A double-spore mushroom covering material taking sponge as a main raw material and a preparation method thereof

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of double-spore mushroom soil materials with sponge as main raw material and preparation method thereof, belong to edible mushroom cultivation technical field.The raw materials of the double-spore mushroom soil materials with sponge as main raw material include: sponge 72-92%, soil 4-20%, wood ash 1-2%, mushroom fruiting body extract 1-2%, fermentation powder 1-2% and auxiliary materials 1-2% by volume percentage;The sponge is porous polyurethane sponge block or porous polyurethane sponge particle.Each component in the soil material of the application synergistically acts, and can effectively improve the fruiting quality of double-spore mushroom.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of edible fungi cultivation technology, and in particular to a casing material for button mushrooms made primarily of sponge and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), also known as white mushrooms or button mushrooms, are the most widely cultivated, industrialized, and produced edible fungi in the world. They are fleshy, tender, and flavorful, and are a healthy food that is high in protein and vitamins, low in calories and fat, making them popular among consumers.

[0003] Button mushrooms are saprophytic fungi that require cascading to stimulate fruiting. In button mushroom cultivation, without cascading, they fail to form fruiting bodies or produce deformed, small, few, low-yielding, or no fruiting bodies. Casing materials contain special stimulating factors that induce the mycelium to transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, thus promoting fruiting body formation. Casing is a crucial step, stimulating primordia formation, maintaining appropriate humidity and temperature, and supporting fruiting body growth. Therefore, the choice of cascading material directly determines the yield and quality of button mushrooms.

[0004] Currently, peat moss is the primary casing material used in the factory cultivation of button mushrooms both domestically and internationally. Peat moss possesses excellent air permeability, water retention, and moisture retention, and contains beneficial microorganisms such as Bacillus and Pseudomonas, making it an ideal casing material. However, peat moss is a non-renewable and valuable resource with limited reserves, primarily distributed in cold regions, making transportation inconvenient and material costs high. Most farmers or small companies cultivating button mushrooms cannot obtain peat moss or find it too expensive, generally opting to use topsoil or mixed soils as substitutes. Various innovative casing materials exist, such as those made from fermented beet pulp and rice husks, and those made from waste peat moss. However, these materials currently only partially replace or mimic peat moss, exhibiting significant drawbacks and limitations, failing to address fundamental innovation. Therefore, developing a high-performance casing material for button mushrooms that can largely or completely replace peat moss is essential. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a casing material for button mushrooms made primarily of sponge and its preparation method, in order to solve the problems existing in the prior art.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following solution:

[0007] One of the technical solutions of the present invention is: a casing material for button mushrooms with sponge as the main raw material, wherein the raw materials include, by volume percentage: 72-92% sponge, 4-20% soil, 1-2% wood ash, 1-2% mushroom fruiting body extract, 1-2% baking powder and 1-2% auxiliary materials;

[0008] The sponge is a porous polyurethane sponge block or porous polyurethane sponge granules.

[0009] The synergistic effect of the components in the casing material of this invention effectively improves the fruiting quality of button mushrooms. Specifically: the sponge has good water absorption, water retention, and air permeability, providing sufficient moisture for fruiting; some microorganisms in the soil, such as Pseudomonas, promote the formation of primordia through mycelial knotting; the three active ingredients—wood ash, fermented material powder, and mushroom fruiting body extract—primarily stimulate the rapid transformation of button mushroom mycelia from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, thus increasing button mushroom yield. The casing material of this invention truly improves the concentration and quality of fruiting. Moreover, by using a large amount of sponge to replace soil such as peat moss, the preparation cost can be reduced.

[0010] Furthermore, the soil includes at least one of peat soil, red soil, river mud, field soil, and chaff soil;

[0011] And / or, the excipients are sodium hypochlorite solution and quicklime (used in combination).

[0012] Furthermore, the volume ratio of the sodium hypochlorite solution to quicklime is 1:1; the sodium hypochlorite solution is prepared by mixing sodium hypochlorite and water at a volume ratio of 1:300.

[0013] Furthermore, the preparation steps of the plant ash include: drying the waste material after the mushroom harvest of button mushrooms and then burning it in an air atmosphere for 2-3 hours to obtain the plant ash.

[0014] Furthermore, the burning in the air atmosphere specifically refers to burning in an open-air air environment, preferably with a slight breeze. In an open-air air environment, the waste material after the mushroom harvest can be completely burned until no carbon black residue remains, yielding gray wood ash. The phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium and other elements in the wood ash can promote the growth of mushroom mycelium and provide certain nutrients for mycelial growth.

