UE positioning

Abstract

One disclosure of the present specification provides a method by which an LMF performs communication. The method may comprise the steps of: receiving, from a UE, a message requesting location information on the UE; transmitting, to one or more base stations, a request message requesting a measurement related to the location of the UE; receiving measurement information related to the UE from one or more base stations; acquiring information related to an indoor structure of a location where the UE is located based on the measurement information; determining location information on the UE based on the information related to the indoor structure and the measurement information; and transmitting the location information about the UE to the UE.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates to radio communications. Background Art

[0002] The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a technology for implementing high-speed packet communications. Many schemes have been proposed for the LTE goals, including those aimed at reducing user and supplier costs, improving service quality, and expanding and improving coverage and system capacity. 3GPP LTE requires reduced cost per bit, increased service availability, flexible use of frequency bands, simple structure, open interfaces, and sufficient power consumption of terminals as upper layer requirements.

[0003] Development of requirements and specifications for New Radio (NR) systems has begun in the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and 3GPP. 3GPP must identify and develop technical components for successful standardization of new RATs that will meet both immediate market needs and longer-term requirements set forth by the ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2020 process in a timely manner. In addition, NR should be able to use any spectrum band in the range of at least up to 100 GHz that can be used for wireless communications even in the more distant future.

[0004] The goal of NR is a single technology framework that addresses all use cases, requirements and deployment scenarios, including enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communications (mMTC), ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC), etc. NR should be inherently forward compatible.

[0005] Positioning based on 3GPP communication is under discussion. However, the accuracy of positioning in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments has not been guaranteed in the past. Summary of the invention

[0006] Technical Solution

[0007] In one aspect, a method for performing communication by LMF is provided. The method may include the following steps: receiving a message requesting location information of the UE from a UE; sending a request message requesting measurement related to the location of the UE to one or more base stations; receiving measurement information associated with the UE from one or more base stations; obtaining information related to an indoor structure at a location where the UE is located based on the measurement information; determining the location information of the UE based on the information related to the indoor structure and the measurement information; and sending the location information of the UE to the UE.

[0008] In another aspect, a device for implementing the above method is provided.

[0009] In one aspect, a method for UE to perform communication is provided. The method may include the following steps: sending a message to LMF requesting location information of UE; performing measurement of one or more base stations; sending a measurement report to one or more base stations based on the measurement; and receiving location information of UE from LMF.

[0010] In another aspect, a device for implementing the above method is provided. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] Figure 1 An example of a communication system to which an implementation of the present disclosure is applied is shown.

[0012] Figure 2 An example of a wireless device to which an implementation of the present disclosure is applied is shown.

[0013] Figure 3 An example of a wireless device to which an implementation of the present disclosure is applied is shown.

[0014] Figure 4 is a diagram showing an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system.

[0015] Figure 5 An example of the electromagnetic spectrum is shown.

[0016] Figures 6a to 6c is a signal flow diagram illustrating an exemplary UE-triggered service request procedure.

[0017] Figure 7 is a signal flow diagram illustrating an exemplary network-initiated service request process.

[0018] Figure 8 is the first example of positioning based on DL-TDOA.

[0019] Fig. 9 This is the second example of DL-TDOA based positioning.

[0020] Fig.10 This is an example of positioning based on multi-cell RTT.

[0021] Fig.11 This is an example of UL-AOA based positioning.

[0022] Fig.12 is an example of a positioning method for an outdoor environment according to the related art.

[0023] Fig.13 An example of measuring a time difference according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0024] Fig.14An example of calculating RTT according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0025] Fig.15 An example of multi-cell RTT positioning according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0026] Fig.16 An example of measuring DL-RSTD according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0027] Fig.17 An example of performing DL-TDOA positioning according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0028] Fig.18 An example of positioning based on DL-AoD and / or UL-AOA according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0029] Fig.19 is an example of a UE-assisted and UE-based positioning process according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0030] Fig. 20 is an example of a network-assisted positioning process according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0031] Fig.21 An example of positioning error in an indoor environment is illustrated.

[0032] Figures 22a to 22c An example of performing millimeter wave sensing according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0033] Fig.23 An example of using a 3D map according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0034] Fig.24 An example of predicting the position of a UE in an indoor environment according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0035] Fig.25 An example of displaying the location of a UE on a display according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0036] Fig.26 An example of ray tracing according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0037] Fig. 27 An example of a process according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0038] The following techniques, devices and systems can be applied to various wireless multiple access systems. Examples of multiple access systems include CDMA (code division multiple access) systems, FDMA (frequency division multiple access) systems, TDMA (time division multiple access) systems, OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access) systems, SC-FDMA (single carrier frequency division multiple access) systems, and MC-FDMA (multi-carrier frequency division multiple access) systems. CDMA can be implemented by wireless technologies such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented by wireless technologies such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), or Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). OFDMA can be implemented by wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (Wi MAX), IEEE 802.20, or E-UTRA (Evolved UTRA). UTRA is part of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a part of E-UMTS (Evolved UMTS) using E-UTRA. 3GPP LTE uses OFDMA for downlink (DL) and SC-FDMA for uplink (UL).

[0039] The following techniques, devices and systems can be applied to various wireless multiple access systems. Examples of multiple access systems include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and multi-carrier frequency division multiple access (MC-FDMA) systems. CDMA can be implemented by radio technologies such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented by radio technologies such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), or Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE). OFDMA can be implemented by radio technologies such as Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, or Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA). UTRA is part of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a part of Evolved UMTS (E-UMTS) using E-UTRA. 3GPP LTE adopts OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in UL. The evolutions of 3GPP LTE include LTE-A (Advanced), LTE-A Pro and / or 5G NR (New Radio).

[0040] For ease of description, the implementation of the present disclosure is mainly described with respect to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system. However, the technical features of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. For example, although the following detailed description is given based on a mobile communication system corresponding to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system, aspects of the present disclosure that are not limited to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system are applicable to other mobile communication systems.

[0041] For terms and techniques not specifically described among the terms and techniques used in the present disclosure, reference may be made to wireless communication standard documents published prior to the present disclosure.

[0042] In the present disclosure, "A or B" may mean "only A", "only B", or "both A and B". In other words, "A or B" in the present disclosure may be interpreted as "A and / or B". For example, "A, B, or C" in the present disclosure may mean "only A", "only B", "only C", or "any combination of A, B, and C".

[0043] In the present disclosure, a slash ( / ) or a comma (,) may mean "and / or". For example, "A / B" may mean "A and / or B". Thus, "A / B" may mean "only A", "only B", or "both A and B". For example, "A, B, C" may mean "A, B, or C".

[0044] In the present disclosure, "at least one of A and B" may mean "only A", "only B", or "both A and B". In addition, the expression "at least one of A or B" or "at least one of A and / or B" in the present disclosure may be interpreted as being the same as "at least one of A and B".

[0045] In addition, in the present disclosure, "at least one of A, B, and C" may mean "only A", "only B", "only C", or "any combination of A, B, and C". In addition, "at least one of A, B, or C" or "at least one of A, B and / or C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C".

[0046] In addition, the brackets used in the present disclosure may mean "for example". Specifically, when it is shown as "control information (PDCCH)", "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information". In other words, the "control information" in the present disclosure is not limited to "PDCCH", and "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information". In addition, even when it is shown as "control information (ie, PDCCH)", "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information".

[0047] The technical features described separately in one drawing of the present disclosure may be implemented separately or simultaneously.

[0048] Although not limited thereto, the various descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods and / or operational flowcharts of the present disclosure disclosed herein may be applied to various fields requiring wireless communication and / or connection between devices (e.g., 5G).

[0049] Hereinafter, the present disclosure will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Unless otherwise specified, the same reference numerals in the following drawings and / or descriptions may refer to the same and / or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks and / or functional blocks.

[0050] Although a user equipment (UE) is illustrated by way of example in the drawings, the illustrated UE may be referred to as a terminal, a mobile equipment (ME), etc. In addition, the UE may be a portable device such as a notebook computer, a mobile phone, a PDA, a smart phone, and a multimedia device, or may be a non-portable device such as a PC or a vehicle-mounted device.

[0051] In the following, UE is used as an example of a wireless communication device (or wireless device or wireless equipment) capable of wireless communication. The operation performed by the UE may be performed by a wireless communication device. The wireless communication device may also be referred to as a wireless device, a wireless equipment, etc. In the following, AMF may refer to an AMF node, SMF may refer to an SMF node, and UPF may refer to a UPF node.

[0052] The base station used below generally refers to a fixed station that communicates with wireless devices, and may also be referred to as an evolved NodeB (eNodeB), an evolved NodeB (eNB), a base transceiver system (BTS), an access point, and a next-generation NodeB (gNB).

[0053] Figure 1 An example of a communication system to which an implementation of the present disclosure is applied is shown.

[0054] Figure 1 The 5G usage scenarios shown in are only exemplary, and the technical features of the present disclosure can be applied to Figure 1 Other 5G usage scenarios not shown.

[0055] The three main requirement categories for 5G include (1) enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) category, (2) massive machine type communication (mMTC) category, and (3) ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC) category.

[0056] Some use cases may require multiple categories for optimization, and others may focus only on key performance indicators (KPIs). 5G supports these various use cases with a flexible and reliable approach.

[0057] eMBB goes far beyond basic mobile Internet access and covers a large number of two-way operations in the cloud and augmented reality as well as media and entertainment applications. Data is one of the core driving forces of 5G, and in the 5G era, dedicated voice services may not be provided for the first time. In 5G, it is expected that the data connection provided by the communication system will be used as an application to simply process voice. The main reason for the increase in traffic is due to the increase in content size and the increase in the number of applications that require high data transmission rates. As more devices are connected to the Internet, streaming services (audio and video), conversational video, and mobile Internet access will be more widely used. These many applications require connectivity in an always-on state to push real-time information and alerts to users. Cloud storage and applications are rapidly increasing in mobile communication platforms and can be applied to both operations and entertainment. Cloud storage is a special use case that accelerates the growth of uplink data transmission rates. 5G is also used for remote cloud operations. When using a tactile interface, 5G requires lower end-to-end latency to maintain a good experience for users. Entertainment (e.g., cloud games and video streaming) is another core element that increases the demand for mobile broadband capabilities. Entertainment is essential for smartphones and tablets anywhere, including in high mobility environments such as trains, vehicles and airplanes. Other use cases are augmented reality for entertainment and information search. In this case, augmented reality requires very low latency and instantaneous data volume.

[0058] Additionally, one of the most anticipated 5G use cases involves the ability to smoothly connect embedded sensors in all fields (i.e., mMTC). The number of potential Internet of Things (IoT) devices is expected to reach 20.4 billion by 2020. Industrial IoT is one of the categories that plays a major role in enabling smart cities, asset tracking, smart utilities, agriculture, and security infrastructure through 5G.

[0059] URLLC includes new services that will transform industries (e.g., autonomous vehicles) through remote control of key infrastructure and ultra-reliable / available low-latency links. To control smart grids, automate industry, enable robotics, and control and regulate drones, the level of reliability and latency is critical.

[0060] 5G is a means of providing streaming services estimated at a few hundred megabits per second to a gigabit per second, and can complement fiber to the home (FTTH) and cable-based broadband (or DOCSIS). Such fast speeds are needed to deliver 4K or higher (6K, 8K and higher) resolution TV as well as virtual reality and augmented reality. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) applications include virtually immersive sports games. Specific applications may require special network configurations. For example, for VR games, gaming companies need to merge core servers into network operators' edge network servers to minimize latency.

[0061] Along with many use cases for mobile communications for vehicles, it is expected that cars will become a new important driving force in 5G. For example, the entertainment of passengers requires high simultaneous capacity and mobile broadband with high mobility. This is because future users continue to expect high-quality connections regardless of their location and speed. Another use case in the automotive field is the AR dashboard. The AR dashboard enables the driver to identify objects in the dark in addition to the objects seen from the front window, and displays the distance to the object and the movement of the object by overlapping the information told to the driver. In the future, wireless modules will enable communication between vehicles, information exchange between vehicles and supporting infrastructure, and information exchange between cars and other connected devices (e.g., devices attached to pedestrians). The safety system guides alternative behavior processes so that drivers can drive more safely, thereby reducing the risk of accidents. The next stage will be remote control or autonomous vehicles. This requires very high reliability and very fast communication between different autonomous vehicles and between vehicles and infrastructure. In the future, autonomous vehicles will perform all driving activities, and drivers will only focus on abnormal traffic that cannot be recognized by the vehicle. The technical requirements of autonomous vehicles require ultra-low latency and ultra-high reliability to increase traffic safety to a level that humans cannot reach.

[0062] Smart cities and smart homes / buildings, known as smart societies, will be embedded in high-density wireless sensor networks. Distributed networks of smart sensors will identify conditions for cost and energy-saving maintenance in cities or homes. Similar configurations can be performed for individual homes. Temperature sensors, window and heating controllers, burglar alarms, and home appliances are all wirelessly connected. Many of these sensors typically have low data transfer rates, power, and costs. However, certain types of devices may require real-time HD video to perform monitoring.

[0063] The consumption and distribution of energy, including heat or gas, is distributed at a higher level, requiring automatic control of a distributed sensor network. Smart grids collect information and use digital information and communication technologies to connect sensors to each other to act according to the collected information. Since this information can include the behavior of power supply companies and consumers, smart grids can improve the distribution of fuels such as electricity by methods with efficiency, reliability, economic viability, production sustainability and automation. Smart grids can also be considered as another sensor network with low latency.

[0064] Mission-critical applications (e.g., e-health) are one of the 5G use cases. The health segment contains many applications that can enjoy the benefits of mobile communications. The communication system can support telemedicine that provides clinical treatment in distant places. Telemedicine can help reduce distance barriers and improve access to medical services that are not continuously available in remote rural areas. Telemedicine is also used to perform important treatments and save lives in emergency situations. Wireless sensor networks based on mobile communications can provide remote monitoring and sensors for parameters such as heart rate and blood pressure.

[0065] Wireless and mobile communications are becoming increasingly important in the field of industrial applications. Cabling is expensive to install and maintain. Therefore, the possibility of replacing cables with reconfigurable wireless links is an attractive opportunity in many industrial fields. However, in order to achieve this replacement, wireless connections need to be established with latency, reliability and capacity similar to cables, and the management of wireless connections needs to be simplified. When it comes to connecting to 5G, low latency and very low error probability are new requirements.

[0066] Logistics and freight tracking are important use cases for mobile communications, which allow inventory and packages to be tracked anywhere using location-based information systems. Logistics and freight use cases typically require low data rates, but require location information with wide range and reliability.

[0067] Reference Figure 1 , the communication system 1 includes wireless devices 100a to 100f, a base station (BS) 200, and a network 300. Figure 1 A 5G network is shown as an example of a network of the communication system 1, but implementations of the present disclosure are not limited to the 5G system and may be applied to future communication systems other than the 5G system.

[0068] The BS 200 and the network 300 may be implemented as wireless devices, and a specific wireless device may operate as a BS / network node relative to other wireless devices.

