A security document, system for generating security document and method for generating security document

Abstract

The invention relates to a security document, to a method for producing a security document, and to a system for producing a security document. The security document (1) comprises an absorption region (30) for forming the at least one personalized information item (3), the security document (1) having been processed and / or being able to be processed in the absorption region (30) such that the at least one personalized information item (3) is visible by absorbing incident light at the first side. The security document further comprises a first security element (2) having an optically variable effect, the first security element (2) being arranged behind the absorbing layer (52, 31) and the first security element (2) being arranged in a first region (20) when the first side is viewed, the first region (20) partially or over the entire surface overlapping the absorbing region (30), and the second region (20) being arranged in a second region (30) partially or over the entire surface overlapping the absorbing region (30). The first region (20) does not overlap the absorbing region (30) in a background region (21) directly adjacent to the absorbing region (30), such that the at least one personalized information item (3) has a viewing angle-dependent contrast, in particular a brightness contrast, in the second region (22). The second region (22) is formed at least by a partial region of the absorption region (30) and a partial region of the background region (21) directly adjacent to the absorption region.

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a security document, a system for producing a security document and a method for producing a security document.

[0002] In security documents, such as identity cards or passports, a photo of the document owner and further personalised data, such as date of birth, sex, place of residence, nationality, etc., are usually indicated. Counterfeiters attempt to manipulate these personalised data, thereby, for example, changing or replacing it. To prevent counterfeiting, the personalised data has hitherto been provided with, for example, an optically variable security element overlaid thereon. In particular, manipulation from the front, such as, for example, changing a photo by printing on the surface, becomes more difficult.

[0003] However, the personalization data of security documents are static in the form of a printed layer or blackened by laser radiation. As a result, they have no optically variable effect, with the result that they can be manipulated and altered relatively easily by counterfeiters. Furthermore, the contrast (in particular the brightness contrast) of the personalization data with a static background (e.g. an offset print on or above a diffusely reflecting opaque substrate or layer) is limited.

[0004] Furthermore, manipulation attempts are made from the middle of the security document (such as, for example, by splitting the layers of the security document) or from the rear side (such as, for example, grinding off the carrier material of the security document down to the plane of the photo and then printing a different photo). Previous solutions for making manipulation from the middle or the rear side more difficult are based on, for example, optically variable security elements, which are arranged on the rear side of the security document or on a window close to the photo. However, previous solutions have a complex structure and are difficult to check for authenticity, since, for example, it is necessary to check several sides of the security element in order to completely link the security document to the observer. Furthermore, security elements on the rear side are costly, since complex and sensitive structures are required to guarantee a certain degree of protection against counterfeiting.

[0005] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved security document, an improved system for producing a security element and an improved method for producing a security element, in particular providing improved protection against counterfeiting and a simpler way of verifying the authenticity of the security document.

[0006] The object is achieved by a security document according to claim 1. The security document comprises a first side and a second side opposite to the first side. The security document further comprises at least one absorption layer having an absorption region for forming at least one personalized information item. The security document has been treated and / or can be treated in the absorption region so that the at least one personalized information item is visible, in particular visible to the human eye, by absorbing light incident on the first side. The security document additionally comprises a first security element having an optically variable effect. In the case of observing the first side of the security document, the first security element is arranged behind the absorption layer. In addition, the first security element is arranged in a first region, wherein the first region overlaps the absorption region partially or over the entire surface. In the process, the first region does not overlap with the absorption region in a background region directly adjacent to the absorption region, so that the at least one personalized information item has a contrast, in particular a brightness contrast, that is dependent on the viewing angle in a second region, which is formed at least by a partial region of the absorption region and a partial region of the background region directly adjacent thereto.

[0007] The object is further achieved by a system for producing a security document according to the invention according to claim 32. The system for producing a security document comprises an auxiliary carrier, wherein a first partial element of the security document and a second partial element of the security document are arranged on the auxiliary carrier, wherein the first partial element can be made to cover the second partial element by bending the auxiliary carrier. The first partial element has a first security element and the second partial element has an adhesive layer and at least one covering and / or second security element, which second security element is preferably transparent and / or partially metallized and is preferably provided over the entire surface of the second partial element, wherein the adhesive layer is arranged on the side of the covering and / or second security element facing away from the auxiliary carrier, wherein an absorption layer with an absorption area is arranged on or can be attached to the side of the first partial element facing away from the auxiliary carrier. Preferably, the first partial element has an optional first carrier element and the second partial element has an optional second carrier element.

[0008] The object is further achieved by a method for producing a security document, in particular a security document according to the invention, preferably using a system according to the invention, according to claim 39. The produced security document has a first side and a second side opposite to the first side. In the method, the following steps are performed, in particular in the order specified:

[0009] - providing at least one absorbent layer having an absorbent area for forming at least one personalized information item, wherein the security document has been treated and / or can be treated in the absorbent area in such a way that the at least one personalized information item is visible, in particular visible to the human eye, by absorbing light incident on the first side;

[0010] providing a first security element having an optically variable effect;

[0011] The absorbent layer and the first security element are arranged such that, in the case of viewing the first side of the security document, the first security element is arranged behind the absorbent layer and in a first area. The first area overlaps the absorbent area partially or over the entire surface and the first area does not overlap the absorbent area in a background area directly adjacent to the absorbent area, so that the at least one personalized information item has a contrast, in particular a brightness contrast, that is dependent on the viewing angle in a second area, which is formed at least by a partial area of ​​the absorbent area and a partial area of ​​the background area directly adjacent thereto.

[0012] By means of the invention, it is achieved that the personalized information item can be set off on part of the surface or on the entire surface by an optically variable security element of flexible and cost-effective design, with the result that costs are reduced, anti-counterfeiting protection is enhanced, and authenticity verification is simplified at the same time. Advantageously, alterations and / or forgeries of personal data can be more easily recognized by the human eye, and manipulations can also stand out clearly even when viewed from only one side (i.e. the first side of the security document). Thus, manipulation attempts can be recognized even for a layman without the need to use specific equipment. This is achieved because the personal information item with absorption properties (for example because it is provided by laser blackening or printing) partially covers the optically variable effect of the first security element and largely cancels it out. As a result, the human eye can already perceive that the security document that has not been forged is perfectly aligned with the boundary of the absorption area and the background area, thereby having a clearly defined positioning relationship between them. Because the background area is directly adjacent to the absorption area and the first area extends into the absorption area, it can be achieved that when the security document is tilted, a human observer can recognize a perfect alignment between the background (more strongly illuminated) and the absorption area (more weakly illuminated or not illuminated at all). In particular, authenticity can be verified particularly easily by checking the alignment tolerances, since manipulating the absorbent layer, for example by trying to apply an illuminated background area in front of the absorbent area and correspondingly omitting the absorbent area, always involves reduced positioning accuracy or alignment tolerances. The optically variable effect of the first security element behind the personalization cannot be imitated in particular, since the corresponding optically variable effect is arranged on the front side of the security document. Since the counterfeiter cannot perfectly match the subsequently applied optically variable effect to the contour of the personalization data, the presence of a counterfeit is more easily visible.

[0013] The inspection of the security document is also made particularly easier, since the recognizability of the personal information item, such as, for example, a photograph, personalized data or a document identification mark, can be improved by the increased brightness contrast present at a certain viewing angle. The increased brightness contrast of the personalized information item can be made possible in particular by the optically variable effect of the first security element, since it can be perceived as a "backlight" of the personalized information item. When the security document is tilted and / or turned, the personalized information item or its background, in particular the background of the photo of the document owner, can further appear to be optically variable, with the result that the personalized information item is no longer only seen statically. In addition, the verification of the security document can also be fully performed from one side, for example the front side. The inspection of the rear side of the security document may also be omitted, for example, since the first security element may already be recognized from the front side, wherein the first security element is arranged behind the absorbent layer for forming the personalized information item anyway and thereby preventing it from being worn off from the rear side. Thus, the verification of the security document is accelerated, which is helpful, for example, in the case of long waiting times at border controls.

[0014] Disturbing influences at certain observation angles, such as for example specular reflections or diffraction effects of a diffractive optically variable security element overlying or overlapping the personalized information items, can additionally be masked, with the result that good recognizability of these personalized information items is ensured and authentication of the security document is made easier.

[0015] Furthermore, by overlapping the personalization data with the security element from the front and rear side at least over part of the surface, a particularly high level of protection against counterfeiting of the security document can be achieved, since the additional security element can be applied to the front side. Thus, manipulation attempts from either side expose the counterfeiter to the risk of the security element being damaged, thereby rendering the security document unusable.

[0016] Further advantageous embodiments of the invention are described in the dependent claims.

[0017] It is conceivable to use the system of the invention to produce the security document of the invention, in particular for use in the method of the invention.

[0018] The security document is preferably a passport, identity card, subscriber card, driver's license, label or tax sticker, or may be used therefor.The at least one personalized information item is preferably selected from an image, a portrait, a pattern, alone or in combination.

[0019] The pattern is in particular selected, alone or in combination, from the group consisting of: outlines of graphic designs, figurative representations, images, symbols, logos, portraits, alphanumeric characters, texts, rasterizations.

[0020] "Pattern-shaped" refers in particular to the form of a pattern.

[0021] "Visible to the human eye" means in particular visible in the wavelength range from 380 nm to 780 nm and in particular from 430 nm to 690 nm. The wavelengths visible to the human eye are in particular in the range between 380 nm (thus in particular violet) and 780 nm (thus in particular deep red) of the electromagnetic spectrum, wherein the relative sensitivity of the human eye below 430 nm and above 690 nm is less than 1% of the maximum value at 555 nm. "Transparent" preferably means a transmittance of more than 70% and in particular more than 90%, in particular for wavelengths in the range from 430 nm to 690 nm, preferably for wavelengths in the wavelength range visible to the human eye. "Translucent" preferably means a transmittance in the range from 30% to 70%, in particular for wavelengths in the range from 430 nm to 690 nm, preferably for wavelengths in the wavelength range visible to the human eye. "Opaque" preferably means a transmittance of less than 30% and in particular less than 10%, in particular for wavelengths in the range from 430 nm to 690 nm, preferably for wavelengths in the wavelength range visible to the human eye. The transmittance preferably refers to the ratio of the amount of light radiating and / or incident on a medium to the amount of light appearing on the opposite side of the medium, wherein preferably no significant changes occur in the spectral path of the light. The light that is not transmitted is preferably reflected, scattered and / or absorbed by the medium. Thus, in the case of a transmittance of a medium of 0.9 or 90%, for example, 90% of the radiating light is perceptible on the opposite side of the medium. When considering the transmittance of a layer, reflections at the boundary surfaces of the layer are particularly neglected.

[0022] In particular, in the absorption area, the security document according to the invention has been processed, preferably processed according to the method according to the invention, such that at least one item of personalized information is visible, in particular visible to the human eye, by absorbing light incident on a first side. On the first side, light incident outside the absorption area is reflected and / or scattered more strongly than light incident in the absorption area.

[0023] During the arrangement of the absorbent layer and the first security element, in particular the absorbent layer and the first security element have been connected or are being connected to one another, and in particular thereafter the at least one item of personalization information has been or is preferably introduced or applied by generating the absorbent region.

[0024] The absorbing areas are preferably delimited by one or more outlines, wherein the outlines are formed by connecting adjacent absorbing areas to a background area, wherein the connected absorbing areas are jointly assigned to a personalized information item, such as, for example, a portrait, in particular a halftone portrait, or an alphanumeric character. In case several pixels are generated by laser or printing technology, for example in a halftone image, the outermost pixels assigned to the information item and adjacent to the background area form the outlines of the absorbing areas.

[0025] A “background area” preferably refers to an area or a partial area of ​​the second area directly adjacent to the absorbent area, which area does not contain the personalized information item but preferably provides a contrasting background, as a result of which the personalized information item is visible.

[0026] Here, "area" in each case specifically refers to a defined surface division of a layer, film or ply which is occupied when viewed perpendicularly to a plane spanned by the respective layer, film or ply. Preferably, in the case of viewing perpendicularly to a plane spanned by the respective layer, area, overlap, width and length are particularly taken into account, wherein the plane spanned exists without taking into account the layer thickness of the respective layer. The area specifically extends through the security document or system with the surface division defined thereby as the underlying surface. The layer is preferably an essentially two-dimensional structure. In particular, the layer itself can be single-layer or multi-layer.

[0027] The optically variable effect can be selected in particular, alone or in combination, from: a viewing angle-dependent contrast, in particular a brightness change, a viewing angle-dependent color change, a viewing angle-dependent motion effect, a viewing angle-dependent pattern change, a holographic representation, a kinematic representation. The viewing angle of the security element, in particular the first security element, can be changed by an observer, in particular by tilting, turning and / or bending the security element. The security element is preferably already formed or is formed as a transfer ply of a laminate film or a transfer film.

[0028] "Alignment" and "alignment-accurate" refer to the positioning accuracy of two or more plies, elements, areas and / or layers relative to each other. The range of the alignment accuracy is within a predefined alignment tolerance, which is as small as possible. At the same time, the alignment accuracy of several plies, elements, areas and / or layers relative to each other is an important feature in order to increase process reliability and / or product quality, but also to prevent counterfeiting. Alignment-accurate or positionally accurate positioning can be achieved in particular by sensory, preferably optically detectable alignment marks. These alignment marks can represent specific individual plies, elements, areas and / or layers, or they themselves are part of the plies, elements, areas and / or layers to be positioned. "Perfect alignment" means in particular that there is no alignment tolerance.

[0029] The viewing angle-dependent contrast is, in particular, a viewing angle-dependent brightness contrast which is preferably already provided or provided by a defined brightness difference and / or preferably defined differences in the brightness difference when viewed at different defined viewing angles.

[0030] Observing the first side of the security element can occur specifically at a predefined observation angle, at which the brightness contrast, for example, adopts a defined value. These predefined observation angles can also be specifically determined by an angle range and do not necessarily correspond to individual values ​​in particular. The defined observation angles are located within a specific angle range, which mainly exist between the incident light, the plane spanned by the layer or ply of the first security element, or the normal of the plane spanned, and the observer or recipient. In particular, the first security element can be moved into an open state, in which the optically variable effect is visible to the human eye at the defined observation angle, and the first security element can be moved into a closed state, in which the optically variable effect is invisible to the human eye at different defined observation angles. The optically variable effect of the first security element is preferably visible at a predefined first observation angle and is particularly invisible at a second predefined observation angle, in particular wherein the first security element is preferably transparent at the second observation angle.

[0031] At a predefined first observation angle, wherein preferably no specular reflection is visible, in particular the maximum amount of light reflected or diffracted by the first security element is visible. Advantageously, since the structure of the first security element is capable of reflecting or diffracting in particular 20% of the overall incident light, this structure appears very bright to an observer, since most of the reflected or diffracted light is concentrated in a narrow angle range and in particular is directed directly at the observer. The remaining (in particular 80%) incident light is scattered (for example only diffusely) by the first side of the security element (in particular the substrate), thereby appearing dark in comparison thereto. The substrate can, for example, be formed at least by a preferably opaque layer core or a paper substrate. Advantageously, when observed at the predefined first observation angle, the at least one personalized information item is particularly easily recognizable, since the absorption region (in particular the blackened portion) is at least partially located in front of the first security element and, for example, weakens the reflection portion in comparison with the background region, which appears particularly bright in correspondence with the absorption region (in particular the blackened portion). Observing the security document at the first predefined angle preferably corresponds to an open state of the first security element, in particular wherein the first security element is illuminated at least in a partial area and preferably at least in a plurality of areas or evenly over the entire surface.

[0032] At a third predefined observation angle, the specular reflection is preferably visible. In particular, the light source reflected on the first side of the security document is visible here. This occurs in particular in the case of security documents made of plastic with a smooth surface. Here, a typical reflection of about 5% of the incident light can obscure the personalized information item. Absorption areas, which include, for example, blackened absorption areas, can hardly be recognized because, for example, the preferably used bright substrate diffusely reflects the light, resulting in it not appearing bright enough for the observer.

[0033] The second predefined observation angle is in particular an observation angle outside the first predefined observation angle, at which the specular reflection of the light source is not directly visible, and is therefore preferably also outside the predefined third observation angle. Observing the security document at the second predefined angle preferably corresponds to a closed state of the first security element.

[0034] Preferably, the brightness difference between the background area and the absorption area in the second area is stronger at a predefined first observation angle than at a predefined second observation angle. Stronger specifically means that the incremental opening value described below is greater than the incremental closing value.

[0035] In particular, light incident on the first side of the security document is reflected less strongly in the absorption area than in the surrounding area, with the result that the personalized information item is visible, preferably visible to the human eye, in particular in the open state and in the closed state.

