Application of moss crust in soil improvement

Abstract

The invention provides application of moss crust in soil improvement, and belongs to the technical field of soil remediation. The invention provides application of moss crust in improving soil. The soil comprises degraded grassland. The degraded grassland comprises extremely degraded grassland; the vegetation coverage of the extremely degraded grassland is lt; the grass yield ratio is 1t; the ratio of edible forage grass is less than or equal to 10%. According to the method, the to-be-restored degraded grassland is inoculated with the moss crust growing in the natural environment, and the moss crust can improve the soil environment, restore the total nutrients and available nutrients of the soil, improve the physicochemical properties of the soil and restore the multifunctionality and stability of a soil ecosystem in the growth cycle.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of soil remediation, and particularly relates to the application of moss crust in improving soil. Background Art

[0002] Alpine meadows have experienced varying degrees of degradation. In some areas, grasslands have degraded to form black soil beaches. The most effective measure for the treatment of black soil beaches is to build artificial grasslands through ecological engineering. So far, methods such as building artificial grasslands, fertilization, and enclosure can restore the ecological functions of degraded grasslands. Studies have found that after artificial construction, plant communities have significantly improved in terms of coverage, height, biomass, and diversity index. They can reduce carbon loss in the soil, increase carbon storage in aboveground vegetation, and have the function of carbon fixation and sink. They affect the soil nitrogen-phosphorus ratio (N:P) and organic carbon (SOC): available phosphorus (AP). The soil nitrogen-phosphorus ratio (N:P) and organic carbon (SOC): available phosphorus (AP) are important indicators for evaluating soil quality and fertility. In addition, in the process of building artificial grasslands, fertilization can quickly restore nutrients in the soil to promote vegetation productivity, height, and coverage. However, chemical fertilizers can only increase nutrients in the soil in the short term. In the long-term recovery process, nutrients in the soil cannot be restored in time, and artificial grasslands are prone to secondary degradation. Studies have found that artificial grasslands are prone to secondary degradation of vegetation and soil within 5 to 10 years of construction; although fertilization can restore soil nutrients in degraded grasslands, it only increases soil nutrients in the short term during the restoration process, and the effect of promoting soil nutrient self-repair is very weak. In addition, the large-scale use of chemical fertilizers will cause the soil to lose its self-repair ability, resulting in irreversible consequences; microbial agents are also an effective restoration measure, but microbial agents have high costs, high technical requirements, and certain restrictions on the environment, which hinder the application and promotion of microbial agents in the soil restoration process; and algae are not suitable for growing in high-altitude oxygen-deficient and low-nutrient meadows.

[0003] Therefore, it is of great significance to provide a method for soil repair that is easy to implement and can change the nutrient content and accumulation rate in the soil to achieve the purpose of repairing soil nutrients. Summary of the invention

[0004] In view of the defects in the prior art, the purpose of the present invention is to provide an application of moss crust in improving soil, wherein the application of the moss crust in degraded grassland soil is beneficial to improving the soil, restoring soil nutrients and improving soil physical and chemical properties.

[0005] The objective of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:

[0006] The present invention provides the use of moss crust in improving soil, wherein the soil comprises degraded grassland; the degraded grassland comprises extremely degraded grassland; the extremely degraded grassland has a vegetation coverage of less than 30%, a grass yield ratio of less than 15%, and an edible forage ratio of ≤10%.

[0007] Preferably, improving the soil includes restoring soil nutrients and / or improving soil physical and chemical properties.

[0008] Preferably, the soil nutrient restoration includes any one or more of the following (1) to (4):

[0009] (1) Improve soil total carbon content;

[0010] (2) Improve soil total nitrogen content;

[0011] (3) Improve soil total phosphorus content;

[0012] (4) Improve the available phosphorus content in the soil.

[0013] Preferably, the improvement of soil physical and chemical properties includes the following (a) and / or (b):

[0014] (a) Improve soil moisture content;

[0015] (b) Improve soil pH.

[0016] The present invention provides a method for improving soil by forming moss crusts, comprising the following steps:

[0017] Applying moss crusts to degraded grasslands to be restored;

[0018] The moss crust includes: moss crust within an area with a radius of ≥10m and a radius of ≤5000m, taking the degraded grassland to be restored as the center.

[0019] Preferably, the application amount of the moss crust is 350-700 g·m -2 , and finally select the optimal dosage for field trials.

[0020] Preferably, the moss crust comprises moss crust at a depth of 0 to 2 cm on the soil surface.