[0069] The wireless devices 100a to 100f represent devices that perform communication using a radio access technology (RAT) (e.g., 5G new RAT (NR) or LTE), and may be referred to as communication / radio / 5G devices. The wireless devices may include, but are not limited to, a robot 100a, vehicles 100b-1 and 100b-2, an extended reality (XR) device 100c, a handheld device 100d, a home appliance 100e, an IoT device 100f, and an artificial intelligence (AI) device / server 400. For example, a vehicle may include a vehicle with a wireless communication function, an autonomous vehicle, and a vehicle capable of performing communication between vehicles. A vehicle may include an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). The XR device may include an AR / VR / mixed reality (MR) device, and may be implemented in the form of a head-mounted device (HMD), a head-up display (HUD) installed in a vehicle, a television, a smart phone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance device, a digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, and the like. Handheld devices may include smart phones, smart boards, wearable devices (e.g., smart watches or smart glasses), and computers (e.g., notebooks). Home appliances may include TVs, refrigerators, and washing machines. IoT devices may include sensors and smart meters.

[0070] In the present disclosure, the wireless devices 100a to 100f may be referred to as user equipment (UE). The UE may include, for example, a cellular phone, a smart phone, a laptop computer, a digital broadcast terminal, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation system, a tablet personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, an ultrabook, a vehicle, a vehicle with an autonomous driving function, a connected car, a UAV, an AI module, a robot, an AR device, a VR device, an MR device, a holographic device, a public safety device, an MTC device, an IoT device, a medical device, a FinTech device (or a financial device), a security device, a weather / environmental device, a device related to 5G services, or a device related to the field of the fourth industrial revolution.

[0071] A UAV may be, for example, an aircraft that is flown by wireless control signals without humans on board.

[0072] VR devices may include, for example, devices for realizing objects or backgrounds of a virtual world. AR devices may include, for example, devices realized by connecting objects or backgrounds of a virtual world to objects or backgrounds of a real world. MR devices may include, for example, devices realized by merging objects or backgrounds of a virtual world into objects or backgrounds of a real world. Holographic devices may include, for example, devices for realizing 360-degree stereoscopic images by recording and reproducing stereoscopic information using an interference phenomenon of light generated when two lasers meet, called holography.

[0073] Public safety devices may include, for example, image relay devices or image devices wearable on a user's body.

[0074] MTC devices and IoT devices may be devices that do not require direct human intervention or manipulation, for example. For example, MTC devices and IoT devices may include smart meters, vending machines, thermometers, smart light bulbs, door locks, or various sensors.

[0075] For example, a medical device may be a device for the purpose of diagnosing, treating, alleviating, curing or preventing a disease. For example, a medical device may be a device for the purpose of diagnosing, treating, alleviating or correcting an injury or disorder. For example, a medical device may be a device for the purpose of inspecting, replacing or modifying a structure or function. For example, a medical device may be a device for the purpose of regulating pregnancy. For example, a medical device may include a device for treatment, a device for surgery, a device for (in vitro) diagnosis, a hearing aid or a device for surgery.

[0076] For example, a safety device may be a device installed to prevent possible danger and maintain safety. For example, a safety device may be a camera, a closed-circuit television (CCTV), a recorder, or a black box.

[0077] For example, a FinTech device may be a device that can provide financial services such as mobile payment. For example, a FinTech device may include a payment device or a point of sale (POS) system.

[0078] Weather / environmental devices may include, for example, devices for monitoring or predicting weather / environmental conditions.

[0079] The wireless devices 100a to 100f may be connected to the network 300 via the BS 200. The AI ​​technology may be applied to the wireless devices 100a to 100f, and the wireless devices 100a to 100f may be connected to the AI ​​server 400 via the network 300. The network 300 may be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR) network, and a super 5G network. Although the wireless devices 100a to 100f may communicate with each other via the BS 200 / network 300, the wireless devices 100a to 100f may perform direct communication (e.g., side link communication) with each other without passing through the BS 200 / network 300. For example, the vehicles 100b-1 and 100b-2 may perform direct communication (e.g., vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) / vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication). An IoT device (e.g., a sensor) may perform direct communication with other IoT devices (e.g., a sensor) or other wireless devices 100a to 100f.

[0080] Wireless communication / connection 150a, 150b, and 150c may be established between wireless devices 100a to 100f and / or between wireless devices 100a to 100f and BS200 and / or between BS200. In this document, wireless communication / connection may be established through various RATs (e.g., 5G NR) such as uplink / downlink communication 150a, sidelink communication (or device-to-device (D2D) communication) 150b, inter-base station communication 150c (e.g., relay, integrated access and backhaul (IAB)), etc. Wireless devices 100a to 100f and BS200 / wireless devices 100a to 100f may send / receive radio signals to each other through wireless communication / connection 150a, 150b, and 150c. For example, wireless communication / connection 150a, 150b, and 150c may send / receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, various configuration information configuration processes for sending / receiving radio signals, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel coding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, and resource mapping / demapping), and at least a portion of a resource allocation process may be performed based on various proposals of the present disclosure.

[0081] AI means the field that studies artificial intelligence or methods that can create it, and machine learning refers to the field that defines the various problems addressed in the field of AI and methods to solve them. Machine learning is also defined as an algorithm that improves the performance of a task through steady experience with the task.

[0082] A robot means a machine that automatically processes or operates a given task by its own ability. Specifically, a robot that has the ability to recognize the environment and make self-determination to perform actions can be called an intelligent robot. According to the purpose or field of use, robots can be classified into industrial, medical, household, military, etc. The robot can perform various physical operations such as moving the robot joints using actuators or motors. The movable robot also includes wheels, brakes, propellers, etc. on the drive, allowing it to drive on the ground or fly in the air.

[0083] Autonomous driving means the technology of self-driving, and autonomous vehicles mean vehicles that are driven without user control or with minimal user control. For example, autonomous driving may include keeping lane movement, automatically adjusting speed (e.g., adaptive cruise control), automatically driving along a set route, and automatically setting a route when a destination is set. Vehicles include vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines, hybrid vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines and electric motors, and electric vehicles equipped with electric motors, and may include trains, motorcycles, etc. as well as cars. Autonomous vehicles can be regarded as robots with autonomous driving capabilities.

[0084] Extended reality is collectively referred to as VR, AR, and MR. VR technology only provides objects and backgrounds of the real world through computer graphics (CG) images. AR technology provides virtual CG images on top of real object images. MR technology is a CG technology that combines virtual objects into the real world. MR technology is similar to AR technology in that they show real objects and virtual objects together. However, the difference is that in AR technology, virtual objects are used as a complementary form of real objects, while in MR technology, virtual objects and real objects are used as the same characteristics.

[0085] NR supports multiple parameter sets (and / or multiple subcarrier spacing (SCS)) to support various 5G services. For example, if the SCS is 15kHz, wide areas can be supported in traditional cellular bands, and if the SCS is 30kHz / 60kHz, dense cities, lower latency, and wider carrier bandwidths can be supported. If the SCS is 60kHz or higher, bandwidths greater than 24.25GHz can be supported to overcome phase noise.

[0086] The NR frequency band may be defined as two types of frequency ranges, namely, FR1 and FR2. The numerical values ​​of the frequency ranges may vary. For example, the two types of frequency ranges (FR1 and FR2) may be as shown in Table 1. For ease of explanation, in the frequency ranges used in the NR system, FR1 may mean "below 6 GHz range", FR2 may mean "above 6 GHz range", and may be referred to as millimeter wave (mmW). FR2 may include FR 2-1 and FR 2-2 as shown in the examples of Tables 1 and 2.

[0087] [Table 1]

[0088]

[0089] As described above, the numerical value of the frequency range of the NR system can be changed. For example, FR1 may include a frequency band of 410 MHz to 7125 MHz as shown in Table 2 below. That is, FR1 may include a frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850 MHz, 5900 MHz, 5925 MHz, etc.) or higher. For example, a frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850 MHz, 5900 MHz, 5925 MHz, etc.) or higher included in FR1 may include an unlicensed frequency band. The unlicensed frequency band can be used for various purposes (e.g., for communication of vehicles (e.g., autonomous driving)).

[0090] [Table 2]

[0091]

[0092] Here, the radio communication technology implemented in the wireless device in the present disclosure may include narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) technology for low-power communication as well as LTE, NR and 6G. For example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of a low-power wide area network (LPWAN) technology, which may be implemented in specifications such as LTE Cat NB1 and / or LTE Cat NB2, and may not be limited to the above names. Additionally and / or alternatively, the radio communication technology implemented in the wireless device in the present disclosure may communicate based on LTE-M technology. For example, LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology, and may be referred to as various names such as enhanced machine type communication (eMTC). For example, LTE-M technology may be implemented in at least one of various specifications such as 1) LTE Cat 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-bandwidth limited (non-BL), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE machine type communication and / or 7) LTE M, and may not be limited to the above names. Additionally and / or alternatively, the radio communication technology implemented in the wireless device in the present disclosure may include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and / or LPWAN considering low-power communication, and may not be limited to the above names. For example, ZigBee technology may generate a personal area network (PAN) associated with low-power / low-power digital communication based on various specifications such as IEEE 802.15.4, and may be referred to as various names.

[0093] Figure 2 An example of a wireless device to which an implementation of the present disclosure is applied is shown.

[0094] Reference Figure 2 , the first wireless device 100 and the second wireless device 200 may transmit / receive radio signals to / from an external device through various RATs (eg, LTE and NR).

[0095] exist Figure 2 In the example, {the first wireless device 100 and the second wireless device 200} may correspond to Figure 1 At least one of {wireless devices 100a to 100f and BS200}, {wireless devices 100a to 100f and wireless devices 100a to 100f} and / or {BS200 and BS200}.

[0096] The first wireless device 100 may include at least one transceiver (eg, transceiver 106 ), at least one processing chip (eg, processing chip 101 ), and / or one or more antennas 108 .

[0097] The processing chip 101 may include at least one processor (eg, processor 102 ) and at least one memory (eg, memory 104 ). Figure 2 It is exemplarily shown that the memory 104 is included in the processing chip 101. Additionally and / or alternatively, the memory 104 may be placed outside the processing chip 101.

[0098] The processor 102 may control the memory 104 and / or the transceiver 106, and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operational flow charts described in the present disclosure. For example, the processor 102 may process the information in the memory 104 to generate first information / signals, and then send a radio signal including the first information / signals through the transceiver 106. The processor 102 may receive a radio signal including second information / signals through the transceiver 106, and then store information obtained by processing the second information / signals in the memory 104.

[0099] The memory 104 may be operatively connected to the processor 102. The memory 104 may store various types of information and / or instructions. The memory 104 may store software code 105 implementing instructions that, when executed by the processor 102, perform the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operational flow charts disclosed in the present disclosure. For example, the software code 105 may implement instructions that, when executed by the processor 102, perform the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operational flow charts disclosed in the present disclosure. For example, the software code 105 may control the processor 102 to execute one or more protocols. For example, the software code 105 may control the processor 102 to execute one or more layers of a radio interface protocol.

[0100] In this document, the processor 102 and the memory 104 may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement a RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). The transceiver 106 may be connected to the processor 102 and transmit and / or receive radio signals through one or more antennas 108. Each transceiver 106 may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. The transceiver 106 may be used interchangeably with a radio frequency (RF) unit. In the present disclosure, the first wireless device 100 may represent a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0101] The second wireless device 200 may include at least one transceiver (eg, transceiver 206 ), at least one processing chip (eg, processing chip 201 ), and / or one or more antennas 208 .

[0102] The processing chip 201 may include at least one processor (eg, processor 202 ) and at least one memory (eg, memory 204 ). Figure 2It is exemplarily shown that the memory 204 is included in the processing chip 201. Additionally and / or alternatively, the memory 204 may be placed outside the processing chip 201.

[0103] The processor 202 may control the memory 204 and / or the transceiver 206, and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operational flow charts described in the present disclosure. For example, the processor 202 may process the information in the memory 204 to generate third information / signals, and then send a radio signal including the third information / signals through the transceiver 206. The processor 202 may receive a radio signal including fourth information / signals through the transceiver 106, and then store information obtained by processing the fourth information / signals in the memory 204.

[0104] The memory 204 may be operatively connected to the processor 202. The memory 204 may store various types of information and / or instructions. The memory 204 may store software code 205 implementing instructions that, when executed by the processor 202, perform the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operational flow charts disclosed in the present disclosure. For example, the software code 205 may implement instructions that, when executed by the processor 202, perform the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operational flow charts disclosed in the present disclosure. For example, the software code 205 may control the processor 202 to execute one or more protocols. For example, the software code 205 may control the processor 202 to execute one or more layers of a radio interface protocol.

[0105] In this document, the processor 202 and the memory 204 may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement a RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). The transceiver 206 may be connected to the processor 202 and transmit and / or receive radio signals through one or more antennas 208. Each transceiver 206 may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. The transceiver 206 may be used interchangeably with an RF unit. In the present disclosure, the second wireless device 200 may represent a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0106] Hereinafter, the hardware elements of the wireless devices 100 and 200 will be described in more detail. One or more protocol layers may be implemented by (but not limited to) one or more processors 102 and 202. For example, one or more processors 102 and 202 may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as a physical (PHY) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer). One or more processors 102 and 202 may generate one or more protocol data units (PDUs) and / or one or more service data units (SDUs) according to the description, function, process, suggestion, method, and / or operation flowchart disclosed in the present disclosure. One or more processors 102 and 202 may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the description, function, process, suggestion, method, and / or operation flowchart disclosed in the present disclosure. One or more processors 102 and 202 may generate a signal (e.g., a baseband signal) including a PDU, SDU, message, control information, data, or information according to the description, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure, and provide the generated signal to one or more transceivers 106 and 206. One or more processors 102 and 202 may receive a signal (e.g., a baseband signal) from one or more transceivers 106 and 206 according to the description, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure, and obtain the PDU, SDU, message, control information, data, or information.

[0107] One or more processors 102 and 202 may be referred to as controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, or microcomputers. One or more processors 102 and 202 may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. As an example, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), one or more programmable logic devices (PLDs), or one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) may be included in one or more processors 102 and 202. The descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operational flow charts disclosed in the present disclosure may be implemented using firmware or software, and the firmware or software may be configured to include modules, processes, or functions. Firmware or software configured to execute the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operational flow charts disclosed in the present disclosure may be included in one or more processors 102 and 202 or stored in one or more memories 104 and 204 so as to be driven by one or more processors 102 and 202. The descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods and / or operational flow charts disclosed in this disclosure may be implemented using software or firmware in the form of codes, commands and / or command sets.

[0108] One or more memories 104 and 204 may be connected to one or more processors 102 and 202 and store various types of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions, and / or commands. One or more memories 104 and 204 may be configured by read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), flash memory, hard drive, register, flash memory, computer-readable storage medium, and / or a combination thereof. One or more memories 104 and 204 may be located inside and / or outside of one or more processors 102 and 202. One or more memories 104 and 204 may be connected to one or more processors 102 and 202 by various technologies such as wired or wireless connections.

[0109] One or more transceivers 106 and 206 can send user data, control information and / or radio signals / channels mentioned in the description, function, process, suggestion, method and / or operation flow chart disclosed in the present disclosure to one or more other devices. One or more transceivers 106 and 206 can receive user data, control information and / or radio signals / channels mentioned in the description, function, process, suggestion, method and / or operation flow chart disclosed in the present disclosure from one or more other devices. For example, one or more transceivers 106 and 206 can be connected to one or more processors 102 and 202 and send and receive radio signals. For example, one or more processors 102 and 202 can perform control so that one or more transceivers 106 and 206 can send user data, control information or radio signals to one or more other devices. One or more processors 102 and 202 can perform control so that one or more transceivers 106 and 206 can receive user data, control information or radio signals from one or more other devices.

