safety of the connection (e.g., to prevent short circuits). In some embodiments, the stack can be coupled with fastener screws, conductive polymers with adhesive coatings and / or bonded UV-bent polymers, any other suitable fastening mechanisms, or any suitable combination thereof. In some embodiments, the base 362 and / or cover assembly 364 can include raised geometries or features (e.g., dimples, detents, pins, protrusions, etc.) to enhance contact resistance.

[0043] FIG. 4A to FIG. 4B 4000 according to an embodiment. As shown, the stack 4000 includes an electrochemical cell 400, a housing 460, an anode connector 461, a cathode connector 463, and an insulator 468. In some embodiments, the electrochemical cell 400, the housing 460, and the insulator 468 can be the same as described above with reference to FIG. 3A to FIG. 3DThe described electrochemical cell 300, housing 360, and insulator 368 are the same or substantially similar. Therefore, certain aspects of the electrochemical cell 400, housing 460, and insulator 468 are not described in greater detail herein.

[0044] Anode connector 461 is electrically connected to each of the anodes in the electrochemical cell 400 via an anode tab and transmits current to the outer surface of the housing 460. Cathode connector 463 is electrically connected to each of the cathodes in the electrochemical cell 400 via a cathode tab and transmits current from anode connector 461 to the outer surface of the opposite side of the housing 460. Including an anode connector and a cathode connector enables stacking of polarization plates. In some embodiments, housing 460 can be metal (e.g., stamped), a film (metal foil or laminated metal / polymer composite), a molded / molded plastic with a conductive layer (e.g., metallized, insert molded plate) and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, insulator 468 can extend around the periphery of electrochemical cell stack 4000.

[0045] FIG. 5A to FIG. 5I A multi-battery cell 50000 and its construction according to an embodiment are shown. The stackable connection shown in the multi-battery cell 50000 can reduce the number of components at the system level (e.g., no busbar is required). In addition, welding equipment can be excluded from the production process (e.g., laser or ultrasonic welder), although the use of welded connections is contemplated within the scope of the present patent. The multi-battery cell 50000 can be assembled on site. This facilitates replacement in the event of a battery cell or string failure because the multi-battery cell 50000 includes few or no permanent welded connections. Figure 5A A top tray 550 is shown with a spring 551 coupled to a conductive plate 552. The spring 551 applies pressure to the conductive plate 552 and creates a stacking pressure in the multi-battery unit 50000. As shown, the spring 551 provides a mechanical connection or interface with the top tray 550. The spring 551 can apply a defined pressure distribution to the conductive plate 552 and / or other components (e.g., busbars) included in and / or coupled to the multi-battery unit 50000. The spring 551 can include, but is not limited to, a coil spring, a leaf spring, a leaf spring, a coil spring, a Belleville spring, a cantilever spring, or other specific biasing or spring devices. In some embodiments, the spring 551 can be replaced with or used in combination with a compressible material, such as, for example, an elastomer, rubber, foam, and / or other compressible material or combination thereof that can apply a biasing force on the conductive plate 552 or any other portion of the multi-battery unit 50000.

[0046] As shown, the top tray 550 includes 48 springs 551. In some embodiments, the top tray 550 can include at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 10, at least about 10, at least about 20, at least about 30, at least about 40, at least about 50, at least about 60, at least about 70, at least about 80, at least about 90, at least about 100, at least about 200, at least about 300, at least about 400, at least about 500, at least about 600, at least about 700, at least about 800, at least about 900, at least about 100, at least about 200, at least about 300, at least about 400, at least about 500, at least about 600, at least about 700, at least about 800, or at least about 900 springs 551. In some embodiments, the top tray 550 may include no more than about 1,000, no more than about 900, no more than about 800, no more than about 700, no more than about 600, no more than about 500, no more than about 400, no more than about 300, no more than about 200, no more than about 100, no more than about 90, no more than about 80, no more than about 70, no more than about 60, no more than about 50, no more than about 40, no more than about 30, no more than about 20, no more than about 10, no more than about 9, no more than about 8, no more than about 7, no more than about 6, no more than about 5, no more than about 4, no more than about 3, or no more than about 2 springs 551. Combinations of the above numbers of springs 551 are also possible (e.g., at least about 2 and no more than about 1,000 or at least about 30 and no more than about 100), including all values ​​and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the top tray 550 may include about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 10, about 20, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90, about 100, about 200, about 300, about 400, about 500, about 600, about 700, about 800, about 900, or about 1,000 springs 551.

