Methods, architectures, devices and systems for cell selection and reselection with multi-path operation and sidelink relays

Abstract

Processes, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, apparatuses, and computer program products for cell selection and / or cell reselection, such as in a multi-path operating environment. For example, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may receive information indicating (e.g., whether) a serving cell and / or neighboring cells provide multipath operation. The multipath may refer to a scenario in which a remote WTRU is connected to a network through a direct (e.g., Uu interface) path and an indirect (e.g., PCS interface) path. In an example cell selection procedure, a remote WTRU may evaluate a serving cell based on criteria, which may depend on any of multipath availability and / or sidelink measurements with respect to a candidate relay WTRU. In an example cell reselection process, a remote WTRU may evaluate neighboring cells based on criteria, which may depend on any of multipath availability and / or sidelink measurements with respect to a candidate relay WTRU.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 388,936, filed on July 13, 2022, which is incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure relates generally to the fields of communications, software, and coding, including, for example, methods, architectures, devices, and systems related to a cell selection and / or reselection process that can take into account multipath connections and sidelink relays. Background Art

[0004] In 5G New Radio (NR), a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may perform cell selection to determine a suitable cell. The WTRU may perform cell ranking to determine the highest ranked cell. A solution is desired that takes into account the availability of multipath opportunities at the WTRU when performing cell selection and / or reselection. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0005] A more detailed understanding can be obtained from the following detailed description given by way of example in conjunction with the attached drawings. As described in detail, each of the figures in such drawings is an example. Therefore, each of the figures and detailed description should not be regarded as limiting, and other equally effective examples are possible and possible. In addition, the same reference numerals ("labels") in the various figures indicate the same elements, and wherein:

[0006] Figure 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system;

[0007] Figure 1B It shows that it can be Figure 1A A system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) for use within a communication system is shown;

[0008] Figure 1C It shows that it can be Figure 1A A system diagram of an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) used within the illustrated communication system;

[0009] Figure 1D It shows that it can be Figure 1A A system diagram of yet another example RAN and yet another example CN used within the communication system shown;

[0010] Figure 2 is a flow chart showing an example overview of states and state transitions and processes under RRC_IDLE and RRC_INACTIVE for 5G New Radio (NR);

[0011] Figure 3is a system diagram illustrating an example of cell selection in an example communication system;

[0012] Figure 4 is a process diagram illustrating an example process for cell selection;

[0013] Figure 5 is a process diagram illustrating an example process for cell ranking;

[0014] Figure 6 is a process diagram illustrating an example process for performing cell selection and / or cell ranking based on multipath operation;

[0015] Figure 7 is a process diagram illustrating another example process for cell selection and / or cell ranking based on multipath operation; and

[0016] Figure 8 is a process diagram illustrating an example process for performing cell selection and / or ranking a first cell among a group of cells. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] In the following detailed description, many specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments and / or examples disclosed herein. However, it will be understood that such embodiments and examples can be practiced without some or all of the specific details set forth herein. In other cases, well-known methods, programs, components and circuits are not described in detail to avoid blurring the following description. In addition, the embodiments and examples not specifically described herein can replace the embodiments and other examples explicitly, implicitly and / or inherently described, disclosed or otherwise provided (collectively referred to as "providing") herein to practice or practice in combination with them. Although various embodiments in which equipment, systems, devices, etc. and / or any of its elements perform operations, processes, algorithms, functions, etc. and / or any part thereof are described and / or claimed herein, it should be understood that any embodiment described and / or claimed herein assumes that any equipment, systems, devices, etc. and / or any of its elements are configured to perform any operations, processes, algorithms, functions, etc. and / or any part thereof.

[0018] Example Communication System

[0019] The methods, devices, and systems provided herein are well suited for communications involving wired and wireless networks. Figures 1A to 1D An overview of various types of wireless devices and infrastructure is provided in which various elements of the network can utilize, perform, be arranged according to, and / or be adapted and / or configured for the methods, devices, and systems provided herein.

[0020] Figure 1Ais a system diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc. to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content by sharing system resources (including wireless broadband). For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero tail (ZT) unique word (UW) discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), etc.

[0021] like Figure 1A As shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104 / 113, a core network (CN) 106 / 115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110 and other networks 112, but it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include (or be) a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in the context of an industrial and / or automated process chain), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on a commercial and / or industrial wireless network, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0022] The communication system 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, for example, to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or the network 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node B (NB), an eNode-B (eNB), a master Node B (HNB), a master eNode-B (HeNB), a gNode-B (gNB), a NR Node B (NR NB), a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0023] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), a relay node, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in a licensed spectrum, an unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of a licensed spectrum and an unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage of wireless services to a specific geographic area that may be relatively fixed or may vary over time. The cell may also be divided into cell sectors. For example, a cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in an embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology, and may utilize multiple transceivers for each or any sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0024] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0025] More specifically, as described above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) which may use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish the air interface 116. WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed ​​Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0026] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0027] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as New Radio (NR) to establish NR radio access over the air interface 116.

[0028] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may jointly implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface used by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0029] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0030] Figure 1A The base station 114b in the example may be, for example, a wireless router, a master Node-B, a master eNode-B, or an access point, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a business location, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a road, and the like. In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-a, LTE-a Pro, NR, etc.) to establish any of a small cell, a pico cell, or a femto cell. As Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b may be directly connected to Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not need to access Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0031] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, fault tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calls, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although Figure 1ANot shown, but it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT or a different RAT as the RAN 104 / 113. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may be utilizing an NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) that employs any of GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or Wi-Fi radio technologies.

[0032] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network that provides plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 114 or a different RAT.

[0033] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). Figure 1A The illustrated WTRU 102c may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0034] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. Figure 1B As shown, the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other elements / peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0035] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and the transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together, such as in an electronic package or chip.

[0036] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit or receive signals to or from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via an air interface 116. For example, in an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive, for example, IR, UV, or visible light signals. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0037] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is Figure 1B Although depicted as a single element in the figure, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. For example, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0038] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As described above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs (e.g., such as NR and IEEE 802.11).

[0039] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to and may receive user input data from: a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as a non-removable memory 130 and / or a removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, etc. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in a memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0040] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134 and may be configured to distribute the power and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0041] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or in lieu of the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) over the air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of receiving signals from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0042] The processor 118 may also be coupled to other components / peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules / units that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the components / peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (e.g., for photos and / or videos), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, etc. Components / peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be gyroscopes, accelerometers, Hall effect sensors, magnetometers, orientation sensors, proximity sensors, temperature sensors, time sensors; geolocation sensors; altimeters, light sensors, touch sensors, magnetometers, barometers, gesture sensors, biometric sensors, and / or humidity sensors.

[0043] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio in which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both uplink (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via hardware (e.g., choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via the processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio in which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both uplink (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0044] Figure 1C 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 in accordance with an embodiment. As described above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0045] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, for example, the eNode-B 160a may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[0046] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL), etc. Figure 1C As shown, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with each other via an X2 interface.

[0047] Figure 1C The illustrated CN 106 may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0048] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0049] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to and from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-eNode-B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0050] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0051] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include or may communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0052] Although the WTRU Figures 1A to 1D Although depicted as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments such a terminal may (eg, temporarily or permanently) employ a wired communications interface with a communications network.

[0053] In a representative embodiment, other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0054] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STA) associated with the AP. The AP may access a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that loads traffic into and / or out of the BSS or has an interface thereto. Traffic originating from outside the BSS to the STA may be reached by the AP and may be delivered to the STA. Traffic from the STA to a destination outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to the corresponding destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent by the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP, and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic may be sent between the source STA and the destination STA using a direct link setup (DLS) (e.g., directly sent between them). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunnel DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs (eg, all STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad hoc" communication mode.

[0055] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operation, the AP can send beacons on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel can be a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel can be an operating channel of the BSS and can be used by STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access-collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) can be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA / CA, STAs (e.g., each STA) including the AP can sense the primary channel. If the primary signal is sensed / detected by a particular STA and / or is determined to be busy, the particular STA can back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit in a given BSS at any given time.

[0056] A high throughput (HT) STA may communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, via a combination of a primary 20 MHz channel and adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form the 40 MHz wide channel.

[0057] Very high throughput (VHT) STA can support 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz and / or 160MHz wide channels. 40MHz and / or 80MHz channels can be formed by combining continuous 20MHz channels. A 160MHz channel can be formed by combining 8 continuous 20MHz channels, or by combining two discontinuous 80MHz channels, which can be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data can be passed through a fragment parser after channel coding, which can divide the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time domain processing can be performed on each stream respectively. The stream can be mapped to two 80MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above-mentioned operation of the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to a media access control (MAC) layer, an entity, etc.

[0058] 802.11af and 802.11ah support operating modes below 1 GHz. The channel operating bandwidth and carrier are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those channel operating channels and carriers used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5MHz, 10MHz and 20MHz bandwidths in TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1MHz, 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz and 16MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah can support meter type control / machine type communication (MTC), such as MTC devices in macro coverage. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0059] A WLAN system that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) includes a channel that can be designated as a primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by the STA that supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode among all STAs operating in the BSS. In the example of 802.11ah, for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1MHz mode, the primary channel may be 1MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the state of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which only supports a 1MHz operating mode) transmitting to the AP, the entire available band may be considered busy even if most of the band remains idle and may be available.

[0060] In the United States, the available frequency band that can be used by 802.11ah is 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz, depending on the country code.

[0061] Figure 1D1 is a system diagram showing the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As described above, the RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0062] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. Thus, for example, the gNB 180a may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be located on an unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be located on a licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement coordinated multi-point (CoMP) technology. For example, the WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from the gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0063] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with scalable parameter sets. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., including different numbers of OFDM symbols and / or lasting different lengths of absolute time).

[0064] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may use one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchors. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate / connect with the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating / connecting with another RAN, such as the eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c may implement the DC principle to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, and the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput to serve the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0065] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, support for network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards a user plane function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards an access and mobility management function (AMF) 182a, 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[0066] Figure 1DThe illustrated CN 115 may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least two session management functions (SMFs) 183a, 183b, and at least one data network (DN) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0067] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different protocol data unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. The AMF 182a, 182b may use network slicing, for example, to customize CN support for the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of service the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c is utilizing. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for MTC access, etc. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies (such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-APro) and / or non-3GPP access technologies (such as Wi-Fi).

[0068] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to the AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via the N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to the UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via the N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b, and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notification, etc. The PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0069] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, for example, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0070] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include or may communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In an embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local data network (DN) 185a, 185b via an N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b.

[0071] Given that Figures 1A to 1D and Figures 1A to 1D 102a to 102d, base stations 114a to 114b, eNode-Bs 160a to 160c, MMEs 162, SGWs 164, PGWs 166, gNBs 180a to 180c, AMFs 182a to 182b, UPFs 184a to 184b, SMFs 183a to 183b, DNs 185a to 185b, and / or any other elements / devices described herein. A simulation device may be one or more devices configured to simulate one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, a simulation device may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0072] The simulation device can be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or an operator network environment. For example, one or more simulation devices can perform one or more or all functions when fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices can perform one or more or all functions when temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The simulation device can be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes, and / or can use over-the-air wireless communication to perform testing.

[0073] One or more simulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions when not implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the simulation device can be used for testing scenarios in a test laboratory and / or a wired and / or wireless communication network that is not deployed (e.g., testing) to implement testing of one or more components. One or more simulation devices can be test equipment. The simulation device can use direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuits (e.g., which can include one or more antennas) to transmit and / or receive data.

[0074] Introduction

[0075] WTRU to Network Relay

[0076] Sidelink (SL) relay

[0077] Relaying via (e.g., ProSe) WTRU to network relay was introduced in 3GPP Release 13 to extend network coverage to out-of-coverage WTRU 102 by using a PC5 interface (e.g., device-to-device connection) between the out-of-coverage WTRU 102 and the WTRU to network relay (e.g., relay WTRU 102).