[0036] It is also conceivable that the brightness difference between the background area and the absorption area in the further area is weaker at a predefined first observation angle than at a predefined second observation angle, in particular because the further absorption layer is arranged below the first security element when observing the first side and / or the at least one personalized information item has been or is formed in the further area by additionally absorbing light incident on the first side, preferably when observing the first side at the second observation angle, wherein the absorption also occurs in particular below the first security element. Weaker specifically means that the incremental opening value described below is smaller than the incremental closing value.

[0037] These two embodiments can preferably be combined. An embodiment can be envisaged in which the first brightness difference between the background area and the absorption area in the second area is stronger at a predefined first observation angle than at a predefined second observation angle, and the second brightness difference between the background area and the absorption area in the further area is weaker at the predefined first observation angle than at the predefined second observation angle.

[0038] The personalization of the document is usually achieved by overprinting, preferably dark to black, or by the action of laser radiation, in particular by blackening by means of laser radiation. In particular, in the case of printed personalization, color overprinting is also possible, wherein dark colors are preferably used, such as, for example, dark blue or dark green or dark red. In order to make the personalized information item easily recognizable, a preferably bright substrate is advantageously used. This can be an unprinted area of ​​the substrate, an area white printing, or suchlike with a preferably light printing area. This can be a color with low saturation (i.e. low absorption) and / or with low surface coverage. In the case of security documents made of plastic, such as, for example, cards or data pages containing polycarbonate (PC) or PET, the surface coverage of the printing ink on the layer is preferably less than 50% so as not to weaken the bonding in the final product too much. In the case of security documents made of plastic, there is usually a layer (e.g. a core layer) containing a filler (such as, for example, TiO2) in order to make the document body mostly opaque and achieve a good contrast of the personalized information item. In particular, due to the filler, the layer diffusely scatters the incident light over a large angle range and appears white or a white hue.

[0039] The ply, in particular the core layer, may contain fillers or colorants, with the result that, when viewing the first side, a colored ply, in particular the core layer, may be present as a substrate, in particular behind the at least one personalized information item and behind the first security element. Preference is given here to using a white tint. Thus, when viewing the first side, there may also be a white ply, in particular a white core layer, present as a substrate, in particular behind the at least one personalized information item and behind the first security element.

[0040] If the absorption layer is blackened by the action of laser radiation, this blackening is advantageously more easily recognizable in contrast to the substrate, which in particular provides a white background. The personalized information item preferably generally comprises an image information item and further data. At least one personalized information item advantageously has been introduced or is introduced as an image information item, so that different gray tones can be presented and / or perceived. The further personalized information item is preferably present in the uniform blackening in the form of data, since it is not necessary to gradient the blackening.

[0041] As a measure of the blackening, the optical density can be determined with reference to the K value. The optical density is preferably measured in accordance with ISO 13655:2017 (E) "Graphic technology - Spectral measurement and colorimetric calculation for graphic art images". The measuring device illuminates the sample to be measured, in particular via a light ring, which illuminates the sample at 45°. An LED is preferably used as a light source. The measurement is achieved by observation with a spectrometer perpendicular to the sample surface. The light scattered back by the measured object is measured in the spectral range of 400 nm to 700 nm at intervals of 10 nm.

[0042] In order to determine the K value for the optical density, the first measurement is preferably carried out when the security document is not blackened, as a reference; and the second measurement is carried out when the security document is blackened at the same point, as a reference. Preferably, it is possible to perform the measurement in such a way that a reference measurement of the optical density is first achieved, wherein such a reference measurement of the optical density is specifically carried out either on a blank document that is not personalized (preferably not blackened) at the same point on the area that is later blackened, or on the same document at a comparison point with a similar non-blackened substrate. Thus, in particular, a measurement of an area with the optical properties that the security document would have at the measuring point if it were not blackened is carried out as a reference measurement. The subsequent second measurement of the optical density is carried out in the blackened area, and the K value can be calculated from the difference. The optical density is derived from the negative logarithm to the base 10 of the quotient of the measured value of the reflection in the blackened case and the measured value in the non-blackened case. Therefore, a higher optical density or a higher K value is associated with a stronger blackening.

[0043] In order to adapt the measurement to the area to be measured, different diaphragms can be used. Typical diameters of the measuring diaphragms are in the range of 1 mm to 7 mm. In the case of a 45°:0° measuring geometry using an x-rite precision device (from X-Rite, registered office Siemensstrasse 12b, 63263 Neu-Isenburg, Germany), the subsequent K value for the optical density can be determined.

[0044] The blackening in the absorption layer for forming at least one personalized information item, preferably in the form of a portrait, is measurable with reference to a K value. The absorption area has preferably been treated or is treated such that the K value of the at least one personalized information item is in the range between 0 and 3. The value 0 means that there is no blackening, in particular no bright spots of blackening. The value 3 is dark and advantageously the blackening is already clearly visible. With a maximum value of 3, it is advantageously achieved that damage to the product, such as for example the formation of bubbles, is prevented, in particular when foreign material, such as a security element, is present in the absorption area. In the case of low contrast of the at least one personalized information item, in particular the portrait, the K value is in particular between 0 and 1. In the case of high contrast of the at least one personalized information item, in particular the portrait, the K value is between 0 and 2.

[0045] The K value is a measure of the intensity with which the melanization absorbs incident light and corresponds to the optical density of the melanization. The K value is preferably measured in the closed state.

[0046] The measurement method detects the entire blackening, especially in e.g. Figure 1g That is, both the blackening in the absorbing layer and possibly other layers on top of the first security element and the blackening possibly located underneath the preferably transparent first security element.

[0047] The brightness contrast in the second area, in particular the brightness contrast of at least one personalization information item (preferably in the form of a portrait), is preferably calculated as follows:

[0048] In particular, the viewing angle-dependent brightness contrast is preferably already provided by or by a preferably predefined viewing angle-dependent brightness difference between the background area and the absorbing area.

[0049] The difference in brightness between background and absorption area, preferably the blackening in the absorption area, can be determined in particular according to the following formula for incremental switching on and incremental switching off, where "on" means when observing at a predefined first observation angle and "off" means when observing at a predefined second observation angle. The abbreviation MW stands for the measured value determined for the brightness. The difference between these measured values ​​determined is divided in each case by the measured value at an appropriate position in the substrate in order to compensate for any differences in the reflection behavior or scattering behavior or illumination between the first observation angle and the second observation angle. In the process, a substrate area is used which has properties comparable to those of the observed background area or absorption area and which is in particular present as close to it as possible. Preferably, measured values ​​of an area with corresponding optical properties can be selected as the MW substrate, wherein the security document has this optical property at points in the MW absorption area when it has not been treated to make at least one personalized information item visible by absorbing light incident on the first side, in particular when it has not been blackened, and / or has this optical property at points in the MW background area when there is no first security element; in the corresponding security document, in particular when observing the first side, this can be an area adjacent to the first and / or second area, the background area and / or the absorption area.

[0050]

[0051] According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention:

[0052] Incremental on > Incremental off

[0053] The normalized difference D between the incremental opening and the incremental closing advantageously exceeds a minimum value.

[0054]

[0055] A suitable minimum value for the normalized difference D is 5%, preferably 10%, particularly preferably 15%.

[0056] In a preferred embodiment, the minimum value is applied to the region with the largest normalized difference D.

[0057] A higher value of D means a greater increase in the brightness difference of the measured values ​​between the on and off state and in particular makes the change from the off to the on state more noticeable. Additionally, this criterion ensures that blackening in the absorption region is also easily identifiable in the on state.

[0058] In particular, the difference in brightness difference when observed at different defined observation angles may preferably be defined by a normalized difference D.

[0059] Individual information items can have fine details and accordingly vary the blackening greatly locally. Therefore, it can be difficult to measure with a conventional densitometer. Measuring with a camera at a corresponding resolution makes it possible to still provide information.

[0060] Depending on the resolution of the measuring instrument, the measured values ​​may vary within a range. If the measurement gives different values ​​for an area (particularly a part of the absorption area and / or the background area), the median or arithmetic mean of the corresponding area (particularly the absorption area and / or the background area) is preferably used as the measured value.

[0061] In particular, dimensionless grayscale or brightness values ​​are preferred as measured values ​​for the reflection. To indicate the contrast or optical density or brightness, the following settings may be used.

[0062] To this end, the security document is conveniently arranged so that a first side of the security document is visible or can be captured with a camera and spans a plane having an x-axis and a y-axis perpendicular to the x-axis, in particular with the origin of the coordinates in the center of the security document. Perpendicular to this plane (and therefore in particular in the thickness direction of the security document) can be considered the z-axis. The camera is preferably arranged above the security document in the z-direction. The light source is in particular arranged to be offset relative to the security document and the camera so that the light diffracted or scattered back by the first security element at least partially illuminates the aperture of the camera. Observation is preferably carried out by the camera perpendicular to the first security element (in particular the xy plane). The illumination is carried out laterally so that the light diffracted or scattered back by the first security element at least partially illuminates the aperture of the camera. The illumination is carried out by, for example, a fluorescent tube. The following table shows an exemplary test setup, in which the lamp is preferably a fluorescent tube:

[0063]

[0064]

[0065] By means of an offset of the lamp of 90 mm, the centre of the lamp is in particular located on the x-axis extending through the centre of the security element. The values ​​in the table above show setting values ​​for using a camera for image capture. The positioning of the lamp can be adapted to correspond to the characteristics of the first security element in various situations so that the switched-on state is captured and thus observed at a predefined first observation angle. In the case of a glittering structure, important parameters are in particular the inclination angle α of the facets of the structure and the refractive index n, as for example with respect to Figure 3b As described.

[0066] The gray value is determined from the color value signals (R, G, B) of the camera in particular according to the formula: Gray value = 0.200* red component + 0.587* green component + 0.114* blue component. The result is a value that represents the brightness of the image point independently of the color.

[0067] The relative difference in the grey values ​​between the on and off state may depend not only on the substrate (such as for example the type and density of printing or colouring of the opaque core layer, which may be arranged behind the first security element when viewing the first side), but also on the type of light source, in particular the range of the light source. A point light source will lead to a larger relative difference than a wide light source. The described measurement setup represents an intermediate stage.

[0068] At a second predefined observation angle, i.e., in particular in the closed state (wherein the first security element does not deflect light to the observer and is therefore not visible), a first brightness value of the measurement area is generated. This is defined by the average gray value. The arithmetic mean or, in particular in the case of very noisy measurement areas, the median is used as the average gray value. However, at the predefined first observation angle, the first security element deflects light to the observer and is therefore visible, i.e., in particular in the open state, a second brightness value of this measurement area is generated, which is defined by the associated average gray value. The second average gray value is at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, and particularly preferably at least 15% higher than the first average gray value. The arithmetic mean of the measured values ​​of the reflection and / or reflected light and / or scattered light in the first area is preferably at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, and further preferably at least 15% greater at the predefined first observation angle than at the predefined second observation angle. Thus, the difference of the measured value in the open state minus the measured value in the closed state divided by the measured value in the closed state is in particular at least 0.05, preferably at least 0.1, preferably at least 0.15.

[0069] The maximum maximum difference in brightness at a predefined first observation angle, in particular in the second region (preferably between the background and the absorption region), is greater than the maximum maximum difference in brightness at a predefined second observation angle in the second region (in particular between the background and the absorption region), preferably wherein in a subregion of the personalized information item (in particular the absorption region) the reflection is weaker than in a subregion of the second region in which no absorption region is present. This can be determined, in particular with the described setup, by determining the measured values ​​of the corresponding region.

[0070] In other words, in case of a change from the second predefined observation angle to the first predefined observation angle, it is possible to increase the brightness more strongly in the background area than in the absorption area.

[0071] In a preferred embodiment, wherein the brightness difference in the second area is stronger at a predefined first observation angle than at a predefined second observation angle, this preferably means that the contrast in the second area calculated based on the ratio of the arithmetic mean of the measured values ​​of the reflection in the absorption area to the arithmetic mean of the measured values ​​of the reflection in the background area has a lower value at the predefined first observation angle than at the predefined second observation angle.

[0072] It is also possible that the first security element is designed such that, in the event of a change in viewing from a predefined second viewing angle to viewing at a predefined first viewing angle, the brightness increase, in particular in the second region, is smaller in the absorptive region than in the background region.

[0073] It is also possible that at least in at least a portion of the first region, the absorption region has an optical density with a maximum K value of 3, in particular measured according to ISO 13655:2017 (E). The contrast between the absorption region and the background region in the second region may have a value of at most 0.1, preferably 0.15 at a first observation angle. At a predefined first observation angle, the contrast between the blackening of the portion of the second region outside the absorption region and the portion of the region in the absorption region is preferably in the range from 0.1 to 3.

[0074] Preferably, the optically variable effect of the first security element is only visible when observing the first side. Preferably, when observed from the first side, the security document may have a translucent or opaque contrast layer behind the first security element to increase the contrast of the personalized information item, in particular at an observation angle different from the first predefined observation angle (preferably at a second observation angle). The contrast layer preferably contains a filler, in particular TiO2, for a preferably diffuse scattering of the incident light. The contrast layer preferably does not have an optically variable effect. In particular, the core layer is coated with a contrast layer or represents a contrast layer. For this purpose, the core layer may contain a filler, such as in particular TiO2, and / or scatter white light, or have a colored white print on the surface. Between the absorbing layer and the first security element, the security document is preferably translucent or transparent, in particular not opaque. The advantage that can be achieved thereby is that, in the case of attempting to manipulate, it becomes more difficult to grind off from the second side. In particular, it may be difficult for a counterfeiter to recognize that the first security element provides protection against grinding off from the second side before damaging the first security element.

[0075] The security document may further comprise a second security element with an optically variable effect in a third area, the second security element being arranged in front of the absorbing layer when viewing the first side, in particular wherein the third area does not overlap with the absorbing area or overlaps with the absorbing area partially or over the entire surface. Preferably, the optically variable effect is not visible at a predefined first observation angle. Advantageously, the second security element may be obscured by the first security element at the predefined first observation angle. It may also be possible for the first security element and the second security element to be visible, in particular to the human eye, preferably at different observation angles when viewing the first side. The advantage that can be achieved thereby is that a check for manipulation attempts can be performed quickly and easily from only a single side, i.e. from the first side.

[0076] Preferably, the first safety element and the second safety element and particularly the absorption area overlap in the overlap area. When observing the first side, the safety element with optically variable effect is provided in each case, specifically in front and behind at least a portion of the absorption area. The two safety elements preferably overlap at least partially, particularly in the case of looking down on the plane spanned by the security document. The second safety element located in front of the absorption area is preferably designed to be translucent or transparent. Further preferably, the first and second safety elements are designed to be translucent or transparent. For example, it becomes more difficult to grind off a part of the surface and replace the personalized information item, because in order to manipulate the entire personalized information item, at least one of the safety elements will be damaged in the process.

[0077] It is also possible for the optically variable effects of the first security element and of the second security element to interact with each other, in particular such that there is a logical combination of two planes which is visible to the human eye and / or measurable and / or perceptible to a human observer, thereby further increasing the protection against counterfeiting.

[0078] In particular, a combination of a first and a second security element can be envisaged such that backlighting of a partial metallization of the second security element is achieved. Thus, the metallized areas can appear dark compared to non-metallized areas. This can be used in particular for design integration. For example, the partial metallization can have the shape of a house, where the windows are designed to be metal-free. When the second security element is backlit by the optical effect of the first security element, the windows light up as if someone had switched on a light.

[0079] It is also possible to envisage a combination of a first and a second security element, such that a shadow of a partial metallization of the second security element is projected onto the reflective layer of the first security element. The partial metallization can have, for example, the shape of a letter. The greater the distance between the first security element and the second security element, the more pronounced the movement of the shadow projected onto the reflective layer of the first security element when the security document is tilted, in particular when the security document is tilted to the left and right or forward and backward.

[0080] A combination of a first and a second security element can also be envisaged, such that the partial metallization is designed in the form of a so-called developing layer for a moiré effect, for example in the form of thin demetallized lines or a grid of holes, wherein the line or hole centers or hole edges have a regular spacing, preferably with a spacing in the range between 5 μm and 200 μm, and the line width or hole diameter is preferably selected so that at most 50%, preferably at most 30%, particularly preferably at most 20% of the light incident on the partial metallization passes through the line grid or the hole grid. It is further preferred that the optical effect of the first security element is formed in the shape of a moiré pattern matching the line or hole grid, for example in the shape of a lighted moiré icon or a similar micro-image. Thus, a moiré-like magnification and / or shifting effect can preferably be achieved in the finished security document. The connection area of ​​the two security elements has been or is achieved, in particular here one is located above the other.

[0081] The hole size is preferably of the same size over the entire partially metallized area. As a result, the brightness of the optical effect of the first security element is approximately the same. Alternatively, the hole size can be varied in a targeted manner over the partially metallized area of ​​the first security element, whereby, for example, a brightness gradient can be generated and thus, for example, a fade-in or fade-out of the optical effect in the partially metallized edge area can be achieved.