[0047] Spring 551 contacts conductive plate 552 and presses it onto the electrochemical cell to provide pressure. Conductive plate 552 can electrically connect electrochemical cells in series or in parallel. In some embodiments, conductive plate 552 may have one or more sections. As shown, conductive plate 552 may have a first section and a second section. Each section may contact the terminal end of the stack. In some embodiments, conductive plate 552 may have about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95 or about 100 sections, including all values ​​and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the conductive plate 552 may include integrated spring features (e.g., stamped dimples or spring clips) in place of separate springs. In some embodiments, the conductive plate 552 may be plated to reduce contact resistance and enhance corrosion resistance. Raised geometries (e.g., dimples) may be used to reduce contact resistance. The conductor pads and springs may be pre-assembled or otherwise secured in a tray to include a single component for ease of system construction.

[0048] As shown, the top tray 550 contacts two conductive plates 552. In some embodiments, the multi-cell 50000 can have at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, or at least about 45 conductive plates 552. In some embodiments, the multi-cell 5000 can have no more than about 50, no more than about 45, no more than about 40, no more than about 35, no more than about 30, no more than about 25, no more than about 20, no more than about 15, no more than about 10, no more than about 9, no more than about 8, no more than about 7, no more than about 6, no more than about 5, no more than about 4, no more than about 3, or no more than about 2 conductive plates 552. Combinations of the above numbers of conductive plates 552 are also possible (e.g., at least about 1 and no more than about 50 or at least about 2 and no more than about 30), including all values ​​and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, multi-battery unit 50000 can have about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, or about 50 conductive plates 552.

[0049] Figure 5BA bottom tray 555 is shown contacting a conductive plate 554. The top tray 550 and bottom tray 555 are used to align the electrochemical cells and provide a means to apply pressure to the large cell surface. The conductive plate 554 is coupled to the bottom tray 555 via a system connector 557. The system connector 557 may protrude to the exterior of the bottom tray 555 via a positive terminal 542 and a negative terminal 522 and electrically connect the multi-cell 50000 to another multi-cell.

[0050] As shown, the bottom tray 555 includes 3 conductive plates 554. In some embodiments, the conductive plates 554 may have one or more sections. As shown, two conductive plates 554 have a first section, and one conductive plate 554 has a first section and a second section. Each section may contact the terminal end of the stack. In some embodiments, the conductive plates 554 may have about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95 or about 100 sections, including all values ​​and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the multi-cell 50000 may have at least about 1, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, or at least about 45 conductive plates 554. In some embodiments, the multi-cell 50000 may have no more than about 50, no more than about 45, no more than about 40, no more than about 35, no more than about 30, no more than about 25, no more than about 20, no more than about 15, no more than about 10, no more than about 9, no more than about 8, no more than about 7, no more than about 6, no more than about 5, no more than about 4, no more than about 3, or no more than about 2 conductive plates 554. Combinations of the above numbers of conductive plates 554 are also possible (e.g., at least about 1 and no more than about 50 or at least about 2 and no more than about 30), including all values ​​and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, multi-battery unit 5000 can have about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, or about 50 conductive plates 554.

[0051] FIG. 5C to FIG. 5DMultiple housings 560 are shown stacked on top of bottom tray 555. Electrochemical cells are included in housing 560. In some embodiments, housing 560 may include electrochemical cells individually contained in housing 560. In some embodiments, housing 560 may be similar to the above-described FIG. 3A to FIG. 3D The housing 560 described above is the same or substantially similar to the housing 360 described above. Therefore, certain aspects of the housing 560 are not described in more detail herein. In some embodiments, a plurality of electrochemical cells may be individually contained in the housing 560. In some embodiments, each of the housings 560 may include about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, or about 50 electrochemical cells contained therein, including all values ​​and ranges therebetween.

[0052] As shown, the housing 560 is arranged in four stacks, wherein each stack has 25 housings 560. In some embodiments, the housing 560 can be arranged in m stacks, wherein each stack has n housings 560, wherein m and n are positive integers. In some embodiments, m and / or n can be at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, at least about 50, at least about 55, at least about 60, at least about 65, at least about 70, at least about 75, at least about 80, at least about 85, at least about 90, or at least about 95. In some embodiments, m and / or n may be no more than about 100, no more than about 95, no more than about 90, no more than about 85, no more than about 80, no more than about 75, no more than about 70, no more than about 65, no more than about 60, no more than about 55, no more than about 50, no more than about 45, no more than about 40, no more than about 35, no more than about 30, no more than about 25, no more than about 20, no more than about 15, no more than about 10, no more than about 9, no more than about 8, no more than about 7, no more than about 6, no more than about 5, no more than about 4, or no more than about 3. Positive terminal 542 and negative terminal 522 serve as leads for electrical connection to another multi-battery cell.

