Parallel shift estimation

Abstract

An antenna offset compensation determination method includes transmitting, from a first device to a second device, one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna; receiving, at the first device from the second device, one or more first indications of a first linear offset of a first signal discrimination line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinguishing line corresponds to a first transition between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals as received by the second antenna; and determining one or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear offset based on the first linear offset.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. application No. 17 / 944,080, filed on September 13, 2022, entitled “PARALLEL SHIFT ESTIMATION,” which is assigned to the assignee of the present application, and the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. Background Art

[0003] Wireless communication systems have evolved over several generations, including first generation analog wireless telephone service (1G), second generation (2G) digital wireless telephone service (including transitional 2.5G and 2.75G networks), third generation (3G) high-speed data wireless service with Internet capabilities, fourth generation (4G) service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or ), fifth generation (5G) services (e.g., 5G New Radio (NR), etc. There are many different types of wireless communication systems currently in use, including cellular and personal communications service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular analog Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), global system for mobile access (GSM) TDMA variants, etc.

[0004] The fifth generation (5G) mobile standard requires higher data transfer speeds, a greater number of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. According to the Next Generation Mobile Network Alliance, the 5G standard is designed to provide data rates of tens of megabits per second to each of tens of thousands of users, with a data rate of 1 gigabit per second provided to dozens of workers on an office floor. In order to support large sensor deployments, hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections should be supported. Therefore, the spectrum efficiency of 5G mobile communications should be significantly improved compared to the current 4G standard. In addition, signaling efficiency should be improved and latency should be significantly reduced compared to the current standard.

[0005] Various access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate at a city, country, region, and even global level. An example of a telecommunication standard is New Radio (NR), for example, 5G radio access. NR is an enhancement set of the LTE mobile standard promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). NR can better support mobile broadband Internet access by using OFDMA with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) and supporting beamforming, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology and carrier aggregation to improve spectrum efficiency, reduce costs, improve services, utilize new spectrum, and better integrate with other open standards. The performance of MIMO technology may be affected by the misalignment of the transmit antenna and the receive antenna. Summary of the invention

[0006] An example first device includes: a transceiver including a first antenna; a memory; and a processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the transceiver, the processor being configured to: send one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna to a second device via the transceiver; receive, via the transceiver, one or more first indications of a first linear shift of a first signal distinction line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinction line corresponding to a first transition between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals as received by the second antenna; and determine, based on the first linear shift, one or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear shift.

[0007] An example antenna offset compensation determination method includes: sending one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna from a first device to a second device; receiving, at the first device, from the second device one or more first indications of a first linear offset of a first signal distinction line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinction line corresponding to a first transition between one or more first signals and one or more second signals as received by the second antenna; and determining one or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear offset based on the first linear offset.

[0008] Another example first device includes: a component for sending one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna to a second device; a component for receiving from the second device one or more first indications of a first linear shift of a first signal distinction line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinction line corresponding to a first transition between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals as received by the second antenna; and a component for determining one or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear shift based on the first linear shift.

[0009] An example non-transitory processor-readable storage medium includes processor-readable instructions for causing a processor of a first device to perform the following operations: sending one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna to a second device; receiving from the second device one or more first indications of a first linear shift of a first signal distinction line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinction line corresponding to a first transition between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals as received by the second antenna; and determining one or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear shift based on the first linear shift.

[0010] An example second device includes: a transceiver including a second antenna; a memory; and a processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the transceiver, the processor being configured to: receive a first combination signal from the first device via the transceiver, the first combination signal including a combination of one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna; determine one or more first indications of a first linear offset of a first signal distinction line relative to the second antenna, the first signal distinction line corresponding to a first difference between a first value of a first signal characteristic of the first combination signal received by a first portion of the second antenna and a second value of the first signal characteristic of the first combination signal received by a second portion of the second antenna; and determine one or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear offset based on the first linear offset.

[0011] An example antenna offset compensation determination method includes: receiving a first combination signal from a first device at a second device, the first combination signal including a combination of one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna; determining at the second device one or more first indications of a first linear offset of a first signal distinction line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinction line corresponding to a first difference between a first value of a first signal characteristic of the first combination signal received by a first portion of the second antenna and a second value of the first signal characteristic of the first combination signal received by a second portion of the second antenna; and determining at the second device one or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear offset based on the first linear offset.