[0021] Preferably, the application period of the moss crust is 20 to 70 days.

[0022] Preferably, the temperature at which the moss crust survives in the degraded grassland to be restored is 15-23° C., and the humidity is 50%-65%.

[0023] Preferably, the moss crust is naturally air-dried and then broken before application; the temperature of the natural air-drying is 20-26° C.; and the particle size of the moss crust when applied is ≤1 mm.

[0024] Beneficial effects of the present invention

[0025] The present invention provides the application of moss crust in improving soil, wherein the soil includes degraded grassland; the degraded grassland includes extremely degraded grassland; the vegetation coverage of the extremely degraded grassland is less than 30%, the grass production ratio is less than 15%, and the edible forage ratio is less than 10%. Moss crust is a thick biological crust covering, which forms a protective outer layer on the soil surface, can prevent water loss, and provide certain protection and support for the soil. In the ecosystem, moss crust plays an important role in soil protection, water source protection and ecological balance. The present invention selects mosses grown in nature to be ground and spread in the soil as fertilizer. The moss, as a seed source, completes the growth cycle through the spore stage, the protofilament stage, the seedling stage, the reproductive stage, fertilization and sporangium formation. The present invention inoculates the moss crust grown in the natural environment in the degraded grassland to be repaired, and the moss crust can improve the soil during the growth cycle, improve the soil physical and chemical properties while restoring soil nutrients, and restore the multifunctionality and stability of the soil ecosystem. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative labor.

[0027] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the application of moss crust in Example 1;

[0028] Figure 2 This is a graph showing the changes in total carbon content in soil at different depths during the growth cycle of moss crusts;

[0029] Figure 3 This is a graph showing the changes in total nitrogen content in soil at different depths during the growth period of moss crust;

[0030] Figure 4 This is a graph showing the changes in total phosphorus content in soil at different depths during the growth period of moss crusts;

[0031] Figure 5 This is a graph showing the changes in available phosphorus content in soil at different depths during the growth period of moss crusts;

[0032] Figure 6 This is a graph showing the change in soil water content at different depths during the growth cycle of moss crusts;

[0033] Figure 7 This is a graph showing the pH changes in soil at different depths during the growth cycle of moss crusts;

[0034] Figure 8 This is a graph showing the change in nitrogen-phosphorus ratio in soil at different depths during the growth cycle of moss crusts;

[0035] Fig. 9 This is a graph showing the changes in the ratio of organic carbon to available phosphorus in soil at different depths during the growth cycle of moss crust. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] The present invention provides the use of moss crust in improving soil, wherein the soil comprises degraded grassland; the degraded grassland comprises extremely degraded grassland; the extremely degraded grassland has a vegetation coverage of less than 30%, a grass yield ratio of less than 15%, and an edible forage ratio of ≤10%.

[0037] In the present invention, the extremely degraded grassland is usually accompanied by soil compaction and loose structure compared with the severely degraded grassland, which will lead to poor water and air permeability, lack of key nutrients in the soil, large changes in soil pH, affecting vegetation growth and microbial activity, imbalance of soil microorganisms and animal communities, reduced soil ecosystem stability, and slowed soil function repair. Therefore, it takes longer and more difficult to repair extremely degraded grassland than severely degraded grassland.

[0038] In the present invention, the soil improvement includes restoring soil nutrients and / or improving soil physical and chemical properties. In the present invention, the soil nutrient restoration includes any one or more of the following (1) to (4): (1) improving soil total carbon content; (2) improving soil total nitrogen content; (3) improving soil total phosphorus content; (4) improving soil available phosphorus content. In the present invention, improving soil physical and chemical properties includes the following (a) and / or (b): (a) improving soil water content; (b) improving soil pH.

[0039] The present invention provides a method for improving soil by forming moss crusts, comprising the following steps:

[0040] Apply moss crusts to degraded grasslands to be restored.

[0041] In the present invention, the moss crust includes: moss crusts in an area with a radius of ≥10m and a radius of ≤5000m with the degraded grassland to be repaired as the center of the circle; the present invention uses the moss crusts in the aforementioned area for repair, and the living environment conditions of the moss crusts are similar to the environmental conditions of the degraded grassland to be repaired. In the present invention, the moss crust can be a naturally grown moss crust in an area with a radius of ≥10m and ≤5000m with the area to be repaired as the center of the circle, preferably with the center of the area to be repaired as the center of the circle. In the present invention, the moss crust can be a moss crust in the mature and / or reproductive period. The moss morphology of the moss crust in the mature and / or reproductive period becomes more mature, forming a complete moss plant with stronger adaptability and starting to build its own ecological environment. In the present invention, the moss crust can be taken from the moss crust at a depth of 0 to 10cm on the soil surface.