[0053] Figure 5E to Figure 5GThe connecting rod 559 and hard stop 558 incorporated into the multi-battery unit 5000 are shown. The connecting rod 559 couples the top tray 550 and the bottom tray 555. The connecting rod 559 can help apply pressure to the stack of the housing 560 and the electrochemical cells therein. The hard stop 558 controls the distance between the top tray 550 and the bottom tray 555. In some embodiments, the hard stop 558 insulates the connecting rod 559 and prevents corrosion or decomposition of the connecting rod 559. The connecting rod 559 can fix the stack between the top tray 550 and the bottom tray 555 to form the multi-battery unit 50000 without welding parts, thereby eliminating the need for welding equipment (e.g., laser or ultrasonic welder). Using the connecting rod 559 to fix the multi-battery unit 50000 also allows any number of electrochemical cells in the stack to be easily replaced in the event of a failure of the electrochemical cell or electrochemical cell string because there is no permanent welding connection.

[0054] Fig.5I Current is shown moving through multiple electrochemical cell stacks in multi-cell 50000. Current flows from negative terminal 522 via first stack housing 560 and electrochemical cells to first conductive plate 552 contacting top tray 550. Current then passes through second stack housing 560 and electrochemical cells to conductive plate 554 contacting bottom tray 555. Current then passes through third stack housing 560 and electrochemical cells to second conductive plate 552, and then through fourth stack housing 560 and electrochemical cells to positive terminal 542.

[0055] FIG. 6A to FIG. 6B A device 600000 having a plurality of multi-battery cells 60000a, 60000b, 60000c, 60000d (collectively referred to as multi-cell 60000) is shown according to an embodiment. In some embodiments, the multi-battery cell 60000 may be used as described above with reference to Figure 1The multi-battery unit 10000 described is the same or substantially similar. Therefore, certain aspects of the multi-battery unit 60000 are no longer described in more detail herein. As shown, the multi-battery unit 60000a is electrically connected to the multi-battery unit 60000b via a series connector 601a, the multi-battery unit 60000b is electrically connected to the multi-battery unit 60000c via a series connector 601b, and the multi-battery unit 60000c is electrically connected to the multi-battery unit 60000d via a series connector 601c. The series connectors 601a, 601b, 601c (collectively referred to as series connectors 601) can be composed of conductive materials. The device includes a collective negative terminal 622 and a collective positive terminal 642 for connecting to a voltage source. In some embodiments, the series connector 601 can be composed of a metal (e.g., copper, aluminum, gold, silver, nickel, iron, stainless steel, iron, titanium, steel, or any combination thereof). In some embodiments, the series connector 601 can be composed of one or more conductive polymers.

[0056] As shown, the device 600000 includes four multi-battery cells 60000. In some embodiments, the device 600000 may include at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 10, at least about 20, at least about 30, at least about 40, at least about 50, at least about 60, at least about 70, at least about 80, at least about 90, at least about 100, at least about 200, at least about 300, at least about 400, at least about 500, at least about 600, at least about 700, at least about 800, at least about 90, at least about 100, at least about 200, at least about 300, at least about 400, at least about 500, at least about 600, at least about 700, at least about 800, or at least about 900 multi-battery cells 60000. In some embodiments, the device 600000 may include no more than about 1,000, no more than about 900, no more than about 800, no more than about 700, no more than about 600, no more than about 500, no more than about 400, no more than about 300, no more than about 200, no more than about 100, no more than about 90, no more than about 80, no more than about 70, no more than about 60, no more than about 50, no more than about 40, no more than about 30, no more than about 20, no more than about 10, no more than about 9, no more than about 8, no more than about 7, no more than about 6, no more than about 5, no more than about 4, no more than about 3 multi-battery cells 60000. Combinations of the above numbers of multi-battery cells 60000 are also possible (e.g., at least about 2 and no more than about 1,000 or at least about 4 and no more than about 50), including all values ​​and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the device 600000 may include about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 20, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90, about 100, about 200, about 300, about 400, about 500, about 600, about 700, about 800, about 900 or about 1,000 multiple battery cells 60000.