[0012] Another example second device includes: a component for receiving a first combination signal from a first device, the first combination signal including a combination of one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna; a component for determining one or more first indications of a first linear offset of a first signal distinction line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinction line corresponding to a first difference between a first value of a first signal characteristic of the first combination signal received by a first portion of the second antenna and a second value of the first signal characteristic of the first combination signal received by a second portion of the second antenna; and a component for determining one or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear offset based on the first linear offset.

[0013] Another example non-transitory processor-readable storage medium includes processor-readable instructions for causing a processor of a second device to perform the following operations: receiving a first combination signal from a first device, the first combination signal comprising a combination of one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna; determining one or more first indications of a first linear offset of a first signal distinction line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinction line corresponding to a first difference between a first value of a first signal characteristic of the first combination signal received by a first portion of the second antenna and a second value of the first signal characteristic of the first combination signal received by a second portion of the second antenna; and determining one or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear offset based on the first linear offset. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] 1A is a simplified diagram of an example wireless communication network.

[0015] 1B is a simplified diagram of another example wireless communication network.

[0016] 1C is a simplified diagram of another example wireless communication network.

[0017] Figure 2 is a block diagram of components of the example user equipment shown in FIG. 1 .

[0018] Figure 3 is a block diagram of the components of an example send / receive point.

[0019] Figure 4 is a block diagram of the components of an example server.

[0020] Figure 5 is a simplified block diagram of an example receiving apparatus.

[0021] Figure 6 is a simplified block diagram of an example transmitting device.

[0022] Figure 7 is a perspective view of the aligned antennas of the transmitting device and the receiving device.

[0023] Figure 8 is a perspective view of antennas of a transmitting device and a receiving device, wherein the antenna of the receiving device is displaced parallel to the antenna of the transmitting device in both the x-dimension and the y-dimension.

[0024] Fig.9A The signals transmitted by different parts (here columns) of the antenna of the transmitting device are illustrated.

[0025] Fig. 9B The signals transmitted by different parts (here rows) of the antenna of the transmitting device are illustrated.

[0026] Fig. 10A The signals received by different parts (here columns) of the antenna of the receiving device aligned with the antenna of the transmitting device are illustrated.

[0027] Fig. 10B The illustrated signals are received by different parts (here columns) of the antenna of the receiving device offset along the x-axis relative to the antenna of the transmitting device.

[0028] Fig.11 is a perspective view of antennas of a transmitting device and a receiving device, wherein the antenna of the receiving device is displaced parallel to the antenna of the transmitting device in the x dimension.

[0029] Fig.12 It is the signaling and process flow for parallel shift compensation.

[0030] Fig.13 It is a flowchart of a method for determining antenna offset compensation.

[0031] Fig.14 is a flowchart of another method for determining antenna offset compensation.

[0032] Fig.15 is a graph of spectral efficiency factor with and without parallel shift compensation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] The parallel shift between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna is the offset of the antenna in a plane orthogonal to the visual axis direction of the transmitting antenna. For example, assuming an xyz coordinate system, if the transmitting antenna is located in the xy plane, the center of the transmitting antenna is set on the z axis, the visual axis of the transmitting antenna is along the z axis, and the receiving antenna is located in a plane parallel to the xy plane, then the parallel shift is the amplitude and direction of the offset of the center of the receiving antenna from the z axis. This article discusses the technology for estimating the parallel shift between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna and compensating (e.g., adjusting or offsetting (e.g., correcting or reducing)) the parallel shift, such as to improve the signal transmission between the antennas. The parallel shift can be compensated, for example, by determining and applying a signal processing matrix. For example, one or more pilot signals used to determine the parallel shift may include different signals sent by different parts of the antenna of the transmitting device. The characteristics of the pilot signal (e.g., the type of signal difference of the pilot signal, one or more indications of the part of the transmitting antenna that sends different signals, etc.) can be provided to the receiving device. The receiving device receives the pilot signal and determines the parallel shift of the antenna of the receiving device relative to the antenna of the transmitting device based on the transmission and reception signal characteristics (e.g., the transmission signal phase and the measurement signal phase). The parallel shift and / or information from which the parallel shift can be determined can be provided to the transmitting device. The receiving device can use the parallel shift to determine a post-processing matrix for processing the received signal. The transmitting device can use the parallel shift to determine a pre-decoder matrix for sending a signal to the receiving device. However, other examples can be implemented.