[0110] One or more transceivers 106 and 206 may be connected to one or more antennas 108 and 208, and one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, and / or radio signals / channels mentioned in the descriptions, functions, processes, suggestions, methods, and / or operation flow charts disclosed in the present disclosure through one or more antennas 108 and 208. In the present disclosure, one or more antennas 108 and 208 may be multiple physical antennas or multiple logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports).

[0111] One or more transceivers 106 and 206 may convert received user data, control information, radio signals / channels, etc. from RF band signals into baseband signals so as to process the received user data, control information, radio signals / channels, etc. using one or more processors 102 and 202. One or more transceivers 106 and 206 may convert user data, control information, radio signals / channels, etc. processed using one or more processors 102 and 202 from baseband signals into RF band signals. To this end, one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may include (analog) oscillators and / or filters. For example, one or more transceivers 106 and 206 may up-convert OFDM baseband signals into OFDM signals through their (analog) oscillators and / or filters under the control of one or more processors 102 and 202, and transmit the up-converted OFDM signals at a carrier frequency. One or more transceivers 106 and 206 may receive the OFDM signal at a carrier frequency and down-convert the OFDM signal to an OFDM baseband signal through its (analog) oscillator and / or filter under the control of one or more processors 102 and 202 .

[0112] In an implementation of the present disclosure, a UE may operate as a transmitting device in an uplink (UL) and as a receiving device in a downlink (DL). Within an implementation of the present disclosure, a BS may operate as a receiving device in the UL and as a transmitting device in the DL. In the following, for ease of description, it is mainly assumed that the first wireless device 100 acts as a UE and the second wireless device 200 acts as a BS. For example, a processor 102 connected to, installed on, or started in the first wireless device 100 may be configured to perform UE behavior according to an implementation of the present disclosure, or to control a transceiver 106 to perform UE behavior according to an implementation of the present disclosure. A processor 202 connected to, installed on, or started in the second wireless device 200 may be configured to perform BS behavior according to an implementation of the present disclosure, or to control a transceiver 206 to perform BS behavior according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

[0113] In this disclosure, a BS is also referred to as a Node B (NB), an eNodeB (eNB), or a gNB.

[0114] Figure 3 An example of a wireless device to which an implementation of the present disclosure is applied is shown.

[0115] Can be based on use cases / services (see Figure 1 ) Wireless devices are implemented in various forms.

[0116] Reference Figure 3, the wireless devices 100 and 200 may correspond to Figure 2 The wireless devices 100 and 200 of the present invention may be configured by various elements, components, units / parts and / or modules. For example, each of the wireless devices 100 and 200 may include a communication unit 110, a control unit 120, a memory unit 130 and an additional component 140. The communication unit 110 may include a communication circuit 112 and a transceiver 114. For example, the communication circuit 112 may include Figure 2 One or more processors 102 and 202 and / or Figure 2 One or more memories 104 and 204. For example, the transceiver 114 may include Figure 2 One or more transceivers 106 and 206 and / or Figure 2 The control unit 120 is electrically connected to the communication unit 110, the memory unit 130, and the additional components 140, and controls the overall operation of each of the wireless devices 100 and 200. For example, the control unit 120 may control the electrical / mechanical operation of each of the wireless devices 100 and 200 based on the program / code / command / information stored in the memory unit 130. The control unit 120 may transmit information stored in the memory unit 130 to the outside (e.g., other communication devices) through a wireless / wired interface via the communication unit 110, or store information received from the outside (e.g., other communication devices) through a wireless / wired interface via the communication unit 110 in the memory unit 130.

[0117] The additional component 140 may be variously configured according to the type of the wireless devices 100 and 200. For example, the additional component 140 may include at least one of a power supply unit / battery, an input / output (I / O) unit (e.g., an audio I / O port, a video I / O port), a driving unit, and a computing unit. The wireless devices 100 and 200 may be in the form of (but not limited to) a robot ( Figure 1 100a), vehicles ( Figure 1 100b-1 and 100b-2), XR devices ( Figure 1 100c), handheld device ( Figure 1 100d), household appliances ( Figure 1 100e), IoT devices ( Figure 1 100f), digital broadcasting terminal, holographic device, public safety device, MTC device, medical device, FinTech device (or financial device), security device, climate / environmental device, AI server / device ( Figure 1 400), BS( Figure 1in the form of wireless devices 100 and 200), network nodes, etc. The wireless devices 100 and 200 can be used in mobile or fixed positions according to usage examples / services.

[0118] In Figure 3 , various elements, components, units / parts, and / or modules in the wireless devices 100 and 200 can be connected to each other through a wired interface, or at least a part of them can be wirelessly connected through the communication unit 110. For example, in each of the wireless devices 100 and 200, the control unit 120 and the communication unit 110 can be wired-connected, and the control unit 120 and the first units (e.g., 130 and 140) can be wirelessly connected through the communication unit 110. Each element, component, unit / part, and / or module within the wireless devices 100 and 200 can also include one or more elements. For example, the control unit 120 can be configured by a set of one or more processors. As an example, the control unit 120 can be configured by a set of a communication control processor, an application processor (AP), an electronic control unit (ECU), a graphics processing unit, and a memory control processor. As another example, the memory unit 130 can be configured by RAM, DRAM, ROM, flash memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and / or a combination thereof.

[0119] <Working frequency bands of NR>

[0120] The working frequency bands in NR are as follows.

[0121] The working frequency bands in Table 3 below are the working frequency bands converted (refarmed) from the working frequency bands of LTE / LTE-A. This can be referred to as the FR1 band.

[0122] [Table 3]

[0123]

[0124] The following table shows the NR working frequency bands defined at high frequencies. This is called the FR2 band.

[0125] [Table 4]

[0126]

[0127] <Overview of 6G systems>

[0128] The 6G (wireless communication) system has purposes such as (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) reduced energy consumption of battery-free IoT devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The conception of the 6G system may include four aspects such as "intelligent connectivity", "deep connectivity", "holographic connectivity", and "universal connectivity", and the 6G system may meet the requirements shown in Table 5 below. That is, Table 5 shows the requirements of the 6G system.

[0129] [Table 5]

[0130] Peak data rate per device 1Tbps E2E Latency 1ms Maximum spectral efficiency 100bps / Hz Mobility support Up to 1000km / hr Satellite Integration completely AI completely Autonomous Vehicles completely XR completely Tactile communication completely

[0131] The 6G system may have key factors such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC), massive machine type communications (mMTC), AI integrated communications, tactile Internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security.

[0132] Figure 4 is a diagram showing an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system.

[0133] The 6G system will have 50 times higher simultaneous wireless communication connectivity than the 5G wireless communication system. In 6G communication, URLLC (a key feature of 5G) will become a more important technology by providing an end-to-end delay of less than 1ms. At this time, unlike the frequently used regional spectrum efficiency, the 6G system can have much better volumetric spectrum efficiency (volumetricspectrum efficiency). The 6G system can provide advanced battery technology for energy collection and very long battery life. Therefore, in the 6G system, mobile devices may not need to be charged separately. In addition, in 6G, new network features may be as follows.

[0134] -Satellite integrated network: To provide global mobile groups, 6G will be integrated with satellites. Integrating ground waves, satellites, and public networks into one wireless communication system may be very important for 6G.

[0135] -Connected Intelligence: Unlike previous generations of wireless communication systems, 6G is revolutionary, and wireless evolution can be updated from "connecting things" to "connected intelligence." AI can be applied to every step of the communication process (or every step of the signal processing process described below).

[0136] - Seamless integration of wireless information and energy transfer: 6G wireless networks can deliver power to charge the batteries of devices such as smartphones and sensors. Therefore, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET) will be integrated.

[0137] -Ubiquitous super 3-dimemtion connectivity: Access to networks and core network functions from drones and very low earth orbit satellites will establish super 3D connectivity ubiquitously in 6G.

[0138] Among the new network features of 6G, several general requirements can be as follows

[0139] -Small cell network: The idea of ​​small cell network is introduced to improve the throughput, energy efficiency and spectrum efficiency in cellular systems to improve the quality of received signals. Therefore, small cell network is a basic feature for 5G and beyond 5G (5GB) communication systems. Therefore, 6G communication systems will also adopt the characteristics of small cell network.

[0140] -Ultra-dense heterogeneous network: Ultra-dense heterogeneous network will be another important feature of 6G communication system. Multi-layer network composed of heterogeneous networks will improve the overall QoS and reduce costs.

[0141] - High Capacity Backhaul: Backhaul connections are characterized by a high capacity backhaul network in order to support high capacity traffic. High speed optical fiber and Free Space Optics (FSO) systems may be possible solutions to this problem.

[0142] - Radar technology integrated with mobile technology: High-precision positioning (or location-based services) through communication is one of the functions of 6G wireless communication systems. Therefore, radar systems will be integrated with 6G networks.

[0143] -Software and virtualization: Software and virtualization are two important features that are the basis of the design process in 5GB networks to ensure flexibility, reconfigurability and programmability. In addition, shared physical infrastructure can share billions of devices.

[0144] <Core Implementation Technology of 6G System>

[0145] AI

[0146] The most important and latest technology to be introduced in the 6G system is AI. The 4G system does not involve AI. The 5G system will support partial or very limited AI. However, the 6G system will support AI for full automation. In 6G, advances in machine learning will create smarter networks for real-time communications. In the case where AI is introduced into communications, real-time data transmission can be simplified and improved. AI can use many analyses to determine ways to perform complex target operations. That is, AI can improve efficiency and reduce processing delays.

[0147] Time-consuming tasks such as switching, network selection, and resource scheduling can be performed instantly by using AI. AI can even play an important role in M2M, machine-to-man, and man-to-machine communications. In addition, AI can be a fast communication in brain-computer interfaces (BCI). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, smart structures, smart networks, smart devices, smart cognitive radios, self-maintaining wireless networks, and machine learning.

[0148] Recently, attempts have been made to integrate AI with wireless communication systems in the application layer or network layer, but deep learning has been concentrated in the field of wireless resource management and allocation. However, this research has gradually developed to the MAC layer and the physical layer, and specifically, attempts have begun to combine deep learning in the physical layer with wireless transmission. AI-based physical layer transmission refers to the application of AI-driven signal processing and communication mechanisms instead of traditional communication frameworks in basic signal processing and communication mechanisms. For example, it may include deep learning-based channel coding and decoding, deep learning-based signal estimation and detection, deep learning-based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) mechanisms, AI-based resource scheduling and allocation, etc.

[0149] Machine learning can be used for channel estimation and channel tracking, and can be used for power allocation, interference cancellation, etc. in the physical layer of DL. In addition, machine learning can be used for antenna selection, power control, symbol detection, etc. in MIMO systems.

[0150] Machine learning refers to a series of operations to train a machine in order to create a machine that can perform tasks that cannot be performed by humans or are difficult to perform by humans. Machine learning requires data and a learning model. In machine learning, data learning methods can be roughly divided into three methods, that is, supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.

[0151] Neural network learning is to minimize the output error. Neural network learning refers to the process of repeatedly inputting training data into the neural network, calculating the error between the output of the neural network and the target for the training data, backpropagating the error of the neural network from the output layer of the neural network to the input layer in order to reduce the error and update the weight of each node of the neural network.

[0152] Supervised learning can use training data marked with the correct answer, and unsupervised learning can use training data that is not marked with the correct answer. That is, for example, in the case of supervised learning for data classification, the training data can be marked with categories. The marked training data can be input to the neural network, and the output (category) of the neural network can be compared with the label of the training data to calculate the error. The calculated error is back-propagated from the neural network backward (that is, from the output layer to the input layer), and the connection weights of each node of each layer of the neural network can be updated according to the back-propagation. The change in the updated connection weight of each node can be determined according to the learning rate. The calculation of the neural network for the input data and the back-propagation of the error can configure the learning cycle (epoch). The learning data is applied differently according to the number of repetitions of the learning cycle of the neural network. For example, in the early stages of learning of the neural network, a high learning rate can be used to improve efficiency so that the neural network quickly ensures a certain level of performance, and in the later stages of learning, a low learning rate can be used to improve accuracy.

[0153] The learning method can vary depending on the characteristics of the data. For example, in order to accurately predict the data sent from the transmitter in the receiver in the communication system, supervised learning can be used instead of unsupervised learning or reinforcement learning to perform learning.

[0154] The learning model corresponds to the human brain and can be regarded as the most basic linear model. However, the paradigm of machine learning using a neural network structure with high complexity (such as an artificial neural network) as a learning model is called deep learning.

[0155] The neural network core used as the learning method can generally include a deep neural network (DNN) method, a convolutional deep neural network (CNN) method, a recurrent Boltzmann machine (RNN) method, and a spiking neural network (SNN). Such a learning model is applicable.

[0156] THz (Terahertz) Communication

[0157] The data rate can be increased by increasing the bandwidth. This can be achieved by using (sub-THz) sub-THz communications with wide bandwidth and applying advanced massive MIMO technology. THz waves (also called submillimeter radiation) generally indicate a frequency band between 0.1THz and 10THz, where the corresponding wavelength is in the range of 0.03mm to 3mm. The 100GHz to 300GHz band range (sub-THz band) is considered to be the main part of the THz band for cellular communications. With the addition of the sub-THz band to the millimeter wave band, the 6G cellular communication capacity is increased. 300GHz to 3THz in the defined THz band is in the far infrared (IR) band. The band from 300GHz to 3THz is part of the optical band, but it is on the boundary of the optical band and just behind the RF band. Therefore, the band from 300GHz to 3THz has similarities with RF.

[0158] Figure 5 An example of the electromagnetic spectrum is shown.

[0159] The main characteristics of THz communications include (i) widely available bandwidth supporting very high data rates, and (ii) high path loss occurring at high frequencies (highly directional antennas are indispensable). The narrow beamwidth generated in highly directional antennas reduces interference. The small wavelength of THz signals allows a larger number of antenna elements to be integrated with devices and BSs operating in this frequency band. Therefore, advanced adaptive deployment techniques that can overcome range limitations can be used.

[0160] Massive MIMO

[0161] One of the core technologies for improving spectrum efficiency is MIMO technology. When MIMO technology improves, spectrum efficiency also improves. Therefore, large-scale MIMO technology will be important in 6G systems. Since MIMO technology uses multiple paths, multiplexing technology and beamforming and management technology suitable for THz bands should be considered to enable data signals to be sent through one or more paths.

[0162] Holographic Beamforming

[0163] Beamforming is a signal processing process that adjusts an antenna array to send a radio signal in a specific direction. This is a subset of smart antennas or advanced antenna systems. Beamforming technology has multiple advantages such as high signal-to-noise ratio, interference prevention and suppression, and high network efficiency. Holographic beamforming (HBF) is a new beamforming method that is significantly different from MIMO systems because this uses software-defined antennas. HBF will be a very effective method for efficiently and flexibly sending and receiving signals in multi-antenna communication devices in 6G.

[0164] Optical Wireless Technology

[0165] Optical wireless communication (OWC) is a form of optical communication that uses visible light, infrared light (IR), or ultraviolet light (UV) to carry signals. OWC that operates in the visible light band (e.g., 390nm to 750nm) is often referred to as visible light communication (VLC). VLC implementations can utilize light emitting diodes (LEDs). VLC can be used in a variety of applications, including wireless local area networks, wireless personal area networks, and vehicle-mounted networks.