[0082] Further, the first security element and / or the second security element may be designed to be translucent and / or transparent, in particular to have a transmittance in a wavelength range visible to the human eye selected from 380 nm to 780 nm, preferably from 430 nm to 690 nm. It can thereby advantageously be achieved that even in the closed state or at a predefined second viewing angle, a great deal of design freedom for the optical effect of the security document in the background area can be ensured, and for example, further information or decorative items can be shown on the first side behind the first security element, or a high-contrast substrate can be provided for the absorbing area, in particular by one or more core layers printed thereon. Particularly preferred are particularly fine-line security prints and / or particularly optically variable effect pigments, which fluoresce, for example, under UV radiation or light up under IR radiation. Another advantage compared to an opaque, in particular metallic security element is that in the case of a translucent and / or transparent design, the first security feature is barely visible or not visible in the closed state, whereby, in the case of a change to the open state, a surprising effect is achieved for the observer, which advantageously further increases the protection against counterfeiting.

[0083] The second security element may also be designed to be opaque, in particular to have a transmittance in the wavelength range visible to the human eye of 0.1% to 30%, preferably 1% to 10%.

[0084] The absorption region is preferably aligned with the background region, preferably completely aligned or without alignment tolerance. As described above, an improved protection against counterfeiting can thereby be achieved and the authenticity check can be simplified.

[0085] The security document may also have a window area, wherein the core layer is preferably transparent or omitted. An absorption area for forming another optical information item, particularly another personalized information item, is preferably already or is being introduced at least partially in the recording layer in the window area. When observing the first side of the security document, another area of ​​the third security element or the first security element is preferably arranged behind the other optical information item. Therefore, the recognizability of the other optical information item in reflected light can be designed to be low, because a contrasting "white" background, for example, is lacking. Through another area of ​​the third security element or the first security element, it is possible to realize the backlighting of the other optical information item at another predefined angle, and therefore, the other optical information item can be easily checked by "opening and closing". The other area of ​​the first security element is preferably designed to be identical with the first security element in the second area.

[0086] The first security element and / or the second security element in particular has a carrier, in particular comprises or consists of PET or PEN. The carrier preferably has a layer thickness in the range from 5 μm to 150 μm, further preferably from 5 μm to 50 μm, further preferably from 10 μm to 25 μm.

[0087] It is also possible for the first security element and / or the second security element to have at least one replication layer, in particular for the at least one replication layer to have a layer thickness in the range from 0.2 μm to 20 μm, preferably from 0.2 μm to 10 μm.

[0088] The first security element and / or the second security element may also have at least one reflective layer having a preferred layer thickness in the range of from 40 nm to 200 nm, further preferably 40 nm to 100 nm. The reflective layer may preferably consist of a material whose refractive index differs from the refractive index of the replication layer by at least 0.2. The reflective layer preferably comprises or contains a metal layer or a high refractive index layer (=HRI layer, a layer with a high refractive index) or a combination thereof. Preferred materials for the HRI layer are, for example, ZnS and / or TiO2. Therefore, the reflective layer preferably comprises ZnS or TiO2, or specifically consists of ZnS or TiO2. The HRI layer may comprise or consist of a material selected from SiOx, MgO, TiOx, Al2O3, ZnO, ZnS, either individually or in combination. The variable x is preferably located in a continuous range of 1 to 3. The reflective layer may comprise or consist of the following metals, either individually or in combination: chromium, aluminum, gold, copper, tin, indium, silver, and alloys of one or more of the above metals. The thickness of the metal layer is in particular in the range from 10 nm to 200 nm, preferably from 15 nm to 100 nm. The reflective layer may also preferably contain one or more metal oxides, which are selected from aluminum oxide, chromium oxide, silicon oxide, indium tin oxide, titanium oxide and combinations thereof, alone or in combination. In the case of an HRI layer, the reflective layer preferably has a refractive index greater than 1.9 in the wavelength range visible to the human eye, which is preferably in the wavelength range of 420 nm to 780 nm.

[0089] The reflective layer is arranged in particular on a part or the entire surface of a surface in the security document and / or the first security element and / or the second security element, in particular wherein the reflective layer has different layer thicknesses at least on a part of the surface.

[0090] The first security element and / or the second security element preferably has a separation layer. The separation layer ensures that the layer composite of the transfer layer can be separated from the carrier layer of the transfer film, in particular during application. The separation layer is arranged in particular on the side of the security element facing away from the adhesive layer or the stabilizing layer. When the security element is laminated into a layer composite, the separation layer can additionally bring good adhesion to the adjacent polycarbonate layer or adjacent PVC layer (PVC = polyvinyl chloride) or to the adjacent PET layer or adjacent adhesive layer. The thickness of the separation layer is in the range of 0.2 μm to 10 μm, preferably in the range of 0.2 μm to 5 μm. The thickness of the wax layer that may optionally be present ranges from 1 to 50 nm. The separation of the carrier layer of the transfer film can be additionally improved by one or more thin wax layers. One or more of the one or more wax layers can remain on the separation layer in the security document, and / or one or more of the one or more wax layers can be separated together with the carrier layer.

[0091] The first security element and / or the second security element may also have one or more functional layers arranged between the separation layer and the reflective layer. Such functional layers may be stabilizing layers having a stabilizing mechanical effect against degradation during lamination, in particular between further layers made of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The stabilizing layer is or preferably is thermally stabilized, in particular crosslinked by radiation (in particular UV radiation) or by a chemical reaction.

[0092] The first security element and / or the second security element may also have at least one stabilizing layer with a preferred layer thickness in the range of from 0.5 μm to 20 μm, further preferably from 1.0 μm to 10 μm, wherein the stabilizing layer is in particular a single-layer or multi-layer layer and preferably comprises an adhesion promoter layer. The stabilizing layer is arranged in particular on the side of the replication layer facing away from the separating layer.

[0093] The first security element and / or the second security element may also have at least one adhesive layer with a preferred layer thickness in the range of 0.2 μm to 20 μm, further preferably 0.2 μm to 10 μm, in particular wherein the adhesive layer is formed by a hot melt adhesive or cold glue, and wherein the adhesive layer is preferably designed as a single layer or multiple layers. The adhesive layer is arranged in particular on the side of the replication layer facing away from the separating layer, in particular on the side of the stabilization layer facing away from the separating layer.

[0094] It is also possible that the first security element and / or the second security element, in particular in the reflective layer and / or the replication layer, has at least one relief structure, wherein the at least one relief structure deflects, in particular diffracts and / or reflects incident light within a predetermined angular range.

[0095] In a preferred embodiment, the first security element appears achromatic in the second region, in particular in the background region, when observed at a predefined first observation angle. Suitably, the first security element preferably has a microstructure with an achromatic appearance. Examples of microstructures with an achromatic appearance are, for example, diffraction gratings, in particular blazed gratings, or diffraction structures with a grating period greater than 3 μm, in particular greater than 5 μm, isotropic or anisotropic scattering matt structures, light-reflecting micromirrors or facets, and white-light diffraction computer-generated holograms (CGHs).

[0096] The first security element may also be translucent or transparent in the second region when the first side is observed at a predefined second observation angle.

[0097] It is further preferred that the first security element appears achromatic at least in a first partial area of ​​the absorption area forming a grayscale image or a multi-color image, preferably a portrait, when observed at a predefined first observation angle. The first security element, in particular the second area, may only form a partial area of ​​the first side of the security document. It is also preferably possible for the first security element to be arranged to overlap or overlap with the entire surface portion of at least one first partial area of ​​the absorption area, which first partial area forms a grayscale image or a multi-color image, preferably a portrait, in a closed and coherent area, the minimum width or minimum length of which is 80%, preferably 100%, of the area provided for the first partial area of ​​the absorption area 30. In particular, the provided area is the area defined for the portrait in the security document. The second area formed by at least a partial area of ​​the absorption area and a partial area of ​​the background area directly adjacent to the absorption area preferably has the outline of the portrait or a frame around the portrait. The maximum width and / or the maximum length of the closed and coherent area is preferably 110% of the provided area of ​​the first partial area of ​​the absorption area.

[0098] It is also conceivable that the first security element has a further area which is separate from the second area and in particular an area of ​​a different design. It is further possible that the second area, which is formed at least by a partial area of ​​the absorption area and a partial area of ​​the background area directly adjacent to the absorption area, has a width in the range from 10 mm to 50 mm and a length in the range from 15 mm to 70 mm. By means of the above-mentioned properties, in particular, a contrast which depends on the viewing angle can be assigned to the personalized information item, as a result of which the first security element is not only perceived as an independent pattern. In particular, it can be achieved that the absorption area is intuitively perceived as optically variable together with the first security element as a portrait. In addition, the check on authenticity is improved, because in particular the achromatic effect which preferably forms a portrait backlight type can be checked particularly easily by the human eye and even by a lying person, and as already described above, the perfect alignment is difficult to forge.

[0099] The first security element is preferably colored in a fourth region, particularly preferably multicolored, wherein the fourth region overlaps with a second partial region of the absorbing region, particularly in regions which are preferably formed by alphanumeric characters. Protection against forgery can thereby be further improved, since the backlight is preferably partially absent, as a result of which regions with an otherwise complex security element can be provided, as a result of which, on the one hand, the portrait can be easily checked and at the same time the front side is difficult to forge.

[0100] Advantageously, the first security element may have a substantially achromatic optically variable effect at least in a partial region, preferably in the second region. These have the advantage that they increase the contrast of the absorption, preferably black absorption, of the at least one personalization information item at least at a predefined first observation angle and behave color-neutrally, unlike colored optically variable effects. This is advantageous in particular when superimposing portraits by blackening and / or black printing and / or color printing, since the color effect, if any, is perceived by the observer as disruptive or confusing there, as a result of which a particularly simple check by the observer is possible here.

[0101] The first security element preferably has an achromatic effect selected from the following alone or in combination:

[0102] - a white-lit effect is achieved by tilting, in particular by tilting forwards and backwards and / or to the left and right, preferably wherein the first security element lights up white, preferably lights up uniformly white, at a predefined first observation angle, and does not light up white, in particular is translucent or transparent, at a predefined second observation angle;

[0103] achromatic brightness patterns, such as, for example, brightness bands which move, in particular linearly or radially or in a more complex shape, when the security document is tilted, in particular when tilted front to back and / or to the left and right;

[0104] - a lighted white icon or a dark icon on a lighted white background, which moves when the security document is tilted, in particular to the left, right and / or up or down, preferably virtually floats in front of or behind the plane of the security element, in particular recognizable under illumination from a point light source. Preferably, the icon refers to a two-dimensional or planar object, such as a pattern, for example one or more letters, a logo or a barcode;

[0105] - Achromatically appearing convexly or concavely curved lens shapes or free forms which preferably appear to almost jump in front of or behind the document plane.

[0106] Such achromatic, optically variable effects can be generated with different types of microstructures, for example by means of a grating structure, preferably a blazed grating, having a grating period greater than 3 μm, in particular greater than 5 μm, or by means of a computer-generated hologram or by means of a micromirror or by means of a Fresnel lens structure or by means of a matte scattering structure or by means of a light-directing diffraction structure.

[0107] The at least one relief structure of the first security element is advantageously a blazed structure, in particular with a grating period of greater than 3 μm, further preferably greater than 5 μm, and in particular at most 25 μm, and / or in the range from 3 μm to 25 μm. The first security element preferably has a blazed structure having an angle range of an inclination α in the range from 0 to 40 degrees, preferably in the range from 3 to 30 degrees, further preferably in the range from 5 to 25 degrees. The reflective layer of the first security element is preferably formed by an HRI layer (HRI: High Reflectivity). Preferably, the layer thickness of the HRI layer is in particular in the range from 30 nm to 280 nm, preferably in the range from 50 nm to 120 nm.

[0108] The first security element may also show an achromatic movement sequence in the first area when the first side is observed at a first predefined observation angle. In particular, the achromatic movement sequence is preferably visible by tilting the security document. For this purpose, flared structures or micromirrors may be used which in particular have a varying azimuth angle and thus a varying orientation, or in which the period of the flared structures or the side angles of the micromirrors vary.

[0109] The first security element may also have element areas, in particular such that they have a size that is smaller than the resolution capability of the human eye, preferably when the first side is observed at a distance in the range of more than 30 cm, wherein a relief structure is provided in the element area which is different from the relief structure of the surrounding area of ​​the first area and is in particular pattern-shaped. The maximum width of these element areas is preferably in the range from 2 μm to 250 μm. The surface coverage of these elements is preferably less than 25%.

[0110] When observing the first side, a first security element in the form of a preferably extensive patch, optionally with cutouts, in particular acting as a joining bridge, preferably has been or is arranged behind the portrait and partially behind further items of personalized information, in particular personalized data. Thus, the first security element, which is partially arranged in the security document, in particular has a plurality of interruptions as joining bridges for the surrounding layers. It is in particular also possible for the first security element to be present over the entire surface of the security document. In other words, the first area preferably includes the entire security element.

[0111] The first safety element may further be or be arranged in several separate areas, or the first safety element and the other safety elements may be or be arranged in the same plane. For this reason, the first safety element or the first safety element and these other safety elements may be or be applied to the same layer, which is preferably a core layer or a cover layer, preferably a first cover layer, in particular directly or indirectly via another layer. During application, the safety element or several separate areas of the first safety element may further preferably come from one and the same transfer ply of the transfer film. Specifically, the alignment accuracy of the applied safety elements relative to each other may be improved thereby. Alternatively, each area and / or each safety element may be provided and applied with its own separate transfer film.

[0112] The first and / or second security element may also preferably comprise a diffraction grating. Such diffraction gratings are preferably selected, alone or in combination, from: linear gratings, crossed gratings. The diffraction grating preferably has a grating period in the range from 200 nm to 10 μm. The diffraction grating in particular has a grating depth in the range from 50 nm to 2 μm, preferably between 80 nm and 1.5 μm. Diffraction gratings with a grating period of less than 500 nm and preferably less than 400 nm are further conceivable. When these gratings are provided with a high refractive index layer or a metal layer, these gratings are sub-wavelength gratings in the zero diffraction order, thereby having a color impression and / or color effect, in particular in direct reflection. If the grating is provided with a high refractive index layer, a so-called RICS color effect is particularly formed. If the grating is provided with a metal layer (e.g. aluminum), a plasma color effect is particularly formed. The absorption regions advantageously contrast well with the color impression of the diffraction grating, with the result that these items of personalized information are easier to check than personalizations previously known from the prior art without security elements behind these items of personalized information.

[0113] The first security element preferably has a portion of the metal layer as a reflective layer in the region outside the absorption region. As a result, a striking and easily detectable effect can be produced without, for example, laser destruction of the metal layer.

[0114] At least one personalized information item has been formed in the security document or in the production method, preferably by manipulation of the absorption layer with a laser, in particular by blackening, and / or by a printed layer comprised or formed by the absorption layer, in particular by printing. The blackening can have different intensities corresponding to the energy introduced and / or have been introduced in a grid-like manner, as a result of which, for example, grayscale can also be achieved. In particular, the personalized information item in the form of a portrait has been or is preferably formed by blackening and / or black printing and / or color printing. The background area preferably refers to a subarea of ​​the first area, in which no printing is arranged or no manipulation by laser is performed.

[0115] The absorbing layer comprises or in particular consists of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), in particular if it is a laserable absorbing layer. The absorbing layer is preferably transparent outside the absorbing area. Before forming the at least one personalized information item, the absorbing layer may also be transparent in the absorbing area. The absorbing layer can preferably be written or written by a laser with a wavelength of about 1064 nm.

[0116] It is also possible that the further absorbent layer is arranged behind the first security element when viewing the first side.It is preferably possible here that the at least one personalized information item in the closed state or when viewed at the second viewing angle consists of the absorbent layer and the further absorbent layer.

[0117] The second area may be formed by the first area. It is also conceivable that the first area has a further area which does not overlap with the second area. The outline of the second area may also form a frame for a first personalization information item of the at least one personalization information item, in particular around the portrait.

[0118] The security document may have further security elements, such as a third security element, in each case the above-mentioned observation angles may be defined independently of one another, with the result that, for example, a first observation angle assigned to the first security element may mean a different observation angle of the security document than observation of the third security element at its first predefined observation angle.

[0119] The security document may further have at least one, preferably opaque, core layer.The security document may also have at least one, preferably transparent, cover layer on the first side and / or the second side.

[0120] The security document preferably has one or more of the following layers, particularly in the order specified from the first side to the second side:

[0121] - a transparent first cover layer, in particular comprising or consisting of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC),

[0122] - a second security element arranged partially between the first cover layer and the absorbent layer

[0123] - an absorbent layer comprising or consisting of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC),

[0124] - a first safety element partially arranged between the absorbent layer and the core layer

[0125] - an opaque core layer, in particular comprising or consisting of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

[0126] A transparent second cover layer, in particular comprising or consisting of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

[0127] A security document may also have one or more of the following layers, specifically in the order specified from the first side to the second side:

[0128] A second security element, preferably over the entire surface, which in particular forms a transparent outermost layer of the security document and has at least one relief structure having a preferably diffractive optically variable effect due to a refractive index difference at the relief structure

[0129] - a transparent first cover layer, in particular comprising or consisting of polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC),

[0130] Absorbent layer in the form of a printed layer arranged in the area between the cover layer and / or the substrate

[0131] The substrate is particularly selected from paper, Textilene, PVC, ABS, PET and composite materials, either alone or in combination.