[0034] The items and / or technologies described herein may provide one or more of the following capabilities and other capabilities not mentioned. Signal transmission losses due to misalignment of parallel shifted antennas may be reduced or eliminated. The accuracy of functions based on signal transmission between antennas (e.g., communication, positioning, etc.) may be improved. The spectral efficiency factor may be improved by compensating for parallel shifts between transmit and receive antennas (e.g., for MIMO signal transmission). The throughput and / or reliability of information transmission / reception may be improved by compensating for parallel shifts via beam steering and / or pre-decoding. Other capabilities may be provided, and not every specific implementation according to the present disclosure must provide any of the capabilities discussed, let alone all of the capabilities. The reasons discussed above may not necessarily provide the indicated effects, and if any, the effects mentioned above may be achieved by reasons different from those mentioned.

[0035] The description herein may refer to a sequence of actions to be performed by, for example, an element of a computing device. Each action described herein can be performed by a dedicated circuit (e.g., an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of the two. The sequence of actions described herein may be embodied in a non-transitory computer-readable medium having a corresponding set of computer instructions stored thereon, which, when executed, will cause an associated processor to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, each of the examples described herein may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which fall within the scope of the present disclosure, including the claimed subject matter.

[0036] As used herein, the terms "user equipment" (UE) and "base station" are not dedicated to or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT), unless otherwise specified. In general, a UE can be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, a router, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a consumer asset tracking device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a medical device, a car, etc.) used to communicate on a wireless communication network. A UE can be mobile or can be stationary (e.g., at certain times) and can communicate with a radio access network (RAN) or directly with another UE. As used herein, the term "UE" can be interchangeably referred to as an "access terminal" or "AT", "client device", "wireless device", "subscriber equipment", "subscriber terminal", "subscriber station", "user terminal" or UT, "mobile terminal", "mobile station", "mobile device" or variations thereof. In general, a UE can communicate with a core network via the RAN, and through the core network, the UE can connect to external networks such as the Internet and to other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms for connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UE, such as through a wired access network, A network (eg, based on IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11, etc.), etc. In addition to or instead of transferring information to each other through the network, two or more UEs may also communicate directly.

[0037] Depending on the network in which the base station is deployed, the base station may operate according to one of several RATs when communicating with a UE. Examples of base stations include access points (APs), network nodes, NodeBs, evolved NodeBs (eNBs), or general NodeBs (gNodeBs, gNBs). Additionally, in some systems, a base station may provide only edge node signaling functions, while in other systems, a base station may provide additional control functions and / or network management functions.

[0038] The UE may be implemented by any of several types of devices, including but not limited to a printed circuit (PC) card, a compact flash device, an external or internal modem, a wireless or wired phone, a smart phone, a tablet device, a consumer asset tracking device, an asset tag, etc. The communication link through which the UE can transmit signals to the RAN is referred to as an uplink channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). The communication link through which the RAN can transmit signals to the UE is referred to as a downlink or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein, the term "traffic channel (TCH)" may refer to an uplink / reverse traffic channel or a downlink / forward traffic channel.

[0039] 1A to 1C, a wireless communication network may include a base station (BS) capable of supporting MIMO communication of multiple user equipment (UE). The UE may communicate with the BS via downlink and uplink communication links. The downlink (or forward link) refers to the communication link from the BS to the UE, and the uplink (or reverse link) refers to the communication link from the UE to the BS. Examples of base stations include access points (APs), network nodes, NodeBs, evolved NodeBs (eNBs), or general NodeBs (gNodeBs, gNBs). For example, as shown in FIG1A, base station 110 communicates with base station 120 and UE 130, and base station 120 also communicates with UE 140. As shown in FIG1B, base station 150 communicates with base station 160, which is customer premises equipment (CPE) here, which can communicate with various devices at the customer premises, such as a TV 161, a portable computer 162, a smart phone 163, a relay 164, and a refrigerator 165 in this example. As shown in FIG. 1C , base station 170 is in communication with CPE 180 .

[0040] Line of sight (LOS) MIMO can provide high multiplexing gain under certain conditions. For example, one condition is that the distance between the transmit (Tx) antenna and the receive (Rx) antenna of the transmitter and the receiver, respectively, is below a threshold distance, which is a function of the aperture size of the Tx antenna and the Rx antenna and the carrier frequency used by the transmitter and the receiver. Another condition is that the Tx antenna uses an accurate LOS MIMO predecoder. In order to determine an accurate predecoder, the transmitter can obtain knowledge of the channel between the transmitter and the receiver, the distance between the Tx antenna and the Rx antenna, and can determine misalignment compensation, that is, compensation for the misalignment of the Tx antenna relative to the Rx antenna.