[0166] VLC has multiple advantages over RF-based technologies. First, the spectrum occupied by VLC is idle / licensed and can provide a wide bandwidth (THz level bandwidth). Second, VLC rarely causes significant interference to other electromagnetic devices; therefore, VLC can be applied to sensitive electromagnetic interference applications, such as airplanes and hospitals. Third, VLC has advantages in communication security and privacy. The transmission medium (i.e., visible light) of VLC-based networks cannot pass through walls and other opaque obstacles. Therefore, the transmission range of VLC can be limited to indoors, which can protect the privacy and sensitive information of users. Fourth, VLC can use any light source as a base station, thereby eliminating the need for expensive base stations.

[0167] Free space optics (FSO) is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space (such as air), external space, and vacuum to send data wirelessly for telecommunications or computer networks. FSO can be used as a point-to-point OWC system on the ground. FSO can operate at near infrared frequencies (750nm-1600nm). Laser transmitters can be used in FSO implementations, and FSO can provide high data rates (e.g., 10Gbit / s), providing a potential solution to the backhaul bottleneck.

[0168] In addition to RF-based communications for all possible devices to access networks, these OWC technologies are also planned to be used for 6G communications. These networks will connect access networks to backhaul / fronthaul networks. OWC technologies have been in use since 4G communication systems, but will be more widely used to meet the needs of 6G communication systems. OWC technologies such as optical fidelity, visible light communication, optical camera communication, and FSO communication based on optical bands are already well-known technologies. Communications based on optical wireless technology can provide extremely high data rates, low latency, and secure communications.

[0169] Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is also based on optical bands and can be used for ultra-high-resolution 3D mapping in 6G communications. LiDAR is a remote sensing method that uses near-infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light to illuminate an object and the reflected light is detected by a light sensor to measure the distance. LiDAR can be used for fully autonomous driving of cars.

[0170] FSO Backhaul Network

[0171] The characteristics of the transmitter and receiver of the FSO system are similar to those of the optical fiber network. Therefore, the data transmission of the FSO system is similar to that of the optical fiber system. Therefore, FSO can be a good technology for providing backhaul connection in 6G system together with the optical fiber network. When using FSO, even very long-distance communication is possible at a distance of 10,000 km or more. FSO supports a large number of backhaul connections for remote and non-remote areas such as oceans, space, underwater, and isolated islands. FSO also supports cellular base station connections.

[0172] Non-terrestrial network (NTN)

[0173] 6G systems will integrate terrestrial and aerial networks to support vertically extended user communications. 3D BS will be delivered via low-orbit satellites and UAVs. Adding new dimensions in terms of altitude and associated degrees of freedom makes 3D connectivity quite different from traditional 2D networks. NR sees non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) as a way to achieve this. NTNs are networks or network segments that use RF resources on satellites (or UAS platforms). There are two common scenarios for NTNs that provide access to user devices: transparent payloads and regenerative payloads. The following are the basic elements of NTNs.

[0174] - One or more sat gateways connecting the NTN to the public data network.

[0175] -GEO satellites are fed by one or more satellite gateways deployed across the satellite target range (e.g., regional or continental coverage). We assume that a UE in a cell is served by only one sat gateway.

[0176] - Non-GEO satellites that are continuously served by one or more satellite gateways at a time. The system ensures service and feeder link continuity between the continuously served satellite gateways for a duration sufficient to allow mobility anchoring and handoff.

[0177] -Feeder link or radio link between the satellite gateway and the satellite (or UAS platform).

[0178] - A service link or radio link between the user equipment and the satellite (or UAS platform).

[0179] - Satellites (or UAS platforms) that can implement transparent payloads or regenerative (with onboard processing) payloads. Beams generated by satellites (or UAS platforms) typically generate multiple beams for a given service area, depending on the field of view. The footprint of the beam is typically elliptical. The field of view of a satellite (or UAS platform) depends on the onboard antenna pattern and the minimum angle of attack.

[0180] - Transparent Payload: RF filtering, frequency conversion and amplification so the waveform signal repeated by the payload remains unchanged.

[0181] - Regenerative payload: RF filtering, frequency conversion and amplification, demodulation / decryption, switching and / or routing, and coding / modulation. This is effectively the same as having all or part of the base station functionality (e.g., gNB) on a satellite (or UAS platform).

[0182] - For satellite deployment, optionally, an Inter-Satellite Link (ISL). This requires a regenerative payload on the satellite. The ISL can operate at RF frequencies or in the optical band.

[0183] - User equipment is served by a satellite (or UAS platform) within the target coverage area.

[0184] Typically, GEO satellites and UAS are used to provide continental, regional or local services.

[0185] Typically, constellations in LEO and MEO are used to provide coverage in both the northern and southern hemispheres. In some cases, constellations can also provide global coverage, including polar regions. The latter requires appropriate orbital inclination, sufficient beam generation, and links between satellites.

[0186] Quantum communication

[0187] Quantum communication is the next generation of communication technology, which can overcome the limitations of traditional communication (such as security and high-speed computing, etc.) by applying quantum mechanical properties to the field of information and communication. Quantum communication provides a means of generating, sending, processing and storing information that cannot be expressed in the form of 0 and 1 according to the binary bit information used in existing communication technology. In conventional communication technology, wavelength or amplitude is used to send information between the transmitter and the receiver, but in quantum communication, photons as the smallest light unit are used to send information between the transmitter and the receiver. Specifically, in the case of quantum communication, quantum uncertainty and quantum irreversibility can be used for polarization or phase difference of photons (light), so quantum communication has the characteristic of being able to communicate with perfect security. In addition, quantum communication can also use quantum entanglement under certain conditions to achieve ultra-high-speed communication.

[0188] No cell communication

[0189] The tight integration of multiple frequencies and heterogeneous communication technologies is key in 6G systems. As a result, users can move seamlessly from one network to another without having to create any manual configuration on their devices. The best network is automatically selected from the available communication technologies. This will destroy the limitations of the cell concept in wireless communications. Currently, user movement from one cell to another causes too many handovers in dense networks, resulting in handover failures, handover delays, data loss, and ping-pong effects. 6G cell-free communication will overcome all of this and provide better QoS.

[0190] Cell-free communication is defined as "a system in which a large number of geographically distributed antennas (APs) cooperate to serve a small number of terminals using the same time / frequency resources with the help of a fronthaul network and CPU". A single terminal is served by a collection of multiple APs (called an AP cluster). There are many ways to form an AP cluster, among which the method of configuring an AP cluster to significantly help improve the reception performance of a terminal is called a terminal-centric clustering method, and when using this method, the configuration is dynamically updated as the terminal moves. By adopting this device-centric AP clustering technology, the device is always at the center of the AP cluster, so there is no inter-cluster interference that may occur when the device is located at the boundary of the AP cluster. This cell-free communication will be achieved through multi-connectivity and multi-layer hybrid technologies as well as different heterogeneous radios in the device.

[0191] Integration of Wireless Information and Energy Transfer (WIET)

[0192] WIET uses the same field and waves as wireless communication systems. Specifically, sensors and smartphones will be charged using wireless power transfer during communication. WIET is a promising technology for extending the life of battery charging wireless systems. Therefore, devices without batteries will be supported in 6G communications.

[0193] Integration of wireless communications and sensing

[0194] Autonomous wireless networks are the ability to continuously detect dynamically changing environmental states and exchange information between different nodes. In 6G, sensing will be tightly integrated with communications to support autonomous systems.

[0195] Integrated access and backhaul networks

[0196] In 6G, the density of access networks will be huge. Each access network is connected by optical fiber and backhaul connections (such as FSO networks). In order to cope with a very large number of access networks, there will be tight integration between the access network and the backhaul network.

[0197] Big Data Analysis

[0198] Big data analytics is a complex process used to analyze various large data sets or big data. The process finds information such as hidden data, unknown correlations, and customer dispositions to ensure complete data management. Big data is collected from various sources such as videos, social networks, images, and sensors. This technology is widely used in 6G systems to process massive data.

[0199] Reconfigurable smart surfaces

[0200] There is a large body of research that considers the radio environment as a variable to be optimized along with the transmitter and receiver. The radio environment created by this approach is called a smart radio environment (SRE) or intelligent radio environment (IRE) to highlight its fundamental difference from past design and optimization criteria. Various terms have been proposed for SRE-enabled reconfigurable smart antenna (or intelligent reconfigurable antenna technology) technology, including reconfigurable metasurfaces, smart large smart surfaces (SLIS), large smart surfaces (LIS), reconfigurable smart surfaces (RIS), and intelligent reflective surfaces (IRS).

[0201] In the case of THz band signals, there are many shadow areas caused by obstacles due to the strong nature of the signal, and RIS technology is important for expanding the communication area by installing RIS near these shadow areas to enhance communication stability and realize additional value-added services. RIS is an artificial surface made of electromagnetic materials that can change the propagation of incoming and outgoing radio waves. Although RIS can be regarded as an extension of massive MIMO, it has an array structure and working mechanism different from massive MIMO. RIS also has the advantage of lower power consumption because it works as a reconfigurable reflector with passive elements, which means that it only passively reflects signals without using active RF chains. In addition, each of the passive reflectors in RIS must independently adjust the phase shift of the incident signal, which may be advantageous for wireless communication channels. By appropriately adjusting the phase shift with the help of the RIS controller, the reflected signal can be collected at the target receiver to increase the received signal power.

[0202] In addition to reflecting radio signals, there are RIS that can adjust transmission characteristics and refraction characteristics, and these RIS are mainly used for O2I (outdoor to indoor). Recently, STAR-RIS (simultaneous transmission and reflection RIS) that provides transmission while reflecting has also been actively studied.

[0203] metaverse

[0204] Metaverse is a portmanteau of the words "meta" meaning virtual, transcendent, and "universe" meaning space. Generally speaking, the metaverse is a three-dimensional virtual space where the same social and economic activities as in the real world are common.

[0205] Extended Reality (XR), a key technology to enable the Metaverse, is the fusion of virtual and real, which can extend the reality experience and provide a unique sense of immersion. The high bandwidth and low latency of 6G networks will enable users to experience more immersive virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) experiences.

[0206] Autonomous driving, self-driving

[0207] For perfect autonomous driving, vehicles must communicate with each other to notify each other of dangerous situations, or communicate with infrastructure such as parking lots and traffic lights to check information such as parking location information and signal change time. Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X), a key element in building autonomous driving infrastructure, is a technology that enables vehicles to communicate with various elements on the road and share information, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), for autonomous driving.

[0208] In order to maximize the performance of autonomous driving and ensure high safety, fast transmission speeds and low latency technologies are necessary. In addition, in the future, autonomous driving will go beyond delivering warning or guidance messages to the driver to actively intervene in vehicle operations and directly control the vehicle in dangerous situations, and the amount of information that needs to be sent and received will be large, so 6G is expected to maximize autonomous driving with faster transmission speeds and lower latency than 5G.

[0209] Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)

[0210] Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones will be an important factor in 6G wireless communications. In most cases, UAV technology is used to provide high-speed data wireless connections. The base station entity is installed in the UAV to provide cellular connectivity. UAV has specific features not found in fixed base station infrastructure, such as easy deployment, strong line of sight links, and freedom of controlled mobility. During emergencies such as natural disasters, the deployment of terrestrial telecommunication infrastructure is economically unfeasible and sometimes cannot provide services in volatile environments. UAVs can easily handle this situation. UAVs will be a new paradigm in the field of wireless communications. This technology contributes to three basic requirements of wireless networks, such as eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC. UAVs can also serve many purposes, such as improved network connectivity, fire detection, disaster emergency services, security and surveillance, pollution monitoring, parking monitoring, and accident monitoring. Therefore, UAV technology is considered to be one of the most important technologies for 6G communications.

[0211] Blockchain

[0212] Blockchain will be an important technology for managing large amounts of data in future communication systems. Blockchain is a form of distributed ledger technology, and a distributed ledger is a database distributed across numerous nodes or computing devices. Each node replicates and stores the same copy of the ledger. Blockchain is managed through a peer-to-peer (P2P) network. This can exist without being managed by a centralized agency or server. Blockchain data is collected together and organized into blocks. Blocks are connected to each other and protected using encryption. Blockchain fully complements large-scale IoT through improved interoperability, security, privacy, stability and scalability. Therefore, blockchain technology provides multiple functions, such as interoperability between devices, high-capacity data traceability, autonomous interaction of different IoT systems, and large-scale connection stability of 6G communication systems.

[0213] <Service Request Process>

[0214] The service request procedure is used to request a secure connection to the AMF to be established by the UE or the 5G core network (5GC). The service request procedure is used to activate the user plane connection of an established PDU session even when the UE is in the CM-IDLE state and the CM-CONNECTED state. For reference, in order to reflect the NAS signaling connection between the AMF and the UE, two CM states in the CM-IDLE state and the CM-CONNECTED state are used.

[0215] If there is an ongoing service request procedure, the UE does not initiate the service request procedure.

[0216] The service request procedure includes a service request procedure initiated by the UE (ie, a service request triggered by the UE) and a service request procedure initiated by the network (ie, a service request triggered by the network).

[0217] In the following, reference will be made to Figures 6a to 6c An example of a UE-triggered service request procedure is described and reference will be made to Figure 7 Describes an example of a network-triggered service request process. Figures 6a to 6c and Fig. 9 The service request process described in is only an example, and the service request process in the present disclosure includes all service request processes triggered by the UE and all service request processes triggered by the network.

[0218] Figures 6a to 6c is a signal flow diagram illustrating an exemplary UE-triggered service request procedure.

[0219] A UE in CM-ILDE state initiates a service request procedure to send a response on an uplink signaling message, user data, or network paging request. After receiving the service request message, the AMF may perform authentication. After establishing a signaling connection to the AMF, the UE or the network may send a signaling message (e.g., establishing a PDU session from the UE to the SMF via the AMF).

[0220] A UE in CM-CONNECTED state may use the Service Request procedure to request activation of a user plane connection for a PDU session and respond to a NAS Notification message received from the AMF.

[0221] For any service request procedure, the AMF may, if necessary, include the status information of the PDU session in the SERVICE ACCEPT message to synchronize the PDU session status between the UE and the network.

[0222] If the service request is not accepted by the network, the AMF responds to the UE with a service rejection message. The service rejection message may include an indication or reason code for requesting the UE to perform a registration update procedure.

[0223] In the UE-triggered service request process, both SMF and UPF belong to the PLMN serving the UE. For example, in the case of home routing roaming, the SMF and UPF of the HPLMN are not affected by the service request process (that is, the SMF and UPF of the HPLMN are not involved in the service request process).

[0224] In response to the service request according to the user data, if the user plane connection activation is unsuccessful, the network may take additional actions.

[0225] The UE-triggered service request procedure can be applied to scenarios with or without an intermediate UPF and with or without intermediate UPF reselection.

[0226] 1) Signaling from UE to (R)AN: The UE may send an access network (AN) message (including AN parameters, service request (PDU session list to be activated, allowed PDU session list), security parameters and PDU session status) to the (R)AN.

[0227] 2) (R)AN to AMF signaling: (R)AN can send an N2 message to AMF. The N2 message may include N2 parameters, service request and UE context request.

[0228] 3a) Signaling from AMF to (R)AN: AMF may send an N2 request to (R)AN. Here, the N2 request may include a security context, a handover restriction list, and a list of recommended cell / TA / NG-RAN node identifiers.

[0229] 3) If the Service Request is not sent as integrity protected or the integrity protection verification fails, the AMF may initiate NAS authentication / security procedures.

[0230] 4) [Conditional operation] Signaling from AMF to SMF: AMF may send a Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request to SMF. Here, the Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request may include PDU session ID, operation type, UE location information, access type, RAT type, and UE presence in the LADN service area.