[0132] The second security element may preferably be present in a system for producing security documents over the entire surface in a second partial element and comprises a reflective layer in the form of an HRI layer, in particular wherein a relief structure with a diffractive optical effect is moulded into the reflective layer.

[0133] The second security element can preferably also be an almost entirely surface second security element which covers more than 80%, preferably more than 90% of the surface (preferably the visible surface) of the security document and / or the surface of the second partial element when observing the first side.

[0134] The folding edge may also be arranged between a first partial element of the security document and a second partial element of the security document, wherein the folding edge separates the first partial element of the security document from the second partial element of the security document, so that these partial elements can be made overlapping by folding at the folding edge or can be made overlapping during the manufacturing method.

[0135] The fold edge may also be present in an area in which neither the first nor the second carrier element is provided, or the first and second carrier elements are formed by layers which are connected by a weak point separating the first and second sub-element, in particular a notch, score or perforation which forms the fold edge.

[0136] The first security element may also be arranged in a first partial element of the first carrier element, on the side of the first carrier facing away from the auxiliary carrier. The second security element may also be arranged in a second partial element of the security document, between the carrier element and the adhesive layer, preferably on a part of the surface or on the entire surface.

[0137] It is also possible for at least one carrier layer to be arranged in the first subelement and / or in the second subelement on the side facing the auxiliary carrier, wherein the carrier layer in particular consists of PET or comprises PET.

[0138] The second partial element of the security document may also have a protective layer, wherein the protective layer is arranged on the side of the adhesive layer facing away from the carrier element. The protective layer is in particular detachable from the adhesive layer and in particular consists of or includes silicone. The protective layer preferably consists of a covering.

[0139] It is also possible to carry out the following steps, in particular before or after arranging the absorbent layer and the first security element:

[0140] - Introduction of at least one item of personalized information. The introduction of the at least one item of personalized information is preferably carried out by means of a laser, by blackening the absorption layer and / or by printing the absorption layer.

[0141] It is also possible, for example, that the security documents have been connected by lamination or are connected by lamination to form a secure layer composite.

[0142] The lamination for producing a security document or for connecting an absorbent layer to a core layer of a security element has preferably been or is carried out by laminating with a pressure of from 10 N / cm 2 Up to 400N / cm 2 , preferably 40N / cm 2 Up to 200N / cm 2 The lamination is carried out by applying a pressure of at least one or more layers selected from the group consisting of the absorbing layer, the first safety element, the second safety element, the core layer, the covering layer (particularly the first and / or second covering layer). The lamination may be or has been carried out by applying a temperature of more than 150° C., preferably between 160° C. and 210° C., from a heat source (particularly from one or more heated rollers or one or more heated plates) to at least one or more layers selected from the group consisting of the absorbing layer, the first safety element, the second safety element, the core layer, the covering layer (particularly the first and / or second covering layer). The lamination is preferably or has been carried out by applying a contact time of the heat source with at least one or more layers selected from the group consisting of the absorbing layer, the first safety element, the second safety element, the core layer, the covering layer (particularly the first and / or second covering layer) in the range of more than 1 minute to less than 30 minutes. In the process, the contact of the heat source with one or more of the above layers is preferably achieved directly or indirectly through other layers. The above arrangement is preferably used for the core layer, the absorbing layer and the covering layer, especially the first and second covering layers, composed of or including polycarbonate. For other materials, such as polyvinyl chloride, for example, settings with regard to temperature and pressure which differ from this and are matched to the material to be processed can be used.

[0143] For producing a security document, it is particularly possible to carry out such an arrangement by introducing blackening in the absorbing area by laser, preferably after laminating and / or gluing these layers of the security document, and / or a first partial element of the system according to the invention with a first security element is or has been provided with a printed layer as an absorbing layer and preferably then connected to a further layer of the security element, in particular a second partial element, by gluing, in particular by bending the system. From this, the following steps, in particular carried out during the arrangement, are also conceivable:

[0144] The system is bent such that the first and second subelement overlap and the at least one item of personalized information has a viewing angle-dependent contrast in a second region formed at least by a subregion of the absorbing region and a subregion of the background region directly adjoining the absorbing region.

[0145] In the following, the invention is explained by way of example with reference to several embodiment examples with the aid of the accompanying drawings. Therefore, the embodiment examples shown should not be understood as limiting.

[0146] Figure 1a , 1b , 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f, 1g, 1h, 1i show schematic diagrams of cross-sections of security documents.

[0147] Figure 2a and 2b A schematic diagram of a system for generating a security document and a security document generated thereby is shown.

[0148] Figure 3a A schematic diagram showing a transfer film.

[0149] Figure 3b A cross section of a security element is schematically shown.

[0150] Figure 4a , 4b , 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4j, 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f show schematic diagrams of observing the first side of the security document.

[0151] Figure 6 By way of example, a method for generating a security document is shown.

[0152] Figures 1a to 1iSchematic cross-sections of different structures of security documents 1 are shown. They are preferably plastic-based cards. The plastic-based security document 1 preferably consists of several layers, which are preferably already bonded together or are bonded together during the lamination process. The total thickness of the security element after lamination is preferably designed according to standard specifications. In the case of card-based ID documents (ID-1 format), it is specifically about 780 μm according to ISO / IEC 7810:2019. Advantageously, the individual layers consist of similar materials, such as, for example, polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), as a result of which a stable and approximately homogeneous composite is formed after lamination. However, the different materials can also be connected to each other, possibly with the aid of one or more adhesive layers, for example made of polyurethane or a heat-sealable adhesive. Such adhesives can also be post-crosslinked, as a result of which they do not melt again under the action of heat.

[0153] Figure 1a By way of example, a cross section of a first structure of a security document 1 is shown, preferably with a substantially opaque core, which is usually coloured white. The core is formed in particular by a core layer 55. The core layer 55 is preferably arranged in the middle. Transparent layers are attached to the core layer 55, in particular at the top and bottom, such as layers 54 and 56 in this example. However, the core layer 55 may also include transparent areas which can be used as window areas, for example Figure 1h Optional electronic components that may be located in the core layer 55, such as, for example, an RFID antenna and a chip, are not shown. The core layer 55 may be composed of several layers, and the core layer 55 may not be composed of a homogeneous material.

[0154] Figure 1a Several transparent layers are also shown, one of which is designed as an absorption layer 52, in particular in the form of a laserable layer. In the absorption layer 52 of the security document 1, preferably for forming at least one personalized information item 3, blackening can therefore be performed, in particular by laser radiation. The degree of blackening can be influenced in particular by the selected laser parameters. Figure 1a In FIG. 4 , the blackening is indicated only in the area 30 on top of the first security element 2 , further items of personalization information may also be located outside this area, but are not explicitly drawn.

[0155] The at least one personalized information item 3 may also be realized by a printing procedure (for example on a layer on top of the first security element 2), as for example with regard to Figure 1f , Figure 2a , Figure 2b as well as Figure 5a to Figure 5d or is sealed directly onto the first security element 2 and in particular is achieved by lamination with other layers.

[0156] A combination of an absorption layer 52, in particular blackening by laser personalization, in conjunction with a colored print on another layer of the security document 1 or on the surface of the security document 1 is also possible. In addition to or instead of the second security element 4, a further security element with an optically variable effect can be applied to the surface of the security document.

[0157] Figure 1a A cross section of an example security document 1 is schematically shown. Figure 1a and Figure 1b The security document 1 described may preferably have at a first viewing angle Figure 4b The schematic appearance shown in FIG. 1 is particularly shown in the turned-on state, and has a Figure 4a The schematically shown appearance, in particular in the closed state, wherein Figure 4a By way of example, a further partial region of the absorption region 30 is shown with a further individualized information item 32 in the form of alphanumeric characters.

[0158] Area, overlap, width and length are to be viewed in particular in a top view, as can be seen in FIG. 4 and on the first side of FIG. 1 from top to bottom.

[0159] The first security element 2 is contained in the security document 1 in particular in the form of a patch. The security element in the form of a patch has been or is introduced in particular into the multilayer structure, for example by gluing to the recording layer 52 or the transparent layer 54 or the core layer 55 before these layers of the security document 1 are preferably joined by lamination. The first security element 2 is preferably embodied transparently, in particular with ZnS as HRI layer, and is preferably located between the absorption layer 52 and the core, in particular the core layer 55, further preferably between the absorption layer 52 and the printed layer, which is preferably printed by offset printing. The printed layer is in particular a layer printed on the transparent layer 54 or a layer printed on the core layer 55.

[0160] The security document 1 comprises a Figure 1a and Figure 1b will be visible and, for example, in Figure 4a and Figure 4b The security document 1 further comprises an absorbent layer 52 having an absorbent area 30 for forming at least one personalized information item 3 .

[0161] The security document 1 has been treated in the absorption area 30 so that the at least one personalized information item 3 is visible, in particular to the human eye, by absorbing light incident on the first side. Alternatively or additionally, the security document 1 may also in particular be able to be treated in the absorption area 30 so that the at least one personalized information item 3 is visible, in particular to the human eye, by absorbing light incident on the first side.

[0162] The security document 1 additionally comprises a first security element 2 having an optically variable effect, such as by Figure 4a and Figure 4b . In the case of observing the first side, the first security element 2 is arranged behind the absorption layer 52 and the first security element 2 is arranged in a first area 20, wherein the first area 20 overlaps with the absorption area 30, for example over the entire surface. It is also possible that the first area 20 overlaps with the absorption area 30 only over a portion of the surface. The first area 20 does not overlap the absorption area 30 with a background area 21 directly adjacent to the absorption area 30, so that the at least one personalized information item 3 has a contrast, in particular a brightness contrast, further preferably a brightness difference, in a second area 22 that is dependent on the viewing angle, the second area 22 being formed by at least a partial area of ​​the absorption area 30 and a partial area of ​​the background area 21 directly adjacent thereto. In Figure 1a In the example of FIG. 2 , the second region 22 preferably completely includes the absorption region and the background region.

[0163] As from Figure 1a And especially Figure 4a As can be further seen in FIG. 1 , when the first side is observed at a predefined second observation angle, the first security element 2 is particularly translucent or transparent in the second area 22. Specifically, the change to the open state (e.g., Figure 4b ) can thereby be perceived as an increase in the brightness of the background or background region 21 of the personalized information item 3, which is associated with greater prominence and better recognizability of the information item for the observer.

[0164] Figure 1a By way of example, a security document 1 is shown with a cover layer 51, which is preferably transparent. The cover layer 51 comprises PC or PVC, or in particular consists of PC or PVC. When observing the first side, the absorption layer 52 is arranged below the cover layer. The optional second security element 4 is arranged between the cover layer 51 and the absorption layer 52, in an area that partially overlaps with the absorption area 30 and partially does not overlap with the absorption area 30. In addition, Figure 1aThe security document 1 shown in has further optional transparent layers 53, 54 and 56, which in particular consist of PC or PVC or comprise PC or PVC. The transparent layer 53 is arranged between the absorbent layer 52 and the transparent layer 54. The first security element 2 is arranged between the transparent layer 53 and the transparent layer 54. A preferably opaque core layer 55 is arranged below the layer 54. The core layer 55 comprises PC or PVC or in particular consists of PC or PVC. A further transparent layer 56 is in particular arranged below the core layer 55. The layer 56 comprises PC or PVC or in particular consists of PC or PVC. When observing the second side of the security element, the first security element 2 is arranged between the transparent layer 53 and the transparent layer 54. The ... Figure 1a The core layer 55 is thus visible from bottom to top in the image. The core layer 55 or one or more of the layers 51 to 54 can, for example, be printed with one or more printed layers, which are visible from the first side in particular in the closed state of the first security element 2. The core layer 55 or the layer 56 can also, for example, be printed with a printed layer visible from the second side. It is also conceivable that the security document 1 has a translucent or opaque contrast layer, preferably when viewed from the first side behind the first security element 2, in order to increase the contrast of the personalized information item 3, in particular at angles different from the first predefined angle, wherein for the preferred diffuse scattering of the incident light, the contrast layer preferably contains a filler, in particular TiO2. The contrast layer can preferably be realized over the entire surface, for example between the core layer 55 and the layer 54. The contrast layer preferably has no optically variable effect.

[0165] The security document 1 may have one or more prints. The printing methods used are, for example, offset printing and / or digital printing, in particular for graphic designs and / or security features, and screen printing, in particular for special effect inks, such as, for example, OVITM or metallic pigments. One or more prints may be attached to the core layer 55. It is also possible that one or more prints are attached to the outside or inside of one or more layers, which are arranged between transparent layers 51 and 56. Such prints are advantageously distributed on different layers.

[0166] The optically variable effect of the first security element 2 is only present when the first side is viewed, thereby Figure 1a From top to bottom, or as Figure 4b The illustrated observation is visible, wherein a predefined first observation angle, in particular a first observation angle relative to the light source, prevails.

[0167] The security document 1 is preferably translucent or transparent, in particular not opaque, between the absorption layer 52 and the first security element 2. Advantageously, the optically variable effect of the first security element 2 is not visible or barely visible in the absorption area 30 when the human eye observes the first side, in particular due to the strong absorption of incident light in parts of the absorption area 30. In particular, a perfect alignment or an arrangement without alignment tolerances between the contour of the absorption area 30 and the background area 21 adjoining thereto can thereby be achieved. The absorption area 30 is already or preferably arranged in alignment with the first security element 2, as a result of which there is in particular also an aligned, precise arrangement with respect to the contour of the optically variable effect.

[0168] like Figure 1a As shown, the security document 1 may also comprise a second security element 4 with an optically variable effect in the third area 40, which is arranged in front of the absorbent layer 52 when viewing the first side, in particular wherein the third area 40 partially overlaps the absorbent area 30. Figure 1f By way of example, the full surface or in particular almost the full surface of the second security element 4 can also be considered, which preferably covers more than 80%, further preferably more than 90% of the surface (preferably visible surface) of the security document 1 when observing the first side. When observing the first side, the first security element 2 and the second security element 4 may also be visible, in particular visible to the human eye, as can be seen, for example, in Figures 4 and 5. The first security element 2 and the second security element 4 and in particular also the absorption area 30 preferably overlap in the overlap area. In this way, parts of the absorption area, in particular parts in the form of a portrait, are embedded between the first and second security elements, as a result of which counterfeiting attempts from the front and the back are advantageously made more difficult.

[0169] The first security element 2 and the second security element 4 may be specifically as described in Figure 3a and Figure 3b Designed as described in more detail.

[0170] In a preferred design, the optical effects of the first security element 2 and the second security element 4 interact with each other, resulting in a visible and / or measurable combination of the two planes of the respective security elements. Examples of such combinations are:

[0171] It is also conceivable to combine a first and a second security element such that the partial metallization is designed in the form of a so-called developing layer for a moiré effect, for example in the form of thin demetallized lines or a grid of holes, the line or hole centers or hole edges having a regular spacing, preferably with a spacing in the range between 5 μm and 200 μm, and the line width or hole diameter is preferably selected so that at most 50%, preferably at most 30%, particularly preferably at most 20% of the light incident on the partial metallization passes through the line grid or the hole grid. It is further preferred that the optical effect of the first security element is formed in the shape of a moiré pattern matching the line or hole grid, for example in the shape of a lighted moiré icon or a similar micro-image. Thus, a moiré-like magnification and / or shifting effect can preferably be achieved in the finished security document. The connection area of ​​the two security elements has been or is achieved, in particular here one is located above the other.

[0172] Furthermore, the first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 may be designed to be translucent and / or transparent, in particular to have a transmittance in a wavelength range visible to the human eye selected from 380 nm to 780 nm, preferably from 430 nm to 690 nm. It can thereby advantageously be achieved that a high degree of design freedom for the optical effect of the security document 1 in the background area 21 can be ensured even in the closed state or at a predefined second observation angle, and that, for example, further information or decorative items can be shown on the first side behind the first security element 2, or a high-contrast substrate can be provided for the absorption area 30, in particular by a core (preferably a core layer 55) or a layer printed thereon.