[0041] There are a variety of possible deployment scenarios for MIMO transmitters and receivers, three examples of which are shown in Figures 1A to 1C. For example, LOS MIMO can be used for a backhaul link between a network node (e.g., gNB, IAB (Integrated Access and Backhaul), SL UE (Side Link UE), etc.) and a relay (e.g., IAB, smart repeater, CPE, drone, etc.), such as link 112 between base station 120 (e.g., gNB) and base station 110 (e.g., access point, repeater) shown in Figure 1A, or link 152 shown in Figure 1B or link 172 shown in Figure 1C. As another example, LOS MIMO can be used for an access link between a network node / relay and a UE, such as link 114 between base station 110 and UE 130 or link 122 between base station 120 and UE 140.

[0042] See also Figure 2UE 200 is an example of one of UEs 130, 140, and includes a computing platform including a processor 210, a memory 211 including software (SW) 212, one or more sensors 213, a transceiver interface 214 for a transceiver 215 (the transceiver includes a wireless transceiver 240 and a wired transceiver 250), a user interface 216, a satellite positioning system (SPS) receiver 217, a camera 218, and a positioning device (PD) 219. The processor 210, the memory 211, the sensor 213, the transceiver interface 214, the user interface 216, the SPS receiver 217, the camera 218, and the positioning device 219 may be communicatively coupled to each other via a bus 220 (the bus may be configured, for example, for optical communication and / or electrical communication). One or more of the devices shown (e.g., the camera 218, the positioning device 219, and / or one or more of the sensors 213, etc.) may be omitted from the UE 200. The processor 210 may include one or more hardware devices, such as a central processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc. The processor 210 may include multiple processors, including a general / application processor 230, a digital signal processor (DSP) 231, a modem processor 232, a video processor 233, and / or a sensor processor 234. One or more of the processors 230 to 234 may include multiple devices (e.g., multiple processors). For example, the sensor processor 234 may include, for example, a processor for RF (radio frequency) sensing (wherein one or more (cellular) wireless signals and reflections transmitted are used to identify, map and / or track objects) and / or ultrasound, etc. The modem processor 232 may support dual SIM / dual connectivity (or even more SIMs). For example, a SIM (subscriber identity module or subscriber identity module) may be used by an original equipment manufacturer (OEM), and another SIM may be used by a terminal user of the UE 200 to obtain connectivity. The memory 211 is a non-transitory storage medium that may include a random access memory (RAM), a flash memory, an optical disk memory, and / or a read-only memory (ROM), etc. Memory 211 stores software 212, which may be processor-readable, processor-executable software code containing instructions that are configured to cause processor 210 to perform various functions described herein when executed. Alternatively, software 212 may not be directly executable by processor 210, but may be configured to cause processor 210 to perform these functions, for example, when compiled and executed. The description herein may refer to processor 210 performing functions, but this includes other specific implementations, such as specific implementations in which processor 210 executes software and / or firmware. The description herein may refer to processor 210 performing functions as shorthand for one or more of processors 230 to 234 performing the function.The description herein may refer to UE 200 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components of UE 200 performing that function. Processor 210 may include a memory with stored instructions in addition to and / or in lieu of memory 211. The functionality of processor 210 is discussed more fully below.

[0043] Figure 2 The configuration of UE 200 shown is an example and not a limitation of the present disclosure (including claims), and other configurations may be used. For example, an example configuration of UE includes one or more of processors 230 to 234 of processor 210, memory 211, and wireless transceiver 240. Other example configurations may include one or more of processors 230 to 234 in processor 210, memory 211, wireless transceiver, and one or more of the following: sensor 213, user interface 216, SPS receiver 217, camera 218, PD 219, and / or wired transceiver.

[0044] UE 200 may include a modem processor 232 that may be capable of performing baseband processing of signals received and down-converted by transceiver 215 and / or SPS receiver 217. Modem processor 232 may perform baseband processing of signals to be up-converted for transmission by transceiver 215. Additionally or alternatively, baseband processing may be performed by general / application processor 230 and / or DSP 231. However, other configurations may be used to perform baseband processing.

[0045] UE 200 may include sensors 213, which may include, for example, one or more sensors of various types of sensors, such as one or more inertial sensors, one or more magnetometers, one or more environmental sensors, one or more optical sensors, one or more weight sensors, and / or one or more radio frequency (RF) sensors, etc. An inertial measurement unit (IMU) may include, for example, one or more accelerometers (e.g., collectively responsive to acceleration of UE 200 in three dimensions) and / or one or more gyroscopes (e.g., three-dimensional gyroscopes). Sensors 213 may include one or more magnetometers (e.g., three-dimensional magnetometers) to determine orientation (e.g., relative to magnetic north and / or true north), which may be used for any of a variety of purposes (e.g., to support one or more compass applications). Environmental sensors may include, for example, one or more temperature sensors, one or more barometric pressure sensors, one or more ambient light sensors, one or more camera imagers, and / or one or more microphones, etc. Sensors 213 may generate analog and / or digital signals, indications of which may be stored in memory 211 and processed by DSP 231 and / or general / application processor 230 to support one or more applications (such as, for example, applications involving positioning and / or navigation operations). The sensor 213 may include one or more of various other types of sensors, such as one or more optical sensors, one or more weight sensors, and / or one or more radio frequency (RF) sensors, among others.