[0078] For 3GPP Release 16, the first version of NR SL has been developed and the (e.g., sole) focus of this version is to support vehicle-to-everything (V2X) related road safety services. V2X is designed to provide support for broadcast, multicast, and unicast communications in both out-of-coverage and in-network coverage scenarios. Considering a wider range of applications and services, SL-based relay functions should be additionally studied in order to extend SL and / or network coverage and improve power efficiency.

[0079] To further explore coverage extension for sidelink-based communications, WTRU to network coverage extension and WTRU to WTRU coverage extension are two possible scenarios. In WTRU to network coverage extension, Uu coverage reachability may be necessary for WTRU102 to reach a server in the PDN network or to approach a corresponding WTRU in an outer area. However, for both NG-RAN and NR-based sidelink communications, the Release 13 solution for WTRU to network relay is limited to EUTRA-based technology and may not be applicable to NR-based systems. In WTRU to WTRU coverage extension, the current proximity reachability may be limited to a single-hop SL link via EUTRA-based or NR-based sidelink technology. Considering the limited coverage of a single-hop SL, this may not be enough in scenarios without Uu coverage.

[0080] Sidelink connectivity is further extended in the NR framework to support enhanced QoS requirements. In 3GPP Release 17, single-hop NR SL relay was introduced with the following main goals:

[0081] 1. Study mechanisms with minimal regulatory impact to support the SA requirements for WTRU-to-network and WTRU-to-WTRU relaying based on the sidelink, focusing on the following aspects for Layer 3 (L3) relay and Layer 2 (L2) relay, as applicable:

[0082] -Relay selection (reselection) criteria and process;

[0083] - Relay / remote UE authorization;

[0084] -QoS for relay functions;

[0085] - Service continuity;

[0086] - the security of relaying the connection after SA3 has provided its conclusion; and

[0087] - Impact on the user plane protocol stack and control plane procedures, e.g. connection management of relay connections.

[0088] 2. Study mechanisms to support upper layer operations of the discovery model / procedure for sidelink relay, assuming no new physical layer channels / signals [RAN2].

[0089] For example, a local remote WTRU ID may be configured by the gNB 180 to the L2 WTRU to the network relay WTRU. The remote WTRU 102 may obtain the local remote ID from the gNB 180 via a Uu RRC message such as any of RRCSetup, RRCReconfiguration, RRCResume, and / or RRCReestablishment. Any of the Uu DRBs and Uu SRBs may be mapped to different PC5 relay RLC channels and Uu relay RLC channels for any of the PC5 hops and / or Uu hops.

[0090] Multipath operation using SL trunking

[0091] 3GPP has agreed to continue enhancing the NR SL relay specification in Release 18, with specification work expected to begin in August 2022. One of the features planned to be discussed is support for multipath with relays, where the remote WTRU 102 is connected to the network via direct and indirect paths. Multipath operation has the potential to improve reliability, robustness, and / or throughput of wireless communications.

[0092] For example, multipath relaying can be used for WTRU aggregation, where the WTRU 102 is connected to the network via a direct path and an indirect path, such as via another WTRU using a (e.g., non-standardized) WTRU-WTRU interconnect. WTRU aggregation is intended to provide applications that require high UL bit rates on 5G terminals, such as when a normal (e.g., non-multipath) WTRU is too limited in UL transmission power to achieve the required or desired bit rate, such as during operation at the cell edge. In addition, WTRU aggregation can also improve service reliability, stability and / or reduce latency. As an example, in the event that the channel condition of WTRU 102 deteriorates, another WTRU 102 can be used to compensate for the unstable service performance caused by the changing channel conditions.

[0093] Multipath operation is planned as one of the core goals for Release 18. It is planned to investigate the benefits and potential solutions for multipath support to enhance reliability and throughput (e.g., by switching between multiple paths or utilizing multiple paths simultaneously) in scenarios such as when the WTRU 102 is connected to the same gNB 180 via 1) a Layer 2 UE-to-network relay or 2) via another WTRU using one direct path and one indirect path (e.g., assuming WTRU-WTRU interconnection is ideal). Ideally, these solutions for 1) can be reused for 2), without excluding the possibility of excluding parts of the solution that are not necessary for the operation of 2).

[0094] SL measurement and scheduling

[0095] In SL operation, the WTRU 102 may be configured with an associated peer WTRU 102 to perform NR sidelink measurements and reporting on the corresponding PC5-RRC connection. For example, reporting may be performed according to the NR SL measurement configuration for unicast, such as via an RRCReconfigurationSidelink message.

[0096] For example, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., should) derive NR sidelink measurement results by measuring one or more DMRS associated with each PC5-RRC connection that may be configured by the associated peer WTRU 102. For (e.g., all) NR sidelink measurement results, the WTRU 102 may apply L3 filtering before using the measured results to evaluate reporting criteria and measurement reports. In Release 16, only NR sidelink RSRP may be configured as a triggering quantity and a reporting quantity. The following measurement events are defined for the NR sidelink:

[0097] Event S1 (service becomes better than threshold); and

[0098] Event S2 (service becomes worse than a threshold).

[0099] Measurements (e.g., reports) based on S1 and S2 may be used by the WTRU 102 that receives the reports to adjust the power level when transmitting data. For example, NR SL transmission has the following two resource allocation modes:

[0100] Mode 1: Sidelink resources are scheduled by gNB 180; and

[0101] • Mode 2: The WTRU 102 autonomously selects SL resources from a (pre-)configured SL resource pool based on a channel sensing mechanism.

[0102] For an in-coverage WTRU 102, the WTRU may be configured to operate in either Mode 1 or Mode 2. For an out-of-coverage WTRU 102, the WTRU may be configured to operate in Mode 2 (eg, only).

[0103] To enhance the QoS of NR sidelink transmission, congestion control may be important (such as in Mode 2) to prevent the transmitting WTRU from occupying too many resources in SL transmission. For example, two indicators may be defined as follows:

[0104] Channel Busy Rate (CBR): the fraction of subchannels whose Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) exceeds a (pre-)configured value for a certain duration; and

[0105] Channel Occupancy Rate (CR): For time slot “n”, CR may be determined as (X+Y)M, where “X” is the number of subchannels that have been occupied by the transmitting WTRU in time slot [na, n-1], “Y” is the number of subchannels that have been granted in time slot [n, n+b], and “M” is the total number of subchannels in time slot [na, n+b].

[0106] For congestion control, the upper limit of CR can be expressed as CR 限制 and may be applied to the transmitting WTRU 102. For example, CR 限制 may be a function of the priority of the CBR and SL transmissions. In certain representative embodiments, the amount of resources occupied by the transmitting WTRU 102 may not exceed the CR 限制 .

[0107] The CBR report may be used by the gNB 180 to determine the (e.g., SL) resource pool to allocate for SL communications (e.g., if the WTRU participating in the sidelink communication is reporting a high CBR, then increase the resource pool, and if the reported CBR is lower, then decrease the resource pool).

[0108] In addition to peer WTRUs participating in SL operation configuring each other to perform measurements (e.g., periodically and / or on S1, S2 events), for in-coverage operation (e.g., the remote WTRU 102 is within the coverage of the gNB 180), the gNB 190 may configure CBR measurements to the remote WTRU 102, which may also be periodic or event triggered. The following two measurement events may be configured for CBR measurement reporting:

[0109] Event C1 (the CBR of the NR sidelink communication becomes greater than an absolute threshold); and

[0110] Event C2 (the CBR of the NR sidelink communication becomes smaller than the absolute threshold).

[0111] (Uu) Mobility in RRC_IDLE and RRC_INACTIVE

[0112] Figure 2 2 is a flow chart showing an example overview 200 of states and state transitions and processes under RRC_IDLE and RRC_INACTIVE of 5G NR as described in 3GPP TS 38.304. Those skilled in the art will be familiar with Figure 2200, and the details of overview 200 are omitted. In certain representative embodiments, the (e.g., remote) WTRU 102 may perform procedures associated with transitioning between one or more connection states. For example, the WTRU 102 may perform procedures associated with transitioning from RRC_CONNECTED to RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE (e.g., upon receiving an RRC release message and / or performing temporary cell selection during RRC reestablishment), such as where the WTRU 102 is able to find a suitable cell to camp on. Figure 2 As highlighted in section 202, the WTRU 102 may perform cell selection after leaving a connected mode (e.g., RRC_CONNECTED), and / or may perform a cell reselection evaluation procedure after a normal camp-on. For example, the RRC release message may include an inactive radio network temporary identifier (I-RNTI) of the WTRU 102.

[0113] In certain representative embodiments, the cell selection process and / or the cell reselection evaluation process after leaving connected mode in portion 202 may be modified, as described herein.

[0114] Cell Selection

[0115] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may search for a frequency band (e.g., an NR frequency band). For each carrier frequency, the WTRU 102 may identify the strongest cell based on the cell definition synchronization signal block (CD-SSB). The WTRU 102 may then obtain the cell system information broadcast to identify its PLMN to find a suitable cell to camp on. For example, a suitable cell may be one where: (1) measured cell attributes satisfy the cell selection criteria, (2) the cell PLMN is the selected PLMN, a registered or equivalent PLMN, (3) the cell is not barred or reserved, and / or (4) the cell is not part of a tracking area (TA) in the "roaming prohibited tracking area" list.

[0116] When transitioning from RRC_CONNECTED and / or RRC_INACTIVE to RRC_IDLE, the WTRU 102 may (eg, should) camp on a cell according to the cell selection based on the frequency assigned by the RRC in the state transition message (eg, if provided).

[0117] In certain representative embodiments, a cell selection criterion, which may be referred to as criterion S, may be satisfied if:

[0118] (1) Srxlev > 0; and

[0119] (2) Squal>0,

[0120] in:

[0121] (3) Srxlev = Q rxlevmeas -(Q rxlevmin +Q rxlevminoffset )-P compensation Qoffset temp ;and

[0122] (4) Squal = Q qualmeas -(Q qualmin +Q qualminoffset )-Qoffset temp .

[0123] The aforementioned parameters can be defined as shown in the following table:

[0124]

[0125]

[0126]

[0127] For example, when evaluating cells for cell selection due to periodic search for higher priority PLMNs when camping normally in a visiting public land mobile network VPLMN, the signaled value Q may be (eg only) applied. rxlevminoffset and Q qualminoffset During such periodic searches for a higher priority PLMN, the WTRU 102 may check the criteria S of the cells using parameter values ​​stored from different cells of the higher priority PLMN.

[0128] Cell Reselection

[0129] In certain representative embodiments, the (e.g., remote) WTRU 102 may perform procedures associated with (e.g., transitioning between) one or more connection states. For example, the WTRU 102 may perform a cell reselection procedure in RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE. As examples, the WTRU 102 may perform any of intra-frequency, inter-frequency, or inter-RAT cell reselection.

[0130] For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured with priorities between RATs (e.g., camping on NR over LTE whenever an NR cell is available) or between frequencies within the same RAT (e.g., frequency f a Has the highest priority, frequency f b With medium priority, frequency f chaving the lowest priority, etc.). A neighbor cell list (NCL) may be provided to the WTRU 102, indicating which neighboring cells (e.g., intra-frequency, inter-frequency, inter-RAT) may be considered for cell reselection (e.g., should be considered). An allow list may be provided to the WTRU 102, indicating (e.g., only) neighboring cells that may be considered for reselection. An exclude list may be provided to the WTRU 102, indicating neighboring cells that may (e.g., should not) be considered for reselection.

[0131] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may attempt to camp on a cell operating with the highest priority RAT and / or the highest priority frequency.

[0132] For example, when the serving cell is full Srxlev>S IntraSearchP and Squal>S IntraSearchQ , the WTRU 102 may determine not to perform intra-frequency measurements. Otherwise, the WTRU 012 may (e.g., should) perform intra-frequency measurements.

[0133] For example, in the serving cell, Srxlev>S nonIntraSearchP and Squal>S nonIntraSearchQ Under the condition that the WTRU 102 has a lower priority than the NR inter-frequency cell and / or the lower priority than the NR inter-frequency cell, the WTRU 102 may choose not to perform measurements on the NR inter-frequency cells of equal or lower priority and / or the lower priority inter-RAT frequency cells. Otherwise, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., should) perform measurements on the NR inter-frequency cells of equal or lower priority and / or the lower priority inter-RAT frequency cells.