[0173] The first security element 2 is arranged behind the absorption layer 52, in particular over a large area of ​​the surface or over the entire surface, for forming at least one personalized information item 3, which is preferably a portrait. In front of the absorption layer 52 for forming the at least one personalized information item 3, preferably the portrait, the second security element 4 is optionally arranged preferably offset relative to the absorption area 30, in particular relative to the absorption area of ​​the portrait in the absorption layer 30. Advantageously, the portrait is thus protected from manipulation attempts on both sides and its authenticity can be checked particularly easily by the two security elements and their interaction with the absorption area. For example, by simply tilting the security document 1 forwards and backwards, the first security element 2 behind the absorption layer 52 can be activated and deactivated, thereby entering an open state and a closed state, as a result of which in the open state the incident light is diffracted by, for example, the relief structure of the first security element 2, so that the absorption area 30, in particular the portrait, can be perceived by an observer below the first security element 2, which is separated from the substrate and, for example, appears to be located in front of a light box, wherein the optionally printed background is blocked by the first security element 2. In this way, in the open state, the first security element 2 located behind the absorbent layer 30 can be used to facilitate the object inspection of the portrait by a stronger emphasis relative to the background. If the first security element 2 is moved to the closed state by tilting the security document 1 to a different viewing angle, a further document inspection can preferably be carried out, for example by means of the second security element 4 or a further security element.

[0174] The brightness difference in the second area 22 is thus advantageously stronger at a predefined first observation angle, in particular in the on state, than at a predefined second observation angle, in particular in the off state. The arithmetic mean of the measured values ​​of the reflected light and / or scattered light in the first area, measured as brightness values ​​or grayscale values, is at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, and further preferably at least 15% greater at the predefined first observation angle than at the predefined second observation angle.

[0175] In particular, the maximum maximal contrast ratio, in particular in the second region 22 (preferably between the background region 21 and the absorption region 30), at a predefined first observation angle is greater than the maximum maximal contrast ratio, in particular between the background region 21 and the absorption region 30, at a predefined second observation angle, preferably wherein in a partial region of the personalization information item 3, in particular in the absorption region, the reflection is weaker than in a partial region in the second region where the absorption region is absent. It is also possible that the first security element 2 is designed such that in the case of a change in observation from the predefined second observation angle to observation from the predefined first observation angle, the increase in brightness, in particular in the second region 22, is smaller in the absorption region 30 than in the background region 21. It is also possible that, at least in the first region, the absorption region 30 has an optical density with a maximum optical density value of 3, in particular measured according to ISO 13655:2017(E). Advantageously, at the predefined first observation angle, the relative brightness difference between a partial region of the second region 22 outside the absorption region and a partial region in the absorption region 30 lies in the range of 5% to 99.9%.

[0176] Figure 1b Shown as a combination Figure 1a The security document 1 described above, except that layers 52 and 53 are shown transposed.

[0177] Figure 1b and 1c By way of example, embodiments with different material sequences between the first security element 2 and the second security element 4 are shown. Important differences between the layers relate in particular to the behavior under the influence of the laser. The behavior under the influence of the laser refers specifically to how strongly the blackening or generally the color change occurs. Different colored layers, in particular the pigment type and concentration, can react to laser energy with different intensities. The thickness of the individual layers can be very different, for example between 20 μm and 500 μm, wherein a thickness in the range from 30 μm to 150 μm is preferably used for the transparent layer.

[0178] exist Figure 1c In the case of layers 57 and 58, transparent layers comprising or consisting of polycarbonate (PC), PVC or PET are preferred.

[0179] Figure 1d Shown as Figures 1a to 1c The security document 1 described in one of the above, differs in that the gap between the first security element 2 and the second security element 4 is formed only by the absorbing layer as the laserable layer 52. In other words, in the exemplary embodiment, the laserable layer 52 is located in the entire gap between the first security element 2 and the second security element 4.

[0180] Figure 1eThe security document 1 shown by way of example in FIG. Figure 1d The security document 1 described herein, wherein the first security element 2 is divided into partial areas. Figure 1e The security document described may look like Figure 4f . In other words, the first security element 2 is only partially present in the absorption area 30 and preferably has interruptions and / or cuts. By dividing the first security element 2 into partial areas in this way, a joining bridge can be achieved between the layers, wherein the materials of the layers are directly connected to each other, in particular in the area of ​​the interruptions and / or cuts. In terms of material, the second security element 2 represents a foreign body in particular and can lead to a weakening of the composite. Precisely in the case of a larger range of second security elements 2, it has been shown that problems with the durability of the security document 1 may arise or a possible attack surface may be presented in the case of a counterfeiter trying to split the composite, as a result of which improved anti-counterfeiting protection and improved durability can be advantageously achieved by these interruptions and / or cuts. In the case of a suitable design, these interruptions can also additionally serve as design elements or further security features.

[0181] It is also conceivable that the first security element 2 has only a partially arranged reflective layer, which is arranged, for example, corresponding to the portion of the reflective layer with respect to Figure 1e or Figure 4f Area 20 is shown.

[0182] Figure 1fA security document 1 is shown, which is a paper document or a polymer card, for example with a substrate 7 and an absorption area 30 spanned by a printed layer 31. Therefore, the absorption layer may preferably include a printed layer 31 instead of or in addition to a laserable layer. The substrate 7 is in particular selected from paper, textilene, PVC, ABS, PET and composite materials alone or in combination. The first security element 2 is applied to a pre-printed substrate 7, such as, for example, a paper substrate or a polymer card. Optionally, a varnish is applied at least partially, which in particular increases the adhesion to the print used to form the personalized information item. The printed layer 31 can be formed, for example, by inkjet printing, a laser printer, thermal transfer, D2T2 (=dye diffusion thermal transfer) or retransfer printing or a combination thereof. The applied first security element 2 may also have been provided with a receiving layer, which in particular increases the adhesion to the printed layer 31. After the printing of the personalized information item 3, the application of the second security element 4 is preferably realized, for example on the entire surface or on a part of the surface. The transparent cover layer 51 is usually formed by an adhesive layer for bonding the second security element 4, which is particularly formed as a cover 6. The adhesive layer can be heat-activatable, radiation-curable or chemically post-crosslinked. In particular, the security element 4 can be a cover 6. Such a cover can be used not only to protect against forgery, but also to protect the personalization from wear or soiling. A cover with a PET layer with a thickness in the range of 10 μm to 150 μm, preferably in the range of from 10 μm to 50 μm, provides, for example, special protection against wear.

[0183] Figure 1g Shows about Figure 1d to Figure 1e A security document 1 is described in which the personalized information item 3 is distributed over two layers, which in particular can be blackened or have been or are blackened by laser radiation. Thus, when observing the first side, the further absorbing layer 521 may be arranged behind the first security element 2, in particular wherein, when observed at a second observation angle, at least one personalized information item 3 consists of an absorbing layer 52 and a further absorbing layer 521. In this case, the security document 1 has, in addition to the absorbing layer 52, a further absorbing layer 521, which is arranged below the first security element 2 when observing the first side. In this example, both layers 52 and 521 are laserable. In this embodiment example, one of the layers 52 and 521 is in particular arranged between the first security element 2 and the second security element 4. The degree of blackening achieved by lasering can be different in the two layers 52 and 521 represented. If the optical effect of the first security element 2 does not light up for an observer, they recognize the personalized information item consisting of the two blackenings. Thus, at a first observation angle, in which the second security element 2 in particular serves as a backlight for the blackening in the absorption layer 52 , substantially only the effect in the absorption layer 52 remains recognizable.

[0184] Figure 1h Shows about Figure 1d to Figure 1e The security document 1 described has a window area 550. In the window area 550, the further optical information item 32 is realized by the absorption area 30. Therefore, the recognizability of the further optical information item 32 in reflected light can be designed to be low because of the lack of a contrasting, for example, "white" background. By means of the third security element 41, a backlighting of the further optical information item 32 at another predefined angle can be achieved, and therefore the further optical information item 32 can be easily checked, in particular by "opening and closing".

[0185] Figure 1i A security document 1 is shown having a total of four security elements 2, 4, 41 and 42, wherein the first and second security elements 2 and 4 serve to protect at least one personalized information item 3 in the form of a primary image and the third and fourth security elements 41 and 42 similarly protect a further information item 31 in the form of a secondary image.

[0186] about Figures 1a to 1i , in particular the structure of the finished security document 1 is represented only schematically in each case. In its production, different layers are connected together to form a layer composite. One or more of the first to fourth security elements 2, 4, 41 and 42 may have been or have been applied to the top or underside of the same layer, in particular a polymer layer, or to different layers, which are subsequently positioned relative to each other during connection to form the layer composite. The security document 1 is produced in particular by laminating and / or gluing layer groups.

[0187] about Figures 1a to 1i The described layers 51 to 58 and 521 preferably comprise one or a combination of the following materials or consist of them: polycarbonate (PC), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PC is preferably used for ID cards or passport data pages. Alternative structures can be based on, for example, PVC or PET, or can also consist of different plastic materials.

[0188] Figure 2a A system 10 for producing a security document 1 is shown. The system 10 is particularly a label. Figure 2a The system 10 shown preferably produces or can produce Figure 2b The security document 1 shown. The system 10 comprises an auxiliary carrier 105 on which a first partial element 11 of the security document 1 and a second partial element 12 of the security document 1 are arranged.

[0189] By bending the auxiliary carrier 105, the first sub-element 11 can be placed over the second sub-element 12. The first sub-element 11 has a first security element 2 and the second sub-element 12 has an adhesive layer 101 and a second security element 4, wherein the adhesive layer 101 is arranged on the side of the second security element 4 facing away from the auxiliary carrier 105. The absorption layer 31 with the absorption region 30 and / or the absorption layer 52 are arranged or can be arranged on the side of the first sub-element 11 facing away from the auxiliary carrier 105.

[0190] The auxiliary carrier 105 can, for example, consist of or include paper. The first partial element 11 and the second partial element 12, which preferably have a carrier element 103 or 104 in each case, are arranged on the auxiliary carrier 105. The carrier element 103 and the carrier element 104 can, for example, be a polyester layer, in particular comprising PET or consisting of PET, which can be separated from the auxiliary carrier 105. The carrier elements 103 and 104 are separated from each other or joined by mechanical weaknesses. Such mechanical weaknesses can include perforations or notches or indentations. This can advantageously simplify the connection of the two partial elements 11 and 12 together to form the final security document 1. The carrier element 103 and / or the carrier element 104 can include additional layers, in particular replication layers and partial separation layers.

[0191] exist Figure 2a On the left-hand side of the embodiment example shown by way of example in FIG. 1 , the second security element 4 is located in the second partial element 12, which is present over the entire surface thereof. It is also conceivable that the second security element 4 is present over almost the entire surface, which, when observing the first side, covers more than 80%, preferably more than 90% of the surface (preferably the visible surface) of the second partial element 12 and / or the security document 1. The surface of the second partial element 12 here refers in particular to a surface which is perpendicular to the plane spanned by the second partial element 12 in the situation of observation, so that, for example, Figure 2a 1 and 12. The second security element 4 comprises, in particular, a reflective layer in the form of an HRI layer, in particular in which a relief structure with a diffractive optical effect is molded. An adhesive layer 101 is additionally arranged on the second partial element 12. The adhesive layer 101 is preferably a so-called PSA (pressure sensitive adhesive), which makes it possible to bond with the first partial element 11 on the right-hand side. The adhesive layer 101 is preferably covered by a protective layer 102, which is detachable or is separated before the two partial elements 11 and 12 are joined, preferably after at least one personalized information item 3 has been applied, in particular by printing on the print layer 31. The protective layer 102 preferably has siliconization. The protective layer 102 is preferably covered, includes or forms a covering.

[0192] As an alternative or in addition to the second security element 4, a preferably transparent covering can also be provided in the left-hand partial element 12. It is also possible that the second security element 4 is present only on a part of the surface and that optionally preferably a transparent layer, in particular a covering layer, is arranged on the side facing the auxiliary carrier 105 and / or on the side facing away from the auxiliary carrier 105.

[0193] The adhesive layer 101 preferably forms the outermost side of the second sub-element 12 , or the protective layer 102 forms the outermost side of the second sub-element 12 and covers the adhesive layer 101 .

[0194] The first security element 2 is preferably arranged on the side of the first carrier element 104 that faces away from the auxiliary carrier 105. The carrier element 104 of the first partial element 11 can have a printed layer 8 in particular. The printed layer 8 is preferably monochrome. The printed layer 8 can consist of or include white printing, and in particular include additional overprinting, for example by flexographic printing or offset printing. Alternatively, the printed layer 8 can be a layer made of paper or synthetic paper, in particular Textilene. The first security element 2 with the preferred function of "backlight" (in particular, an absorption layer 31 (preferably printed) that can be applied or has been applied to form a personalized information item 3) is located on the printed layer. For example, one or more layers that increase the adhesion of the absorption layer 31 or increase its resolution can be provided on the side of the security element 2 that faces away from the carrier element 104.

[0195] The first security element 2 has or is provided with an absorbent layer 31 for forming at least one personalized information item 3, in particular in a printer (eg a toner printer or an inkjet printer or a thermal transfer printer). The absorbent layer 31 is preferably printed on the Figure 2a In the illustration, only the first security element 2 is shown. However, further information items, preferably further personalized information items, can also be provided (preferably printed) outside the first security element 2 in particular.

[0196] The protective layer 102 may be peeled off, preferably after the absorbent layer 31 has been printed. It is also possible to join the two partial elements 11 and 12 together to form the security document 1, in particular to form Figure 2b The security document 1 shown. Here, the adhesive layer 101, in particular in the form of a PSA layer, in particular ensures the joining of the two partial elements 11 and 12. The security document 1 produced in this way can then be separated from the auxiliary carrier 105. The auxiliary carrier 105 is thus advantageously used for simplified handling during the production of the security document 1, in particular during the printing of the personalized information item 3, and serves as a holder in order to ensure that the partial elements 11 and 12 are joined together in an aligned and precise manner.

[0197] As an alternative or in addition to the printed layer 31, a laserable absorption layer can also be applied to one or more of the carrier element 104, the printed layer 8, the security element 2, the layer outside the printed layer 31. The absorption layer preferably comprises or consists of PC or PVC. The absorption layer is in particular laserable and preferably transparent. The laserable absorption layer can be blackened or blackened by laser, for example in the absorption area 30, as a result of which the personalized information item 3 or another information item has been or is introduced.

[0198] Figure 3a A detail of a transfer film with a transfer ply is schematically shown, wherein the transfer ply comprises a security element, in particular a first security element 2 .

[0199] Security elements with optically variable effects usually consist of a series of layers that fulfill different functions. Figure 3a 2, in the case of a layer structure for a transfer ply, the structure consists of a separation layer 202, a replication layer 203, a reflection layer 204, a stabilization layer 205 and an adhesive layer 206. The individual layers can also be omitted or on the other hand consist of several partial layers. Before application to a target substrate, these transfer plies are detachably connected to a carrier 201.

[0200] The separation layer 202 ensures that the layer consisting of the transfer ply can be separated from the carrier ply 201 during application. Figure 6 The layer additionally ensures good adhesion to the adjacent layers, in particular the polycarbonate plies, as described by way of example. The separation from the carrier 201 can be additionally improved by one or more thin wax layers. The thickness of the separation layer 202 is preferably in the range of 0.2 μm to 10 μm, preferably in the range of 0.2 μm to 5 μm. The thickness of the wax layer that may be present is specifically in the range of 1-50 nm.

[0201] The preferred optically active structure causing the optically variable effect is molded into the replication layer 203 as a relief. The molding can be carried out thermoplastically by structuring the surface under pressure and temperature by means of a tool, which has the optically active structure as, in particular, a negative relief. Alternatively, it can be a polymerizable varnish, composed of monomers and oligomers, which is polymerized after or during the introduction of the relief. The polymerization can be carried out by UV radiation or electron beam radiation. The thickness of the replication layer 203 is preferably in the range from 0.2 μm to 20 μm, preferably in the range from 0.2 μm to 10 μm. The replication layer can also represent a hybrid form, since it is thermoplastically deformable and then has or is cured.

[0202] Further layers which fulfil further functions may be located between the separation layer 202 and the replication layer 203. This includes, for example, mechanical stabilization against degradation during lamination, in particular during lamination of the first security element 2 in polycarbonate. For this purpose, such layers are preferably thermally stabilised, for example by crosslinking via radiation or chemical reaction.

[0203] Reflection layer 204 is made of a material with a high refractive index, which is preferably vapor deposited or sputtered in a vacuum. The refractive index in the visible light range is advantageously higher than 1.9, particularly for a wavelength of 420nm to 780nm. The thickness of layer 204 is particularly in the range of 40nm to 200nm, preferably from 40nm to 100nm. Typical materials are ZnS or TiO2. This layer can also be designed to have different thicknesses only partially or in partial regions.

[0204] A stabilizing layer 205 may be applied optionally. It serves to ensure the brightness of the optical effect during lamination and to avoid warping of the transferred ply. Such a stabilizing layer 205 may be formed from a varnish that can be crosslinked by radiation, but also from a chemically reactive varnish such as, for example, an epoxy resin. The thickness of the optional stabilizing layer is in the range of 0.5 μm to 20 μm, preferably in the range of 1.0 μm to 10.0 μm. The stabilizing layer 205 may also consist of several plies and, for example, include an adhesion promoter layer (not shown) for bonding to the reflective layer 204.