[0042] After obtaining the moss crust, the present invention preferably breaks the moss crust after natural air drying; the temperature of the natural air drying is 20-26°C. As an optional embodiment of the present invention, the temperature of the natural air drying can be 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 or 26°C. As an optional embodiment of the present invention, the natural air drying can be carried out in a cool place. As an optional embodiment of the present invention, the water content of the naturally air-dried moss crust is ≤10%. After obtaining the naturally air-dried moss crust, the present invention preferably breaks the obtained moss crust. The present invention does not specifically limit the method of breaking, and any conventional breaking method in the art can be used. As an optional embodiment of the present invention, the particle size of the broken moss crust is ≤1mm; the broken moss crust can also be referred to as moss crust particles.

[0043] Moss crust particles are obtained, and the present invention applies the moss crust particles to the degraded grassland to be restored. In the present invention, the degraded grassland to be restored includes extremely degraded grassland; the vegetation coverage of the extremely degraded grassland is <30%, the grass production ratio is <15%, and the edible forage ratio is ≤10%. In the present invention, the grass production ratio refers to the percentage relationship between the grass production of different grass species or grasslands and the total grass production of native vegetation. It is usually used to measure and evaluate the productivity of ecosystems such as grasslands and pastures. In the present invention, the application amount of the moss crust can be 350-700g·m -2 . In the present invention, the method for applying the moss crust is to spread the moss crust in the soil to be modified. In the present invention, the application period of the moss crust can be 20 to 70 days, or 20, 40 or 70 days. In the present invention, the temperature at which the moss crust survives in the degraded grassland to be restored can be 15 to 23°C, or 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 or 23°C; the humidity can be 50% to 65%, or 50%, 52%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 58%, 60%, 62%, 64% or 65%.

[0044] The method for improving soil with moss crust provided by the present invention is to inoculate moss crust grown in a natural environment into the degraded grassland to be restored. The moss crust can improve the soil during the growth cycle, improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil while restoring soil nutrients, and restore the multifunctionality and stability of the soil ecosystem.

[0045] In order to further illustrate the present invention, the technical solution provided by the present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments, but they should not be construed as limiting the protection scope of the present invention.

[0046] Example 1

[0047] A method for improving soil by moss crust, comprising the following steps:

[0048] 1. The basis for the classification of degraded grassland is shown in Table 1.

[0049] Table 1 Basis for the classification of degraded grassland

[0050]

[0051] The type of degraded grassland selected by the present invention is extremely degraded grassland soil. The present invention selects mosses grown in nature, grinds them into fertilizer and spreads them in the soil. The mosses, as seed sources, complete the growth cycle through spore stage, protofilament stage, seedling stage, reproductive stage, fertilization and sporangium formation. During the entire growth cycle of the moss, the nutrient recovery changes in the soil are analyzed through indoor cultivation.

[0052] 2. Specific experimental steps

[0053] 1) Sample collection

[0054] Collection of moss crusts: Moss crusts are collected from degraded grassland black soil beaches, i.e. degraded grasslands to be restored, with a radius of ≥10m and a radius of ≤5000m; the degraded grassland black soil beaches are extremely degraded grasslands. The environmental conditions for collecting moss crusts are the same as those for degraded grassland black soil beaches, and the vegetation type of the location where moss crusts are collected is an alpine meadow area. The method for collecting moss crusts is to collect moss crusts at a depth of 0 to 2cm on the soil surface.

[0055] Soil collection from black soil beaches of degraded grasslands: Soil at a depth of 0 to 20 cm was collected from black soil beaches of degraded grasslands.

[0056] 2) Sample processing

[0057] The collected moss crusts were brought back to the laboratory and dried naturally in a cool place. The indoor temperature for drying the moss was between 20 and 26°C. The moss was dried naturally in a cool place for 2 weeks. After drying, the moisture content of the moss was less than 10%. Then the moss was crushed with a grinder. The particle size of the crushed moss was less than 1 mm, and the moss crust particles were obtained.

[0058] After collecting soil samples from the black soil beach of degraded grassland, they were brought back to the laboratory and baked in an oven at 108°C for 48 hours to kill and sterilize the microorganisms and moss spores in the soil, ensuring that the soil used for indoor culture was free of microbial interference. This was also to ensure that all moss spores in the soil were inoculated rather than carried by the native soil, and to obtain dried black soil beach soil.