[0231] 5) If the PDU session ID corresponds to the LADN, and the SMF determines that the UE is outside the available area of ​​the LADN based on the "UE is present in the LADN service area" provided by the AMF, the SMF may determine to perform the following actions (based on local policy).

[0232] -SMF may maintain the PDU Session. However, SMF may reject the activation of the user plane connection for the PDU Session and inform AMF accordingly. Figure 7 When triggered by a service request initiated by the network, the SMF may notify the UPF (the UPF that has sent the data notification) that the UPF should discard the downlink data for the PDU session and / or should not provide an additional data notification message; or

[0233] -SMF can release the PDU session: SMF can release the PDU session and notify AMF that the PDU session has been released.

[0234] - In both cases above, the SMF responds to the AMF with an appropriate reject cause and the user plane activation of the PDU Session may be stopped.

[0235] When the SMF determines that the UE is located in a LADN available area, the SMF may check the UPF selection criteria based on the location information received from the AMF and determine to perform one of the following operations:

[0236] -SMF accepts the activation of the UP connection and can continue to use the current UPF;

[0237] -When the UE moves outside the service area of ​​the UPF (the UPF previously connected to the AN), the SMF may accept the activation of the UP connection and select a new intermediate UPF (or may add / remove the intermediate UPF (I-UPF)) while keeping the UPF as the PDU session anchor. The steps for performing the addition / change / removal of the I-UPF are described below by conditional steps.

[0238] - The SMF may reject the activation of a UP connection for a PDU Session in Session and Service Continuity (SSC) Mode 2. In addition, after the service request procedure, the SMF may trigger the re-establishment of a PDU Session in order to perform the allocation of a new UPF (the UPF used as the PDU Session Anchor). (For example, this operation may be performed when the UE moves outside the service area of ​​the anchor UPF connected to the NG-RAN)

[0239] 6a) [Conditional operation] Signaling from SMF to new UPF (or new I-UPF): SMF can send an N4 session establishment request to UPF.

[0240] 6b) Signaling from new UPF (or I-UPF) to SMF: The new UPF (or I-UPF) may send an N2 session establishment response (N4 session establishment response) to the SMF.

[0241] 7a) [Conditional operation] Signaling from SMF to UPF (PSA: PDU Session Anchor Signaling): SMF can send an N4 session modification request to UPF.

[0242] 7b)UPF(PSA) may send an N4 session modification response message to SMF.

[0243] When UPF (PSA) receives the data forwarding indication, UPF (PSA) becomes the N3 endpoint and UPF (PSA) may send the CN DL tunnel information for the previous UPF (or I-UPF) to SMF. SMF may start a timer. If there are previous I-UPF resources, SMF may drive the timer to be used in step 22a to release the corresponding resources.

[0244] 8a) [Conditional operation] Signaling from SMF to existing UPF (or I-UPF): SMF can send N4 session modification (including new UPF address, new UPF DL tunnel ID) to the existing UPF (or I-UPF).

[0245] 8b) Signaling from existing UPF (or I-UPF) to SMF: The existing UPF (or I-UPF) can send an N4 session modification response message to SMF.

[0246] 9) [Conditional operation] Signaling from the existing UPF (or I-UPF) to the new UPF (or I-UPF): The existing UPF (or I-UPF) can pass the downlink data cached by the new UPF (or I-UPF).

[0247] 10) [Conditional operation] Signaling from existing UPF (or I-UPF) to UPF (PSA): The existing UPF (or I-UPF) can transmit the buffered downlink data to UPF (PSA).

[0248] 11) [Conditional operations] Signaling from SMF to AMF: SMF may send a Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext response to AMF. The Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext response may include N2 SM information (PDU session ID, QFI (QoS flow ID), Quality of Service (QoS) profile, CN N3 tunnel information, S-NSSAI, user plane security implementation, UE integrity protection maximum data rate, and cause. When the UPF connected to the RAN is the UPF (PSA), the CN N3 tunnel information is the UL tunnel information of the UPF (PSA). When the UPF connected to the RAN is the new I-UPF, the CN N3 tunnel information is the UL tunnel information of the I-UPF.

[0249] The SMF may reject the activation of the UP of a PDU Session by including a cause in the Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext response. The SMF may reject the activation of the UP of a PDU Session, for example, in the following cases:

[0250] - When the PDU session corresponds to a LADN and the UE is outside the available area of ​​the LADN, as shown in step 5;

[0251] When the AMF informs the SMF that the UE is reachable only for regulatory priority services and the PDU Session to be activated is not for regulatory priority services; or

[0252] -When the SMF determines to change the PSA UPF for the requested PDU session, as shown in step 5. In this case, after the SMF sends the Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext response, the SMF may perform another procedure to instruct the UE to re-establish a PDU session for SSC mode 2.

[0253] - If the SMF receives a negative response in step 6b due to unavailability of UPF resources.

[0254] 12) Signaling from AMF to (R)AN: AMF may send an N2 request to (R)AN. The N2 request may include the N2 SM information received from SMF, security context, handover restriction list, subscribed UE aggregate maximum bit rate (AMBR), MM NAS service acceptance (list of recommended cell / TA / NG-RAN node identifiers) and UE radio capabilities. The allowed NSSAI for the UE's access type may be included in the N2 message.

[0255] 13) Signaling from (R)AN to UE: NG-RAN may perform RRC connection reconfiguration with the UE. Specifically, NG-RAN may perform RRC connection reconfiguration with the UE based on the QoS information related to all QoS flows of the data radio bearer and the PDU session for the activated UP connection. For a UE in CM-IDLE state, if the service request is not triggered by the UE for a signaling connection only, user plane security may be established in this step. For a UE in CM-IDLE state, when the UE triggers a service request for a signaling connection only, an AS security context may be established in this step.

[0256] 14) [Conditional operation] Signaling from (R)AN to AMF: (R)AN may send an acknowledgment of the N2 request to AMF. For example, (R)AN may send an N2 request Ack to AMF. Here, the N2 request Ack may include N2 SM information (including AN tunnel information, QoS flow acceptance list for PDU sessions with UP connection activated, and QoS flow rejection list for PDU sessions with UP connection activated) and PDU session ID.

[0257] 15) [Conditional Operation] Signaling from AMF to SMF: AMF may send a Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request (including N2 SM information, RAT type and access type) per PDU session to SMF. AMF may determine the access type and RAT type based on the global RAN node ID associated with the N2 interface.

[0258] 16) [Optional Action] Signaling from SMF to PCF: When a dynamic PCC is allocated, the SMF performs the SMF-initiated SM policy modification procedure to initiate notification of the new location information to the PCF (if subscribed). The PCF can provide updated policies.

[0259] 17a) [Conditional Action] Signaling from SMF to new I-UPF: SMF may send an N4 Session Modification Request to the new I-UPF. The N4 Session Modification Request may include AN tunnel information and a list of accepted QFIs.

[0260] 17b) [Conditional Action] Signaling from UPF to SMF: UPF may send an N4 Session Modification Response to SMF.

[0261] 18a) [Conditional Operation] Signaling from SMF to UPF (PSA): SMF may send an N4 Session Modification Request to UPF (PSA). The N4 Session Modification Request may include AN tunnel information and a list of rejected QoS flows.

[0262] 18b) [Conditional Action] Signaling from UPF to SMF: UPF may send an N4 Session Modification Response to SMF.

[0263] 19) [Conditional operation] Signaling from SMF to AMF: SMF can send a Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext response to AMF.

[0264] 20a) [Conditional operation] Signaling from SMF to new UPF (or I-UPF): SMF can send an N4 session modification request to the new UPF (or I-UPF).

[0265] 20b) [Conditional operation] Signaling from new UPF (or I-UPF) to SMF: The new UPF (or I-UPF) can send an N4 session modification response to the SMF.

[0266] 21a) [Conditional operation] Signaling from SMF to UPF (PSA): SMF can send an N4 session modification request to UPF (PSA).

[0267] 21b) [Conditional operation] Signaling from UPF (PSA) to SMF: UPF (PSA) can send an N4 session modification response to SMF.

[0268] 22a) [Conditional operation] Signaling from SMF to previous UPF: SMF can send an N4 session modification request or an N4 session release request to the previous UPF.

[0269] 22b) Signaling from previous I-UPF to SMF: The previous I-UPF may send an N4 session modification response or an N4 session release response to the SMF.

[0270] Figure 7 is a signal flow diagram illustrating an exemplary network initiated service request process.

[0271] The network initiated service request procedure is used when the user plane for a PDU session needs to be activated to communicate signaling (e.g., N1 signaling to the UE, mobile terminated short message service (SMS)), mobile terminated (the destination of the data is the UE) user data with the UE.

[0272] When the network-initiated service request process is triggered by the Short Message Service Function (SMSF), PCF, Location Management Function (LMF), Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC), NEF or UDM, Figure 7 The SMF in the example can be replaced by the corresponding NF. For example, when the service request process initiated by the network is triggered by the PCF, the PCF can execute the Figure 7 The SMF performs the operation.

[0273] When the UE is in the CM-IDLE state or the CM-CONNECTED state in 3GPP access, the network initiates the network service request procedure.

[0274] When the UE is in the CM-IDLE state and the asynchronous type communication is not activated, the network may send a paging request to the (R)AN / UE. The paging request triggers the UE-initiated service request procedure in the UE. When the asynchronous type communication is activated, the network stores the received message, and when the UE enters the CM-CONNECTED state, the network may transmit the received message to the (R)AN and / or UE.

[0275] When the UE is in CM-IDLE state in non-3GPP access and the UE is registered with both 3GPP access and non-3GPP access in one public land mobile network (PLMN), the network may initiate a network initiated service request procedure via the 3GPP access.

[0276] When the UE is in CM-IDLE state in 3GPP access and in CM-CONNECTED state in non-3GPP access, and the UE is registered for both 3GPP access and non-3GPP access in one PLMN, the network may initiate a network initiated service request procedure over the 3GPP access.

[0277] In the service request process initiated by the network, both SMF and UPF belong to the PLMN serving the UE. For example, in the case of home routing roaming, the SMF and UPF of the HPLMN are not affected by the service request process (that is, the SMF and UPF of the HPLMN are not involved in the service request process).

[0278] Figure 7 The procedure handles the following non-exhaustive list of use cases for 3GPP access (the detailed conditions under which each step is applied are described in the procedure below):

[0279] -When the SMF needs to establish an N3 tunnel to facilitate the delivery of downlink packets for a PDU session to the UE and the UE is in CM-IDLE state: step 3a includes an N2 message and step 4b (paging) may be performed.

[0280] -When the SMF needs to establish an N3 tunnel to facilitate the delivery of downlink packets for a PDU session to the UE and the UE is in the CM-CONNECTED state: step 3a includes an N2 message and step 4a (UP activation) can be performed.

[0281] - If the NF (e.g. SMF, SMSF, LMF or NEF) needs to send an N1 message to the UE and the UE is in CM-IDLE state: step 3a includes the N1 message, step 3b includes the cause "trying to reach UE", and step 4b (paging) occurs.

[0282] - When NF (e.g. SMSF, PCF or UDM) triggers AMF to establish NAS connection with UE and UE is in CM-IDLE state: the trigger varies according to the procedure, step 4b (paging) occurs.

[0283] 1) When UPF receives downlink data for a PDU session and AN tunnel information for the PDU session is not stored in UPF, UPF may cache the downlink data or transmit the downlink data to SMF based on an instruction received from SMF.

[0284] 2a) Signaling from UPF to SMF: UPF may send a data notification to SMF. The data notification may include N4 session ID, information for identifying the QoS flow of the DL data packet, and DSCP.

[0285] 2b) Signaling from SMF to UPF: Data notification Ack can be sent.

[0286] 2c) When the SMF instructs the UPF that it will buffer data packets, the UPF may pass the downlink data packets to the SMF.

[0287] 3a) [Conditional operations] i) Signaling from SMF to AMF: SMF may send Namf_Communication_N1N2MessageTransfer (including SUPI, PDU Session ID, N2 SM information (including QFI, QoS profile, CN N3 tunnel information, S-NSSAI and paging policy indication), validity area for N2 SM information, ARP (allocation and retention priority) including paging policy indication, 5QI and N1N2TransferFailure notification target address) to AMF. Or, ii) Signaling from NF to AMF: NF may send Namf_Communication_N1N2MessageTransfer (including SUPI and N1 message) to AMF.

[0288] 3b) [Conditional operation] AMF can respond to SMF.

[0289] If the UE is in CM-IDLE state for the AMF and the AMF can page the UE, the AMF may send a Namf_Communication_N1N2MessageTransfer response with the cause "Trying to reach UE" directly to the SMF. The cause "Trying to reach UE" may indicate to the SMF that if the UE is reachable, the AMF may ignore the N2 SM information provided in step 3a and request the SMF to provide the N2 SM information again.

[0290] 3c) [Conditional Operation] The SMF may respond to the UPF. For example, the SMF may send a failure indication to the UPF.

[0291] SMF may notify UPF of user plane establishment failure.

[0292] 4a) [Conditional Action] When the UE is in CM-CONNECTED state in the access associated with the PDU Session ID received from the SMF in step 3a, the following may be performed without sending a paging message to the (R)AN node and the UE: Figures 6a to 6c Steps 12 to 22 of the procedure are performed to activate a user plane connection for the PDU session (eg, radio resources and an N3 tunnel may be established). Figures 6a to 6c In step 12, the AMF may not send a NAS service accept message to the UE. Figures 6a to 6c Steps 12 to 22 are excluded.

[0293] 4b) [Conditional Action] Even when the UE is in CM-IDLE state in 3GPP access, the PDU Session ID received from the SMF in step 3a is related to 3GPP access, and the UE is in CM-CONNECTED state for non-3GPP access, the AMF may send a paging message to the NG-RAN node over the 3GPP access if the AMF determines based on local policy to notify the UE over the 3GPP access.

[0294] 4c) [Conditional operation] When the UE is registered for both 3GPP access and non-3GPP access in the same PLMN, the UE is in CM-CONNECTED state in 3GPP access, and the PDU Session ID of step 3a is associated with non-3GPP access, the AMF may send a NAS notification message including the non-3GPP access type to the UE via 3GPP access, and may set a notification timer. When step 4c is performed, step 5 may be omitted.

[0295] 5) [Conditional operation] Signaling from AMF to SMF: AMF may send notifications related to Namf_Communication_N1N2Transfer failure to SMF. For example, AMF may send Namf_Communication_N1N2TransferFailure notification to SMF.

[0296] 6) When the UE is in CM-IDLE state in 3GPP access and receives a paging request for a PDU session related to the 3GPP access, the UE may initiate a paging request. Figures 6a to 6c The UE initiated service request process described in Figure 6a In step 4 of Figure 7 In order to support the transfer of cached data, such as Figure 6a As described in steps 6a, 7a and 8b, the SMF may instruct the UPF to establish a data transmission tunnel between the old UPF and the new UPF or PSA.

[0297] 7) The UPF may send the buffered downlink data to the UE via the (R)AN node that has performed the service request procedure.

[0298] When the network initiated service request procedure is initiated according to the request from another network described in step 3a, the network may send downlink signaling.

[0299] In the following, reference will be made to Figures 8 to 11 An example of a positioning method based on 5G communication is described with the help of an example.

[0300] Hereinafter, five methods (ie, DL-TDOA, UL-TDOA, multi-cell RTT, UL-AOA, DL-AOD) are described.