[0015] Furthermore, the preparation steps of the mushroom fruiting body extract include: crushing discarded deformed button mushrooms and / or cutting off mycorrhizae, adding water for heating and extraction, filtering after the heating and extraction is completed, concentrating and drying (the filtrate) to obtain the mushroom fruiting body extract.

[0016] Furthermore, the water addition for heating and extraction includes: a solid-liquid ratio of 1:10 (wherein the solid is measured by mass of the dry product), a heating and extraction temperature of 100°C, and a time of 1 hour.

[0017] The mushroom fruiting body extract obtained by hot water extraction from discarded deformed button mushrooms and / or cut mycorrhizae is an active ingredient that accelerates the transformation of button mushrooms from vegetative hyphae to reproductive hyphae.

[0018] Furthermore, the fermentation powder is a tertiary fermentation powder, or the fermentation powder is obtained by drying and crushing the waste material after the mushroom harvest of button mushrooms.

[0019] The fermented powder obtained by drying and crushing the waste material after the mushroom harvest of button mushrooms is an active ingredient that promotes mycelial growth.

[0020] Furthermore, the volume of the porous polyurethane sponge particles is 1-5 cm³. 3 .

[0021] Furthermore, the porous polyurethane sponge particles are spherical or cubic in shape.

[0022] Furthermore, the porous polyurethane sponge block has pores distributed in an array.

[0023] Furthermore, the parameters of the arrayed holes include:

[0024] The holes are cylindrical in shape, with a diameter of 1-3cm and a spacing of 4-7cm.

[0025] Alternatively, the holes may be cubic in shape, with a diameter of 1-3 cm and a spacing of 4-7 cm.

[0026] The hole size specified above corresponds to the size of commercial button mushrooms, meeting their growth requirements. Furthermore, the array-distributed holes allow for targeted fruiting of the button mushrooms, improving fruiting quality (yield and marketable mushroom rate) and making fruiting more concentrated.

[0027] Furthermore, the area of ​​the porous polyurethane sponge block is consistent with the area of ​​the compost material in the mushroom cultivation process.

[0028] Furthermore, the thickness of the porous polyurethane sponge block is 3-5 cm.

[0029] The second technical solution of the present invention: The preparation method of the above-mentioned mushroom casing material with sponge as the main raw material includes the following steps:

[0030] Soil and auxiliary materials are mixed, and the pH value of the mixture is adjusted to 7.0-7.8 and the water content is 65-70 wt% to obtain standard soil. The standard soil is mixed with wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract and fermentation powder, and then diluted with water and stirred to obtain mud. The sponge is mixed with the mud to obtain the mushroom casing material with sponge as the main raw material.

[0031] The purpose of mixing soil with auxiliary materials (sodium hypochlorite solution and quicklime) is to disinfect and sterilize the soil using the auxiliary materials (sodium hypochlorite solution and quicklime).

[0032] Furthermore, before mixing the sponge with the mud, the process also includes absorbing sufficient water into the sponge, specifically soaking the sponge in water for 2 hours.

[0033] The third technical solution of the present invention: the application of the above-mentioned mushroom casing material with sponge as the main raw material in mushroom cultivation.

[0034] Based on the principle of casing soil action for button mushrooms, this invention develops a novel casing soil material that can largely replace peat moss, achieves targeted mushroom growth, increases yield, improves the marketable mushroom rate, and is recyclable. This casing soil material not only fulfills the functions of casing soil such as water retention, heat preservation, support, and stimulating mushroom growth, but also improves the yield and quality of button mushrooms, achieves targeted mushroom growth, and is low-cost, widely available, and easy to transport. Its widespread application has extremely high commercial value and is of positive significance for reducing peat moss resource depletion and enhancing the ecological environment.

[0035] The present invention discloses the following technical effects:

[0036] This invention uses sponge as the main material to replace 72-92 vol% of peat moss or other soil, reducing the preparation cost of casing materials. The sponge used as the main raw material is widely available, inexpensive, easy to obtain, and reusable, making it suitable for button mushroom cultivation in various regions. The active ingredients used in this invention (wood ash, fermentation powder, and mushroom fruiting body extract) are all derived from discarded waste materials, achieving waste utilization. Furthermore, these active ingredients promote button mushroom mycelial growth, enhance nutrient absorption and utilization, resulting in plumper, more upright mushrooms and reduced deformity rates. The synergistic effect of the components in the casing material effectively improves the fruiting quality of button mushrooms. This novel casing material truly achieves targeted fruiting and increases the concentration of fruiting (ensuring uniform growth of button mushrooms). This invention fully meets the standards for button mushroom casing materials, and when used as a casing material for button mushrooms, the yield is higher than with the normal peat moss casing method. Attached Figure Description

[0037] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0038] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of positioning and drilling holes in the polyurethane foam block in Example 1. Detailed Implementation

[0039] Various exemplary embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail. This detailed description should not be considered as a limitation of the present invention, but rather as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features, and embodiments of the present invention.