[0057] Figure 7 1 is a schematic flow chart of a method 700 for arranging electrochemical cells and multi-cells into a stack as part of a module build. Although described with respect to electrochemical cell 100, stack 1000, multi-cell 10000, and device 100000, method 700 is equally applicable to any electrochemical cell, stack, multi-cell, and device described herein. All such variations should be considered within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0058] Method 700 includes arranging a plurality of electrochemical cells 100 into a plurality of stacks 1000 at step 702. At step 704, a first conductive plate 154 including a first segment and a second segment is placed on a bottom tray 155. At step 706, a plurality of stacks 1000 may be placed on top of the first conductive plate 154 such that the first segment contacts the first terminal end of the first stack 1000a, 1000b, ..., 1000n, and the second segment contacts the first terminal end of the second stack 1000a, 1000b, ..., 1000n. In some embodiments, a plurality of stacks 1000 may be placed on top of one or more conductive plates 154, each conductive plate 154 having one or more segments. In such embodiments, each segment of each conductive plate 154 may contact the terminal end of the stack 1000a, 1000b, ..., 1000n. At step 708, a biasing member such as a plurality of springs 151 may be integrated into the top tray 150, the plurality of springs 151 contacting the second conductive plate 152. At step 710, the top tray 150 is positioned above the stack 1000 so that the second conductive plate 152 contacts the second terminal end of the first stack 1000a, 1000b, ..., 1000n. In some embodiments, the plurality of springs 151 may contact one or more conductive plates 152, each conductive plate 152 having one or more segments. In such embodiments, each segment of each conductive plate 152 may contact the terminal end of the stack 1000a, 1000b, ..., 1000n. At step 712, the top tray 150 and the bottom tray 155 are connected using a plurality of connecting rods to form a multi-battery cell assembly 10000a, 10000b, ..., 10000n. At step 714, the multi-cell assemblies 10000a, 10000b, ..., 10000n may optionally be electrically connected to one or more external multi-cell assemblies 10000. Electrically connecting the plurality of multi-cell assemblies 10000 enables formation of a high voltage device that may be used in high power applications.

[0059] Various concepts can be implemented as one or more methods, wherein at least one example has been provided. The actions performed as part of the method can be ordered in any suitable manner. Therefore, such an embodiment can be constructed in which the actions are performed in an order different from the order shown, which may include performing some actions simultaneously, even if the action is shown as a continuous action in the illustrative embodiment. In other words, it should be understood that such features are not necessarily limited to a specific execution order, but any number of threads, processes, services, servers and / or etc. that can be performed in series, asynchronously, concurrently, in parallel, simultaneously, synchronously and / or in a manner consistent with the present disclosure. Therefore, some of these features may contradict each other because these features cannot exist in a single embodiment at the same time. Similarly, some features are applicable to one aspect of the innovation and are not applicable to other aspects.

[0060] In addition, the present disclosure may include other innovations not currently described. Applicants reserve all rights to such innovations, including the right to embody such innovations, submit additional applications, continuations, partial continuations, divisions, and / or the like. Therefore, it should be understood that the advantages, embodiments, examples, functions, features, logic, operations, organizations, structures, topologies, and / or other aspects of the present disclosure should not be considered as limitations on the present disclosure as defined by the embodiments or limitations on the equivalents of the embodiments. Depending on the specific expectations and / or characteristics of individual and / or enterprise users, database configurations and / or relational models, data types, data transmissions, and / or network architectures, grammatical structures, and / or the like, the various embodiments of the technology disclosed herein can be implemented in a manner that realizes a large amount of flexibility and customization as described herein.

[0061] All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and / or ordinary meanings of the defined terms.

[0062] As used herein, in particular embodiments, the term "about" or "approximately" when preceding a numerical value represents a range of plus or minus 10% of the value. Where a range of values ​​is provided, it is understood that, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, each intermediate value (to one-tenth of the unit of the lower limit) between the upper and lower limits of the range and any other stated values ​​or intermediate values ​​within the range are included in the present disclosure. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges can be independently included in smaller ranges and are also included in the present disclosure, subject to any specific exclusion limits within the range. Where the stated range includes one or two of the limits, the range excluding any one or two of the included limits is also included in the present disclosure.