[0134] For example, S IntraSearchP The Srxlev threshold (eg, in dB) for intra-frequency measurements may be specified.

[0135] For example, S IntraSearchQ A Squal threshold (eg, in dB) may be specified for intra-frequency measurements.

[0136] For example, S nonIntraSearchP The Srxlev threshold (e.g., in dB) for NR inter-frequency and / or inter-RAT measurements may be specified.

[0137] For example, S nonIntraSearchQ The Squal threshold (e.g., in dB) for NR inter-frequency and / or inter-RAT measurements may be specified.

[0138] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine to perform intra-frequency, inter-frequency and / or inter-RAT measurements for cell reselection. For example, cell reselection may be based on any of the above criteria and / or parameters. The WTRU 102 may perform cell ranking on the cells involved.

[0139] In certain representative embodiments, for a serving cell (R s ) and any neighboring cells (R n ) can be defined by the following formula:

[0140] (5)R s =Q meas,s +Q hyst -Qoffset temp ;as well as

[0141] (6)R n =Q meas,n -Qoffset-Qoffset temp .

[0142] The aforementioned parameters can be defined as shown in the following table:

[0143]

[0144]

[0145] For example, the WTRU 102 may (eg, should) rank any (eg, all) cells that satisfy the cell selection criteria S as described above.

[0146] For example, Q can (eg, should) be obtained (eg, determined or derived) according to the above criteria R. meas,n and Q meas,s And calculate the R value (such as by using the average RSRP result) to rank the cells.

[0147] In certain representative embodiments, if rangeToBestCell (eg, value) is not configured, the WTRU 102 may (eg, should) perform cell reselection on the highest ranked cell.

[0148] In certain representative embodiments, where rangeToBestCell (e.g., a value) is configured, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., should) perform cell reselection on a cell with a highest number of beams above a threshold (e.g., absThreshSS-BlocksConsolidation) among cells whose R value is within the rangeToBestCell range of the R value of the highest ranked cell. For example, where there are multiple such cells, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., should) perform cell reselection on the highest ranked cell among them.

[0149] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., should) reselect a new cell if any (e.g., all) of the following conditions are met:

[0150] - The new cell is better than the serving cell according to the cell reselection criteria specified above (e.g., during a time interval such as Treselection RAT ); and / or

[0151] - More than 1 second has passed since the WTRU 102 camped on the current serving cell.

[0152] Relay Discovery

[0153] Model A and Model B discovery models are defined in 3GPP TS 23.304. WTRU to Network (U2N) relay discovery may support Model A and Model B.

[0154] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may perform U2N relay discovery using Model A. For example, the relay WTRUs 102 may broadcast relay discovery messages to advertise their presence and any connection services they can or can provide. Remote WTRUs or other relay WTRUs (e.g., where multi-hop is supported) may actively listen to and / or obtain the broadcast messages.

[0155] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may perform U2N relay discovery using Model B. For example, the relay discovery process may be initiated by the remote WTRU 102 broadcasting a request message (e.g., with a connection service that the remote WTRU is seeking). A listening relay WTRU that provides the requested service may then send a response message (e.g., to the remote WTRU).

[0156] For example, the U2N remote WTRU 102 may perform a relay discovery request message transmission and / or may monitor SL resources for relay discovery messages, such as when in any of RRC_IDLE, RRC_INACTIVE, and / or RRC_CONNECTED. The network may broadcast a threshold value that is used by any U2N remote WTRU to determine whether the U2N remote WTRU may transmit a relay discovery request message to any U2N relay WTRU.

[0157] For example, the U2N relay WTRU 102 may perform relay discovery message transmission and / or may monitor SL resources for relay discovery messages, such as when in any of RRC_IDLE, RRC_INACTIVE, and / or RRC_CONNECTED. The network may broadcast a maximum Uu RSRP threshold, a minimum Uu RSRP threshold, or both, which may be used by the U2N relay WTRU to determine whether it may transmit a relay discovery message to any U2N remote WTRU.

[0158] For example, the network may provide relay discovery configuration using broadcast and / or dedicated signaling for relay discovery.As another example, a U2N remote WTRU and a U2N relay WTRU may use pre-configuration for relay discovery.

[0159] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine whether the gNB 180 supports relay discovery and / or non-relay discovery based on system information (e.g., a system information block such as SIB12).

[0160] Relay selection and reselection

[0161] In certain representative embodiments, SL relay selection and / or reselection may be performed by the remote WTRU 102. For example, SL relay selection and / or reselection may be performed when the remote WTRU is in any of RRC_IDLE, RRC_INACTIVE, and / or RRC_CONNECTED.

[0162] In certain representative embodiments, the (e.g., U2N remote) WTRU 102 performs radio measurements at the PC5 interface. The WTRU 102 may use the PC5 interface measurements for U2N relay selection and / or reselection, such as in conjunction with higher layer criteria such as specified in 3GPP TS 23.304. In the absence of a (e.g., unicast) PC5 connection between the U2N relay WTRU and the U2N remote WTRU, the U2N remote WTRU may use SL Discovery Reference Signal Received Power (SD-RSRP) measurements to evaluate whether the PC5 link quality for the U2N relay WTRU meets the relay selection criteria.

[0163] For relay reselection, the U2N remote WTRU may use SL-RSRP measurements for the serving U2N relay WTRU for relay reselection trigger evaluation, such as when there is data transmission from the U2N relay WTRU to the U2N remote WTRU. As an example, the U2N relay WTRU may use either SL-RSRP and / or SD-RSRP for relay reselection trigger evaluation, such as when there is no data transmission from the U2N relay WTRU to the U2N remote WTRU.

[0164] In certain representative embodiments, the U2N remote WTRU may deem the U2N relay WTRU suitable based on radio criteria, provided that the PC5 link quality measured by the U2N remote WTRU for the U2N relay WTRU exceeds a threshold (e.g., pre-configured, configured, or otherwise provided by the gNB 180). The U2N remote WTRU may search for suitable U2N relay WTRU candidates that meet any (e.g., all) AS layer and / or higher layer criteria (such as specified in TS23.304). In the event that there are multiple such suitable U2N relay WTRUs, the U2N remote WTRU may select a U2N relay WTRU from among them. For example, in L2 U2N relay selection (reselection), the PLMN ID and / or cell ID may be used as (e.g., additional) AS criteria.

[0165] In certain representative embodiments, a U2N remote WTRU may trigger U2N relay selection in any of the following situations:

[0166] - The direct Uu signal strength of the current serving cell of the U2N remote UE is below the configured signal strength threshold; and / or

[0167] - Indicated by upper layers of the U2N remote UE.

[0168] In certain representative embodiments, a U2N remote WTRU may trigger a U2N relay reselection in any of the following situations:

[0169] -The current U2N relay WTRU’s PC5 signal strength is below a (pre-)configured signal strength threshold;

[0170] - Cell selection (reselection), handover or Uu radio link failure (RLF) has been indicated by the U2N relay WTRU via PC5-RRC signaling;

[0171] -When the remote WTRU receives a PC5-S link release message from the U2N relay WTRU;

[0172] -When the U2N remote WTRU detects a PC5 RLF; and / or

[0173] -Instructed by upper layer.

[0174] In certain representative embodiments, for any L2 U2N remote WTRU (e.g., in RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE) and L3 U2N remote WTRU, the cell selection (reselection) process and the relay selection (reselection) process may be performed independently. If both a suitable cell and a suitable U2N relay WTRU are available, the remote WTRU may select a cell or a U2N relay WTRU. As an example, a (e.g., L3) U2N remote WTRU may select both a cell and a U2N relay WTRU.

[0175] In certain representative embodiments, for any L2 and / or L3 U2N relay WTRU (e.g., in RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE), the PC5-RRC message may be used to notify their connected remote WTRUs when the U2N relay WTRU selects a new cell. The PC5-RRC message may (e.g., also) be used to notify their connected L2 and / or L3 U2N remote WTRUs when the L2 and / or L3 U2N relay WTRUs perform a handover and / or detect a Uu RLF. Upon receiving the PC5 RRC message for notification, the U2N remote WTRU may determine to release or maintain the unicast PC5 link. For example, the U2N remote WTRU may determine to release the unicast PC5 link, trigger the L2 release procedure, and perform relay reselection.

[0176] In 3GPP Release 17, SL U2N relay focuses on out-of-coverage (OOC) remote WTRUs. As discussed above, SL relay work in 3GPP Release 18 is expected to cover the case where the remote WTRU operates in a multipath scenario while in the coverage of the network (e.g., one path through direct Uu and another path via SL U2N relay). This may allow the remote WTRU to use relay and non-relay paths more flexibly.

[0177] As described above, in NR, for a remote WTRU in RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE, the Uu cell reselection and relay selection (reselection) procedures may be performed independently. That is, under the condition that both a suitable Uu cell and a suitable U2N relay WTRU are available, the remote WTRU may determine whether to select a Uu cell or a U2N relay WTRU.

[0178] With the introduction of multipath operation with SL, independent selection and / or reselection of the Uu interface and the SL interface may result in suboptimal operation when the remote WTRU transitions to CONNECTED mode. For example, the WTRU may have two candidate Uu cells (e.g., cells 1 and 2) to choose from. In addition, there may be a relay WTRU that is currently associated with a second cell (e.g., the relay WTRU is in RRC_CONNECTED, or in RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE but camps on the second cell). The WTRU may decide to camp on cell 1, such as in a case where cell 1 has (e.g., only slightly) better radio conditions than cell 2. When the WTRU may transition to RRC_CONNECTED (e.g., UL data arrives, is paged due to DL data, etc.), the WTRU may send an RRC setup request (e.g., if it is in RRC_IDLE) or an RRC recovery request (e.g., if it is in RRA_INACTIVE). The WTRU may be initially (e.g., only) configured with a Uu link. If the WTRU is to be configured for multipath operation with Cell 2 and the SL towards the relay UE, further measurement reporting and HO signaling may be required.

[0179] Overview

[0180] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 (eg, a remote WTRU in RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE) may perform cell selection and / or reselection taking into account available multipath opportunities.

[0181] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with information and / or determine multipath availability of cells, such as a serving cell of the RAN 104 / 113 and / or neighboring cells.

[0182] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with information and / or determine cells that may be prioritized to provide multipath operation and / or connectivity for cell selection and / or reselection processes.

[0183] In certain representative embodiments, a (e.g., remote) WTRU 102 that is in one or more connected states (e.g., idle and / or inactive) may be configured with information and / or determination to prioritize and / or consider (e.g., only) cells that can provide multipath operations, such as when performing cell selection and / or cell reselection.

[0184] In certain representative embodiments, a (e.g., remote) WTRU 102 that is in one or more connected states (e.g., idle and / or inactive) may be configured with information and / or determine an offset related to sidelink (SL) radio link quality and / or SL channel busy rate (CBR) to be applied when performing SL criteria evaluations during cell selection and / or reselection.

[0185] In certain representative embodiments, a (e.g., remote) WTRU 102 that is in one or more connected states (e.g., idle and / or inactive) may be configured with information and / or determine an offset related to SL radio link quality and / or SL CBR to be applied when performing cell ranking evaluation during cell selection and / or reselection.

[0186] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 in one or more connection states (e.g., idle and / or inactive) may be configured with information and / or determined to establish a PC5 connection with a (e.g., candidate) relay WTRU that can provide multipath operation with the (e.g., current) cell that the WTRU 102 is occupying.

[0187] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 in one or more connection states (e.g., idle and / or inactive) may be configured with information and / or determination to prioritize a cell with which the WTRU 102 has established a sidelink (SL) connection that is served by the same cell or a cell of the same base station (e.g., gNB 180) as the cell in question.

[0188] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with information and / or determine to apply an offset to a cell during cell selection criteria evaluation. For example, cell selection may depend on multipath operation availability and / or the quality of the SL signal level of a candidate relay WTRU to be used for multipath operation.

[0189] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with information and / or determine to apply an offset to a cell during evaluation of cell selection criteria. For example, cell selection may depend on multipath operation availability, CBR, and / or SL for channel occupancy (CR) of a candidate relay WTRU to be used for multipath operation.