[0059] 3) Inoculate the moss crust particles into the black soil beach soil - the inoculation amount is 350g m -2At the same time, a control treatment experiment without moss crust inoculation was set up. After inoculation, the indoor temperature and humidity simulated the environmental temperature and humidity of the degraded grassland black soil beach, and the cultivation period was the vegetation and moss growth period of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The indoor temperature range is 15-23°C, and the humidity is 50%-65%. This temperature and humidity simulate the environmental temperature and humidity of the degraded grassland black soil beach, ensuring consistent environmental conditions and keeping the soil moist, which is conducive to the development of moss spores. The specific test process is as follows Figure 1 As shown. The designed time periods are designed with reference to the growth cycle of mosses on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. 0-20 days: This stage is usually the germination period of mosses. Seeds or spores begin to germinate under suitable environmental conditions and form seedlings. 20-40 days: At this stage, the mosses enter the primary growth period. The seedlings gradually grow, begin to form leaves and stems, and establish preliminary photosynthesis capabilities. 40-70 days: At this time, the mosses enter the mature stage, the growth rate accelerates, the plant volume increases, and gametophytes or spores may begin to form. This stage is an important period for the growth of mosses, and they have the ability to produce new seeds or spores, so these three time periods are designed.

[0060] 4) The experiment started on August 1, 2023, and then cultured for 0 days, 20 days, 40 days, and 70 days. The cultivation of one growth cycle ended in October. Soil samples were collected at 0 days, 20 days, 40 days, and 70 days to analyze the changes in nutrients in the soil.

[0061] 5) Test results

[0062] Changes in nutrient content at different depths of soil during the growth cycle of moss crusts Figures 2 to 9 The soil nutrient content of the control treatment without moss crust inoculation is the soil nutrient content measured on day 0 after the addition of moss crust.

[0063] Figure 2 This is a graph showing the changes in total carbon content in soil at different depths during the growth cycle of moss crusts; Figure 3 This is a graph showing the changes in total nitrogen content in soil at different depths during the growth period of moss crusts; Figure 4 This is a graph showing the changes in total phosphorus content in soil at different depths during the growth period of moss crusts; Figure 5 This is a graph showing the changes in available phosphorus content in soil at different depths during the growth period of moss crust. Figure 6 This is a graph showing the change in soil water content at different depths during the growth cycle of moss crusts;

[0064] Figure 7 This is a graph showing the pH changes in soil at different depths during the growth cycle of moss crusts; Figure 8 This is a graph showing the change in nitrogen-phosphorus ratio in soil at different depths during the growth cycle of moss crusts; Fig. 9 This is a graph showing the changes in the ratio of organic carbon to available phosphorus in soil at different depths during the growth cycle of moss crust. Figures 2 to 9The abc in the figure are marks of significant differences, which is an analysis of significant differences between cultures at the same depth and for different culture times.

[0065] Depend on Figures 2 to 5 It can be seen that the total nutrient content in the surface soil is higher than that in the deep layer. In the surface soil in contact with the moss crust, the soil nutrients are higher. Except for 0 days, in different recovery periods, with the increase of cultivation time, the change trend of total nitrogen and total carbon content in the soil is consistent, decreasing from 0 to 20 days, increasing from 20 to 40 days, and decreasing from 40 to 70 days. The total carbon and total nitrogen content are the highest on 40 days; the available phosphorus content is also the highest on 40 days, and the total phosphorus content is the highest on 20 days. This shows that moss crust promotes the nutrient content in the soil in a growth cycle.

[0066] Depend on Figure 2 It can be seen that after the application of moss crusts, the total carbon content at different depths of the soil with moss crusts at 20 days, 40 days and 70 days of growth and cultivation was lower than the total carbon content at 0 days after the application of moss crusts, indicating that moss crusts are not conducive to improving the total carbon content in extremely degraded soils. Figure 3 It can be found that after applying moss crusts, at 20 days, 40 days and 70 days of growth and cultivation of moss crusts, the total nitrogen content in the soil at a depth of 1-5cm and 5-10cm in the soil where moss crusts were applied not only did not show an improvement trend, but also showed a significant decrease trend. This indicates that after applying moss crusts, at different growth stages of moss crusts, there is no improvement effect on the total nitrogen content in the soil at a depth of 1-5cm and 5-10cm. After applying moss crusts, at 40 days of growth of moss crusts, the total nitrogen content in the soil at a depth of 0-1cm in the soil where moss crusts were applied tended to increase compared to the time of 0 day application. Figure 4 It can be seen that after the application of moss crust, the total phosphorus content in the 1-5cm and 5-10cm soil of the moss crust was the highest at 20 days of growth, but the total phosphorus content in the 0-1cm soil was the highest at 0 days, and at 20-70 days, the total phosphorus content in the soil was the highest at 20 days. Figure 5 It can be seen that after the application of moss crust, the available phosphorus content of soil at different depths of the soil where the moss crust was applied was significantly increased when the moss crust was grown for 40 days and 70 days. This shows that the application of moss crust in the soil to be improved can significantly improve the available phosphorus content of the soil after 40 to 70 days of growth.