[0040] It should be understood that the terminology used in this invention is merely for describing particular embodiments and is not intended to limit the invention. Furthermore, with respect to numerical ranges in this invention, it should be understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the range is also specifically disclosed. Any stated value or intermediate value within a stated range, as well as each smaller range between any other stated value or intermediate value within said range, is also included in this invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may be independently included or excluded from the range.

[0041] Unless otherwise stated, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. While only preferred methods and materials have been described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may be used in the implementation or testing of this invention. All references to this specification are incorporated by way of citation to disclose and describe methods and / or materials associated with those references. In the event of any conflict with any incorporated reference, the content of this specification shall prevail.

[0042] Various modifications and variations can be made to the specific embodiments described in this specification without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Other embodiments derived from this specification will also be apparent to those skilled in the art. This specification and embodiments are merely exemplary.

[0043] The terms “include,” “including,” “have,” “contain,” etc., used in this article are all open-ended terms, meaning that they include but are not limited to.

[0044] It should be noted that any aspects not described in detail in this invention are conventional practices in the field and are not the focus of this invention.

[0045] As a first aspect of the present invention, the present invention provides a casing material for button mushrooms with sponge as the main raw material. By volume percentage, the raw materials include: 72-92% sponge, 4-20% soil, 1-2% wood ash, 1-2% mushroom fruiting body extract, 1-2% baking powder and 1-2% auxiliary materials.

[0046] The sponge is a porous polyurethane sponge block or porous polyurethane sponge granules.

[0047] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the soil includes at least one of peat soil, red soil, river mud, field soil and chaff soil;

[0048] And / or, the excipients are sodium hypochlorite solution and quicklime (used in combination).

[0049] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the volume ratio of sodium hypochlorite solution to quicklime is 1:1; the sodium hypochlorite solution is prepared by mixing sodium hypochlorite and water at a volume ratio of 1:300.

[0050] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the preparation steps of the plant ash include: drying the waste material after the mushroom harvest of button mushrooms and burning it in an air atmosphere for 2-3 hours to obtain the plant ash.

[0051] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the combustion in an air atmosphere specifically refers to combustion in an open-air air environment, preferably with a slight breeze.

[0052] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the preparation steps of the mushroom fruiting body extract include: crushing discarded deformed button mushrooms and / or cutting off mycorrhizae, adding water for heating and extraction, filtering after the heating and extraction is completed, concentrating and drying (the filtrate) to obtain the mushroom fruiting body extract.

[0053] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the step of adding water for heating and extraction includes: a solid-liquid ratio of 1:10, a heating and extraction temperature of 100°C, and a time of 1 hour.

[0054] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the fermentation powder is a tertiary fermentation powder, or the fermentation powder is obtained by drying and crushing the waste material after the mushroom harvest of button mushrooms.

[0055] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the volume of the porous polyurethane sponge particles is 1-5 cm³. 3 .

[0056] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the porous polyurethane sponge particles are spherical or cubic in shape.

[0057] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the porous polyurethane sponge block has pores distributed in an array.

[0058] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the parameters of the arrayed holes include:

[0059] The holes are cylindrical in shape, with a diameter of 1-3 cm and a spacing of 4-7 cm.

[0060] Alternatively, the holes may be cubic in shape, with a diameter (i.e., side length) of 1-3 cm and a spacing (i.e., hole spacing) of 4-7 cm.

[0061] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the area of ​​the porous polyurethane sponge block (including the area of ​​the holes) is the same as the area of ​​the compost material in the cultivation process of button mushrooms.

[0062] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the thickness of the porous polyurethane sponge block is 3-5 cm.

[0063] As a second aspect of the present invention, the present invention provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned mushroom casing material with sponge as the main raw material, comprising the following steps:

[0064] Soil and auxiliary materials are mixed, and the pH value of the mixture is adjusted to 7.0-7.8 and the water content is 65-70 wt% to obtain standard soil. The standard soil is mixed with wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract and fermentation powder, and then diluted with water and stirred to obtain mud. The sponge is mixed with the mud to obtain the mushroom casing material with sponge as the main raw material.