[0190] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with information and / or determine to apply an offset to a serving cell and / or a neighboring cell during cell ranking evaluation for cell reselection. For example, cell ranking and / or reselection may depend on multipath operation availability and / or the quality of the SL signal level of a candidate relay WTRU to be used for multipath operation, such as for a serving cell and / or a neighboring cell.

[0191] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with information and / or determine to apply an offset to a serving cell and / or a neighboring cell during cell ranking evaluation for cell reselection. For example, the cell ranking and / or reselection may depend on the CR of a candidate relay WTRU to be used for multipath operation, such as for a serving cell and / or a neighboring cell, for multipath operation availability, CBR, and / or SL.

[0192] As described herein, the terms PC5 and SL may be used interchangeably.

[0193] As described herein, embodiments may be described with respect to L2 U2N relay scenarios, but may be equally applicable to L3.

[0194] As described herein, the term WTRU 102 may refer to a remote WTRU (eg, in RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE), unless otherwise noted.

[0195] Figure 3 3 is a system diagram illustrating an example of cell selection in an example communication system 300. Figure 3As shown, a (e.g., remote) WTRU 102-0 may communicate with a first gNB (e.g., gNB_0) 180-0 using a first Uu interface (e.g., Uu0) 302-0 in a connected state (e.g., RRC_CONNECTED). In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102-0 may transition to an idle or inactive state (e.g., RRC_IDLE or RRC_INACTIVE). After transitioning to the idle or inactive state (e.g., RRC_IDLE or RRC_INACTIVE), the remote WTRU 102-0 may perform measurements on multiple interfaces. For example, the remote WTRU 102-0 may perform measurements on a second Uu interface (e.g., Uu1) 302-1 associated with a second gNB (e.g., gNB_1) 180-1. For example, the remote WTRU 102-0 may perform measurements on a SL link (e.g., PC5 interface) 302-2 associated with the relay WTRU 102-1. The relay WTRU 102-1 may provide a multipath connection to the gNB 180-1, such as via a third Uu interface (e.g., Uu2) 302-3. For example, the remote WTRU 102-0 may perform measurements on a fourth Uu interface (e.g., Uu3) 302-4 associated with a third gNB (e.g., gNB_2) 180-2. The remote WTRU 102-0 may use the measurements to perform a comparison. For example, the remote WTRU 102-0 may compare measurements of a second Uu interface (e.g., Uu1) modified by an offset with measurements of a fourth Uu interface (e.g., Uu3). For example, the offset may be determined based on a function of measurements on the SL link, such as SL RSRP and SL CBR.

[0196] Configuration

[0197] Awareness of multi-path opportunities

[0198] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured to assume or determine that multipath operation is available on (e.g., any) Uu cell being measured. For example, if the WTRU 102 detects a SL relay to which the WTRU 102 can connect and the SL relay is being served by the same cell, the WTRU 102 may determine that multipath operation is available.

[0199] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured to assume or determine that multipath operation is available on (e.g., any) Uu cell being measured. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine that multipath operation is available if the WTRU 102 detects a SL relay to which the WTRU 102 may be connected and the SL relay is being served by a cell belonging to the same gNB 180 as the Uu cell being measured.

[0200] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with information about any neighboring and / or serving cells that have multipath operation availability. For example, the WTRU 102 may obtain and / or determine the availability of multipath operation when in RRC_CONNECTED (e.g., via RRC reconfiguration). For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured with the availability information via Uu signaling and / or PC5 signaling (e.g., RRC signaling).

[0201] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with information regarding any neighboring and / or serving cells that have multipath operation availability during the transition from RRC_CONNECTED to RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE (eg, in an RRC release message).

[0202] In certain representative embodiments, information regarding the multipath operation capabilities of a cell may be provided (eg, configured) to the WTRU 102 via broadcast signaling. For example, the broadcast signaling may be received using a Uu interface (eg, via a SIB).

[0203] In certain representative embodiments, information regarding the multipath operation capability of a cell may be configured via signaling over a PC5 interface to the WTRU 102. For example, the signaling may be received as any of PC5 RRC signaling and / or Uu SIB signaling (eg, forwarded via PC5).

[0204] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 (e.g., in RRC_CONNECTED) may request multipath availability information about a serving cell from the network. For example, the WTRU 102 may send the request via any one of Uu signaling (e.g., via RRC message, MACCE, etc.) and / or PC5 signaling (e.g., PC5 RRC).

[0205] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 (e.g., in RRC_CONNECTED) may request multipath availability information about non-serving cells from the network (e.g., via an RRC message, a MAC CE, etc.). For example, the WTRU 102 may send the request via any of Uu signaling (e.g., via an RRC message, a MAC CE, etc.) and / or PC5 signaling (e.g., PC5 RRC).

[0206] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with multipath operation information through explicit and / or implicit indication to the WTRU 102 to consider multipath aspects during cell selection and / or reselection.

[0207] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 (e.g., in RRC_CONNECTED) may be configured or determine that multipath aspects are considered during cell selection and / or cell reselection (e.g., via RRC reconfiguration). For example, the WTRU 102 may determine that multipath operation is available via any of Uu RRC signaling and / or PC5 RRC signaling. As an example, the WTRU 102 may not receive explicit information (e.g., configuration / reconfiguration) regarding whether any cell provides multipath operation, and may determine (e.g., through discovery) any relay WTRUs camping on a cell and / or gNB 180. Under the condition that the WTRU 102 determines that a relay WTRU is camping, the WTRU may receive (e.g., explicitly and / or separately) a configuration or determine that multipath operation is considered during cell selection and / or reselection.

[0208] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured and / or determine to consider multipath aspects during cell selection and / or cell reselection, such as during a transition from RRC_CONNECTED to RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE (e.g., in an RRC release message). As an example, the WTRU 102 may not receive explicit information (e.g., configuration / reconfiguration) regarding whether any cell provides multipath operation, and may determine (e.g., through discovery) any relay WTRUs camping on a cell and / or gNB 180. Conditional upon the WTRU 102 determining that a relay WTRU is camping, the WTRU may receive (e.g., explicitly and / or separately) configuration, or determine to consider multipath operation during cell selection and / or reselection.

[0209] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured and / or determine to consider multipath aspects during cell selection and / or cell reselection via broadcast signaling (e.g., Uu SIB, Uu SIB signaling forwarded via PC5, etc.). As an example, the WTRU 102 may not receive explicit information (e.g., configuration / reconfiguration) regarding whether any cell provides multipath operation, and may determine (e.g., through discovery) any relay WTRUs camping on a cell and / or gNB 180. Conditional upon the WTRU 102 determining that a relay WTRU is camping, the WTRU may receive broadcast signaling that may include information indicating that multipath operation is considered during cell selection and / or reselection.

[0210] Multipath availability information

[0211] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may receive multipath availability information including information indicating and / or associated with any of: a cell list, a frequency list, and / or a SL relay WTRU identifier (eg, an L2 identity).

[0212] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may receive multipath availability information including information (e.g., a flag and / or indication) regarding whether a cell or multiple cells (e.g., a list of cells) provide and / or support multipath operation. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive broadcast information from the cells and / or a dedicated message in response to a request from the WTRU 102. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive a dedicated message, such as in response to a request from the WTRU 102 regarding any (e.g., specific) serving and / or non-serving cells.

[0213] WTRU Behavior During Cell Selection and Reselection

[0214] Prioritize cells that support multipath for cell selection and / or reselection

[0215] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may perform cell selection (e.g., upon transitioning from RRC_CONNECTED to RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE, etc.). The WTRU 102 may be configured to (e.g., only) select cells that may provide multipath operation. For example, the WTRU 102 may select a cell that may provide multipath operation, such as if a suitable cell may be found among any cells that may provide multipath operation. For example, if no suitable cell may be found among the cells that may provide multipath operation, the WTRU 102 may be configured to (e.g., then) consider cells that may not provide multipath operation.

[0216] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may perform cell selection (e.g., upon transitioning from RRC_CONNECTED to RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE, etc.), and may be configured to (e.g., only) select cells that can provide multipath operation. For example, the WTRU 102 may select a cell that provides multipath operation if a suitable cell can be found among the cells that can provide multipath operation, and there is a relay WTRU that can be used for multipath operation with the cell and / or with cells belonging to the same gNB as the cell. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive a relay discovery message that indicates the presence and / or availability of a relay WTRU. If no such cell is found, the WTRU 102 may be configured to (e.g., then) consider cells that do not provide multipath operation for cell selection.

[0217] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may perform cell selection (e.g., upon transitioning from RRC_CONNECTED to RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE, etc.) and may be configured to initiate and / or transmit a relay discovery request message. The WTRU 102 may determine via relay discovery whether a relay WTRU is available for multipath operation with a candidate cell being measured for cell selection and / or with a cell belonging to the same gNB as the cell.

[0218] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may perform cell selection (e.g., when transitioning from RRC_CONNECTED to RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE, etc.) and may be configured to and / or determine to select a suitable cell that provides multipath operation and trigger the setup of a PC5 link with a relay UE that can provide multipath operation.

[0219] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may perform cell selection (e.g., upon transitioning from RRC_CONNECTED to RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE, etc.), and may be configured and / or determined to trigger setup of a PC5 link with a relay WTRU before selecting a suitable cell that provides multipath operation. For example, the WTRU 102 may establish a PC5 link with a relay WTRU that may provide multipath operation, and may (e.g., only) perform cell selection on the cell involved, such as (e.g., only) after the PC5 link setup is successful.

[0220] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may perform cell selection (e.g., upon transitioning from RRC_CONNECTED to RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE, etc.) and may trigger setup of a PC5 link with a relay WTRU. For example, a relay WTRU may (e.g., be determined to) provide multipath operation with a given cell as described herein. The WTRU 102 may be configured to trigger setup of a PC5 link with any relay WTRU that can provide multipath operation, such as when there are several such relay WTRUs available.

[0221] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may perform cell selection (e.g., upon transitioning from RRC_CONNECTED to RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE, etc.), and may trigger setup of a PC5 link with a relay WTRU. For example, the relay WTRU may (e.g., be determined to) provide multipath operation with a given cell as described herein. The WTRU 102 may be configured to establish a PC5 link with a relay WTRU that may provide multipath operation with a given cell as described herein, and may trigger setup of a PC5 link with a relay WTRU that has the best or preferred radio quality among any candidate relay WTRUs that are available.

[0222] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may perform cell selection (e.g., upon transitioning from RRC_CONNECTED to RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE, etc.), and may trigger setup of a PC5 link with a relay WTRU. For example, the relay WTRU may (e.g., be determined to) provide multipath operation with a given cell as described herein. The WTRU 102 may be configured to establish a PC5 link with a relay WTRU that may provide multipath operation with a given cell as described herein, and may trigger setup of a PC5 link with a relay WTRU that has the best or preferred radio quality among any candidate relay WTRUs that are available, and the relay WTRU has a radio quality that is above a (e.g., configured) radio quality threshold.

[0223] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may perform CBR and / or CR measurements, such as when in RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE. For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured to maintain (e.g., store) any CBR and / or CR measurement configurations provided when in RRC_CONNECTED mode. For example, any CBR and / or CR measurement configurations may be provided to the WTRU 102 upon transitioning from RRC_CONNECTED to RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE, such as in an RRC release message. For example, the WTRU may report CBR and / or CR measurements performed in connected mode and / or may not report CBR and / or CR measurements performed in idle and / or inactive mode.

[0224] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may perform cell selection (e.g., upon transitioning from RRC_CONNECTED to RRC_IDLE and / or RRC_INACTIVE, etc.) and may initiate setup of a PC5 link with a relay WTRU that may provide multipath operation with a given cell as described herein. For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured to check (e.g., determine) that the CBR and / or CR on the SL toward the relay WTRU involved is below a certain configured threshold.

[0225] As described above and elsewhere herein, certain representative embodiments may be combined and / or modified. For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured to consider, with respect to a candidate relay WTRU, a radio quality that satisfies a threshold and a CBR and / or CR measurement that satisfies a threshold. As another example, the WTRU 102 may be configured to consider, with respect to a candidate relay WTRU, whether any of the radio quality, CBR, and / or CR measurements satisfies (e.g., a corresponding) threshold.