[0063] The phrase "and / or" used herein in the specification and examples should be understood to mean "either or both" of the elements so combined, i.e., elements that exist jointly in some cases and separately in other cases. Multiple elements listed with "and / or" should be understood in the same way, i.e., "one or more" of the elements so combined. In addition to the elements specifically identified by the "and / or" clause, other elements may optionally be present, whether related or unrelated to those specifically identified. Therefore, as a non-limiting example, when used in conjunction with open language such as "including", reference to "A and / or B" may refer to only A (optionally including elements other than B) in one embodiment; in another embodiment, only B (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.

[0064] As used herein in the specification and in the embodiments, "or" should be understood to have the same meaning as the meaning of "and / or" as defined above. For example, when the items in the list are separated, "or" or "and / or" should be interpreted as inclusive, that is, including at least one element in multiple elements or element lists, but also including more than one element, and optionally other unlisted items. Only explicitly point out the opposite terms such as "only one of ..." or "exactly one of ..." or when used in the embodiments, "consisting of ..." will refer to including exactly one element in many elements or element lists. In general, when there are exclusive terms before, such as "any one", "one of ...", "only one of ..." or "exactly one of ...", the term "or" as used herein should only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (that is, "one or other one, not two"). When used in the embodiments, "essentially consisting of ..." should have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.

[0065] As used herein in the specification and in the examples, the phrase "at least one" of a list of one or more elements is understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more elements in the list of elements, but does not necessarily include at least one of each element specifically listed in the list of elements, and does not exclude any combination of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows for the optional presence of elements in addition to the elements specifically identified in the list of elements to which the phrase "at least one" refers, whether related to or unrelated to the specifically identified elements. Thus, as a non-limiting example, "at least one of A and B" (or equivalently, "at least one of A or B", or equivalently, "at least one of A and / or B") can refer to at least one in one embodiment, optionally including more than one A, without B (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, refers to at least one, optionally including more than one B, without A (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, refers to at least one, optionally including more than one A, and at least one, optionally including more than one B (and optionally including other elements); etc.

[0066] In the examples and in the above description, all transitional phrases such as "comprising", "including", "carrying", "having", "containing", "involving", "holding", "comprising", etc. should be understood as open-ended, i.e., meaning including but not limited to. As described in Section 2111.03 of the Manual of Patent Examining Procedures of the United States Patent Office, only the transitional phrases "consisting of" and "consisting essentially of" should be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively.

[0067] Although specific embodiments of the present disclosure have been summarized above, many substitutions, modifications and variations are apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the embodiments set forth herein are intended to be illustrative rather than restrictive. Various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Where the above methods and steps indicate specific events occurring in a particular order, those of ordinary skill in the art who benefit from the present disclosure will recognize that the order of specific steps may be modified, and such modifications are variations according to the present invention. In addition, as described above, certain steps in the steps may be performed simultaneously in a parallel process, as well as sequentially, where possible. Embodiments have been specifically shown and described, but it will be appreciated that various changes in form and detail may be made.

Claims

1. A device comprising: a plurality of electrochemical cell stacks, each electrochemical cell stack comprising a plurality of electrochemical cells connected in series; a first electrically conductive plate including a first section and a second section, the first section of the first electrically conductive plate being in contact with a first terminal end of a first electrochemical cell stack from the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks, the second section of the first electrically conductive plate being in contact with a first terminal end of a second electrochemical cell stack from the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks; as well as A second electrically conductive plate is in contact with a second terminal end of the first electrochemical cell stack.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein a first section of the second conductive plate contacts the second terminal end of the first electrochemical cell stack, and the second conductive plate includes a second section that contacts the second terminal end of the second electrochemical cell stack.

3. The device of claim 1, wherein a first section of the second conductive plate contacts the second terminal end of the first electrochemical cell stack, and the second conductive plate includes a second section that contacts the first terminal end of a third electrochemical cell stack.

4. The device according to claim 3, further comprising: A third conductive plate includes a first section and a second section, wherein the first section of the third conductive plate contacts the second terminal end of the third electrochemical battery cell stack, and the second section of the third conductive plate contacts the first terminal end of the fourth electrochemical battery cell stack.

5. The device according to claim 1, further comprising: a top tray disposed on top of the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks; as well as A bottom tray is disposed below the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks.

6. The device according to claim 5, further comprising: A plurality of springs are integrated into the top tray, the plurality of springs contacting the second conductive plate and configured to apply pressure to the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks.