[0065] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the sponge is a porous polyurethane sponge block, and the more specific preparation steps of the mushroom casing material with sponge as the main raw material are as follows:

[0066] (1) Preparation of porous polyurethane sponge blocks with arrayed pores: The original porous polyurethane sponge blocks (i.e., porous polyurethane sponge blocks without arrayed pores, with an area consistent with the area of ​​compost material in the cultivation of button mushrooms and a thickness of 3-5cm) are perforated in a targeted manner (the parameters for targeted perforation include: the shape of the pores is cylindrical, the diameter of the pores is 1-3cm, and the spacing between the pores is 4-7cm; or, the shape of the pores is cubic, the diameter of the pores is 1-3cm, and the spacing between the pores is 4-7cm) to obtain porous polyurethane sponge blocks with arrayed pores, which are used as the main raw material sponge for preparing the casing material for button mushrooms.

[0067] (2) Measure each raw material: 72-92 vol% of porous polyurethane sponge block with arrayed holes (including the volume of arrayed holes, i.e., the volume of the original porous polyurethane sponge block before positioning and drilling), 4-20 vol% of soil, 1-2 vol% of wood ash, 1-2 vol% of mushroom fruiting body extract, 1-2 vol% of baking powder and 1-2 vol% of auxiliary materials.

[0068] (3) Preparation of standard soil: Mix the measured peat soil and auxiliary materials, stir evenly, and adjust the pH value of the mixture to 7.0-7.8 and the water content to 65-70wt% to obtain standard soil;

[0069] (4) Preparation of mud: Mix all the standard soil with the measured wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract and fermentation powder, and add water with a volume of 4.5 times the total volume of standard soil, wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract and fermentation powder to dilute and stir evenly to obtain mud;

[0070] (5) Preparation of mushroom casing material: Soak a porous polyurethane sponge block with arrayed pores in pure water for 2 hours. After fully absorbing enough water, mix it with all the mud so that all the mud adheres evenly to the surface of the sponge block and fills evenly in the pores (arrayed pores) of the sponge block, and obtain mushroom casing material with sponge as the main raw material.

[0071] Alternatively, the sponge may be porous polyurethane sponge particles, and the more specific preparation steps of the mushroom casing material with sponge as the main raw material are as follows:

[0072] (1) Selection of sponge raw materials: Select materials with a volume of 1-5 cm³. 3 Porous polyurethane sponge particles (spherical or cubic) are used as the main raw material sponge for the casing material of button mushrooms;

[0073] (2) Measure each raw material: 72-92 vol% of porous polyurethane sponge particles, 4-20 vol% of soil, 1-2 vol% of plant ash, 1-2 vol% of mushroom fruiting body extract, 1-2 vol% of baking powder and 1-2 vol% of auxiliary materials.

[0074] (3) Preparation of standard soil: Mix the measured peat soil and auxiliary materials, stir evenly, and adjust the pH value of the mixture to 7.0-7.8 and the water content to 65-70wt% to obtain standard soil;

[0075] (4) Preparation of mud: Mix all the standard soil with the measured wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract and fermentation powder, and add water with a volume of 4.5 times the total volume of standard soil, wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract and fermentation powder to dilute and stir evenly to obtain mud;

[0076] (5) Preparation of mushroom casing material: Soak the measured porous polyurethane sponge particles in pure water for 2 hours. After fully absorbing enough water, mix them with all the mud and stir evenly to obtain mushroom casing material with sponge as the main raw material.

[0077] As a third aspect of the present invention, the present invention provides the application of the above-mentioned mushroom casing material with sponge as the main raw material in mushroom cultivation.

[0078] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0079] The tertiary fermentation materials used in the following embodiments and comparative examples of this invention were purchased from Jiangsu Yuguan Modern Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd. Water Babies (spherical, 0.6mm in diameter) were purchased commercially and are composed of water-absorbing resin. Porous gel polyurethane sponge (cubic, 1cm³ in volume) 3 It has a porosity of 71.8% and a density of 0.2 g / cm³. 3 Purchased from Lishui Yunchuang Sponge Products Co., Ltd. The original porous polyurethane sponge block (size: 37cm×37cm×4cm, without arrayed pores) has a porosity of 80% and a density of 0.15g / cm³. 3 Purchased from Lishui Yunchuang Sponge Products Co., Ltd. Porous polyurethane sponge granules (specifications: spherical, volume 2cm³). 3 It has a porosity of 71.8% and a density of 0.2 g / cm³. 3 Purchased from Lishui Yunchuang Sponge Products Co., Ltd. Both the original porous polyurethane sponge blocks and porous polyurethane sponge granules have a loose, expanded, and porous structure.

[0080] The peat soil used in the following embodiments, comparative examples and test examples of the present invention was collected from 20cm below the ground surface, dug out and exposed to the sun for 2 days, and then passed through a 3mm sieve.

[0081] The sodium hypochlorite solution used in the following examples and comparative examples of the present invention was prepared by mixing sodium hypochlorite and water at a volume ratio of 1:300.