[0067] Depend on Figures 6 to 9It was found that soil water content (SWC) increased significantly at 1-5cm and 5-10cm from 20 to 70 days, and was lowest at 0-1cm depth on 20 days; pH increased from 20 to 70 days and was highest on 70 days; N:P was highest on 40 days in 20-70 days of cultivation, but was highest on 0 days at 5-10cm; and organic carbon (SOC): available phosphorus (AP) was highest on 20 days in 20-70 days of cultivation. Through indoor cultivation, it was found that moss crust inoculation affected soil nutrient content and stoichiometric ratio in soil.

[0068] Depend on Figure 6 It can be seen that after the application of moss crust, the water content of the soil at a depth of 0-10 cm in the soil where the moss crust was applied can be significantly improved on the 70th day, and the soil water content can be significantly increased. Figure 7 It can be found that after the application of moss crust, the pH of the soil where the moss crust is applied can be significantly improved within 40 to 70 days, and the soil gradually becomes alkaline. The moss crust increases the pH value in the soil, improves the acidity and alkalinity of the soil, and restores the soil to alkaline soil. Figure 8 It can be seen that in the nitrogen-phosphorus ratio of the 0-1 cm soil layer, the moss crust was significantly higher at 20 to 70 days than at 0 days, indicating that the application of moss crust is beneficial to restoring the stability of the soil nitrogen-phosphorus ratio during the moss growth cycle.

[0069] Example 2

[0070] A method for improving soil with moss crust, the steps are the same as those in Example 1, the only difference being that the application amount of the moss crust is 700 g·m -2 .

[0071] The changes in nutrient content in soil at different depths during the growth period of moss crusts are shown in Table 2.

[0072] Table 2 Changes in nutrient content in 0-1 cm soil during the growth period of moss crust

[0073]

[0074] 700g·m -2 Cultivating at the inoculum dosage for 40 to 70 days can significantly improve the available phosphorus content in the 0 to 1 cm soil.

[0075] Although the above embodiment describes the present invention in detail, it is only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. People can also obtain other embodiments based on this embodiment without creativity, and these embodiments all fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. Application of moss crust in improving soil, wherein the soil includes degraded grassland; the degraded grassland includes extremely degraded grassland; the vegetation coverage of the extremely degraded grassland is <30%, the grass production ratio is <15%, and the edible forage ratio is ≤10%.

2. The application according to claim 1, characterized in that: The soil improvement includes restoring soil nutrients and / or improving soil physical and chemical properties.

3. The application according to claim 2, characterized in that: The soil nutrient restoration includes any one or more of the following (1) to (4): (1) Improve soil total carbon content; (2) Improve soil total nitrogen content; (3) Improve soil total phosphorus content; (4) Improve the available phosphorus content in the soil.

4. The application according to claim 2, characterized in that: The improvement of soil physical and chemical properties includes the following (a) and / or (b): (a) Improve soil moisture content; (b) Improve soil pH.

5. A method for improving soil by moss crust, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: Applying moss crusts to degraded grasslands to be restored; The moss crust includes: moss crust within an area with a radius of ≥10m and a radius of ≤5000m, taking the degraded grassland to be restored as the center.

6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that: The application amount of the moss crust is 350-700 g·m -2 .

7. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that: The moss crust includes the moss crust at a depth of 0 to 2 cm on the soil surface.

8. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that: The application period of the moss crust is 20 to 70 days.

9. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that: The temperature at which the moss crust survives in the degraded grassland to be restored is 15-23° C., and the humidity is 50%-65%.

10. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that: The moss crust is naturally air-dried and then broken before application; the temperature of the natural air-drying is 20-26° C.; and the particle size of the moss crust when applied is ≤1 mm.

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