[0301] Figure 8 and Fig. 9 The example in is an example of DL-TDOA.

[0302] Based on the Positioning Reference Signal (PRS), the UE can measure the time difference between gNBs. For example, the gNB can send PRS to the UE. Then, the UE can know when the PRS sent by multiple gNBs is received. For example, in Figure 8 An example for the case of two gNBs is shown in FIG.

[0303] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designation of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures is for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the following figures.

[0304] Figure 8 A first example of DL-TDOA based positioning is shown.

[0305] Figure 8 The two gNBs shown (gNB0 and gNB1) can be synchronized. Then, if the UE knows the time difference between the two gNBs, it can draw Figure 8 The parabola shown in the example.

[0306] Fig. 9 An example of measuring the time difference from three gNBs is shown in FIG.

[0307] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designation of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures is for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the following figures.

[0308] Fig. 9 This is the second example of DL-TDOA based positioning.

[0309] The UE can measure the time difference from at least three gNBs. Then, Fig. 9As shown in the example, the UE or LMF can estimate the position of the UE. The measurement metric for DL-TDOA-based positioning can be a reference signal time difference (RSTD). The UE can measure RSTD. For example, the UE can measure the RSTD between gNB0 and gNB1, the RSTD between gNB0 and gNB2, and the RSTD between gNB0 and gNB2. If there are more gNBs, the UE can measure more RSTD values. The LMF can manage the gNBs to participate in DL-TDOA, and the UE can measure the RSTD values ​​between all gNBs. Depending on the UE capabilities, the UE can perform the positioning calculation or the LMF can perform the positioning calculation. The UE capabilities can be, for example, UE-based or UE-assisted. UE-based may mean that the UE directly performs the action of calculating the UE's position. UE-assisted may mean that the UE assists the LMF in calculating the UE's position.

[0310] For UL-TDOA based positioning, the UE can send a sounding reference signal (SRS). The SRS sent by the UE can be received by multiple gNBs. Multiple gNBs can forward the time information received from the UE to the location server. Then, the location server (e.g., LMF) or the UE can calculate the time difference between the UE and each gNB and estimate the UE position.

[0311] Reference Fig.10 , illustrates an example of multi-cell RTT.

[0312] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designation of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures is for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the following figures.

[0313] Fig.10 This is an example of positioning based on multi-cell RTT.

[0314] The UE measures the round trip time between the UE and the gNB by measuring the UE Rx-Tx time difference, and the gNB measures the gNBRx-Tx time difference. Unlike DL-TDOA and UL-TDOA, multi-cell RTT-based positioning has the advantage of not being affected by synchronization errors between gNBs. However, multi-cell RTT-based positioning requires the use of both UL and DL resources, so it can be a high-overhead positioning method. The distance between the UE and the gNB can be measured by the round trip time, and based on the distance measurements with at least three gNBs, the LMF or the UE can predict the location of the UE.

[0315] Reference Fig.11 , illustrating UL-AOA based positioning.

[0316] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designation of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures is for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the following figures.

[0317] Fig.11 This is an example of UL-AOA based positioning.

[0318] The UE transmits an SRS. Then, multiple gNBs can measure the uplink arrival angle for the SRS transmitted by the UE. Based on the measurement results, the UE or LMF can estimate the position of the UE.

[0319] DL-AOD based positioning is as follows. The gNB can send a reference signal. Then, by measuring the reference signal sent by the gNB, the UE can find the downlink departure angle. Based on the downlink departure angle, the UE can estimate the UE's position.

[0320] However, the above five positioning methods (e.g., DL-TDOA, UL-TDOA, multi-cell RTT, UL-AOA, and DL-AOD) all have weaknesses in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments. For example, all five positioning methods assume that the signal transmission path between the UE and the gNB is a straight line. However, in an indoor environment where there are relatively more obstacles compared to an outdoor environment, the path between the UE and the gNB may be based on NLOS conditions. Therefore, there is a problem of very low accuracy and low efficiency in locating the UE in a NLOS environment using the five positioning methods proposed in the literature.

[0321] The present disclosure describes an example of a method for improving indoor positioning accuracy based on NR communication. In the related art, a UE or a gNB (or an eNB) measures the distance or direction between the UE and the eNB / gNB, and the UE or the LMF estimates the position of the UE. For example, the UE may measure RSTD, UE Rx-Tx time difference, and / or DL-AOD. For example, the gNB may measure RTOA, gNB Rx-Tx time difference, and / or UL-AOA. For example, the UE may estimate the position of the UE based on RTOA, gNB Rx-Tx time difference, and / or UL-AOA, and the LMF may estimate the position of the UE based on UL-TDOA, multi-cell RTT, and / or UL-AOA. In the related art, the position of the UE is predicted based on the assumption of the straight-line distance between the UE and the eNB / gNB. According to the positioning method based on this assumption, the position of the UE can be predicted accurately enough in an open area. However, in an indoor environment with many obstacles, this method is not suitable. Therefore, in an indoor environment with many obstacles, when the UE is positioned according to the related art, the position of the UE cannot be accurately predicted or measured. Various examples of the present disclosure propose methods for solving these problems.

[0322] The location of the UE is estimated based on the positioning technology of 3GPP communication in conventional 4G / 5G based on the following example. For example, the distance between the UE and the eNB / gNB is estimated based on the signal arrival time difference between the UE and the eNB / gNB and the location of the UE is estimated, or the signal direction information between the UE and the eNB / gNB is used to estimate the location of the UE.

[0323] Positioning methods based on 3GPP communications have evolved primarily to improve accuracy, increase reliability and / or reduce latency and power consumption.

[0324] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designation of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures is for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the following figures.

[0325] Fig.12 is an example of a positioning method for an outdoor environment according to the related art.

[0326] like Fig.12 As shown, the positioning method based on 3GPP communication has evolved to improve accuracy from (a) to (b) in an outdoor environment. For example, the area estimated as the position of the UE in (b) is smaller than that in (a).

[0327] However, these conventional positioning technologies are applicable to LOS environments where there are no obstacles between the UE and the eNB / gNB. In indoor environments with many obstacles, positioning accuracy, reliability, etc. are reduced. In order to solve the problem of related art positioning technologies having very poor accuracy in indoor environments, various examples are described herein to improve the accuracy and / or reliability of positioning in indoor environments.

[0328] For example, as mentioned above, there are five positioning methods based on 3GPP communication (eg, DL-TDOA, UL-TDOA, multi-cell RTT, UL-AOA, and DL-AoD).

[0329] -DL-TDOA (Downlink-Time Difference of Arrival)

[0330] -UL-TDOA (Uplink-Time Difference of Arrival)

[0331] -Multi-cell RTT (multi-cell round trip time)

[0332] -UL-AOA (Uplink Angle of Arrival)

[0333] -DL-AoD (Downlink Angle of Departure)

[0334] Previously referenced Figures 8 to 11 The detailed behavior of the above five methods is described. For each positioning method, the metric measured by the UE or gNB can be different. The metric measured by the UE or gNB can refer to, for example, a parameter used as a result of the measurement. For example, as shown in the example below, various metrics such as DL RSTD UL RTOA UE Rx-Tx time difference gNB Rx-Tx time difference UL AoA (UL Arrival Angle) DL PRS-RSRPP (DL PRS Reference Signal Received Path Power) can be used.

[0335] For reference, a detailed description of these metrics can be found in 3GPP TS 38.21517.1.0.

[0336] An example of DL-TDOA (Downlink-Time Difference of Arrival) is described.

[0337] An example of DL-TDOA is DL RSTD (Downlink Reference Signal Time Difference).

[0338] DL Reference Signal Time Difference (DL RSTD) is the DL relative timing difference between transmission point (TP) j and reference TP i, defined as T SubframeRxj -T SubframeRxi ,

[0339] in:

[0340] TS ubframeRxj is the time when the UE receives the start of a subframe from TP j.

[0341] T SubframeRxi is the corresponding start time of the UE receiving a subframe from TP i, which is closest in time to the subframe received from TP j.

[0342] Multiple DL PRS resources can be used to determine the start of one subframe in a TP.

[0343] For FR1, the reference point for DL ​​RSTD is the UE's antenna connector. For FR2, the reference point for DL ​​RSTD is the UE's antenna.

[0344] DL RSTD is applicable in RRC_CONNECTED state and RRC_INACTIVE state.

[0345] An example of UL-TDOA (Uplink - Time Difference of Arrival) is described.

[0346] An example of UL-TDOA is UL RTOA (uplink relative time of arrival) (T UL-RTOA ).

[0347] UL RTOA(TUL-RTOA ) can be based on the start of subframe i containing SRS received at reception point (RP) j based on the RTOA reference time.

[0348] The UL RTOA reference time is defined as T0+t SRS .

[0349] -T0 is the nominal start time of SFN 0, provided by the SFN initialization time.

[0350] -t SRS =(10n f +n sf )*10 -3 , where nf and nsf are the system frame number and subframe number of SRS respectively.

[0351] A plurality of SRS resources may be used to determine the start of a subframe containing SRS received from the RP.

[0352] T UL-RTOA The reference points are as follows:

[0353] - For Type 1-C base stations: Receive antenna connector,

[0354] - For Type 1-O or 2-O base stations: a receiving antenna (e.g., the central location of the radiation area of ​​the Rx antenna),

[0355] - For Type 1-H Base Stations: Rx transceiver array boundary connector.

[0356] Examples of multi-cell round trip times (RTTs) are described.

[0357] An example of multi-cell RTT is the UE Rx-Tx time difference.

[0358] The UE Rx-Tx time difference is defined as T UE-RX -T UE-TX .

[0359] in:

[0360] T UE-RX is the timing at which the UE receives downlink subframe #i from the TP, defined by the first detection path in time.

[0361] T UE-TX is the timing of UE transmission of uplink subframe #j in the time zone closest to subframe #i received from TP.

[0362] According to an instruction from an upper layer, a plurality of DL PRSs or CSI-Rs for resource tracking may be used to determine the start of one subframe of a first arrival path of a TP.

[0363] For FR1, for T UE-RX The reference point for the measurement is the UE’s Rx antenna connector and for T UE-TX The reference point for measurement is the UE’s Tx antenna connector. UE-RX The reference point for the measurement is the UE’s Rx antenna and is used for T UE-TX The reference point for the measurement is the UE's Tx antenna.

[0364] The UE Rx-Tx time difference applies to both RRC_CONNECTED state and RRC_INACTIVE state.

[0365] Describe an example of gNB Rx-Tx time difference.

[0366] The gNB Rx-Tx time difference is defined as T gNB-RX -T gNB-TX .

[0367] in:

[0368] T gNB-RX is the timing received at the transmission and reception point (TRP) of the uplink subframe #i including the SRS associated with the UE, defined by the first detection path in time.

[0369] T gNB-TX It is the TRP transmission timing of downlink subframe #j in the time zone closest to subframe #i received from the UE.

[0370] A plurality of SRS resources may be used to determine the start of a subframe containing SRS.

[0371] For T gNB-RX The reference points are as follows:

[0372] - For Type 1-C base stations: Receive antenna connector,

[0373] - For type 1-0 or 2-0 base stations: a receiving antenna (e.g., the central location of the radiation area of ​​the Rx antenna),

[0374] - For Type 1-H Base Stations: Rx transceiver array boundary connector.

[0375] For T gNB-TX The reference points are as follows:

[0376] -For Type 1-C Base Station: Tx antenna connector,

[0377] - For type 1-0 or 2-0 base stations: Tx antenna (e.g., the central location of the radiation area of ​​the Tx antenna),

[0378] - For Type 1-H Base Stations: Tx transceiver array boundary connector.

[0379] An example of uplink angle of arrival (UL-AOA) is described.

[0380] UL AoA is defined as the estimated azimuth (A-AoA) and vertical angle (Z-AoA) of the UE relative to a reference direction, where the reference direction is defined as:

[0381] UL AoA is defined as the estimated azimuth (A-AoA) and vertical angle (Z-AoA) of the UE relative to a reference direction, where the reference direction is defined as follows:

[0382] - In the Global Coordinate System (GCS), estimated azimuth angles are measured relative to geographic north and are positive counterclockwise, and estimated vertical angles are measured relative to the zenith and are positive horizontally.

[0383] - In the local coordinate system (LCS), the estimated azimuth angle is measured relative to the x-axis of the LCS and is positive in the counterclockwise direction, and the estimated vertical angle is measured relative to the z-axis of the LCS and is positive in the xy plane.

[0384] The UL-AOA is determined at the gNB antenna for the UL channel corresponding to the UE.

[0385] An example of downlink angle of departure (DL-AoD) is described.

[0386] One example of DL-AoD is DL PRS Reference Signal Received Path Power (DL PRS-RSRPP).

[0387] DL PRS-RSRPP is defined as the power of the linear average of the channel response at the i-th path delay of the resource elements carrying the DL PRS signal set for measurement, where the DL PRS-RSRPP for the first path delay is the power contribution corresponding to the first detected path in time.

[0388] For FR1, the reference point for DL ​​PRS-RSRPP is the antenna connector of the UE.For FR2, DL PRS-RSRPP is measured based on the combined signals of the antenna elements corresponding to a given receiver branch.

[0389] For FR1 and FR2, if the UE is using receiver diversity for DL ​​PRS-RSRPP measurement, the reported DL PRS-RSRPP value contained in the upper layer parameter NR-DL-AoD-MeasElement for the first measurement and further measurements shall be provided for the same receiver branch as applied for DL ​​PRS-RSRP measurement.

[0390] DL PRS-RSRPP is applicable in the RRC_CONNECTED state and the RRC_INACTIVE state.

[0391] The positioning process may include, for example, UE-assisted and UE-based positioning processes (see, for example, Fig.19 ) and network-assisted positioning processes (see, for example, Fig. 20 ).

[0392] The UE-assisted positioning process and the UE-based positioning process may include operations such as measuring positioning-related metrics by the UE and reporting them to the LMF. Examples of specific methods for performing positioning associated with the UE-assisted positioning process and the UE-based positioning process include DL-TDOA and DL-AoD. Multi-cell RTT may also be used. In the case of multi-cell RTT, the UE may measure the UE Rx-Tx time difference, and the NG-RAN may measure the gNB Rx-Tx time difference. The LMF or UE may calculate the round-trip time (RTT) between the UE and the gNB using two metrics (e.g., UE Rx-Tx time difference and gNB Rx-Tx time difference), and calculate the distance based on the RTT to estimate the positioning of the UE.

[0393] The network-assisted positioning process may include, for example, a positioning method that predicts positioning based on metrics measured by the network. For example, UL-TDOA and UL-AOA may be included.

[0394] In the following, reference is made to Figures 13 to 15 , an example of multi-cell RTT will be described in detail as follows.

[0395] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designation of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures is for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the following figures.

[0396] Fig.13 An example of measuring a time difference according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0397] Fig.14 An example of calculating RTT according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0398] The LMF may trigger a multi-cell RTT positioning procedure to the UE and NG-RAN (gNB or ng-eNB) via the Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF). Multiple NG-RANs may send PRS to the UE in the committed (or scheduled) time slots. The UE may also send SRS in the committed (or scheduled) time slots.

[0399] The process of calculating the distance between gNB0 and UE can be done according to Fig.13 The example measures the time difference and then according to Fig.14 An example of calculating the RTT is performed.