[0082] The method for preparing wood ash used in the following embodiments and comparative examples of the present invention is as follows: the waste material after the mushroom harvest of button mushrooms is dried and then burned in an open-air environment for 3 hours to obtain wood ash.

[0083] The preparation method of the mushroom fruiting body extract used in the following embodiments and comparative examples of the present invention is as follows: discarded deformed button mushrooms are air-dried and then crushed through a 100-mesh sieve to obtain powder. Water is added to the powder at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:10, and then heated and extracted at 100°C for 1 hour. After the heating and extraction is completed, the mixture is filtered, and the filtrate is concentrated and dried to obtain the mushroom fruiting body extract.

[0084] The preparation method of the fermentation powder used in the following embodiments and comparative examples of the present invention is as follows: the waste material after the mushroom harvest of button mushrooms is dried at 100°C, and then crushed and passed through a 100-mesh sieve to obtain the fermentation powder.

[0085] Example 1

[0086] A casing material for Agaricus bisporus, with sponge as the main raw material, is prepared by the following steps:

[0087] (1) Preparation of porous polyurethane sponge blocks with arrayed pores

[0088] A porous polyurethane foam block measuring 37cm × 37cm × 4cm was drilled with cylindrical holes, each 3cm in diameter and 5cm apart. (See diagram for positioning and drilling.) Figure 1 As shown in the figure, a porous polyurethane sponge block with arrayed pores is obtained, which serves as the main raw material sponge for the casing material of button mushrooms.

[0089] (2) Measure each raw material

[0090] The raw materials are measured according to the following proportions: 90 vol% of porous polyurethane sponge block with arrayed pores (including the volume of the arrayed pores, i.e., based on the volume of the sponge block being 37cm×37cm×4cm), 4 vol% of peat moss, 2 vol% of wood ash, 1 vol% of mushroom fruiting body extract, 1 vol% of baking powder, 1 vol% of sodium hypochlorite solution, and 1 vol% of quicklime.

[0091] (3) Preparation of standard soil

[0092] Mix the measured peat soil, sodium hypochlorite solution, and quicklime, stir well, and adjust the pH of the mixture to 7.5 and the water content to 65 wt% to obtain standard soil.

[0093] (4) Preparation of mud

[0094] Mix all the standard soil with measured amounts of wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract, and baking powder. Add water at a volume 4.5 times the total volume of the standard soil, wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract, and baking powder, and dilute and stir until homogeneous to obtain mud.

[0095] (5) Preparation of casing material for button mushrooms

[0096] A porous polyurethane sponge block with arrayed pores is soaked in pure water for 2 hours to fully absorb enough water. Then it is mixed with all the mud, so that all the mud adheres evenly to the surface of the sponge block and fills the pores of the sponge block evenly, thus obtaining a mushroom casing material with sponge as the main raw material.

[0097] Example 2

[0098] A casing material for Agaricus bisporus, with sponge as the main raw material, is prepared by the following steps:

[0099] (1) Preparation of porous polyurethane sponge blocks with arrayed pores

[0100] A porous polyurethane foam block measuring 37cm × 37cm × 4cm was drilled with cylindrical holes, each 3cm in diameter and 5cm apart. (See diagram for positioning and drilling.) Figure 1 As shown in the figure, a porous polyurethane sponge block with arrayed pores is obtained, which serves as the main raw material sponge for the casing material of button mushrooms.

[0101] (2) Measure each raw material

[0102] The raw materials are measured according to the following proportions: 80 vol% of porous polyurethane sponge block with arrayed pores (including the volume of the arrayed pores, i.e., based on the volume of the sponge block being 37cm×37cm×4cm), 14 vol% of peat moss, 2 vol% of wood ash, 1 vol% of mushroom fruiting body extract, 1 vol% of baking powder, 1 vol% of sodium hypochlorite solution, and 1 vol% of quicklime.

[0103] (3) Preparation of standard soil

[0104] Mix the measured peat soil, sodium hypochlorite solution, and quicklime, stir well, and adjust the pH of the mixture to 7.5 and the water content to 65 wt% to obtain standard soil.

[0105] (4) Preparation of mud

[0106] Mix all the standard soil with measured amounts of wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract, and baking powder. Add water at a volume 4.5 times the total volume of the standard soil, wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract, and baking powder, and dilute and stir until homogeneous to obtain mud.

[0107] (5) Preparation of casing material for button mushrooms

[0108] A porous polyurethane sponge block with arrayed pores is soaked in pure water for 2 hours to fully absorb enough water. Then it is mixed with all the mud, so that all the mud adheres evenly to the surface of the sponge block and fills the pores of the sponge block evenly, thus obtaining a mushroom casing material with sponge as the main raw material.