[0226] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the radio quality and / or CBR and / or CR for a candidate relay WTRU. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine any of the radio quality, CBR, and / or CR before establishing a PC5 link (or without establishing a PC5 link). For example, after determining or selecting a cell that can provide multipath operation, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., only) check the availability of the relay WTRU.

[0227] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured for cell reselection in a manner (e.g., substantially) the same as the embodiments discussed herein for cell selection. For example, in the case where a neighboring cell can provide multipath operation, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., only) consider a neighboring cell for cell reselection. For example, in the case where there is an available relay WTRU for multipath operation on a neighboring cell, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., only) consider that cell for cell reselection. For example, in the case where there is an available relay WTRU with a signal level, CBR, and / or CR above a (e.g., specifically configured) threshold, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., only) consider a neighboring cell for cell reselection.

[0228] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured to determine whether a cell is a candidate for cell selection or reselection with the same or similar behavior. For example, the WTRU may use different (e.g., configured) thresholds (such as SL radio quality, CBR, CR, etc.) in the same manner for cell selection consideration as compared to cell reselection consideration to determine whether a cell is a candidate for cell selection or reselection.

[0229] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured to determine whether a cell is a candidate for cell selection or reselection with different behaviors. For example, the WTRU 102 may behave differently (e.g., different criteria and / or thresholds) for cell reselection as compared to cell selection, such as prioritizing cells based on multipath operation availability. For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured for cell selection as described herein and may be provided with a first configuration for cell reselection (e.g., the WTRU is configured to consider SL radio quality and CBR threshold for cell selection), which is different from a second configuration applied to cell reselection (e.g., the WTRU is configured to consider only SL radio quality for cell reselection).

[0230] Modified Standard S

[0231] Cell selection using CBR and / or CR

[0232] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured to apply one or more offsets on the Uu measurement, such as when evaluating the criterion S for cell selection. For example, the offset value may be a function of the CBR and / or CR of the SL of a relay WTRU (e.g., a candidate relay WTRU to which the WTRU does not have a PC5 connection, or a relay WTRU to which the WTRU already has a PC5 connection). For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured to apply an offset of 1 if the CBR and / or CR is below a threshold 1 (e.g., adding an offset of 1 to the Uu Rx or quality measurement of the cell in question to determine the Srxlev and / or Squal value), apply an offset of 2 if the CBR and / or CR is between a threshold 1 and a threshold 2, apply an offset of 3 if the CBR and / or CR is between a threshold 2 and a threshold 3, and / or do not apply an offset if the CBR and / or CR is above a threshold 3. In other examples, one, two, four, or more offsets may be applied.

[0233] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with a baseline offset (e.g., baseline_offset) for the serving Uu measurement added to a particular baseline CBR threshold (e.g., cbr1) and / or a scaling factor / function that may depend on the current CBR compared to the baseline CBR threshold. For example, for CBRs above cbr1, the WTRU 102 may not apply an offset, and / or for CBRs below or equal to cbr1, the WTRU 102 may calculate the offset as baseline_offset*(cbr1 / Current_CBR)*scaling_factor. For example, limits may (e.g., may also) be specified to prevent the offset from increasing indefinitely or to an undesirably high value. For example, the maximum offset may be configured as a maximum of x% of baseline_offset, where x>1. As an example, the offset may be calculated as baseline_offset*min(x,(cbr1 / Current_CBR)*configured_scaling_factor). The maximum offset may (e.g., may also) be specified as an absolute value (max_offset). For example, the offset to be applied can be calculated as min(max_offset, baseline_offset*(cbr1 / Current_CBR)*configured_scaling_factor).

[0234] Cell selection using SL radio quality

[0235] In certain representative embodiments, when evaluating the criteria S for cell selection, the WTRU 102 may be configured to apply one or more offsets on the Uu measurement. For example, the offset value may be a function of the SL radio quality of a relay WTRU of a multipath (e.g., a candidate relay WTRU to which the WTRU does not have a PC5 connection, or a relay WTRU to which the WTRU already has a PC5 connection). For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured to apply no offset if the SL radio quality is below a threshold 1, to apply an offset of 1 if the SL radio quality is between a threshold 1 and a threshold 2 (e.g., adding an offset of 1 to the Uu Rx or quality measurements of the cells involved to determine the Srxlev and / or Squal values), to apply an offset of 2 if the SL radio quality is between a threshold 2 and a threshold 3, and / or to apply an offset of 3 if the SL radio quality is above a threshold 3. In other examples, one, two, four, or more offsets may be applied.

[0236] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with a baseline offset (e.g., baseline_offset) for the service Uu measurement added to a particular baseline SL radio quality (e.g., sl_quality1) and / or a scaling factor / function that may depend on the current radio quality compared to the baseline radio quality. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the offset as baseline_offset*(current_SL_quality / sl_quality1)*scaling_factor. For example, limits may (e.g., may also) be specified to prevent the offset from increasing indefinitely or to undesirably high values. For example, the maximum offset may be configured as a maximum of x% of baseline_offset. As an example, the offset may be calculated as baseline_offset*min(x,(current_SL_quality / sl_quality1)*configured_scaling_factor). For example, the maximum offset may (e.g., may also) be specified as an absolute value rather than compared to a baseline (max_offset). For example, the offset to be applied may be calculated as min(max_offset, baseline_offset*(current_SL_quality / sl_quality1)*configured_scaling_factor).

[0237] Modified Standard R

[0238] Cell ranking for cell reselection using CBR and / or CR

[0239] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with one or more offsets to apply (e.g., add to) measurements of a serving cell (e.g., Uu measurements), such as a criterion R for evaluating cell reselection. For example, the offset value may be a function of the CBR and / or CR of the SL of a relay WTRU (e.g., a candidate relay WTRU to which the WTRU does not have a PC5 connection, or a relay WTRU to which the WTRU already has a PC5 connection). For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured to apply an offset of 1 if the CBR and / or CR is below a threshold of 1 (e.g., adding an offset of 1 to the Qmeas of the cell involved to determine the Rs value), to apply an offset of 2 if the CBR and / or CR is between a threshold of 1 and a threshold of 2, to apply an offset of 3 if the CBR and / or CR is between a threshold of 2 and a threshold of 3, and / or to not apply an offset if the CBR and / or CR is above a threshold of 3. In other examples, one, two, four, or more offsets may be applied.

[0240] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with a baseline offset (e.g., baseline_offset) for the serving Uu measurement added to a particular baseline CBR threshold (e.g., cbr1) and / or a scaling factor / function that may depend on the current CBR compared to the baseline CBR threshold. For example, for CBRs above cbr1, the WTRU 102 may not apply an offset, and for CBRs below or equal to cbr1, the WTRU 102 may calculate the offset as baseline_offset*(cbr1 / Current_CBR)*scaling_factor. For example, limits may (e.g., may also) be specified to prevent the offset from increasing indefinitely or to an undesirably high value. For example, the maximum offset may be configured as a maximum of x% of baseline_offset, where x>1. As an example, the offset may be calculated as baseline_offset*min(x,(cbr1 / Current_CBR)*configured_scaling_factor). The maximum offset may (e.g., may also) be specified as an absolute value (max_offset). For example, the offset to be applied can be calculated as min(max_offset, baseline_offset*(cbr1 / Current_CBR)*configured_scaling_factor).

[0241] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with (e.g., similar) offset considerations that may be applied to neighboring cells (e.g., for determining Rn), such as where the WTRU 102 has determined that the neighboring cell is also capable of multipath operation (e.g., the WTRU explicitly configures the neighboring cell to support multipath, the WTRU has determined that a relay WTRU that can provide multipath operation on the neighboring cell is available, the WTRU has a PC5 connection with the relay WTRU that is camped on the neighboring cell, etc.).

[0242] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with a (eg, the same) offset value that may be applied to (eg, added to) serving cell and / or neighbor cell measurements.

[0243] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with (e.g., different) offset values ​​that may be applied (e.g., added) to serving cell and / or neighbor cell measurements separately. For example, a first set of offsets may be configured for a serving cell and a second set of offsets may be configured for a neighbor cell.

[0244] Cell ranking for cell reselection using SL radio quality

[0245] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with one or more offsets to apply (e.g., add to) the WTRU's measurements of a serving cell, such as when evaluating the criterion R for cell reselection. For example, the offset value may be a function of the SL radio quality of a relay WTRU (e.g., a candidate relay WTRU for which the WTRU does not have a PC5 connection, or a relay WTRU with which the WTRU already has a PC5 connection). For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured to apply no offset if the SL radio quality is below a threshold 1, to apply an offset of 1 if the SL radio quality is between a threshold 1 and a threshold 2 (e.g., adding an offset of 1 to the Qmeas of the cell involved to determine the Rs value), to apply an offset of 2 if the SL radio quality is between a threshold 1 and a threshold 2, and / or to apply an offset of 3 if the SL radio quality is above a threshold 3. In other examples, one, two, four, or more offsets may be applied.

[0246] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with a baseline offset (e.g., baseline_offset) for the serving Uu measurement that is added to a particular baseline SL radio quality (e.g., baseline_offset), and / or the scaling factor / function may depend on the current radio quality compared to the baseline radio quality. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the offset as baseline_offset*(current_SL_quality / sl_quality1)*scaling_factor. For example, limits may (e.g., may also) be specified to prevent the offset from increasing indefinitely or to undesirably high values. For example, the maximum offset may be configured as a maximum of x% of the baseline_offset. For example, the offset may be calculated as baseline_offset*min(x,(current_SL_quality / sl_quality1)*configured_scaling_factor). The maximum offset may (e.g., may also) be specified as an absolute value rather than compared to a baseline (max_offset). For example, the offset to be applied is now calculated as min(max_offset, baseline_offset*(current_SL_quality / sl_quality1)*configured_scaling_factor).

[0247] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with (e.g., similar) offset considerations that may be applied to neighboring cells (e.g., for determining Rn), such as where the WTRU 102 has determined that the neighboring cell is also capable of multipath operation (e.g., the WTRU explicitly configures the neighboring cell to support multipath, the WTRU has determined that a relay WTRU that can provide multipath operation on the neighboring cell is available, the WTRU has a PC5 connection with the relay WTRU that is camped on the neighboring cell, etc.).

[0248] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with a (eg, the same) offset value that may be applied to (eg, added to) serving cell and / or neighbor cell measurements.

[0249] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be configured with (e.g., different) offset values ​​that may be applied (e.g., added) to serving cell and / or neighbor cell measurements separately. For example, a first set of offsets may be configured for a serving cell and a second set of offsets may be configured for a neighbor cell.

[0250] Combined S and R criteria for cell reselection

[0251] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may consider (eg, only) those cells that fulfill or satisfy the criteria S for cell ranking.

[0252] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may apply any of the offsets described herein when evaluating the criteria S for the purpose of cell reselection (eg, as in the case of cell selection) and perform conventional procedures for cell ranking.

[0253] In certain representative embodiments, for the purpose of cell reselection, the WTRU 102 may use conventional procedures to evaluate the criterion S (e.g., as described herein, without any offsets) and may perform a cell ranking process using (e.g., applying) any of the offsets described herein.

[0254] In certain representative embodiments, for the purpose of cell reselection, the WTRU 102 may apply any offset described herein when evaluating the criterion S (e.g., as in the case of cell selection), and may use (e.g., apply) any offset described herein to perform a cell ranking process.

[0255] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may use an offset value as described herein for the standard S evaluation and may use the same offset value for the standard R evaluation.

[0256] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may use an offset value as described herein for the standard S evaluation and may use a portion (eg, less than all) of the same offset value for the standard R evaluation.

[0257] Other modified embodiments

[0258] Any of the representative embodiments described herein may be combined and / or modified, wherein the WTRU 102 determines one or more offsets for Standard S and / or Standard R to apply on a serving Uu measurement for Standard S and / or Standard R. As an example, the WTRU 102 may consider the SL CBR and / or CR as well as the SL radio quality (e.g., a particular offset value may be associated with a CBR value / range and a SL radio quality value / range).