[0205] The adhesive layer 206 serves to bond the transfer ply to the substrate during application. This can be an adhesive layer 206 activated by heat and pressure. In particular, a heated stamp is used, the shape of which determines the area to be transferred. The transferred area in particular forms a security element.

[0206] Alternatively, the transfer can be carried out by so-called cold transfer. Here, the adhesive is printed, the substrate is contacted with the transfer layer, and the adhesive is cured in particular by UV radiation. The transferred area is determined by the printing of the adhesive. The adhesive layer 206 can then consist of several different layers and, for example, include an adhesion promoter to ensure adhesion of the adhesive layer 206 to the reflective layer 204 or to the stabilizing layer 205 that may be present.

[0207] The adhesive layer preferably has a layer thickness in the range of 0.2 μm to 20 μm, preferably 0.2 μm to 10 μm.

[0208] As an alternative to the transfer of a transfer ply, the carrier 201 can also be transferred. In the process, the above-mentioned transfer ply is bonded to the carrier 201, as a result of which an adhesion promoter layer is present instead of the separation layer 202. A thermally stable carrier 201 made, for example, of polyester can ensure that the optical effect is only slightly degraded during lamination. It is preferred here that the carrier 201 is designed to the desired shape before or during application, for example by punching or laser cutting. Depending on the carrier 201 used, a further adhesion promoter may additionally be required on the rear side to ensure good adhesion to the layers of the security document located above it, in particular a polycarbonate ply. The thickness of the carrier 201 which is preferably transferred as part of the security element is in the range of 5 μm to 50 μm, preferably in the range of 10 μm to 35 μm.

[0209] Therefore, in particular, the security element transferred by the transfer ply may have the following characteristics.

[0210] Possible optically variable security elements that can be provided in front of the at least one personalized information item when observing the first side are film elements with, for example, transparent or also partially metallized security elements or other microstructure-based elements or multilayer structures made of alternating high and low refractive index materials. A further possibility is the micro- and / or macrostructures present on the surface of the security document. Possible optically variable security elements that can be provided behind the at least one personalized information item when observing it are likewise film elements with, for example, diffractive security elements or other microstructure-based elements or multilayer structures made of alternating high and low refractive index materials. Behind the at least one personalized information item, the optically variable security element may also be opaque, in other words, non-transparent.

[0211] The first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 may be designed to be translucent and / or transparent, in particular in a wavelength range visible to the human eye selected from 380 nm to 780 nm, preferably from 430 nm to 690 nm. The second security element may also be designed to be opaque, in particular in a wavelength range visible to the human eye, with a transmittance selected from a range of 0.1% to 30%, preferably 1% to 10%. The first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 may also have a carrier, in particular a carrier made of PET or PEN, wherein the carrier preferably has a layer thickness selected from a range of 5 μm to 150 μm, further preferably from 5 μm to 50 μm, and further preferably from 10 μm to 25 μm. The first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 may also have at least one replication layer, in particular wherein at least one replication layer has a layer thickness selected from a range of 0.2 μm to 20 μm, preferably from 0.2 μm to 10 μm. The first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 advantageously have at least one reflective layer having a preferred layer thickness selected from the range of 40 nm to 200 nm, further preferably from 40 nm to 100 nm, wherein the reflective layer is formed in particular from ZnS or TiO2 and / or wherein the reflective layer preferably has a refractive index greater than 1.9 in the wavelength range visible to the human eye, preferably from 430 nm to 780 nm. The reflective layer may also be arranged on a portion of the surface of the security document 1 or on the entire surface, in particular wherein the reflective layer has different layer thicknesses at least on a portion of the surface. The first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 may also have at least one stabilizing layer having a preferred layer thickness in the range of 0.5 μm to 20 μm, further preferably from 1.0 μm to 10 μm, wherein the stabilizing layer is a single layer or a multilayer and preferably comprises an adhesion promoter layer. The first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 may also have at least one adhesive layer having a preferred layer thickness selected from the range of 0.2 μm to 20 μm, further preferably from 0.2 μm to 10 μm, in particular wherein the adhesive layer is formed by a hot melt adhesive or a cold glue, and wherein the adhesive layer is preferably designed as a single layer or multiple layers. The first security element 2 and / or the second security element 4 (in particular in the reflective layer and / or the replication layer) may also have at least one relief structure, wherein the at least one relief structure deflects, in particular diffracts and / or reflects incident light within a predetermined angle range. Preferably, at least one relief structure is a blazed structure, in particular having a grating period of greater than 3 μm, further preferably greater than 5 μm, and in particular at most 25 μm.

[0212] Figure 3bAn example of a cross section of a security element with an achromatic effect, in particular in a security document, is schematically shown. The first security element 2 preferably has a relief structure which, in particular, substantially exhibits no noticeable diffraction color and deflects, in particular diffracts or reflects, incident light into a predefined angular range, in particular with high efficiency.

[0213] Figure 3b Preferably, a first security element 2 is shown. The security element 2 has at least one of a stabilization layer 205 and an adhesive layer 206, as also described in detail with respect to Figure 3a The reflective layer 204 behind the relief structure of the replication layer 203 is arranged adjacent to it. The relief structure is in particular a glare structure. Figure 3a The described transfer layers, for example the separation layer 202, may also be arranged on top of the replication layer 203 or on the side of the replication layer 204 facing away from the reflective layer 204. The security element 2 may additionally comprise a transparent layer 51 or be or will be joined to this layer.

[0214] Compared to the wavelength of visible light (preferably in the range of 430 nm to 690 nm), achromatic blazed structures have a large grating period, preferably greater than 3 μm, in particular greater than 5 μm. Their effect can be explained approximately by geometrical optics. Examples of such structures are Figure 3b . Incident light at an angle of incidence Φ relative to the normal to the security document or security element penetrates the layer 51, which here consists of or comprises polycarbonate, for example, and is partially diffracted or reflected by the blazing structure and can be observed at an angle β relative to the normal. In addition to the angle of incidence Φ, the angle β is also determined by the inclination α of the facets of the blazing structure and by the layers located on top of the structure (in particular Figure 3b The refractive index of the replication layer 203 in the embodiment is determined.

[0215] For normally incident light and a refractive index of the replication layer n=1.5, the result is sin(β)=n*sin(2*α), or, in the case of small angles α, approximately β=3*α. In the case of small angles, the sine can be well approximated by a circular arc measurement of the angle. In particular, the maximum error is <4.5% in the case of α<10° and <2.2% in the case of α<7°. In the case of a period of d>3 μm, the incident light is deflected in such a way that the color separation of the grating structure is reduced for the observer, as a result of which in particular an achromatic effect is referred to. Furthermore, the deflection is achieved very efficiently, as a result of which most of the reflected light is concentrated in a narrow angular range of a few degrees. Thus, more than 65% of the reflected light can be concentrated around an angle β+ / -5°. In the case of a transparent HRI layer, such as, for example, ZnS or TiO2, the amount of reflected light and its spectrum depend on the refractive index of the HRI layer, the refractive indices of the two adjacent layers and the layer thickness of the HRI layer. Assuming that the HRI layer is ZnS with a typical refractive index of 2.35, in particular ignoring the wavelength dependency, and in each case with n=1.45 for the adjacent layer, the maximum reflectivity is approximately 20%. This means that, if any possible absorption is ignored, correspondingly approximately 80% of the incident light is allowed to pass. Thus, three observation ranges, in particular a predefined first observation angle, a predefined second observation angle and / or a predefined third observation angle, can be achieved.

[0216] Advantageously, the first security element 2 may have, at least in partial areas, preferably in the second area, a substantially achromatic optically variable effect. These have the advantage that, due to the backlighting, they increase the recognizability associated with the absorption (usually black absorption) of the at least one personalization information item 3 at least at a predefined first observation angle and, unlike colored optically variable effects, appear color-neutral. This is particularly advantageous when superimposing portraits, since the color effect, if any, is perceived by the observer there as disruptive or confusing, as a result of which a particularly simple check by the observer is possible here. In particular, with regard to Figure 3b The described structure is suitable for forming an achromatic optically variable effect or a first security element which is achromatic at a predefined first observation angle or for providing a backlight of at least one personalized information item 3 .

[0217] Alternatively or additionally, the first and / or second security element may also preferably comprise a diffraction grating. Such a diffraction grating is preferably selected, alone or in combination, from: a linear grating, a cross grating. The diffraction grating preferably has a grating period in the range from 200 nm to 10 μm. The diffraction grating in particular has a grating depth in the range from 50 nm to 2 μm, preferably between 80 nm and 1.5 μm. Diffraction gratings with a grating period of less than 500 nm and preferably less than 400 nm are further conceivable. When these gratings are provided with a high refractive index layer or a metal layer, these gratings are sub-wavelength gratings in the zero diffraction order, thereby having a color impression and / or color effect, in particular in direct reflection. If the grating is provided with a high refractive index layer, a so-called RICS color effect is particularly formed. If the grating is provided with a metal layer (e.g. aluminum), a plasma color effect is particularly formed. The absorption regions advantageously contrast well with the color impression of the diffraction grating, with the result that these items of personalized information are easier to check than personalizations previously known from the prior art without security elements behind these items of personalized information.

[0218] Figure 4a and 4b Examples of preferred embodiments of the security document 1 are schematically shown at different predefined viewing angles. Figure 4b The observation at a predefined first observation angle, in particular in the switched-on state, is shown. Figure 4a The security document 1 may have a second predefined viewing angle, in particular in the closed state. Figure 1a The structure of the description.

[0219] Figure 4a and Figure 4b Optional further personalization information items 32 are shown, in particular Figure 1a and Figure 1b For example, these can also be introduced into the absorption layer 52 by laser blackening.

[0220] An example of determining a brightness value (particularly a grayscale value) by a camera is described below.

[0221] The median, mean and standard deviation are determined from several measurements at different points. The median is the so-called middle value and is therefore the central value in a series of measurements. In the case of five measurements, this would be, for example, the third value, and in the case of four measurements, this would be the average of the second and third values ​​when the measurements are sorted from the smallest result to the largest result. The mean is the so-called arithmetic mean and is therefore the average of the series of measurements, for example in the case of five measurements, the sum of the five measurements divided by five. The standard deviation indicates the range of scatter in a series of measurements. As for example with respect to Figure 4bThese values ​​for the portrait in the on state as described are summarized in the table below.

[0222]

[0223] In the case of a preferred digital 8-bit encoding, the available value range is specifically a brightness value between 0 (complete darkness) and 255 (maximum brightness value). There are thus 256 different grayscales, namely black (value 0) and white (value 255) and 254 grayscales in between.

[0224] The background of the template may have a light-colored print below the first security element 2. Due to the diffuse scattering of the core layer 55, which is designed to be white here, the substrate or area arranged outside the absorption area 30 and the first area 20 appears relatively uniform with a brightness value (i.e. gray value) of about 100, with slight variations in the brightness distribution, which can be seen from the positioning of the 4th row. Figure 4a and Figure 4b In the example of , the substrate can be measured, for example, in particular in the area between the first security element 2 and the letters "ID card". In the area with the illuminated first security element 2, and thus in the background area 21, there are much higher brightness values ​​of about 180, which can be seen from the positioning of the third row. Due to the slight warping of the second security document that may form when laminating the security document 1, the distribution of the brightness values ​​can additionally be broadened. These changes can also be introduced in a targeted manner and already during the production of the first security element 2, for example in order to expand the angular range of the predefined first observation angle, in which the background area 21 is illuminated. For example, the area of ​​the forehead has only a slight blackening of the absorption layer 52, as a result of which the measured brightness values ​​are in the area of ​​150, while in the area of ​​dark hair, the values ​​are around 30.

[0225] The changes in the detected brightness are not only due to changes in the brightness of the first security element 2, but are also determined by the type of absorption layer and the absorption areas introduced. It is additionally borne in mind that scattering can also be caused by a high resolution of the image acquisition. A lower resolution leads to averaging and thus to a reduction in scattering. In this way, it can be determined in particular how a predefined viewing angle is achieved, at which the at least one personalized information item 3, in particular the portrait, has a preferably defined, viewing angle-dependent contrast and / or brightness difference.

[0226] exist Figure 4a The closed state is explained by way of example. In this example, the following values ​​are determined:

[0227]

[0228]

[0229] In the following, an exemplary calculation of a brightness contrast, in particular a brightness contrast between an absorption region, preferably a subregion of an absorption region, and a background region, and of the optical density calculated therefrom, is described.

[0230] Open state

[0231] Bright forehead:

[0232] Contrast ratio = 150.4 / 180.6 = 0.83

[0233] Optical density = log (0.83) * (-1) = 0.08.

[0234] 1. Black Hair:

[0235] Contrast = 34.4 / 180.6 = 0.19

[0236] Optical density = log (0.19) * (-1) = 0.72.

[0237] Closed state

[0238] Bright forehead:

[0239] Contrast ratio = 99.6 / 90.05 = 1.11

[0240] Calculated optical density = log (0.83) * (-1) = -0.04.

[0241] In particular, when, for example, there is print in the background (position 3 ), while the forehead region does not comprise print but has a white substrate, the light density calculated therefrom in the bright forehead region can be obtained.

[0242] 1. Black Hair:

[0243] Contrast = 8.6 / 90.05 = 0.096

[0244] Calculated optical density = log (0.096) * (-1) = 1.02.

[0245] Between the black hair and the background area 21, a value of 1.00 is obtained for the increment closed and a value of 1.45 is obtained for the increment opened. This results in a D value of 31%.

[0246] In the closed state, in particular the contrast and light density determined thereby can be more pronounced at least in partial regions, preferably when blackening is present below the first security element. In the closed state, this blackening acts in particular in addition to the blackening on top of the first security element, while in the open state, mainly the blackening on top of the first security element acts.

[0247] At the first observation angle, the brightness difference, ie in particular the incremental turn-on, preferably has a maximum value of more than 10%, preferably more than 15%, in the second region 22 between the absorption region 30 and the background region 21 .

[0248] The minimum value of the standardized difference D is in particular 5%, preferably 10%, preferably 15%, in particular wherein the minimum value applies to the region with the largest standardized difference D.

[0249] When viewing the first side, the first security element behind the personalized information item 3 (in particular the portrait) is preferably implemented with an achromatic on / off effect. Under most viewing arrangements between the incident light, the structure of the first security element and the observer or recipient, the first security element 2 is not significantly visible. Figure 4a As shown, it is then inactive or in the off state. Only at a predefined first observation angle (in particular also an angle range) prevailing between the incident light, the structure of the first security element and the observer or recipient, the first security element 2 is illuminated over the entire surface, such as at Figure 4b . It is then active or in the switched-on state. This perception is particularly reminiscent of a light box that is switched on / off behind the personalization. In this way, the contrast with respect to the personalized information item, in particular the portrait, can be enhanced in a targeted manner, which in turn leads to an easier inspection of the information item designed as a main image, for example. The preferred main image addition in the closed state and in the opened state of the security element 2 is preferably visible in perfect alignment with one another, as a result of which forgeries stand out more easily.

[0250] In a preferred embodiment, the first security element 2 is achromatic in the second region 22 when viewed at a predefined first observation angle. Particularly suitable structures for the first security element 2, in particular as a light box, are so-called glare structures, such as in Figure 3b Schematically represented in a cross section in . The first security element 2 preferably has a blazed structure having an angle range of an inclination α in the range from 0 to 40 degrees, preferably in the range from 3 to 30 degrees, further preferably in the range from 5 to 25 degrees. In the case of a periodic structure such as, for example, a blazed structure, the period d has a value greater than 3 μm, preferably greater than 5 μm. The structural depth h results from the angle α and the period d: h=d*sin(α).

[0251] The refractive index of the layer adjacent to the reflective layer 204 and pointing towards the viewer (eg the replicating layer 203, or the layer 205 in reverse applications) is preferably in the range between 1.35 and 1.65, preferably in the range between 1.4 and 1.6.

[0252] The reflective layer 204 is preferably composed of a dielectric material with a high refractive index. The refractive index differs from the adjacent layer by at least 0.3 and is higher than 1.9, preferably higher than 2.05. Popular materials are, for example, ZnS or TiO2, which are used with a layer thickness in the range of 40nm to 250nm, preferably in the range of 50nm to 200nm, particularly preferably in the range of 50nm to 100nm.