[0109] Example 3

[0110] A casing material for Agaricus bisporus, with sponge as the main raw material, is prepared by the following steps:

[0111] (1) Selection of sponge raw materials

[0112] Select a volume of 2cm 3 Spherical porous polyurethane sponge particles are used as the main raw material sponge for the casing material of button mushrooms.

[0113] (2) Measure each raw material

[0114] The raw materials were measured according to the following proportions: 90 vol% porous polyurethane sponge particles, 4 vol% peat moss, 2 vol% wood ash, 1 vol% mushroom fruiting body extract, 1 vol% baking powder, 1 vol% sodium hypochlorite solution, and 1 vol% quicklime.

[0115] (3) Preparation of standard soil

[0116] Mix the measured peat soil, sodium hypochlorite solution, and quicklime, stir well, and adjust the pH of the mixture to 7.5 and the water content to 65 wt% to obtain standard soil.

[0117] (4) Preparation of mud

[0118] Mix all the standard soil with measured amounts of wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract, and baking powder. Add water at a volume 4.5 times the total volume of the standard soil, wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract, and baking powder, and dilute and stir until homogeneous to obtain mud.

[0119] (5) Preparation of casing material for button mushrooms

[0120] The measured porous polyurethane sponge particles were soaked in pure water for 2 hours to fully absorb enough water. Then, they were mixed with all the mud and stirred evenly to obtain a mushroom casing material with sponge as the main raw material.

[0121] Example 4

[0122] A casing material for Agaricus bisporus, with sponge as the main raw material, is prepared by the following steps:

[0123] (1) Selection of sponge raw materials

[0124] Select a volume of 2cm 3 Spherical porous polyurethane sponge particles are used as the main raw material sponge for the casing material of button mushrooms.

[0125] (2) Measure each raw material

[0126] The raw materials were measured according to the following proportions: 80 vol% porous polyurethane sponge particles, 14 vol% peat moss, 2 vol% wood ash, 1 vol% mushroom fruiting body extract, 1 vol% baking powder, 1 vol% sodium hypochlorite solution, and 1 vol% quicklime.

[0127] (3) Preparation of standard soil

[0128] Mix the measured peat soil, sodium hypochlorite solution, and quicklime, stir well, and adjust the pH of the mixture to 7.5 and the water content to 65 wt% to obtain standard soil.

[0129] (4) Preparation of mud

[0130] Mix all the standard soil with measured amounts of wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract, and baking powder. Add water at a volume 4.5 times the total volume of the standard soil, wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract, and baking powder, and dilute and stir until homogeneous to obtain mud.

[0131] (5) Preparation of casing material for button mushrooms

[0132] The measured porous polyurethane sponge particles were soaked in pure water for 2 hours to fully absorb enough water. Then, they were mixed with all the mud and stirred evenly to obtain a mushroom casing material with sponge as the main raw material.

[0133] Comparative Example 1

[0134] The preparation steps for a cover material using peat moss as the main raw material are as follows:

[0135] (1) Measure each raw material

[0136] The raw materials were measured according to the following proportions: 94 vol% peat moss, 2 vol% wood ash, 1 vol% mushroom fruiting body extract, 1 vol% baking powder, 1 vol% sodium hypochlorite solution, and 1 vol% quicklime.

[0137] (2) Preparation of covering material

[0138] Mix the measured amounts of peat moss, wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract, baking powder, sodium hypochlorite solution, and quicklime, stir well, and adjust the pH of the mixture to 7.5 and the water content to 65 wt% to obtain the covering material.

[0139] Comparative Example 2

[0140] The preparation steps for a casing material using water hyacinth as the main raw material are as follows:

[0141] (1) Measure each raw material

[0142] The raw materials were measured according to the following proportions: 80 vol% water spherical powder (0.6 mm in diameter), 14 vol% peat moss, 2 vol% wood ash, 1 vol% mushroom fruiting body extract, 1 vol% baking powder, 1 vol% sodium hypochlorite solution, and 1 vol% quicklime.

[0143] (2) Preparation of standard soil

[0144] Mix the measured peat soil, sodium hypochlorite solution, and quicklime, stir well, and adjust the pH of the mixture to 7.5 and the water content to 65 wt% to obtain standard soil.

[0145] (3) Preparation of mud

[0146] Mix all the standard soil with measured amounts of wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract, and baking powder. Add water at a volume 4.5 times the total volume of the standard soil, wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract, and baking powder, and dilute and stir until homogeneous to obtain mud.