[0259] As another example, a specific SL radio quality threshold may be configured for the WTRU 102. Under the condition that the (e.g., measured) SL radio quality is determined to be below this level, the WTRU 102 may not consider SL features as described herein. Under the condition that the SL radio quality is above this level, the WTRU 102 may apply a configured offset determination procedure based on the current CBR and / or CR ranges and / or values, such as by using a (e.g., configured) mapping between CBR / CR values / ranges and offsets as described herein.

[0260] As another example, a specified particular CBR and / or CR threshold value may be configured for the WTRU 102. Under the condition that the (e.g., measured) SL CBR is above this level, the WTRU 102 may not consider the SL CBR features as described herein. Under the condition that the SL CBR is below this level, the WTRU 102 may apply a configured offset determination process based on the current SL radio quality value and / or range, such as by using a (e.g., configured) mapping between the SL radio quality value / range and the offset as discussed above.

[0261] Figure 4 is a process diagram illustrating an example process for cell selection. For example, Figure 4 The process in may be implemented by a WTRU 102 (e.g., a remote WTRU) for cell selection. As shown at 402, the WTRU 102 may receive information indicating a configuration of a set of offsets associated with SL measurement values. At 404, the (e.g., remote) WTRU 102, after receiving an RRC release message (e.g., after the WTRU 102 is in RRC_Inactive or RRC_Idle), may measure (1) a first value of a radio interface associated with a first cell and (2) a second value of a first SL relay that provides a multipath connection to the first cell. For example, the first value may be a measurement of a radio interface that is a direct (e.g., Uu) link to the first cell. For example, the second value may be a measurement of a SL interface (e.g., associated with a relay WTRU) that is an indirect (e.g., PC5) link to the first cell. At 406, the WTRU 102 may select (or reselect) a first cell using the measured first value modified by a (e.g., determined) offset in the set of offsets that corresponds to the measured second value of the first SL relay. For example, the WTRU 102 may select the first cell, such as by evaluating the modified criterion S for the first cell. At 408, the WTRU 102 may send an RRC setup request message or an RRC recovery request message via (e.g., to) the best cell.

[0262] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may perform discovery of any SL relays (eg, the first SL relay) after receiving the RRC release message.

[0263] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may measure a second value that includes any one of the SL radio quality of a SL relay interface (e.g., a PC5 interface) associated with the first SL relay, the CBR of the SL relay interface associated with the first SL relay, and / or the CR of the SL relay interface associated with the first SL relay.

[0264] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may measure a first value comprising a reference signal received power (RSRP) of a radio interface (eg, a direct Uu link) associated with a first cell.

[0265] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may measure a first value comprising a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) of a radio interface (eg, a direct Uu link) associated with a first cell.

[0266] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine an offset from the set of offsets based on (eg, using) a function of the measured second value.

[0267] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine an offset from the set of offsets based on a function of the measured second value and any of a baseline offset, a maximum offset, a baseline value for the first SL relay, and / or a scaling factor.

[0268] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine an offset from the set of offsets based on a range of SL values ​​corresponding to the measured second value of the first SL relay. For example, each offset in the set of offsets may be associated with a corresponding range of SL values ​​or a threshold.

[0269] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may select the first cell by modifying the measured first value using the determined offset. The modified first value may be used by the WTRU 102 to determine whether a cell selection criterion (eg, criterion S) is met.

[0270] In certain representative embodiments, information indicating the configuration of the set of offsets and / or an RRC release message may be received from a second cell different from the first cell.

[0271] In certain representative embodiments, information indicating the configuration of the set of offsets is received in an RRC reconfiguration message.

[0272] For example, information indicating the configuration of the set of offsets may be received in an RRC message, such as an RRC release message or an RRC reconfiguration message.

[0273] In certain representative embodiments, the first value of the first cell modified by the offset is an optimal value compared to one or more measured values ​​and / or modified values ​​of one or more other cells. For example, the WTRU 102 may use the modified first value of the first cell and the measured value of another cell (e.g., which does not provide multipath operation). For example, the WTRU 102 may use the modified first value of the first cell and the modified value of another cell (e.g., which provides multipath operation) (e.g., modified using the offsets determined accordingly as described herein).

[0274] Figure 5 is a process diagram illustrating an example process for cell ranking. For example, Figure 5 The process in may be implemented by a WTRU 102 (e.g., a remote WTRU) for cell ranking. As shown at 502, the WTRU 102 may receive information indicating a configuration of a set of offsets associated with SL measurement values. At 504, the (e.g., remote) WTRU 102, after receiving an RRC release message (e.g., after the WTRU 102 is in RRC_Inactive or RRC_Idle), may measure (1) a first value of a radio interface associated with a first cell and (2) a second value of a first SL relay that provides a multipath connection to the first cell. For example, the first value may be a measurement of a radio interface that is a direct (e.g., Uu) link to the first cell. For example, the second value may be a measurement of a SL interface (e.g., associated with a relay WTRU) that is an indirect (e.g., PC5) link to the first cell. At 506, the WTRU 102 may rank a set of cells including the first cell. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine a set of cells as described herein, such as by evaluating a (e.g., modified) criterion S for a serving cell and one or more neighboring cells. For example, the first cell may be ranked using a measured first value modified by a (e.g., determined) offset in the set of offsets that corresponds to a measured second value for the first SL relay. At 510, the WTRU 102 may determine a best cell based on the ranked set of cells. At 512, the WTRU 102 may send an RRC setup request message or an RRC recovery request message via (e.g., to) the best cell.

[0275] In certain representative embodiments, the first cell may be a serving cell for the WTRU 102 .

[0276] In certain representative embodiments, the first cell may be a neighboring cell of the WTRU.

[0277] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may perform discovery of any SL relays (eg, the first SL relay) after receiving the RRC release message.

[0278] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may measure a second value that includes any one of a SL radio quality of a SL relay interface (e.g., a PC5 interface) associated with the first SL relay, a channel busy rate (CBR) of the SL relay interface (e.g., the PC5 interface) associated with the first SL relay, and / or a channel occupancy rate (CR) of the SL relay interface associated with the first SL relay.

[0279] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may measure a first value comprising a reference signal received power (RSRP) of a radio interface associated with a first cell.

[0280] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may measure a first value comprising a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) of a radio interface associated with a first cell.

[0281] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine an offset from the set of offsets based on a function of the measured second value.

[0282] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine an offset from the set of offsets based on a function of the second value of the first SL relay and any of a baseline offset, a maximum offset, a baseline value of the first SL relay, and / or a scaling factor.

[0283] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine an offset from the set of offsets based on a range of SL values ​​corresponding to the measured second value of the first SL relay. For example, each offset in the set of offsets may be associated with a corresponding range of SL values ​​or a threshold.

[0284] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may rank the set of cells based on modifying the measured first value of the radio interface using the determined offset. For example, the modified first value may be used by the WTRU 102 to rank the first cell in the set of cells.

[0285] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may measure (3) a third value of the radio interface associated with the second cell after receiving the RRC release message. For example, the second cell may be included in a set of cells to be ranked at 508. For example, the measured third value may be used by the WTRU 102 to rank the second cell in the set of cells.

[0286] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may measure (3) a third value of a radio interface associated with a second cell and (4) a fourth value of a second SL relay providing a multipath connection to the second cell after receiving the RRC release message. For example, the second cell may be included in a set of cells to be ranked at 508. For example, the measured third value and the measured fourth value may be used by the WTRU 102 to rank the second cell in the set of cells. For example, the second cell may be ranked based on a measured third value of the radio interface, the measured third value being modified by an offset in the set of offsets that corresponds to (e.g., determined) a measured fourth value of the second SL relay. As an example, the measured third value may be modified by an offset corresponding to the measured fourth value.

[0287] Figure 6 is a process diagram illustrating an example process for performing cell selection and / or cell ranking based on multipath operation. Figure 6The process in may be implemented by a WTRU 102 (e.g., a remote WTRU) for cell selection and / or ranking based on multipath operation. At 602, the WTRU 102 may receive information indicating a configuration of a set of offsets associated with SL measurement values. At 604, the WTRU may determine a first cell from a set of cells based on the first cell providing multipath operation. At 606, the (e.g., remote) WTRU 102 may measure (1) a first value of a radio interface associated with the first cell and (2) a second value of a first SL interface of a first SL relay that provides a multipath connection to the first cell after receiving an RRC release message (e.g., after the WTRU 102 is in RRC_Inactive or RRC_Idle). For example, the first value may be a measurement of a radio interface that is a direct (e.g., Uu) link to the first cell. For example, the second value may be a measurement of a SL interface (e.g., associated with a relay WTRU) that is an indirect (e.g., PC5) link to the first cell. At 608, the WTRU 102 may select (or reselect) and / or rank the first cell using the first value of the radio interface, the first value being modified by the (e.g., determined) offset in the set of offsets corresponding to the second value of the first SL relay. For example, the WTRU 102 may select (e.g., reselect) the first cell based on evaluating the modified criterion S (e.g., using the modified first value), as described herein. For example, the WTRU 102 may rank the first cell based on evaluating the modified criterion S (e.g., using the modified first value), as described herein. At 610, the WTRU may send an RRC setup request message or an RRC recovery request message via (e.g., to) the first cell.

[0288] In certain representative embodiments, the set of cells may include one or more additional cells that provide multipath operation. In certain representative embodiments, the set of cells may include one or more cells that do not provide multipath operation.

[0289] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine (e.g., at 604) a second cell from the set of cells based on the second cell providing multipath operation. The WTRU 102 may measure (e.g., at 606) a third value of a radio interface associated with the second cell and (4) a fourth value of a second SL interface associated with a second SL relay providing multipath connectivity to the second cell after receiving the RRC release message. For example, the third value may be a measurement of a radio interface that is a direct (e.g., Uu) link to the second cell. For example, the fourth value may be a measurement of a SL interface (e.g., associated with a relay WTRU) that is an indirect (e.g., PC5) link to the second cell.

[0290] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may select (or reselect) and / or rank the second cell based on a measured third value of the radio interface, the measured third value being modified by a (e.g., determined) offset in the set of offsets corresponding to a measured fourth value of the second SL relay. For example, the WTRU 102 may select (e.g., reselect) the first cell based on evaluating a modified criterion S (e.g., using the determined offset), as described herein. For example, the WTRU 102 may rank the first cell based on evaluating a modified criterion S (e.g., using the modified value of the first cell), as described herein. For example, the WTRU 102 may select (e.g., reselect) the first cell based on evaluating a modified criterion S (e.g., using the modified value of the first cell) and then perform ranking using the traditional criterion R. For example, the WTRU 102 may select (e.g., reselect) the first cell based on evaluating a traditional criterion S (e.g., using the modified value of the first cell) and then perform ranking using the modified criterion R (e.g., using the modified value of the first cell).

[0291] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may send an RRC setup request message or an RRC recovery request message (e.g., at 610) via the first cell based on a ranking of the first cell and the second cell (e.g., where the first cell is ranked higher than the second cell).

[0292] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may rank the first cell higher than the second cell (e.g., higher than all other cells in the group of cells) based on a measured first value being higher than a measured third value, wherein the measured first value has been modified by a correspondingly determined offset (e.g., which corresponds to the measured second value), and the measured third value is modified by a correspondingly determined offset (e.g., which corresponds to the measured fourth value).

[0293] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may select (eg, reselect at 608) the first cell based on the measured first value, which has been modified by an offset (eg, which corresponds to the measured second value).

[0294] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may rank the first cell based on the measured first value (eg, at 608), which is modified by an offset (eg, which corresponds to the measured second value).

[0295] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine (eg, at 604) a first cell from the set of cells based on the first cell providing multipath operation after receiving the RRC release message.

[0296] Figure 7 is a process diagram illustrating another example process for performing cell selection and / or cell ranking based on multipath operation. Figure 7 The process in may be implemented by a WTRU 102 (e.g., a remote WTRU) for cell selection and / or ranking based on multipath operation. At 702, the WTRU 102 may receive information indicating a configuration of a set of offsets associated with SL measurement values. At 704, the (e.g., remote) WTRU 102 may determine a set of cells based on each cell in the set of cells providing multipath operation. For example, the set of cells may include a first cell that provides multipath (e.g., via a first relay WTRU) and a second cell that provides multipath operation (e.g., via a second relay WTRU). At 706, the WTRU 102 may select (e.g., reselect) and / or rank one or more cells in the set of cells based on the set of offsets after receiving an RRC release message. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine from the set of offsets a first offset that may be applied to a first cell in the set of cells (e.g., based on a measurement associated with the first cell). The first offset may be used to modify the measurement of the first cell. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine from the set of offsets a second offset that may be applied to a second cell in the set of cells (e.g., based on measurements associated with the second cell). The second offset may be used to modify the measurements of the second first cell. At 708, the WTRU 102 may send an RRC setup request message or an RRC recovery request message via (e.g., to) a best cell in the one or more cells.