[0253] By appropriately selecting the layer thickness of the reflective layer 204 as the HRI layer, the color impression of the first security element 2 (particularly the light box) can be achieved. The layer thickness of the HRI layer is particularly preferably in the range of from 40nm to 280nm, further preferably in the range of from 40nm to 100nm. In the case of a layer thickness in the range of from 70nm to 100nm, the first security element 2 (particularly the light box) can present a gold or copper color in direct reflection, for example, in the turned-on state. For example, in direct reflection in the turned-on state, the first security element 2 (particularly the light box) presents yellow in the case of a layer thickness of 90nm, blue in the case of a layer thickness of 140nm, red in the case of a layer thickness of 200nm, and green in the case of a layer thickness of 280nm. Such coloring can be destructive in specific embodiments because the diffraction efficiency integrated over the entire visual spectrum range is reduced at the same time, and the first security element or the light box can be lit less brightly. Preferred embodiments with a layer thickness below 100nm can thus be particularly advantageous.

[0254] In addition, the first security element 2 (particularly as a light box) can have a metallic reflective layer in a partial area. This partial area is preferably located in an area that is not personalized or only slightly personalized by laser, because laser personalization may cause damage to the metal layer. The additional metal effect can be used as a further feature that is easy to check. The presence of the light box can be additionally indicated by a slight coloring of the layer of the first security element 2. Here, the color can be present both on the top and below the reflective layer, wherein in the case of an active light box, only those colors on the top of the reflective layer will be active. It is therefore conceivable that, in order to color the second area 22, one or more additional color layers and / or colors in the layer in the second area 22 are preferably provided on top and / or below the reflective layer, for example in a replica layer and / or in a separation layer.

[0255] The first security element 2 is therefore achromatic at least in a first partial region of the absorption region 30 forming a grayscale image or a multicolor image, in particular for forming a portrait, when observed at a predefined first observation angle. The first security element 2 forms only a partial region of a first side of the security element 2, as a result of which in particular a light box is visible. Particularly preferably, the first security element 2 is arranged to partially overlap or overlap the surface of at least one first partial region of the absorption region 30, which forms a grayscale image or a multicolor image, in particular a portrait, in a closed and coherent region, the minimum width or minimum length of which is 80%, preferably 100%, of the area provided for the first partial region of the absorption region 30. The area provided for the first partial region of the absorption region 30 is preferably the area of ​​the security document 1 defined for the portrait.

[0256] The second area 22 formed by at least a partial area of ​​the absorption area 30 and a partial area of ​​the background area 21 directly adjoining the absorption area 30 preferably has the outline of a portrait or a frame around the portrait. The maximum width and / or the maximum length of the closed and coherent area is preferably 110% of the area of ​​the partial area of ​​the absorption area 30 provided for the portrait. The first security element 2 may also be colored in a fourth area, wherein the fourth area overlaps with a second partial area of ​​the absorption area 30, in particular in areas, which second partial area is preferably formed by alphanumeric characters.

[0257] The at least one item of personalized information 3 is preferably formed by manipulating the absorption layer 52 with a laser, in particular by blackening and / or by a print layer 31 included or formed by the absorption layer. The background area 21 preferably refers to a part of the first area 20, in which no printing is arranged or no manipulation by laser is performed.

[0258] As about Figure 4a and Figure 4b The described, preferably homogeneously illuminated first security element 2 can also have further relief structures or mirrors in the element region, such as in Figure 4c , which here shows by way of example the letters "KINEGRAM". For example, a diffraction grating with a period of 1 μm and a grating orientation of 90° can be present in the element areas, with the result that a colored diffraction effect of these element areas can only be recognized when the security document 1 is viewed rotated through 90°. Therefore, in the case of normal viewing, this effect does not destroy the achromatic on / off effect of the first security element, while the letters "KINEGRAM" can be checked more easily, in particular compared to the case when a mirror surface is provided.

[0259] In particular, the first security element 2 which is uniformly illuminated at a predefined first viewing angle or in the switched-on state may be or has been extended by micro-, micro- and / or nano-elements or other preferably achromatic optically variable effects. With these, in particular details can be created which become clearly visible only when the first security element is activated, or which can only be examined under optical magnification, for example, by means of a magnifying glass or a microscope. It is thus possible to increase the anti-counterfeiting protection.

[0260] In particular, the first security element 2 can therefore have element regions whose size is below the resolution capability of the human eye, wherein relief structures are provided in these element regions, which are different from the relief structures of the surrounding regions of the first region and are in particular pattern-shaped. The maximum width of these element regions is preferably in the range from 2 μm to 250 μm. The surface coverage of these elements is preferably less than 25%.

[0261] However, if Figure 4d , instead of being uniformly lit in the switched-on state, the first security element 2 can also be implemented in such a way that an achromatic brightly lit movement effect is generated via a defined tilting movement, which runs like a scanning type, for example, behind the personalization information item 3 (in particular as a portrait). The personalization information item 3 (in particular as a portrait) then becomes optically variably recognizable with a stronger brightness exactly where the light strip is currently lit. The first security element 2 can thereby generate a preferably achromatic movement effect in the second area 22. For example, a glittering structure or a micromirror with a varying azimuth angle (in other words a varying orientation) is used for this, or the period of the glittering structure or the side angle of the micromirror varies.

[0262] Figure 4e By way of example, it is shown that Figure 4a and Figure 4b The security document 1 described, wherein the first security element 2 can also be designed so that in the opened state an additional information item becomes visible by using a point light source. Figure 4e The letters "OK" are depicted in the first security element 2 and can be provided by a corresponding relief structure in the first security element 2. For example, the first security element 2 can be formed by a computer generated hologram (CGH) for this purpose.

[0263] Figure 4f The first security element 2 is shown (particularly as regards Figure 1e A further possibility for the design of the described security document 1). Here, the security element 2 in particular only partially overlaps the absorption region 30 or has a reflective layer that only partially overlaps the absorption region 30. The first security element 2 is therefore preferably formed with a real and / or optical interruption. The interruption is in particular a cutout. The interruption can have been or is generated by one or more of the following cutouts:

[0264] The real cutouts of the first safety element 2, in particular the real cutouts of the first region. Specifically, the first region can be pattern-shaped and have, for example, a complex shape. These cutouts are additionally used to form a bonding bridge and thus meet the interlayer adhesion (peeling) requirements.

[0265] By using optical cutouts which are preferably not very pronounced structures, such as for example isotropic matte scattering structures, preferably random structures, for example in nanotexts or in the area of ​​components.

[0266] By using the optical cutout of the partially arranged reflective layer, in particular the partially arranged HRI layer, in particular only a part of the replication layer is thus occupied by the HRI layer and is therefore completely visible in the first security element.

[0267] The special shape advantageously also makes it more difficult to create a counterfeit and simultaneously serves as a design option.

[0268] It is also possible to implement the first security element 2 so that, in addition to at least one personalized information item 3 being supported by the first security element 2 in the first area 20 and / or the second area 22, further areas of personalized information items (such as in particular a further personalized information item 32) are supported by the first security element 2 or a further security element (in particular a further security element arranged behind the personalized information item) when observing the first side of the security document 1.

[0269] like Figure 4g and Figure 4h By way of example, when observing the first side of the security document 1, the security document 1 may have further personalized information items 32, behind which the first security element 2 has further areas or behind which further security elements are arranged, which further areas or security elements are visible in particular at a predefined first observation angle. Figure 4g and Figure 4h By way of example, further safety elements or further areas are shown in the form of stars and symbols.

[0270] In particular, this is a multi-patch implementation. When looking at the first side, here several so-called patches 300 may support at different points the personalization information items 3, 32. Hereby a large area protection against counterfeiting attempts from the rear side is achieved.

[0271] The first security element 2 or individual regions of the first security element 2 and the further security element may in each case be applied individually as a patch 300. The patch 300 can here be arranged in different planes of the security document 1, in particular by being applied in each case to one of the layers 53 to 58. The patches 300 can therefore be located in different planes below the personalization and in a multi-patch implementation be applied individually and therefore also have tolerances relative to one another, in particular alignment tolerances.

[0272] Further, an implementation as FDP (Full Data Protection) is possible. In contrast to the multi-patch variant, the different design areas are located in the same plane and are perfectly aligned with each other. Here several patches 300 have been or are being applied to the same layer, in particular at least one of the layers 53 to 58, preferably to the same layer as the first security element 2. In the same plane, further parts of the personalized information item can therefore be protected from counterfeiting attempts from the rear side by improved anti-counterfeiting protection.

[0273] Therefore, specifically Figure 4g and Figure 4h As shown, it is conceivable to integrate further effects where they do not interfere, such as color effects based on high-frequency linear gratings and / or high-frequency cross gratings or 3D effects based on Fresnel lens structures.

[0274] like Figure 4i and Figure 4j By way of example, the first security element 2 may be present over the entire surface of the security document 1. Figure 4j As shown, when observing the first side of the security document 1 at a predefined first observation angle, a preferably uniform achromatic effect is preferably seen here, which effect is visible in particular over the entire surface on the first side. The advantages of the invention can therefore also be extended in particular to the entire card surface. As a purely achromatic surface, in the closed state, the first security element 2 does not protrude at all, as in Figure 4i Advantageously, it is thus possible to inspect further security elements, such as in particular the second security element 4, without being impaired by the first security element 2. If the first security element 2 is moved to the open state, a light box effect can be perceived over the entire card. The achromatic effect makes the layers and security elements located above the first security element 2 darker and therefore closed to the observer, as a result of which the mostly black laser personalization can be perceived as a single layer and its inspection can take place more easily, separated from other security features and design elements.

[0275] Figure 5a to Figure 5d An example of a security document 1 is shown, which is in particular a data page of a passport booklet, preferably a paper data page of a passport booklet. Figure 1fSuch safety documents are described1.

[0276] The paper data page may comprise a printed layer, preferably a security print. At least one personalized information item 3 is applied to a substrate 7, in particular a data page of a blank document, by a digital printing process (e.g. inkjet printing) and then protected by applying a second security element, which is preferably transparent over the entire surface. The second security element 4 is in particular a transparent, optically variable layer, preferably a so-called TKO (transparent KINEGRAM overlay) or TKO, the layer comprises in particular a design based on a relief structure and preferably comprises the entire surface HRI layer, as a result of which an optically variable effect in the shape of a pattern is formed, which is in particular illustrated by way of example by the sun and a cactus in Figure 5. An optically variable layer is in particular a layer having an optically variable effect.

[0277] Figure 5a The security document 1 shown in , in particular, has a transparent first security element 2, preferably as a patch, and an optional overprintable layer, preferably as a patch. The overprintable layer is preferably an adhesion promoter layer, which has been or is included in the transfer layer of the first security element 2, or is in particular printed on the applied patch. The first security element 2 and the optional adhesion promoter layer have preferably been or are applied to a substrate 7, in particular a prefabricated paper data page, during at least one application process. Thereafter, at least one personalized information item 3 is introduced or attached, and the second security element 4 is then applied. In this way, it is possible to print on at least one personalized information item 3, in particular the second area 22, and to embed the personalized information item 3 in the second area at least partially between two security elements, as a result of which the personalized information item 3 is advantageously particularly well protected from counterfeit attempts. As by Figure 5a By way of example, in the closed state or at a second predefined observation angle, the optically variable effect of the second security element 4 may be visible, wherein the at least one personalized information item 3 may further preferably be visible by the optically variable effect and / or the security element 4 being translucent or transparent.

[0278] If through Figure 5bBy way of example, it is possible to make both the optically variable effect of the first security element 2 and the optically variable effect of the second security element 4 visible in the switched-on state or at a first predefined viewing angle. In particular, in the switched-on state, the first security element 2 may be brighter than the layers located above it, and therefore in the case of viewing from the first side, brighter than the layers located in front of the first security element 2, preferably with the exception of the absorption layer 3 in the absorption region 30, and therefore also brighter than the second optically variable security element 4 located above it. In particular, the visibility of the second security element 4 is reduced by the first security element 2, in particular in the portion of the second security element 4 that overlaps with the first security element 2, preferably in the background region 21. In this way, for example, the contrast of the background region 21 and the absorption region 30 can be intensified in a targeted manner, which in turn leads to an easier inspection of the at least one personalized information item 3, in particular a portrait. It is additionally visible that the at least one optical information item 3 and the first security element 2 are perfectly aligned with each other. At the same time, in the open state, in particular the parts of the second security element 4 which do not overlap with the first security element 2 or the first region 20 are visible, in particular clearly visible, as a result of which forgeries are advantageously highlighted more easily.

[0279] Figure 5c In particular, it is shown that Figure 5b and Figure 5a Safety documents as described1. Figure 5c By way of example, when observing the first side of the security document 1, the security document 1 may have further personalized information items 32, behind which the first security element 2 has further areas or behind which further security elements are arranged, which further areas or security elements are visible in particular at a predefined first observation angle. Figure 5c By way of example, additional security elements or additional areas of the first security element 2 are shown in the form of stars and logos. When observing the first side, the additional area of ​​the first security element 2 or the additional security element is preferably arranged to overlap with the additional personalized information item 32 at least in the area and behind it. Specifically, this is a multi-patch implementation. When observing the first side, several so-called patches 300 here may support personalized information items 3, 32 at different points. Thus, a large area protection against counterfeiting attempts from the back side is achieved. The first security element 2 or the first security element 2 and the separate area of ​​the additional security element may be applied separately as a patch 300 in each case. The patch 300 can be arranged in different planes of the security document 1 here, especially in each case by applying to the second security element 4 of the substrate or cover layer or the entire surface. The patch 300 can therefore be located in different planes below the personalization, and is applied separately in a multi-patch implementation, and therefore also has tolerances relative to each other, especially alignment tolerances.

[0280] Furthermore, an implementation as FDP (Full Data Protection) is possible. In contrast to the multi-patch variant, different design areas (such as Figure 5c By way of example, several elements, stars and logos in the rectangular first area 20 are located in the same plane and are completely aligned with each other. Several patches 300 have been or are being applied here to the same layer, in particular the substrate 7 or one of the layers 52 to 56, preferably to the same layer as the first security element 2. In the same plane, further parts of the personalized information item can thus be protected from counterfeiting attempts from the rear side by improved anti-counterfeiting protection.

[0281] The further region of the first security element 2 provided by the patch 300 or the further security element preferably has a colour and / or a diffractive effect.

[0282] Figure 5d By way of example, it is shown that Figure 5b A security document 1 is described in which the first security element 2 is present over the entire surface of the security document 1. Here, the optically variable effect of the second security element 4, which is preferably visible in the open state, is masked by the first security element 2 and thus in particular its visibility is impaired.

[0283] Figure 5e and Figure 5f A security document 1 is shown, which is in particular a plastic card. The prefabricated plastic card blank used to produce the security document 1 preferably already comprises a printed layer, which may contain a security print. At least one personalized information item 3 is then applied to the prefabricated plastic card blank by a digital printing process (e.g. thermal transfer printing or direct thermal printing). The personalized information item 3 is then applied by applying a preferably full-surface second security element 4, in particular TKO (Transparent Kinegram Overlay) or GUARD to protect. The GUARD preferably comprises a polyester carrier, wherein the polyester carrier in particular serves as a protective layer, further preferably against wear, and an HRI layer, which preferably generates or provides the optically variable effect.

[0284] pass Figure 5e The plastic card shown by way of example in FIG. 1 comprises a first security element 2, which is transparent. The first security element 2 is preferably already contained in a prefabricated plastic card blank or applied to it before an absorbing layer is at least partially applied to (in particular printed on) the first security element 2. Next, in particular, a personalized information item 3 is introduced, preferably by laser. Thereafter, a transparent second security element 4 is preferably applied to the security document over the entire surface, for example by lamination.

[0285] Figure 5e In particular, the view at a predefined second viewing angle or closed state is shown, wherein the optically variable effect of the second security element 4 (shown by way of example of a sun and a cactus) is visible in this state.

[0286] Figure 5f Shows Figure 5e . The first security element 2 is brighter than the layers located above it, preferably except for the absorption layer 3 in the absorption region 30, and therefore also brighter than the second security element 4 located above it, in particular in the region of the first region 20, at least in the region represented here by the sun. The optical effect of the second security element 4, represented here by way of example with the aid of a cactus, is visible in regions outside the first region 20. As already described, the protection against forgery can thus be particularly increased.

[0287] about Figures 5a to 5f The described security document 1 may comprise a first security element 2 as described with respect to one of the other figures. Figures 5a to 5f The described safety file 1 may also include a plurality of interruptions, such as specifically regarding Figure 4f As described.

[0288] The optical effect of the second security element 4 depicted in the figures by way of example with the aid of the sun and a cactus may in particular be translucent or transparent, with the result that the at least one personalized information item 3 is not completely hidden when the optical effect of the second security element 4 is visible and / or invisible.

[0289] Figure 6 A method for producing a security document 1 is shown, in particular as described with respect to one of the previous figures.