[0147] (4) Preparation of covering materials

[0148] Soak the measured amount of water beads in purified water for 2 hours to allow them to fully absorb enough water. Then mix them with all the mud and stir well to obtain a soil covering material with water beads as the main raw material.

[0149] Comparative Example 3

[0150] The preparation steps of the cover material, which uses porous gel polyurethane sponge as the main raw material, are as follows:

[0151] (1) Measure each raw material

[0152] According to the porous gel polyurethane sponge (cubic shape, volume 1cm³), 3 The raw materials were measured in the following proportions: 80 vol%, peat moss 14 vol%, wood ash 2 vol%, mushroom fruiting body extract 1 vol%, baking powder 1 vol%, sodium hypochlorite solution 1 vol%, and quicklime 1 vol%.

[0153] (2) Preparation of standard soil

[0154] Mix the measured peat soil, sodium hypochlorite solution, and quicklime, stir well, and adjust the pH of the mixture to 7.5 and the water content to 65 wt% to obtain standard soil.

[0155] (3) Preparation of mud

[0156] Mix all the standard soil with measured amounts of wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract, and baking powder. Add water at a volume 4.5 times the total volume of the standard soil, wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract, and baking powder, and dilute and stir until homogeneous to obtain mud.

[0157] (4) Preparation of covering materials

[0158] The measured porous gel polyurethane sponge was soaked in pure water for 2 hours. After fully absorbing enough water, it was mixed with all the mud and stirred evenly to obtain a soil covering material with porous gel polyurethane sponge as the main raw material.

[0159] Comparative Example 4

[0160] Same as Example 1, except that the volumetric amount of wood ash is replaced with baking powder, i.e., the use of wood ash is omitted, and the amount of baking powder is 3 vol%.

[0161] Comparative Example 5

[0162] Same as Example 1, except that the same volume of baking powder is replaced with wood ash, that is, the use of baking powder is omitted, and the amount of wood ash is 3 vol%.

[0163] Comparative Example 6

[0164] Same as Example 1, except that the mushroom fruiting body extract is replaced with a baking powder in equal volume, i.e., the use of mushroom fruiting body extract is omitted, and the amount of baking powder is 2 vol%.

[0165] Test Example 1

[0166] Agaricus bisporus cultivation experiment

[0167] The casing materials prepared in each embodiment and comparative example were used as casing materials for the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus. Specifically, pots with dimensions of 37cm × 37cm × 13cm were used as fruiting containers, with 4kg of tertiary fermentation substrate in each pot. Each treatment was repeated 5 times. On August 1, 2024, 4kg of tertiary fermentation substrate was placed in pots and covered with a black film. Casing materials were prepared according to the preparation methods of each embodiment and comparative example. On August 3, 2024, the black film was removed, and the casing material was placed on the surface of the tertiary fermentation substrate in the pots. Casing materials made primarily of porous polyurethane sponge blocks with arrayed pores were directly applied to the surface of the tertiary fermentation substrate. Casing materials prepared in other embodiments and comparative examples were applied to the surface of the tertiary fermentation substrate with a thickness of 4cm. Fruiting management was strictly carried out according to factory standards. Starting on August 9, 2024, cooling stimulation to induce fruiting was implemented, with the temperature decreasing by 2°C daily until it reached 17°C ± 1°C, after which a constant temperature was maintained. The first flush of mushrooms was harvested from August 22nd to 26th, 2024, and the second flush from September 15th to 20th, 2024. The fruiting body yield, marketable mushroom rate (marketable mushroom criteria: cap diameter 4-6cm, round and plump shape, uniform color, not yet opened, and elastic), fruiting time, and harvesting duration of *Agaricus bisporus* were recorded under different casing material treatments. The results were the average of five replicates. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0168] Table 1. Average yield and marketable mushroom rate per pot for different casing materials.

[0169]

[0170]

[0171] Table 1 shows that the yield of the first flush of Agaricus bisporus differs significantly from that of the second flush, with the first flush yielding more than the second. The highest total yield (1556g) was achieved using the casing material prepared in Example 4, while the lowest (1478g) was achieved using the casing material prepared in Comparative Example 2. The marketable mushroom yield of the first flush of Agaricus bisporus differed significantly from that of the second flush. The highest average marketable mushroom yield (89.60%) was achieved using Example 1, which used porous polyurethane sponge blocks with arrayed pores as the main raw material. This demonstrates that the casing material of the present invention can effectively improve the yield and marketable mushroom yield of Agaricus bisporus.