[0297] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may (eg, at 706) select (eg, reselect) the set of cells based on evaluating the modified criteria S (eg, using the determined offset as a modifier), as described herein.

[0298] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may (eg, at 706) rank the set of cells based on evaluating a modified criterion R (eg, using the determined offset as a modifier), as described herein.

[0299] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., at 706) select (e.g., reselect) a set of cells based on evaluating a modified criterion S (e.g., using the determined offset as a modifier) ​​and then rank the set of cells using the traditional criterion R.

[0300] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., at 706) select (e.g., reselect) the set of cells based on evaluating the traditional criterion S and then rank the set of cells using the modified criterion R (e.g., using the determined offset as a modifier).

[0301] Figure 8 is a process diagram illustrating an example process for performing cell selection and / or ranking a first cell among a group of cells. Figure 8 The process in may be implemented by a WTRU 102 (e.g., a remote WTRU) for cell selection and / or ranking a first cell among a group of cells. At 802, the WTRU 102 may receive information indicating a configuration of a set of offsets associated with SL measurement values. At 804, the (e.g., remote) WTRU 102 may measure (1) a first value of a radio interface with the first cell and (2) a second value of a first SL relay that provides a multipath connection to the first cell after receiving an RRC release message. For example, the first value may be a measurement of a radio interface that is a direct (e.g., Uu) link to the first cell. For example, the second value may be a measurement of a SL interface (e.g., associated with a relay WTRU) that is an indirect (e.g., PC5) link to the first cell. At 806, the WTRU 102 may select (e.g., reselect) a group of cells including the first cell and / or rank the group of cells. The selection and / or ranking of the first cell may use a measured first value of the radio interface, the measured first value modified by a (e.g., determined) offset in the set of offsets corresponding to a measured second value of the first SL relay. At 808, the WTRU 102 may send an RRC setup request message or an RRC recovery request message via (e.g., to) a best cell in the set of cells.

[0302] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may, at 806, select (eg, reselect) the first cell based on evaluating the modified criteria S (eg, using the determined offset as a modifier), as described herein.

[0303] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may, at 806, rank the first cell based on evaluating the modified criterion R (eg, using the determined offset as a modifier), as described herein.

[0304] In certain representative embodiments, at 806, the WTRU 102 may select (eg, reselect) a first cell based on evaluating the modified criterion S (eg, using the determined offset as a modifier) ​​and then perform ranking using the traditional criterion R.

[0305] In certain representative embodiments, at 806, the WTRU 102 may select (eg, reselect) a first cell based on evaluating the legacy criterion S and then perform ranking using the modified criterion R (eg, using the determined offset as a modifier).

[0306] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may receive broadcast information from a first SL relay indicating that the first SL relay provides multipath connectivity to the first cell.

[0307] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may send (eg, broadcast) a request message. The WTRU 102 may receive information from the first SL relay indicating that the first SL relay provides a multipath connection to the first cell.

[0308] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may measure (1) a first value and (2) a second value based on determining that the first cell provides multipath operation and / or the first SL relay provides multipath connectivity to the first cell at 804. For example, the WTRU 102 may prioritize the selection and / or ranking of cells that provide multipath operation.

[0309] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may rank the set of cells based on determining that the first cell provides multipath operation and / or the first SL relay provides multipath connectivity to the first cell at 806. For example, the WTRU 102 may prioritize the first cell in the ranking of the set of cells based on the first cell providing multipath operation.

[0310] In certain representative embodiments, the best cell at 808 may be the first cell. For example, the best cell may be the first cell, such as when the first cell has the highest ranking among the group of cells.

[0311] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine an offset from the set of offsets based on a function of the measured second value of the first SL relay.

[0312] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the offset based on a function of the measured second value of the first SL relay and any of a baseline offset, a maximum offset, a baseline value of the first SL relay, and / or a scaling factor.

[0313] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine an offset from the set of offsets based on a range of SL values ​​corresponding to the measured second value of the first SL relay. For example, each offset in the set of offsets may be associated with a corresponding range of SL values ​​or a threshold.

[0314] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may select and / or rank the first cell using the measured first value modified using the determined offset.

[0315] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may measure (e.g., at 804) (3) a third value of a radio interface with a second cell included in the set of cells after receiving the RRC release message. For example, the WTRU 102 may rank the second cell based on the measured third value. For example, the second cell may not provide multipath operation.

[0316] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may measure (e.g., at 804) after receiving the RRC release message (3) a third value of a radio interface associated with a second cell included in the set of cells, and (4) a fourth value of a second SL relay that provides a multipath connection to the second cell. For example, at 806, the second cell may be selected and / or ranked based on the measured third value of the radio interface, the measured third value being modified by another offset determined from the set of offsets that corresponds to the measured first value of the second SL relay. For example, each of the first cell and the second cell may be selected and / or ranked (e.g., after modifying the measurements using the corresponding offsets), as described herein.

[0317] In certain representative embodiments, a method may be implemented by a WTRU 102 (e.g., a remote WTRU) including determining one or more cells that provide multipath operation. The WTRU 102 may receive a connection release message (e.g., an RRC release message) from a network. The WTRU 102 may select a first cell from the one or more cells that provide multipath operation. For example, the selection of the first cell may include measuring one or more cell attributes of the first cell, and determining whether one or more cell selection conditions are satisfied based on: (1) one or more measured signal attributes of the first cell and (2) one or more signal attributes of a relay WTRU associated with the multipath operation provided by the first cell.

[0318] For example, the WTRU 102 may camp on the selected first cell.

[0319] For example, the connection release message includes information indicating an inactive radio network temporary identifier (I-RNTI).

[0320] For example, the connection release message may be received before or after determining one or more cells providing multipath operation.

[0321] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive system information associated with a first cell. The WTRU 102 may determine whether one or more cell selection conditions are satisfied based on: (1) one or more measured signal properties of the first cell, (2) one or more signal properties of the relay WTRU, and (3) information indicated in the received system information.

[0322] For example, the WTRU 102 may select the first cell based on determining one or more offset values ​​to apply to one or more signal properties of the first cell using one or more signal properties of the relay WTRU.

[0323] For example, the WTRU 102 may select the first cell based on determining one or more offset values ​​to apply to one or more signal properties of the first cell using one or more signal properties of the relay WTRU and one or more thresholds.

[0324] For example, the one or more signal attributes of the relay WTRU may include any of a side link (SL) radio quality, a channel busy rate (CBR), and / or a channel occupancy rate (CR) associated with the relay WTRU.

[0325] For example, the WTRU 102 may select a relay WTRU from a plurality of relay WTRUs associated with the first cell.

[0326] For example, the one or more selection conditions may include any one of a cell selection reception level value being greater than a corresponding threshold value and / or a cell selection quality value being greater than a corresponding threshold value.

[0327] In certain representative embodiments, a method including determining one or more neighboring cells that provide multipath operation may be implemented by a WTRU 102 (e.g., a remote WTRU). The WTRU 102 may receive a connection release message (e.g., RRCRelease) from a network. The WTRU 102 may select a first cell from one or more neighboring cells that provide multipath operation and a serving cell. For example, the selection of the first cell may include measuring one or more cell attributes of the serving cell and each of the one or more neighboring cells, and determining one or more cells in the serving cell and the neighboring cells that each meet one or more cell selection conditions based on: (1) one or more measured signal attributes of the serving cell and each of the one or more neighboring cells, and (2) one or more signal attributes of a corresponding relay WTRU associated with the multipath operation provided by any one (e.g., each) of the serving cell and the one or more neighboring cells. The WTRU 102 may select the best cell (e.g., the first cell) based on the ranking of the one or more cells.

[0328] For example, the WTRU 102 may camp on the selected first cell.

[0329] For example, the connection release message may include information indicating an inactive radio network temporary identifier (I-RNTI).

[0330] For example, the connection release message may be received before or after determining one or more cells providing multipath operation.

[0331] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive system information. The WTRU 102 may determine whether one or more cell selection conditions are satisfied based on: (1) one or more measured signal properties of the first cell, (2) one or more signal properties of the corresponding relay WTRU, and (3) information indicated in the received system information.

[0332] For example, the WTRU 102 may select the first cell based on determining one or more offset values ​​to be applied to the measured one or more signal properties using one or more signal properties of the corresponding relay WTRU.

[0333] For example, the WTRU 102 may select the first cell based on determining one or more offset values ​​to apply to the measured one or more signal properties using one or more signal properties of the corresponding relay WTRU and one or more thresholds.

[0334] For example, the one or more signal attributes of the relay WTRU may include any of a side link (SL) radio quality, a channel busy rate (CBR), and / or a channel occupancy rate (CR) associated with the corresponding relay WTRU.

[0335] For example, the WTRU 102 may select a corresponding relay WTRU from a plurality of relay WTRUs associated with a serving cell and one or more neighboring cells.

[0336] For example, the one or more selection conditions may include any one of a cell selection reception level value being greater than a corresponding threshold value and / or a cell selection quality value being greater than a corresponding threshold value.

[0337] For example, the WTRU 102 may rank one or more cells based on any one of a reference signal received power (RSRP) for cell reselection, a first offset value, and / or a temporary offset value.

[0338] For example, the WTRU 102 may establish a sidelink (SL) connection with a relay WTRU associated with the multipath operation provided by the first cell.

[0339] in conclusion

[0340] Although features and elements are provided above in specific combinations, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. The present disclosure is not limited in terms of the specific embodiments described in the present application, which are intended to be illustrations of various aspects. Without departing from its spirit and scope, many modifications and changes can be made, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Any element, action or instruction used in the description of the present application should not be interpreted as being critical or necessary to the present invention unless explicitly provided as such. In addition to those listed herein, functionally equivalent methods and devices within the scope of the present disclosure are apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications and changes are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is limited only by the terms of the appended claims and the full scope of equivalents given by such claims. It should be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to specific methods or systems herein.

[0341] For simplicity, the foregoing embodiments are discussed with respect to the terminology and structure of devices having communication capabilities (i.e., radio wave transmitters and receivers). However, the embodiments discussed are not limited to these systems, but can be applied to other systems using other forms of electromagnetic waves or non-electromagnetic waves (such as sound waves).

[0342] It will also be understood that the terms used herein are used only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments and are not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the term "video" or the term "image" may mean any of a snapshot, a single image, and / or a plurality of images displayed over a certain time basis. As another example, when referred to herein, the term "user equipment" and its abbreviation "UE", the term "remote" and / or the term "head-mounted display" or its abbreviation "HMD" may mean or include (i) a wireless transmit and / or receive unit (WTRU); (ii) any of many embodiments of a WTRU; (iii) a device with wireless capabilities and / or wired capabilities (e.g., wearable) that is configured with some or all of the structure and functionality of a WTRU; (iii) a device with wireless capabilities and / or wired capabilities that is configured with less than all of the structure and functionality of a WTRU; or (iv) a similar device. References herein to Figures 1A to 1D Details of an example WTRU are provided, which may be representative of any WTRU set forth herein. As another example, various disclosed embodiments herein are described above and below as utilizing a head mounted display. Those skilled in the art will recognize that devices other than a head mounted display may be utilized, and some or all of the present disclosure and various disclosed embodiments may be modified accordingly without undue experimentation. Examples of such other devices may include drones or other devices configured to stream information to provide an adapted reality experience.

[0343] In addition, the methods provided herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware that is incorporated into a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted via a wired or wireless connection) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of non-temporary computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor associated with the software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

[0344] Variations of the methods, devices, and systems provided above are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention. In view of the various embodiments that may be applied, it should be understood that the embodiments shown are merely examples and should not be considered to limit the scope of the appended claims. For example, the embodiments provided herein include handheld devices that may include or be used with any suitable voltage source (such as a battery, etc.) that provides any suitable voltage.