7. The device according to claim 5, further comprising: A plurality of connecting rods connect the top tray and the bottom tray.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein each of the plurality of connecting rods is surrounded by a hard stop configured to control a distance between the top tray and the bottom tray and to electrically insulate the connecting rods and protect the connecting rods from corrosion.

9. The device of claim 8, wherein the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks is a first plurality of electrochemical cell stacks, the device further comprising: a second plurality of electrochemical cell stacks; as well as A connector electrically couples the first plurality of electrochemical cell stacks to the second plurality of electrochemical cell stacks.

10. An apparatus comprising: a plurality of electrochemical cell stacks, each electrochemical cell stack from the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks comprising a plurality of electrochemical cells connected in series; a first electrically conductive plate configured to electrically connect in series a first pair of electrochemical cell stacks from the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks; as well as A second electrically conductive plate is configured to electrically connect in series a second pair of electrochemical cell stacks from the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks.

11. The device of claim 10, wherein the first pair of electrochemical cell stacks has an electrochemical cell stack in common with the second pair of electrochemical cell stacks.

12. The device of claim 11, wherein the first conductive plate comprises a first section in electrical contact with a first terminal end of a first electrochemical cell stack from the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks and a second section in electrical contact with a first terminal end of a second electrochemical cell stack, and wherein The second electrically conductive plate includes a first section in electrical contact with the second terminal end of the first electrochemical cell stack and a second section in electrical contact with the first terminal end of a third electrochemical cell.

13. The apparatus according to claim 12, further comprising: A third conductive plate, the third conductive plate comprising a first section and a second section, the first section of the third conductive plate being in electrical contact with the second terminal end of the third electrochemical battery cell stack, and the second section of the third conductive plate being in electrical contact with the first terminal end of the fourth electrochemical battery cell stack.

14. The apparatus according to claim 10, further comprising: a top tray disposed on top of the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks; as well as A bottom tray is disposed below the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks.

15. The apparatus according to claim 14, further comprising: A plurality of springs are integrated into the top tray, the plurality of springs contacting at least one of the first conductive plate or the second conductive plate, the plurality of springs being configured to apply pressure to the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks.

16. The apparatus of claim 14, further comprising: A plurality of connecting rods connect the top tray and the bottom tray.

17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein each of the plurality of connecting rods is surrounded by a hard stop configured to control a distance between the top tray and the bottom tray and to electrically insulate the connecting rods and protect the connecting rods from corrosion.

18. The device of claim 10, wherein the plurality of electrochemical cell stacks is a first plurality of electrochemical cell stacks, the device further comprising: a second plurality of electrochemical cell stacks; as well as A connector electrically couples the first plurality of electrochemical cell stacks to the second plurality of electrochemical cell stacks.

19. An apparatus comprising: a first stack of electrochemical cells connected in series; a second stack of electrochemical cells connected in series; as well as A conductive plate contacts a first electrochemical cell at a terminal end of the first stack of electrochemical cells and contacts a second electrochemical cell at a terminal end of the second stack of electrochemical cells.

20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the conductive plate is a first conductive plate and the terminal end of the second electrochemical cell stack is a first terminal end, the apparatus further comprising: a third stack of electrochemical cells; as well as A second electrically conductive plate contacts the electrochemical cells at the second terminal end of the second electrochemical cell stack and contacts the electrochemical cells at the terminal end of the third electrochemical cell stack.

21. The device of claim 20, wherein the terminal end of the third electrochemical cell stack is a first terminal end, the device further comprising: a fourth stack of electrochemical cells; as well as A third electrically conductive plate contacts the electrochemical cells at the second terminal end of the third electrochemical cell stack and contacts the electrochemical cells at the terminal end of the fourth electrochemical cell stack.

22. The apparatus of claim 19, further comprising: a top tray disposed on top of the first electrochemical cell stack and the second electrochemical cell stack; as well as A bottom tray is disposed beneath the first electrochemical cell stack and the second electrochemical cell stack.

23. The apparatus of claim 22, further comprising: A plurality of springs are integrated into the top tray, the plurality of springs contacting the conductive plate and configured to apply pressure to the first electrochemical cell stack and the second electrochemical cell stack.

24. The apparatus of claim 22, further comprising: A plurality of connecting rods connect the top tray and the bottom tray.

25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein each of the plurality of connecting rods is surrounded by a hard stop configured to control the distance between the top tray and the bottom tray and to electrically insulate the connecting rods and protect the connecting rods from corrosion.

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