[0172] Furthermore, comparing the data from Example 1 and Comparative Examples 4-6 reveals that the addition of different active ingredients in the casing material has a significant impact on the yield and marketable mushroom rate of Agaricus bisporus. The simultaneous addition of wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract, and baking powder significantly promotes yield; omitting any one of these active ingredients reduces both the yield and marketable mushroom rate, demonstrating that the combined use of these three ingredients offers the best advantage.

[0173] Table 2. Fruiting time and harvest duration for different casing materials.

[0174]

[0175] Note: "Fruiting time / d" refers to the number of days after covering with soil during which the mushrooms will appear.

[0176] As shown in Table 2, except for Examples 1-2, which used porous polyurethane sponge blocks with arrayed pores as the main raw material and produced the first flush of mushrooms on the 20th day after covering with soil, harvesting began on August 23, 2024; the other treatments produced the first flush of mushrooms on the 19th day after covering with soil, harvesting began on August 22, 2024. The first flush of mushrooms in Comparative Examples 1 and 4 could be harvested in 5 days, while the other treatments were all shorter than 5 days, with the fastest harvest time being 2 days. The second flush of mushrooms in Comparative Examples 1 and 4 could be harvested in 3 days, while the other treatments were all shorter than 3 days, with the fastest harvest time being 1 day. Furthermore, using the same cultivation management and environmental control measures, Comparative Examples 2 and 3 had the same first flush fruiting time as Comparative Example 1, but the first flush harvesting duration was 1 day shorter than Comparative Example 1, and the second flush fruiting time was 1 day slower than the Comparative Example 1, but the harvesting duration was longer than the Comparative Example 1. The first treatment was one day shorter than the second treatment. Treatments 1 and 2 showed slower fruiting times than the other treatments, but the first flush harvest lasted only two days, resulting in more concentrated fruiting compared to other treatments. Treatments 3 and 4 had significantly shorter first flush harvest durations than treatments 1 and 2, while the second flush harvest durations were consistent across treatments 1-4. Treatments 4-6 had the same fruiting time, and were 1-2 days earlier than treatment 1, but their harvest durations were longer than treatment 1. These results indicate that replacing part of the peat moss with two polymer materials, Water Babies and porous gel polyurethane sponge, slightly prolonged the flush transition time in Agaricus bisporus cultivation, but resulted in slightly more concentrated fruiting. However, using porous polyurethane sponge blocks and granules with arrayed pores as the main raw material for the casing soil resulted in significantly higher fruiting concentration than treatments where Water Babies and porous gel polyurethane sponge replaced part of the peat moss.

[0177] The embodiments described above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Various modifications and improvements made by those skilled in the art to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the present invention should fall within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A casing material for button mushrooms, primarily made of sponge, characterized in that, By volume percentage, the raw materials include: 72-92% sponge, 4-20% soil, 1-2% wood ash, 1-2% mushroom fruiting body extract, 1-2% baking powder, and 1-2% auxiliary materials; The sponge is a porous polyurethane sponge block or porous polyurethane sponge granules; The volume of the porous polyurethane sponge particles is 1-5 cm³. 3 ; The preparation steps of the plant ash include: drying the waste material after the mushroom harvest of button mushrooms and burning it in air for 2-3 hours to obtain the plant ash; The preparation steps of the mushroom fruiting body extract include: crushing discarded deformed button mushrooms and / or cutting off mycorrhizae, adding water and heating for extraction; after the heating extraction is completed, filtering, concentrating and drying to obtain the mushroom fruiting body extract. The process of adding water for heating and extraction includes: a solid-liquid ratio of 1:10, a heating and extraction temperature of 100°C, and a time of 1 hour; The porous polyurethane sponge block has pores distributed in an array; The auxiliary materials are sodium hypochlorite solution and quicklime; The fermentation powder is obtained by drying and crushing the waste material after the mushroom harvest of button mushrooms; The parameters of the array of holes include: The holes are cylindrical in shape, with a diameter of 1-3cm and a spacing of 4-7cm. Alternatively, the holes may be cubic in shape, with a diameter of 1-3 cm and a spacing of 4-7 cm.

2. The mushroom casing material based on sponge as the main raw material as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The soil includes at least one of peat soil, red soil, river mud, field soil, and chaff soil.

3. The method for preparing the mushroom casing material using sponge as the main raw material as described in any one of claims 1-2, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Mix the soil and auxiliary materials, adjust the pH of the mixture to 7.0-7.8 and the water content to 65-70 wt%, and obtain standard soil; The standard soil was mixed with wood ash, mushroom fruiting body extract and baking powder, then diluted with water and stirred to obtain mud. The sponge is mixed with the mud to obtain the mushroom casing material with sponge as the main raw material.

4. The application of the mushroom casing material with sponge as the main raw material as described in any one of claims 1-2 in the cultivation of mushrooms.

Images