[0345] In addition, in the embodiments provided above, processing platforms, computing systems, controllers, and other devices including processors are mentioned. These devices may include at least one central processing unit ("CPU") and memory. According to the practice of those skilled in the art of computer programming, references to actions and symbolic representations of operations or instructions may be performed by various CPUs and memories. Such actions and operations or instructions may be referred to as "execution," "computer execution," or "CPU execution."

[0346] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the actions and symbolic representations of operations or instructions include manipulation of electrical signals by the CPU. The electrical system represents data bits, which may cause the final conversion or reduction of electrical signals and maintain the data bits in memory locations in the storage system, thereby reconfiguring or otherwise changing the operation of the CPU and other processing of signals. The memory locations where the data bits are maintained are physical locations having specific electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties that correspond to or represent the data bits. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned platforms or CPUs, and other platforms and CPUs may support the provided methods.

[0347] The data bits may also be maintained on a computer-readable medium, including a magnetic disk, an optical disk, and any other volatile (e.g., random access memory (RAM)) or non-volatile (e.g., read-only memory (ROM)) mass storage system readable by a CPU. The computer-readable medium may include cooperating or interconnected computer-readable media that reside only on a processing system or distributed among multiple interconnected processing systems that may be local or remote to the processing system. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned memories, and other platforms and memories may support the provided methods.

[0348] In an illustrative embodiment, any operations, processes, etc. described herein may be implemented as computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable instructions may be executed by a processor of a mobile unit, a network element, and / or any other computing device.

[0349] There is little difference between hardware and software implementations of various aspects of the system. The use of hardware or software is usually (but not always, as in some cases, the choice of hardware or software may become important) a design choice that represents a cost-efficiency trade-off. There may be various vehicles (e.g., hardware, software, and / or firmware) with which the processes and / or systems and / or other technologies described herein can be implemented, and the preferred vehicle may change with the context in which the processes and / or systems and / or other technologies are deployed. For example, if the implementer determines that speed and accuracy are most important, then the implementer may select a primary hardware and / or firmware vehicle. If flexibility is most important, then the implementer may select a primary software implementation. Alternatively, the implementer may select some combination of hardware, software, and / or firmware.

[0350] The foregoing detailed description has been described various embodiments of the apparatus and / or process by using block diagrams, flow charts and / or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flow charts and / or examples include one or more functions and / or operations, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that each function and / or operation within such block diagrams, flow charts or examples can be implemented individually and / or collectively by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware or indeed any combination thereof. In an embodiment, several parts of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP) and / or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that all or part of some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein may be equivalently implemented in an integrated circuit, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware or almost as any combination thereof, and according to the present disclosure, designing circuit systems and / or writing codes for software and / or firmware will be completely within the skill range of those skilled in the art. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein can be distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that the illustrative examples of the subject matter described herein apply regardless of the particular type of signal-bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of signal-bearing media include, but are not limited to, the following: recordable media such as floppy disks, hard drives, CDs, DVDs, digital tapes, computer memory, etc.; and transmission media such as digital and / or analog communication media (e.g., fiber optic cables, waveguides, wired communication links, wireless communication links, etc.).

[0351] Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common in the art to describe devices and / or processes in the manner set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering practices to integrate such described devices and / or processes into data processing systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and / or processes described herein can be integrated into a data processing system by a reasonable amount of experimentation. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a typical data processing system can typically include a system unit housing, a video display device, a memory such as volatile and non-volatile memory, a processor such as a microprocessor and a digital signal processor, a computing entity such as an operating system, a driver, a graphical user interface, and an application, one or more interactive devices such as a touch pad or screen, and / or a control system including a feedback loop and a control motor (e.g., feedback for sensing position and / or velocity; a control motor for moving and / or adjusting components and / or quantities). A typical data processing system can be implemented using any suitable commercially available components, such as components typically found in data computing / communication and / or network computing / communication systems.

[0352] The subject matter described herein sometimes illustrates different parts that are included in different other parts or connected with different other parts.It should be understood that the architecture of such description is only an example, and many other architectures that realize the same function can actually be implemented.In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of parts for realizing the same function is effectively "associated" so that the desired function can be realized.Therefore, any two parts that are combined to realize a specific function in this article can be regarded as "associated" with each other so that no matter how the architecture or intermediate parts realize the desired function.Similarly, any two parts that are associated in this way can also be regarded as "operably connected" or "operably coupled" to realize the desired function, and any two parts that can be associated in this way can also be regarded as "operably coupled" to realize the desired function.The specific example of operable coupling includes (but is not limited to) parts that can be matched physically and / or physically interact, and / or parts that can be wirelessly interacted and / or wirelessly interacted, and / or parts that can be logically interacted and / or parts that can be logically interacted.

[0353] With respect to the use of substantially any plural and / or singular terms herein, those skilled in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and / or from the singular to the plural where appropriate to the context and / or application. For clarity, the various singular / plural arrangements may be expressly set forth herein.

[0354] Those skilled in the art will understand that, in general, the terms used herein and particularly in the appended claims (e.g., the bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended to be "open" terms (e.g., the term "comprising" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to," etc.). Those skilled in the art will further understand that if a specific number of an introduced claim statement is intended, such intent will be expressly stated in the claim, and in the absence of such a statement, no such intent is present. For example, where only one item is intended, the term "single" or similar language may be used. To aid understanding, the following appended claims and / or the description herein may include the use of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce multiple claim statements. However, the use of such phrases should not be interpreted as implying that a claim recitation introduced by the indefinite article "a" or "an" will limit any particular claim including such introduced claim recitation to embodiments including only one such recitation, even if the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and an indefinite article such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and / or "an" should be interpreted as meaning "at least one" or "one or more"). The same is true for the use of definite articles to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of introduced claim recitations is explicitly recited, one skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted as meaning at least the recited number (e.g., merely reciting "two recitations" without other modifiers means at least two recitations or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those cases where a convention similar to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, generally, such construction is intended to represent the convention that one skilled in the art would understand (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include, but is not limited to, systems having only A, only B, only C, both A and B, both A and C, both B and C, and / or both A, B, and C, etc.). In those cases where a convention similar to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, generally, such meaning is intended in the sense that one skilled in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include, but is not limited to, systems having only A, only B, only C, both A and B, both A and C, both B and C, and / or both A, B, and C, etc.). One skilled in the art would further understand that any transitional words and / or phrases (whether in the specification, claims, or drawings) that actually give two or more alternatives should be understood to contemplate the possibility of including one of the items, either of the items, or both of the items. For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B."Furthermore, as used herein, the term "any" followed by a plurality of items and / or a listing of items in a plurality of categories is intended to include "any," "any combination," "any plurality," and / or "any combination of plurality," either alone or in combination with other items and / or items in other categories. Furthermore, as used herein, the term "set" is intended to include any number of items, including zero. Additionally, as used herein, the term "number" is intended to include any number, including zero. And as used herein, the term "plurality" is intended to be synonymous with "plurality."

[0355] In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

[0356] As will be understood by those skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, such as in providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible sub-ranges and combinations of sub-ranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily identified as fully describing and capable of decomposing the same range into at least equal halves, one-third, one-quarter, one-fifth, one-tenth, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can be easily decomposed into a lower third, a middle third, and an upper third, etc. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, all languages ​​such as "at most", "at least", "greater than", "less than", etc. include the enumerated numbers, and refer to the ranges that can be subsequently subdivided into sub-ranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, the range includes each individual member. Therefore, for example, a group with 1 to 3 units refers to a group with 1, 2 or 3 units. Similarly, a group with 1 to 5 units refers to a group with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 units, and so on.

[0357] Furthermore, the claims should not be read as limited to the order or elements provided unless otherwise stated. In addition, the use of the term "means for..." in any claim is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112, 6 or means-plus-function claim format, and any claim without the term "means for..." is not intended to be so.

Claims

1. A method implemented by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receiving information indicating a configuration of a set of offsets associated with sidelink (SL) measurements; After receiving a radio resource control (RRC) release message, measuring: (1) a first value of a radio interface associated with a first cell, and (2) a second value of a first sidelink relay providing a multipath connection to the first cell; selecting the first cell using the first value, the first value modified by an offset in the set of offsets corresponding to the second value of the first sidelink relay; as well as An RRC setup request message or an RRC recovery request message is sent via the selected cell.

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: After receiving the RRC release message, discovering the first sidelink relay is performed.

3. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein: The second value comprises any one of a side link radio quality of a side link relay interface associated with the first side link relay, a channel busy rate (CBR) of the side link relay interface associated with the first side link relay, and / or a channel occupancy rate (CR) of the side link relay interface associated with the first side link relay.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: The first value comprises a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) of the radio interface associated with the first cell.

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein: The first value comprises a Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) of the radio interface associated with the first cell.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising: The offset is determined from the set of offsets based on a function of the second value.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein: The determining of the offset from the set of offsets is based on the function of the second value and any one of a baseline offset, a maximum offset, a baseline value of the first sidelink relay, and / or a scaling factor.

8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising: determining the offset from the set of offsets based on a range of sidelink values ​​corresponding to the second value of the first sidelink relay, Wherein each offset in the set of offsets is associated with a corresponding side link value range.

9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein: Selecting the first cell includes: The first value is modified using the offset.

10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein: The information indicating the configuration of the set of offsets and / or the RRC release message is received from a second cell different from the first cell.

11. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein: The information indicating the configuration of the set of offsets is received in an RRC reconfiguration message.

12. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein: The first value of the first cell modified by the offset is an optimal value compared to one or more measured values ​​and / or modified values ​​of one or more other cells.

13. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), comprising: A processor and a transceiver, wherein the processor and the transceiver are configured to: receiving information indicating a configuration of a set of offsets associated with sidelink (SL) measurements, After receiving a radio resource control (RRC) release message, measuring: (1) a first value of a radio interface associated with a first cell, and (2) a second value of a first sidelink relay providing a multipath connection to the first cell, selecting the first cell using the first value modified by an offset in the set of offsets corresponding to the second value of the first sidelink relay, and An RRC setup request message or an RRC recovery request message is sent via the selected cell.

14. The WTRU of claim 13 wherein: The processor and the transceiver are configured to, after receiving the RRC release message, perform discovery of the first sidelink relay.

15. The WTRU of any one of claims 13 to 14, wherein: The second value comprises any one of a side link radio quality of a side link relay interface associated with the first side link relay, a channel busy rate (CBR) of the side link relay interface associated with the first side link relay, and / or a channel occupancy rate (CR) of the side link relay interface associated with the first side link relay.

16. The WTRU of any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein: The first value comprises a Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) of the radio interface associated with the first cell.

17. The WTRU of any one of claims 13 to 16, wherein: The first value comprises a Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) of the radio interface associated with the first cell.

18. The WTRU of any one of claims 13 to 17, wherein: The processor and the transceiver are further configured to: The offset is determined from the set of offsets based on a function of the second value.

19. The WTRU of claim 18 wherein: The offset is determined based on the function of the second value of the first side link relay and any one of a baseline offset, a maximum offset, a baseline value of the first side link relay, and / or a scaling factor.

20. The WTRU of any one of claims 13 to 17, wherein: The processor and the transceiver are further configured to: determining the offset from the set of offsets based on a range of sidelink values ​​corresponding to the second value of the first sidelink relay, and Wherein each offset in the set of offsets is associated with a corresponding side link value range.

21. The WTRU of any one of claims 13 to 20, wherein: The processor and the transceiver are further configured to select the first cell, and selecting the first cell includes: The first value of the radio interface is modified using the offset.

22. The WTRU of any one of claims 13 to 21 wherein: The information indicating the configuration of the set of offsets and / or the RRC release message is received from a second cell different from the first cell.

23. The WTRU of any one of claims 13 to 22, wherein: The information indicating the configuration of the set of offsets is received in an RRC reconfiguration message.

24. The WTRU of any one of claims 13 to 23, wherein: The first value of the first cell modified by the offset is an optimal value compared to one or more measured values ​​and / or modified values ​​of one or more other cells.

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