[0400] Reference Fig.13 In the example in Figure 1, gNB0 sends a PRS to the UE. The UE sends an SRS to gNB0. The UE calculates the UE Rx-Tx time difference metric, which is the receive time of the PRS received by gNB0 minus the transmit time of the SRS sent. gNB0 calculates the gNB Rx-Tx time difference metric, which is the receive time of the SRS received by the UE minus the transmit time of the PRS sent.

[0401] Then, if Fig.14 As shown in the example in, the LMF or UE can calculate the RTT between gNB0 and UE. RTT = gNB Rx-Tx time difference + UE Rx-Tx time difference. Here, gNB Rx-Tx time difference can mean the time when gNB sends PRS minus the time when gNB receives SRS. UE Rx-Tx time difference can mean the time when UE sends SRS minus the time when UE receives PRS.

[0402] The distance between gNB0 and UE can be calculated based on the RTT between gNB0 and UE as shown below.

[0403]

[0404] Once the distances to the UE have been calculated for all gNBs participating in the multi-cell RTT, the UE’s position can be estimated, as Fig.15 as shown in the example.

[0405] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designation of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures is for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the following figures.

[0406] Fig.15 An example of multi-cell RTT positioning according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0407] Reference Fig.15 For example, you can use Fig.13 and Fig.14 The example determines the RTT between gNB0, gNB1, gNB2 and the UE, and the positioning of the UE can be estimated.

[0408] For example, let the RTT between gNB0 and UE be RTT0, the RTT between gNB1 and UE be RTT1, and the RTT between gNB2 and UE be RTT2. Then, the distance d0 between gNB0 and UE, the distance d1 between gNB1 and UE, and the distance d2 between gNB2 and UE can be calculated as follows.

[0409]

[0410] Then, if Fig.15 As shown in the example in , the intersection of the circles centered at the location of each gNB (circles with radius d0, d1 and d2 respectively) is the location of the UE.

[0411] In the following, reference is made to Fig.16 and Fig.17 , an example DL-TDOA is described in detail as follows.

[0412] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designation of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures is for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the following figures.

[0413] Fig.16 An example of measuring DL-RSTD according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0414] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designation of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures is for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the following figures.

[0415] Fig.17 An example of performing DL-TDOA positioning according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0416] An example of DL-TDOA is described. In DL-TDOA, unlike multi-cell RTT, we can measure DL-RSTD which is the time difference of the PRS received between two cells. Then, based on DL-RSTD, a curve can be drawn with the positions of the two cells as the center. By utilizing at least three cells, the UE or LMF can estimate the position of the UE based on DL-RSTD.

[0417] For example, refer to Fig.16 In the example in Figure 1, gNB0 may send PRS0 to the UE, gNB1 may send PRS1 to the UE, and gNB2 may send PRS2 to the UE. The UE may calculate DL-RSTD as the difference between the receive timing of PRS0 and PRS1. 01, the UE can calculate the DL-RSTD as the difference between the reception timing of PRS1 and PRS2 12 , and the UE can calculate DL-RSTD as the difference between the reception timing of PRS0 and PRS2 02 .

[0418] Reference Fig.17 , we can plot the DL-RSTD centered at the two cells gNB0 and gNB1 01 (corresponding to Fig.17 The curve corresponding to t0-t1 in the figure can be plotted with DL-RSTD centered on two cells gNB1 and gNB2. 12 (corresponding to Fig.17 The curve corresponding to t2-t1 in the figure can be plotted with DL-RSTD centered on two cells gNB0 and gNB2. 02 (corresponding to Fig.17 The intersection of the three curves can be estimated as the position of the UE.

[0419] Reference Fig.18 , further describing examples of DL-AoD and / or UL-AOA.

[0420] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designation of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures is for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the following figures.

[0421] Fig.18 An example of positioning based on DL-AoD and / or UL-AOA according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0422] Unlike distance-based positioning such as DL-TDOA or multi-cell RTT, DL-AoD and UL-AOA are angle-based positioning methods. For example, it is a positioning method that measures the position of the UE by measuring the transmission direction or reception direction from the base station. For example, the UE can measure DL-AoD, and the gNB can measure UL-AOA.

[0423] In the following, reference will be made to Fig.19 An example of UE-assisted positioning process and an example of UE-based positioning process are described below.

[0424] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designation of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures is for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the following figures.

[0425] Fig.19 It is an example of a UE-assisted positioning process and a UE-based positioning process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0426] 1.LMF may send a message to AMF requesting to send a DL positioning message to the UE. For example, LMF may request AMF to send a downlink (DL) positioning message to the UE by invoking the Namf_Communication_N1N2MessageTransfer service operation. This service operation contains a DL positioning message. The session ID parameter of the Namf_Communication_N1N2MessageTransfer service operation is set to the location service (LCS) correlation identifier. The downlink positioning message may request location information from the UE, provide supporting data to the UE, or provide a query on the UE capabilities if the UE positioning capabilities are not received from the AMF.

[0427] 2. If the UE is in CM IDLE state, the AMF may initiate a network-triggered service request procedure (see, for example, Figures 6a to 6c ) to establish a signaling connection with the UE.

[0428] 3.AMF forwards the downlink positioning message to the UE in a DL NAS TRANSPORT message.AMF includes the routing identifier set to the LCS correlation identifier in the DL NAS TRANSPORT message.The downlink positioning message may request a response from the network (e.g., it may request the UE to acknowledge the downlink positioning message, return location information, or return capabilities).

[0429] 4. The UE may store all supporting data provided in the downlink positioning message, and the UE may perform the position measurement and / or position calculation requested by the downlink positioning message.

[0430] 5. During step 4, the UE may need to enter the CM-IDLE state to respond to the request received in step 3. In this case, the UE may initiate a UE-triggered service request (see, for example, Figure 7 ) to establish a signaling connection with AMF.

[0431] 6. [Conditional Action] The UE sends an UPLINK POSITIONING message contained in a NAS TRANSPORT message to the AMF. For example, to confirm the DOWNLINK POSITIONING message, to reply with the location information obtained in step 4, or to reply with any capabilities requested in step 3, the UE may send an UPLINK POSITIONING message contained in a NAS TRANSPORT message to the AMF. When the UE sends the UPLINK POSITIONING message in a NAS TRANSPORT message, the UE shall also include the routing identifier received in step 3 in the UL NAS TRANSPORT message.

[0432] 7. [Conditional Action] The AMF may invoke the Namf_Communication_N1MessageNotify service operation to the LMF indicated by the routing identifier received in step 6. The service operation includes the uplink positioning message and the LCS correlation identifier received in step 6. If the UE needs to send multiple uplink positioning messages to respond to the request received in step 3, steps 6 and 6 may be repeated. Steps 1 to 7 may be repeated to send new support data and request additional location information and additional UE capabilities.

[0433] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designation of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures is for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the following figures.

[0434] Fig. 20 is an example of a network-assisted positioning process according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0435] 1. In order to request the serving NG-RAN node (gNB or ng-eNB) to send a network positioning message to the UE, the LMF may invoke the Namf_Communication_N1N2MessageTransfer service operation to the AMF. The service operation may include a network positioning message and indicate whether positioning has been initiated for the PRU and LCS correlation identifiers. The network positioning message may request location information related to the UE from the NG-RAN, and if the LMF receives the network positioning message from the AMF, the network positioning message may include a UE unknown indication.

[0436] 2. If the UE is in CM IDLE state, the AMF may initiate a network-triggered service request procedure to establish a signaling connection with the UE. If positioning towards a Positioning Reference Unit (PRU) is indicated in step 1, the AMF shall verify that the UE is a valid PRU before initiating the procedure.

[0437] 3.AMF forwards the network location message in the N2 transport message to the serving NG-RAN node.AMF includes a routing identifier identifying the LMF (e.g., the global address of the LMF) in the N2 transport message.

[0438] 4. The serving NG-RAN node may obtain the UE’s location information requested in step 3.

[0439] If a UE not identified indication is received in the network location message and the UE is in RRC_INACTIVE state, the NG-RAN rejects the network location message with an appropriate rejection cause (e.g. the UE cannot be paged).

[0440] 5. The serving NG-RAN node replies to the AMF with a Network Location message with all the location information obtained in step 4 in an N2 Transport message. The serving NG-RAN node shall also include the Route Identifier in the N2 Transport message received in step 3.

[0441] 6. The AMF invokes the Namf_Communication_N2InfoNotify service towards the LMF indicated by the routing identifier received in step 5. This service operation includes the network location message and the LCS related identifier received in step 5. To request additional location information and additional NG-RAN capabilities, steps 1 to 6 may be repeated.

[0442] Reference Fig.21 , illustrates an example of positioning error due to non-LOS.

[0443] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designation of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures is for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the following figures.

[0444] Fig.21 An example of positioning error in an indoor environment is illustrated.

[0445] Fig.21 An example of positioning error due to non-LOS in an indoor environment is shown.

[0446] According to the positioning method of the related art, the UE position can be accurately predicted in a LOS environment. However, in an environment such as indoors, it is difficult to accurately predict the UE position in the case of many non-LOS (NLOS) situations. For example, in an environment such as Fig.21In the indoor environment of the example shown, gNB1 and gNB2 are located in a LOS environment from the location of the UE. Therefore, when gNB1 and gNB2 calculate the UE location, they can accurately calculate the UE location without any error. However, gNB3 cannot predict the exact location of the UE because gNB3 believes that the UE is in direction θ, and an error occurs because there is no LOS-based communication between gNB3 and the UE.

[0447] Based on the results of the measurements, a flag may be sent to indicate whether the environment is NLOS. For example, the UE and / or gNB may determine NLOS based on the results of the measurements it has performed, and may send a flag to the LMF indicating whether it is in a NLOS environment. The location management function (LMF), which is the entity responsible for calculating the positioning, may check the flag. If it is NLOS, the LMF compensates for the accuracy in the NLOS environment by not using the positioning metrics measured in the NLOS environment or by judging that the metrics are less reliable (which is highly inaccurate). Therefore, an effective and accurate solution is needed to solve the problem of positioning accuracy in NLOS environments. In particular, indoor environments are more likely to be NLOS environments than outdoor environments. In order to improve the positioning accuracy indoors, a basic solution to improve the positioning accuracy in NLOS environments is necessary.

[0448] Various examples of the present disclosure propose various examples to solve these problems. In order to solve these problems, information related to indoor structures may be required. In addition, within the indoor structure, it may be proposed to utilize indoor structure information based on the results of orientation (e.g., UL AOA / DL AOD) measurement or distance measurement between the UE and the eNB / gNB. For example, based on the measurement results (e.g., direction measurement results and / or distance measurement results) and the information related to the indoor structure, the exact location of the UE can be predicted (or calculated or determined).

[0449] According to various examples of the present disclosure, a database including information related to indoor structures may be generated. For example, to generate information related to indoor structures, mmWave sensing technology may be utilized. mmWave sensing capabilities may be added to the gNB. As an example of how mmWave sensing may be used, see “3DRIED: A High-Resolution 3D mmWave Radar Dataset Dedicated to Imaging and Evaluation” (https: / / www.mdpi.com / 2072-4292 / 13 / 17 / 3366).

[0450] By using millimeter wave sensing technology, the gNB can perform imaging tasks on the surrounding environment. The gNB can then generate a 3D map of the indoor environment based on the imaging task. Alternatively, the gNB can use millimeter wave sensing technology to generate information related to the structure of the indoor environment and send the generated information to the LMF. The LMF can then receive information related to the indoor structure from one or more gNBs located in the same indoor environment. Based on the received information related to the indoor structure, the LMF can generate a 3D map of the indoor environment. Alternatively, the gNB and / or LMF can obtain the indoor 3D map in advance via another method (e.g., pre-configured by the operator).

[0451] A 3D map of the indoor area may be obtained. Then, based on the 3D map, the position of the UE indoors may be accurately determined (or calculated or obtained) based on the distance measurement result between the UE and the eNB / gNB and / or the UL AoA / DL AOD measurement result. For example, the UE and / or gNB may send the distance measurement result between the UE and the eNB / gNB and / or the UL AoA / DL AOD measurement result to the LMF. The LMF may then determine the position of the UE based on the 3D map, the distance measurement result between the UE and the eNB / gNB and / or the UL AoA / DL AOD measurement result.

[0452] Now refer to Figures 22a to 22c , describes in detail the operation of generating 3D maps based on millimeter wave sensing.

[0453] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designation of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures is for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the following figures.

[0454] Figures 22a to 22c An example of performing millimeter wave sensing according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0455] When the gNB performs millimeter wave sensing, it can measure the distance, speed, and angle of incidence of the reflector. Using these features, the gNB can scan its surroundings. Using conventional technology, it may be difficult to scan structures such as walls in a crowded indoor environment. However, since millimeter wave sensing can detect tiny movements, the gNB can distinguish between stationary objects and moving objects. Therefore, the gNB can distinguish between people and walls in an indoor environment based on the reflected signals. The LMF can collect information scanned by each eNB / gNB. The LMF can then generate a 3D map of the interior of the room. At this time, the LMF can generate a complete indoor 3D map of the indoor environment by ignoring the signals reflected by people and only utilizing the reflected signals from fixed objects. Alternatively, as described above, the entire indoor 3D map of the indoor environment can be pre-stored in the gNB and / or LMF.

[0456] After completing the 3D map, Fig.21 The situation shown is described based on various examples of the present disclosure. gNB1 and gNB2 are able to receive UE signals with LOS. However, in the case of gNB3, there is no LOS path to the UE. However, even if gNB3 is in a non-LOS environment from the UE, the positioning of the UE can be measured by ray tracing technology in the presence of a 3D map. For example, based on the incident angle information UL AOA or DL ​​AOD from the UE to gNB3, gNB3 and / or LMF can perform positioning measurements of the UE by utilizing a 3D map. If the UE or LMF knows the UL AOA / DL AOD information and the indoor 3D map, it can easily estimate the position of the UE in the NLOS environment by applying the ray tracing method backward from the gNB. Here, ray tracing refers to a backward tracing method for rays. Since the characteristics of the wireless communication signal between the actual UE and the gNB are similar to the characteristics of light, the ray tracing method can be applied.

[0457] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designation of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures is for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the following figures.

[0458] Fig.23 An example of using a 3D map according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0459] In some cases, the LMF and / or gNB3 may not know the value of θ. In this case, it can be assumed that only the distance information between the UE and gNB3 is known. Here, the distance information can be obtained based on the RTT. In order for the LMF to calculate the RTT value, the UE can measure the UE Rx-Tx time difference, the gNB can measure the gNB Rx-Tx time difference, and the UE and gNB can report the UE Rx-Tx time difference and the gNB Rx-Tx time difference to the LMF. Based on the UE Rx-Tx time difference and the gNB Rx-Tx time difference collected by the LMF from the UE and gNB, the LMF can calculate the distance information. In this case, if there is a 3D map, the LMF can pre-divide the shadow area into a 2D grid of a specific resolution in a checkerboard pattern, or into a 3D grid when necessary. The LMF can also pre-store the distance information of the shadow area. The LMF can use the distance information of the shadow area for UE position prediction. For example, LMF can divide the shadow area of ​​gNB3 into a 2D / 3D grid with a specific resolution (e.g., the NLOS area of ​​gNB3) and store the distance information from gNB3 at each coordinate. Then, when LMF obtains the distance information between gNB3 and the UE, it can check the list of coordinates mapped to that distance. LMF knows that the list of coordinates is a candidate for the point where the UE is believed to be located. In order to more accurately predict the location of the UE, LMF can further collect distance information from gNB1 and gNB2 to predict the location of the UE.