[0290] In a method for producing a security document 1, preferably using a system 10 according to the invention, wherein the security document 1 comprises a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the following steps are carried out, in particular in the order specified:

[0291] -201 providing at least one absorbent layer 52 or one absorbent layer 31 having an absorbent region 30 for forming at least one personalized information item 3, wherein the security document 1 has been treated and / or can be treated in the absorbent region 30 in such a way that the at least one personalized information item 3 is visible, in particular visible to the human eye, by absorbing light incident on a first side;

[0292] -202 providing a first security element 2 having an optically variable effect;

[0293] -203 The absorption layers 52, 31 and the first security element 31 are arranged so that when observing the first side of the security document 1, the first security element 2 is arranged behind the absorption layers 52, 31 and the first security element 2 is arranged in a first area 20, wherein the first area 20 overlaps with the absorption area 30 partially or over the entire surface and the first area 20 does not overlap with the absorption area 30 in a background area 21 directly adjacent to the absorption area 30, so that at least one personalized information item 3 has a contrast that depends on the viewing angle in a second area 22, which is formed by at least a partial area of ​​the absorption area 30 and a partial area of ​​the background area 21 directly adjacent to the absorption area 30.

[0294] It is possible to carry out such an arrangement by introducing a blackening in the absorption area 30 by laser, preferably after lamination and / or gluing of the layers of the security document 1, and / or in particular by the first partial element 11 with the first security element 2 of the system 10 according to the invention already being or being provided with a printed layer as absorption layer 52 (such as for example with respect to Figure 2a The printed layer 31 described in ) is preferably then connected to further layers of the security document 1 , in particular the second partial element 12 , by gluing.

[0295] It is also possible to carry out the following steps, in particular before or after arranging the absorption layer 52 and the first security element 31:

[0296] At least one item of personalised information 3 is introduced.

[0297] The at least one personalization information 3 is preferably introduced by means of a laser, in particular by blackening the absorbent layer 52 and / or by printing the absorbent layer 31 .

[0298] It is also possible that, for example, the security document 1 has been or is to be connected by lamination to form a strong layer composite, as is schematically shown in section in particular by the accompanying drawings.

[0299] The lamination of the core layer 55 for producing the security document 1 or in particular for connecting the absorbent layer 52 to the security element 2 has preferably been or is carried out by applying a pressure of from 10 N / cm 2 Up to 400N / cm 2 , preferably 40N / cm 2 Up to 200N / cm 2The lamination is performed by applying a pressure of 100°C to at least one or more layers selected from the group consisting of the absorption layer 52, the first security element 2, the second security element 4, the core layer 55, the covering layers (particularly the first covering layer 51 and / or the second covering layer 56). The lamination may be or has been performed by a temperature of more than 150°C, preferably between 160°C and 210°C, from a heat source (particularly from one or more of the heated rollers or one or more of the heated plates) on at least one or more layers selected from the group consisting of the absorption layer 52, the first security element 2, the second security element 44, the core layer 55, the covering layers (particularly the first covering layer 51 and / or the second covering layer 56). The lamination is preferably or has been performed by a contact time of the heat source with at least one or more layers selected from the group consisting of the absorption layer 52, the first security element 2, the second security element 4, the core layer 55, the covering layers (particularly the first covering layer 51 and / or the second covering layer 56) in the range from more than 1 minute to less than 30 minutes. During the process, the contact of the heat source with one or more of the above layers is preferably achieved directly or indirectly through other layers. The above settings are preferably used for the core layer 55, the absorption layer 52 and at least one cover layer (especially the first cover layer 51 and / or the second cover layer 52) composed of or including polycarbonate. For other materials, such as, for example, polyvinyl chloride, different settings regarding temperature and pressure can be used and matched to the material to be treated. TKO and The application of GUARD to a substrate is also referred to as lamination. Here, the TKO or GUARD product is applied to the surface, preferably by placing the film on the substrate and activating the adhesive via heated rollers. In the case of TKO, the transfer layer is preferably transferred and the polyester carrier is peeled off. In the case of GUARD, the pre-perforated film is transferred in particular together with a polyester carrier, wherein the polyester carrier serves to protect against abrasion.

[0300] For producing the security document 1, it is in particular possible to arrange such an arrangement that, preferably after laminating and / or gluing the layers of the security document 1, blackening is introduced in the absorption area 30 by laser, and / or in particular the first partial element 11 of the system according to the invention with the first security element 2 has been or is provided with a printed layer 31 as an absorption layer and is preferably then connected to a further layer of the security element 2, in particular the second partial element 12, by gluing, in particular by bending the system 10. Thereafter, in particular the auxiliary carrier 105 can be separated from the carriers 103 and 104, with the result that preferably a finished personalized security document 1 is produced.

[0301] Of course, the embodiment variants listed can be combined with one another as desired and do not represent a limitation.

[0302] Reference Numbers List

[0303] 1 Security Documents

[0304] 10 System, Tags

[0305] 11 Part I Components

[0306] 12 Part 2 Components

[0307] 103, 104 carrier layer

[0308] 2 First safety element

[0309] 20 First Area

[0310] 21 Background area

[0311] 22 Second Area

[0312] 3.32 Personalized information items

[0313] 30 Absorption area

[0314] 31 Printing layer

[0315] 4 Second safety element

[0316] 41 Third safety element

[0317] 42 Fourth safety element

[0318] 51, 53, 54, 56 Transparent layer

[0319] 52, 521 Absorption layer

[0320] 55 Core Layer

[0321] 550 Window Area

[0322] 6 Covered / transparent second security element

[0323] 7 Base

[0324] 8 Printing layer

[0325] 101 PSA (pressure sensitive adhesive)

[0326] 102 Coverage

[0327] 103, 104 Carrier element

[0328] 105 Auxiliary carrier

[0329] 201 Carrier

[0330] 202 Separation Layer

[0331] 203 Copy Layer

[0332] 204 Reflection layer

[0333] 205 Stable Layer

[0334] 206 Adhesive layer

[0335] 300 patches

[0336] Tilt of the α facet

[0337] β Reflection Angle

[0338] Φ Angle of incidence

[0339] h Height

[0340] d Length

Claims

1. A security document (1), comprising: - a first side and a second side opposite to said first side, at least one absorbent layer (52, 31) having an absorbent area (30) for forming at least one personalized information item (3), wherein the security document (1) has been treated and / or can be treated in the absorbent area (30) in such a way that the at least one personalized information item (3) is visible, in particular to the human eye, by absorbing light incident on the first side; A first security element (2) with an optically variable effect, wherein, when observing the first side, the first security element (2) is arranged behind the absorption layer (52, 31) and the first security element (2) is arranged in a first area (20), wherein the first area (20) overlaps the absorption area (30) partially or over the entire surface, and the first area (20) does not overlap the absorption area (30) in a background area (21) directly adjacent to the absorption area (30), so that the at least one personalized information item (3) has a contrast, in particular a brightness contrast, that depends on the viewing angle in a second area (22), the second area (22) being formed at least by a part of the absorption area (30) and a part of the background area (21) directly adjacent to the absorption area (30).

2. A security document (1) as claimed in claim 1, It is characterized in that The optically variable effect of the first security element (2) is visible, in particular to the human eye, at a predefined first observation angle and is not visible, in particular to the human eye, at a second predefined observation angle, wherein the first security element (2) is transparent at the second observation angle.

3. A security document (1) according to claim 1 or 2, It is characterized in that The brightness difference between the background region (21) and the absorption region (30) in the second region (22) is stronger at a predefined first observation angle than at a predefined second observation angle.

4. A security document as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, It is characterized in that The arithmetic mean of the measured values ​​of the reflection and / or reflected light and / or scattered light in the first area, preferably the arithmetic mean of the grayscale values, is at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, and further preferably at least 15% greater at a predefined first observation angle than at a predefined second observation angle.

5. A security document as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, It is characterized in that The first security element is designed such that, in the event of a change in observation from the predefined second observation angle to the predefined first observation angle, the brightness increase, in particular in the second region (22), is smaller in the absorption region (30) than in the background region (21).

6. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that At least in the first region, the absorption region (30) has an optical density with a maximum K value of 3, the optical density being measured in particular in accordance with ISO 13655:2017(E).

7. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that The contrast between the absorption region (30) and the background region (21) in the second region (21) has a value of at most 0.1, preferably a value of 0.15 at the first observation angle.

8. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that The optically variable effect of the first security element (2) is only visible when observing the first side.

9. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that Preferably, the security document (1) has a translucent or opaque contrast layer when viewed from the first side behind the first security element to increase the contrast of the personalized information item, in particular at observation angles different from the first predefined observation angle, wherein the contrast layer preferably contains a filler, in particular TiO2, for preferably diffuse scattering of incident light.

10. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that The security document (1) is translucent or transparent, in particular not opaque, between the absorbent layer and the first security element.

11. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that In a third area (40), the security document comprises a second security element (4) with an optically variable effect, which second security element (4) is arranged in front of the absorbent layer (31, 52) when observing the first side, in particular wherein the third area (40) does not overlap with the absorbent area (30) or overlaps with the absorbent area (30) partially or over the entire surface.

12. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that When observing the first side, the first security element (2) and the second security element (4) are visible, in particular to the human eye.

13. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that The first security element (2) and the second security element (4) and in particular also the absorption region (30), preferably the blackened or printed layer of the absorption layer, overlap in an overlap region.

14. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that When observed at the predefined first observation angle, the first security element (2) appears achromatic in the second region, in particular in the background region (21).

15. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that When observed at the predefined first observation angle, the first security element (2) appears achromatic, in particular achromatically visible, in at least a first partial region of the absorption region (30) forming a grayscale image or a multicolor image, preferably a portrait.

16. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that The first security element (2) forms only a partial area of ​​the first side of the security document (1).

17. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that The first security element (2) is arranged to partially overlap or overlap a part of the surface of at least one first partial area of ​​the absorption area (30), and the at least one first partial area forms a grayscale image or a multi-color image in a closed and coherent area, and the minimum width or minimum length of the closed and coherent area is 80%, preferably 100% of the area (30) provided for the first partial area of ​​the absorption area 30, wherein the provided area is preferably an area defined for a portrait.

18. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that The first security element (2) is colored in a fourth region, wherein the fourth region overlaps, in particular in regions, with a second partial region of the absorption region (30), which second partial region is preferably formed by alphanumeric characters.

19. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that The at least one item of personalized information (3) is formed by manipulating the absorbent layer (52) with a laser, in particular by blackening, and / or by a printed layer (31) comprised or formed by the absorbent layer.

20. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that A further absorbent layer (521) is arranged behind the first security element (2) when observing the first side, in particular wherein the at least one personalized information item (3) consists of the absorbent layer (52) and the further absorbent layer (521) when observed at the second observation angle.

21. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that The first security element (2) and / or the second security element (4) are designed to be translucent and / or transparent.

22. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that The second security element (4) is designed to be opaque, in particular to have a transmittance in the wavelength range visible to the human eye selected from the range of 0.1% to 30%, preferably 1% to 10%.

23. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that The absorption region (30) is arranged to be aligned with the background region (21).

24. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that The first security element (2) and / or the second security element (4) has a carrier, in particular made of PET or PEN, wherein the carrier preferably has a layer thickness in the range from 5 μm to 150 μm, further preferably from 5 μm to 50 μm, and further preferably from 10 μm to 25 μm.

25. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, characterised in that The first security element (2) and / or the second security element (4) has at least one replication layer, in particular wherein the at least one replication layer has a layer thickness in the range from 0.2 μm to 20 μm, preferably from 0.2 μm to 10 μm.

26. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that The first security element (2) and / or the second security element (4) comprises at least one reflective layer having a preferred layer thickness selected from the range of 40 nm to 200 nm, further preferably 40 nm to 100 nm, wherein the reflective layer is in particular formed from ZnS or TiO2 and / or wherein the reflective layer preferably has a refractive index greater than 1.9 in the wavelength range visible to the human eye, preferably from 420 nm to 780 nm.

27. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that The reflective layer is arranged on a part or the entire surface of a surface in the security document (1), preferably the first security element (2), in particular wherein the reflective layer has a different layer thickness at least on a part of the surface.

28. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that The first security element (2) and / or the second security element (4) has at least one stabilizing layer having a preferred layer thickness selected from the range of 0.5 μm to 20 μm, further preferably selected from the range of 1.0 μm to 10 μm, wherein the stabilizing layer is single-layer or multi-layer and preferably includes an adhesion promoter layer.

29. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, characterised in that The first security element (2) and / or the second security element (4) has at least one adhesive layer, which has a preferred layer thickness selected from the range of 0.2 μm to 20 μm, further preferably from 0.2 μm to 10 μm, in particular wherein the adhesive layer is formed by a hot melt adhesive or a cold glue and wherein the adhesive layer is designed as a single layer or multiple layers.

30. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that The first security element (2) and / or the second security element (4), in particular in the reflective layer and / or the replication layer, has at least one relief structure, in particular wherein the at least one relief structure deflects, preferably diffracts and / or reflects incident light within a predetermined angular range.

31. A security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that The at least one relief structure is a blazed structure, in particular with a grating period of greater than 3 μm, further preferably greater than 5 μm and in particular at most 25 μm, and / or in the range from 3 μm to 25 μm.

32. A system (10) for producing a security document (1) as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, the system comprising an auxiliary carrier (105), wherein a first partial element (11) of the security document (1) and a second partial element (12) of the security document (1) are arranged on the auxiliary carrier (105), wherein the auxiliary carrier (105) is bent so that the first partial component (11) can cover the second partial component (12), The first partial element (11) may optionally have a first carrier element (104) and the first safety element (2), and the second partial element (12) may optionally have a second carrier element (103) and an adhesive layer (101) and at least one cover and / or the second safety element (4), wherein the adhesive layer (101) is arranged on the side of the cover and / or the second safety element (4) facing away from the auxiliary carrier (105), and the absorption layer (52, 31) having the absorption area (30) is arranged on or can be attached to the side of the first partial element (11) facing away from the auxiliary carrier (105).

33. A system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, It is characterized in that In particular, when observed perpendicularly to a plane spanned by the second partial element (12), the second security element (2) is present in more than 80% of the surface of the second partial element (12), preferably more than 90% of the surface, or is present on the entire surface of the second partial element (12), and comprises a reflective layer in the form of an HRI layer, in particular in which a relief structure with a diffractive optical effect is molded into the reflective layer.

34. A system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, It is characterized in that A folding edge is arranged between the first partial element (11) and the second partial element (12) of the security document, wherein the folding edge separates the first partial element of the security document from the second partial element of the security document so that the partial elements (11, 12) can be covered by folding at the folding edge.

35. A system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, It is characterized in that The folded edge is present in an area in which neither the first carrier element (104) nor the second carrier element (103) is provided, or the first carrier element and the second carrier element are formed by layers which are connected by a weak point separating the first sub-element and the second sub-element, the weak point being in particular a notch, a notch or a perforation forming the folded edge.

36. A system as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that The first security element (2) is arranged in the first partial element (11) of the security document on a side of the first carrier element (104) facing away from the auxiliary carrier (105), and wherein the second security element (4) is preferably arranged in the second partial element (12) of the security document between the carrier element (103) and the adhesive layer (101), preferably on a partial surface or on the entire surface.

37. A system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, It is characterized in that In the first partial element (11) and / or the second partial element (12), at least one carrier layer, in particular forming the first and / or second carrier element (103, 104), is arranged on a side facing the auxiliary carrier (105), wherein the carrier layer (103, 104) in particular consists of PET or includes PET.

38. A system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, It is characterized in that The second partial element (12) of the security document has a protective layer (102), wherein the protective layer is arranged on a side of the adhesive layer (101) facing away from the second carrier element (103), wherein the protective layer can be separated from the adhesive layer, and wherein the protective layer in particular consists of silicone or comprises silicone.

39. A method of producing a security document (1), in particular a security document (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, preferably using a system (10) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the security document (1) comprises a first side and a second side opposite to the first side, wherein the following steps are performed: - providing at least one absorbent layer (52, 31) having an absorbent region (30) for forming at least one personalized information item (3), wherein the security document (1) has been treated and / or can be treated in the absorbent region (30) in such a way that the at least one personalized information item (3) is visible, in particular to the human eye, by absorbing light incident on the first side; - providing a first security element (2) having an optically variable effect; - Arranging the absorption layer (52, 31) and the first security element (31) such that, when observing the first side of the security document (1), the first security element (2) is arranged behind the absorption layer (52, 31) and the first security element (2) is arranged in a first area (20), wherein the first area (20) overlaps the absorption area (30) partially or over the entire surface and the first area (20) does not overlap the absorption area (30) in a background area (21) directly adjacent to the absorption area (30), so that the at least one personalized information item (3) has a contrast, in particular a brightness contrast, that is dependent on the viewing angle in a second area (22), which is formed at least by a part of the absorption area (30) and a part of the background area (21) directly adjacent to the absorption area (30).

40. A method for producing a security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that In particular, the following steps are performed before, during or after arranging the absorption layer (52, 31) and the first safety element (31): The at least one personalized information item (3) is introduced.

41. A method for producing a security document as claimed in any preceding claim, It is characterized in that The at least one item of personalized information (3) is introduced by means of a laser, by blackening the absorbent layer (52) and / or by printing the absorbent layer (31).

Images