[0460] Artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) methods can also be used to pre-utilize UE location specific data indoors as training data. In this case, the AI / ML method can be applied to predict the UE location indoors. For example, a specific UE may be located in a shadow area from gNB3. The LMF can obtain the UE location information via gNB1, gNB2, and gNB4, and also obtain the distance between gNB3 and the UE. Then, based on the information obtained from gNB1, gNB2, and gNB4, the LMF can match and store the predicted UE location information and the distance between gNB3 and the UE. Once these data are accumulated, the LMF can predict the UE's location based on the AI / ML method by simply inputting the distance information between gNB1, gNB2, gNB_x gNB and the UE.

[0461] When the gNB is installed, a 3D map may be created in advance. Then, an upper layer that manages the location, such as a location management function (LMF), may store and manage 3D map information of indoor structures. Alternatively, the LMF may generate a 3D map based on the results of millimeter wave sensing performed by one or more gNBs based on the above method. Then, the LMF may receive a message requesting the location information of the UE from the UE or another entity authorized to view the location information of the UE. For example, the location information of the UE may be requested by another entity for the following reasons. The owner of the UE may request the location information to find their own location information. Parents may request the location information of their children's UE to check the location of their children. Alternatively, the UE may be installed on a pet or valuable item as an IoT type, and the user may request the location information to check the location of the pet or valuable item. Alternatively, the gNB may request the location information of the UE in order to recommend a better gNB based on the location of the UE when performing a handover process.

[0462] If another entity requests the UE's location information, the LMF can determine whether it is indoors. And if it is indoors, the LMF can combine the UE's location information with the 3D map of the indoor environment. Figure 1 The location information is sent to the UE or other entities authorized to view the location information.

[0463] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designation of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures is for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the following figures.

[0464] Fig.24 An example of predicting the position of a UE in an indoor environment according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0465] More specifically, Fig.24 The example of illustrates a method for estimating the location of a UE by measuring the distance between a gNB and the UE in an indoor environment. Since gNB1 and gNB2 are in a LOS environment with the UE, the distance between gNB1 and the UE is measured as 6 meters, and the distance between gNB2 and the UE is measured as 3 meters. If a circle with a radius of 6 meters is drawn around the location of gNB1, and a circle with a radius of 3 meters is drawn around the location of gNB2, then Fig.24 In the example of , the intersection of the two circles are two points. If the gNB3 and the UE are in a LOS environment, the LMF or the UE will be able to distinguish which of the two intersection points is the actual UE location, but in Fig.24In the example in Figure 1, gNB3 and the UE are in a NLOS environment, and without information about indoor structures, the location of the UE cannot be accurately distinguished. The distance between gNB3 and the UE is measured to be 12 meters. Based on the indoor 3D map, LMF can determine the location of the UE indoors as the intersection of the candidate location at a distance of 12 meters from gNB3 and the candidate location of the UE obtained from gNB1 and gNB2. LMF can compare the location information of the UE with the indoor 3D map. Figure 1 Provided to the UE requesting location information.

[0466] The UE location information can be provided for display in indoor UE positioning applications, e.g. Fig.25 as shown in the example.

[0467] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designation of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures is for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the following figures.

[0468] Fig.25 An example of displaying the location of a UE on a display according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0469] The LMF may send an indoor 3D map and UE location information. Then, the UE may display the UE location on the UE display based on the indoor 3D map and the UE location information, such as Fig.25 as shown in the example.

[0470] Earlier, in the introduction to this specification, we described ray tracing. Fig.26 Describe ray tracing in more detail.

[0471] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designation of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures is for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the following figures.

[0472] Fig.26 An example of ray tracing according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0473] exist Fig.26In the example of , laser light is output from a laser source, travels through point A, point B, and reaches a laser detector. The laser detector can then find point A because the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection at point B are the same. Similarly, the laser detector can predict the direction of the laser source because the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are the same at point A. The ray tracing method can also be applied to UE positioning. When performing UE positioning, based on the ray tracing method, the direction of the UE can be predicted, and the distance between the UE and gNB3 can be measured. This allows not only the orientation of the UE in the NLOS environment to be predicted, but also the exact location of the UE in the NLOS environment to be predicted.

[0474] The following figures are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designation of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields shown in the figures is for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the following figures.

[0475] Fig. 27 An example of a process according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0476] For example, for Fig. 27 The example above can also be applied Figures 8 to 27 For example, even if Fig. 27 Although no behavior, content, etc. are directly described in the examples, any behavior, content, etc. described in the various examples of the present disclosure may also be applied.

[0477] Note that, Fig. 27 The example in shows a single gNB, but this is for illustration purposes only. Fig. 27 In the example of Fig. 27 The operations shown in the example.

[0478] In step S2701, the UE may send a request message to the LMF requesting location information.

[0479] For example, the request message may be a location request (LR) request message. The UE may send a request message to the AMF through a base station (e.g., NG-RAN, gNB, etc.). The AMF may perform a process of selecting an LMF. The AMF may forward the request message to the LMF. The LMF may perform a UE positioning process (e.g., steps S2702 to S2704) to determine the location information of the UE, and then in step S2705, send a response message including the location information of the UE to the UE. The response message may be, for example, an LR response message.

[0480] In step S2702, the LMF may send a request message to one or more gNBs.

[0481] In step S2703, the gNB may send measurement information to the LMF. For example, the measurement information may include information related to measurements performed by the gNB and / or information related to measurements performed by the UE. For example, before performing step S2703, the UE may perform measurements on signals received from one or more gNBs and report the measurement results to the gNB.

[0482] The measurement information may include, for example, measurement information based on one or more of DL-TDOA, UL-TDOA, multi-cell RTT, UL-AOA, DL-AoD, mmWave sensing, and ray tracing. The measurement performed by the gNB may be, for example, measurement of an SRS sent by the UE. The measurement performed by the UE may be, for example, measurement of a reference signal sent by the gNB.

[0483] A first gNB of the one or more gNBs may identify that the UE and the gNB are in a NLOS environment based on measurements that it has performed. The first gNB may then send information indicating that it is NLOS to the LMF. For example, the information indicating NLOS may be in the form of a flag.

[0484] Before performing step S2704, the LMF may obtain information related to the indoor structure of the location where the UE is located. For example, the LMF may generate a 3D map of the indoor structure based on the measurement information. Alternatively, the information related to the indoor structure may be pre-stored in the LMF and / or the gNB. When the LMF receives information indicating that it is NLOS, an operation of the LMF obtaining information related to the indoor structure may be performed.

[0485] The information about the indoor structure can be, for example, the 3D map information described previously. For example, a gNB in ​​an NLOS environment can measure the UL-AOA from the UE to determine the direction of the UE. The gNB can then measure the distance between the gNB and the UE. The gNB can send the direction of the UE and the distance between the UE and the gNB to the gNB. Then, based on the 3D map information, the gNB or LMF can know that the UE is a given distance away from the gNB, but there is an obstacle such as a wall between the UE and the gNB. Based on a ray tracing method, the gNB or LMF can then calculate the direction in which the signal between the UE and the gNB is reflected from the obstacle, thereby more accurately predicting the position of the UE in the indoor environment.

[0486] At step S2704, the LMF may determine the location information of the UE. For example, the LMF may determine the location information of the UE based on information related to the room structure and the measurement information. For example, the LMF may estimate the location of the UE in the indoor structure of the location where the UE is located.

[0487] In step S2705, the LMF may send the location information to the UE. Here, the location information may refer to the location information of the UE. In addition to the location information, the LMF may also send information related to the indoor structure of the location where the UE is located. For example, the information related to the indoor structure may be 3D map information. Based on the location information of the UE and the information related to the indoor structure, such as Fig.25 As shown in the example of , the UE can display the location of the UE on the display of the UE.

[0488] According to various examples of the present disclosure, indoor positioning methods and processes based on information related to internal structures of indoor environments may be performed. For example, based on information related to the incident angle θ of the gNB and the indoor 3D map, methods and processes for predicting the position of the UE by ray tracing may be performed. For example, the method and process may include predicting the position of the UE based on distance data and / or angle data pre-trained for the indoor environment using an AI / ML method. For example, if the LMF receives a message requesting location information in an indoor environment, the method and process may include providing location information of the indoor structure and the UE.

[0489] The present disclosure can have various effects.

[0490] For example, the confidence of the positioning result in the indoor NLOS environment is improved, and the position of the UE in the indoor NLOS environment can be predicted more accurately.

[0491] The effects that can be obtained from the specific examples of the present disclosure are not limited to the effects listed above. For example, there may be various technical effects that a person of ordinary skill in the relevant art can understand or infer from the present disclosure. Therefore, the specific effects of the present disclosure are not limited to those effects explicitly set forth herein, but may include various effects that can be understood or inferred from the technical features of the present disclosure.

[0492] For reference, the operation of the terminal (eg, UE) described in this specification may be performed by Figures 1 to 4 For example, a terminal (eg, UE) may be Figure 2 The first device 100 or the second device 200 of the present disclosure may be a first device 100 or a second device 200. For example, the operation of the terminal (e.g., UE) of the present disclosure may be processed by one or more processors 102 or 202. The operation of the terminal of the present disclosure may be stored in one or more memories 104 or 204 in the form of instructions / programs (e.g., instructions, executable codes) that can be executed by one or more processors 102 or 202. The one or more processors 102 or 202 control the one or more memories 104 or 204 and the one or more transceivers 106 or 206, and may perform the operation of the terminal of the present disclosure by executing the instructions / programs stored in the one or more memories 104 or 204.

[0493] In addition, instructions for executing the operation of the terminal described in the present disclosure of this specification may be stored in a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium in which the instructions are recorded. The storage medium may be included in one or more memories 104 or 204. And, the instructions recorded in the storage medium may be executed by one or more processors 102 or 202 to execute the operation of the terminal (e.g., UE) described in the present disclosure of this specification.

[0494] For reference, the operation of the network node or base station (eg, AMF, SMF, UPF, PCF, AUSF, etc.) of the present disclosure may be performed by the following description. Figures 1 to 3 For example, a network node or base station may be Figure 2 The first device 100 or Figure 2 The second device 200 of the present disclosure. For example, the operation of the network node or base station of the present disclosure may be processed by one or more processors 102 or 202. The operation of the terminal of the present disclosure may be stored in one or more memories 104 or 204 in the form of instructions / programs (e.g., instructions, executable codes) that can be executed by one or more processors 102 or 202. The one or more processors 102 or 202 may perform the operation of the network node or base station of the present disclosure by controlling one or more memories 104 or 204 and one or more transceivers 106 or 206 and executing the instructions / programs stored in the one or more memories 104 or 204.

[0495] In addition, instructions for executing the operations of the network node or base station described in the present disclosure of this specification may be stored in a non-volatile (or non-transitory) computer-readable storage medium. The storage medium may be included in one or more memories 104 or 204. And, the instructions recorded in the storage medium are executed by one or more processors 102 or 202 to perform the operations of the network node or base station.

[0496] In the above, the preferred embodiments have been exemplarily described, but the present disclosure of this specification is not limited to such specific embodiments, and thus, modifications, changes, or improvements may be made.

[0497] In the above exemplary system, the method is described as a series of steps or blocks based on the flowchart, but is not limited to the order of the steps described, and some steps may occur in a different order or simultaneously with other steps as described above. In addition, those skilled in the art will understand that the steps shown in the flowchart are not exclusive, and other steps may be included, or one or more steps of the flowchart may be deleted without affecting the scope of the rights.

[0498] The claims of this disclosure may be combined in various ways. For example, the technical features of the method claims of this specification may be combined and implemented as a device, and the technical features of the device claims of this specification may be combined and implemented as a method. In addition, the technical features of the method claims of this specification and the technical features of the device claims may be combined and implemented as a device, and the technical features of the method claims of this specification and the technical features of the device claims may be combined and implemented as a method.

Claims

1. A method for performing communication, the method being performed by a location management function LMF and comprising the following steps: receiving a message from a user equipment UE requesting location information of the UE; sending a request message to one or more base stations requesting measurements related to the location of the UE; receiving measurement information related to the UE from the one or more base stations, The measurement information includes information related to measurement based on a sounding reference signal SRS of the UE and / or information related to measurement based on a reference signal of the one or more base stations; obtaining information related to an indoor structure of a location where the UE is located based on the measurement information; determining location information of the UE based on the information related to the indoor structure and the measurement information; and Sending the location information of the UE to the UE.

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of: Information related to the measurement information related to the UE measured in a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environment is received from a first base station included in at least one base station.

3. The method according to claim 2, in, The information related to the measurement information related to the UE measured in the NLOS environment is in the form of a flag indicating NLOS.

4. The method according to claim 2, in, The information related to the indoor structure is obtained based on the information related to the measurement information related to the UE measured in the NLOS environment being received.

5. The method according to claim 1, in, The measurements based on the reference signal from the base station are measurements based on millimeter wave sensing.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein: The step of obtaining the information related to the indoor structure of the location where the UE is located comprises: A 3D map of the indoor structure is generated based on the measurement information.

7. The method according to claim 1, in, The step of sending the location information comprises: The location information of the UE and the information related to the indoor structure are sent to the UE.

8. A location management function LMF adapted to operate in a wireless communication system, wherein: The LMF comprises: one or more transceivers; one or more processors; and one or more memories storing instructions and operatively coupled to the one or more processors, Based on the instructions, at least one of the processors executes operations, the operations comprising: receiving a message from a user equipment UE requesting location information of the UE; sending a request message to one or more base stations requesting measurements related to the location of the UE; receiving measurement information related to the UE from the one or more base stations, The measurement information includes information related to measurement based on a sounding reference signal SRS of the UE and / or information related to measurement based on a reference signal of the one or more base stations; obtaining information related to an indoor structure of a location where the UE is located based on the measurement information; determining location information of the UE based on the information related to the indoor structure and the measurement information; and Sending the location information of the UE to the UE.

9. A method for performing communication, the method being performed by a user equipment UE and comprising the following steps: Sending a message to the location management function LMF requesting the location information of the UE; performing measurements on one or more base stations; sending a measurement report to the one or more base stations based on the measurements; as well as The location information of the UE is received from the LMF.

10. The method according to claim 9, in, The step of receiving includes receiving information related to the location of the UE and information related to an indoor structure of a location where the UE is located.

11. The method according to claim 9, further comprising the steps of: The location information of the UE is displayed on a display of the UE.

12. A user equipment UE adapted to operate in a wireless communication system, wherein: The UE includes: one or more transceivers; one or more processors; and one or more memories storing instructions and operatively coupled to the one or more processors, Based on the instructions, at least one of the processors executes operations, the operations comprising: Sending a message to the location management function LMF requesting the location information of the UE; performing measurements on one or more base stations; sending a measurement report to the one or more base stations based on the measurements; and Receive location information of the UE from the LMF.

13. A device in a wireless communication system, wherein: The device comprises: one or more processors; and one or more memories storing instructions and operatively coupled to the one or more processors, Based on the instructions, at least one of the processors executes operations, the operations comprising: Sending a message to the location management function LMF requesting location information of the device; performing measurements on one or more base stations; sending a measurement report to the one or more base stations based on the measurements; and The location information of the device is received from the LMF.

14. A non-transitory computer readable medium (CRM) storing instructions, based on which one or more processors execute the instructions to perform operations, the operations comprising: sending a message to a location management function LMF requesting location information of a device comprising said one or more processors; performing measurements on one or more base stations; sending a measurement report to the one or more base stations based on the measurements; as well as The location information of the device is received from the LMF.

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