[0046] The sensor 213 may be used for relative position measurement, relative position determination, motion determination, etc. The information detected by the sensor 213 may be used for motion detection, relative displacement, dead reckoning, sensor-based position determination, and / or sensor-assisted position determination. The sensor 213 may be used to determine whether the UE 200 is fixed (stationary) or mobile and / or whether to report certain useful information about the mobility of the UE 200 to a server (e.g., a location management function (LMF)). For example, based on the information obtained / measured by the sensor 213, the UE 200 may notify / report to the server that the UE 200 has detected movement or that the UE 200 has moved, and report the relative displacement / distance (e.g., via dead reckoning implemented by the sensor 213, or sensor-based position determination, or sensor-assisted position determination). In another example, for relative positioning information, the sensor / IMU may be used to determine the angle and / or orientation of another device relative to the UE 200, etc.

[0047] The IMU may be configured to provide measurements of the direction of motion and / or speed of motion of the UE 200, which may be used for relative position determination. For example, one or more accelerometers and / or one or more gyroscopes of the IMU may detect the linear acceleration and rotational speed of the UE 200, respectively. The linear acceleration measurements and rotational speed measurements of the UE 200 may be integrated over time to determine the instantaneous direction of motion and displacement of the UE 200. The instantaneous direction of motion and displacement may be integrated to track the position of the UE 200. For example, a reference position of the UE 200 at a certain moment may be determined, for example, using the SPS receiver 217 (and / or by some other means), and measurements obtained from the accelerometers and gyroscopes after that moment may be used for dead reckoning to determine the current position of the UE 200 based on the movement (direction and distance) of the UE 200 relative to the reference position.

[0048] The magnetometer may determine magnetic field strengths in different directions, which may be used to determine the orientation of the UE 200. For example, the orientation may be used to provide a digital compass for the UE 200. The magnetometer may include a two-dimensional magnetometer configured to detect and provide an indication of magnetic field strength in two orthogonal dimensions. The magnetometer may include a three-dimensional magnetometer configured to detect and provide an indication of magnetic field strength in three orthogonal dimensions. The magnetometer may provide a component for sensing a magnetic field and providing an indication of the magnetic field, for example, to the processor 210.

[0049] The transceiver 215 may include a wireless transceiver 240 and a wired transceiver 250 configured to communicate with other devices via wireless connections and wired connections, respectively. For example, the wireless transceiver 240 may include a wireless transmitter 242 and a wireless receiver 244 coupled to an antenna 246 for transmitting (e.g., on one or more uplink channels and / or one or more sidelink channels) and / or receiving (e.g., on one or more downlink channels and / or one or more sidelink channels) wireless signals 248 and converting signals from the wireless signals 248 to wired (e.g., electrical and / or optical) signals and from wired (e.g., electrical and / or optical) signals to the wireless signals 248. The wireless transmitter 242 includes appropriate components (e.g., a power amplifier and a digital-to-analog converter). The wireless receiver 244 includes appropriate components (e.g., one or more amplifiers, one or more frequency filters, and an analog-to-digital converter). The wireless transmitter 242 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components, and / or the wireless receiver 244 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components. The wireless transceiver 240 may be configured to communicate with various radio access technologies (RATs) such as 5G New Radio (NR), GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), LTE (Long Term Evolution), LTE Direct (LTE-D), 3GPP LTE-V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) (PC5), IEEE 802.11 (including IEEE 802.11p), Direct connection The wired transceiver 250 may include a wired transmitter 252 and a wired receiver 254 configured for wired communication, for example, a network interface that can be used to communicate with a network (such as a NG-RAN (Next Generation Radio Access Network)) to transmit communications to the NG-RAN and receive communications from the NG-RAN. The wired transmitter 252 may include a plurality of transmitters that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components, and / or the wired receiver 254 may include a plurality of receivers that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components. The wired transceiver 250 may be configured, for example, for optical communication and / or electrical communication. The transceiver 215 may be communicatively coupled to the transceiver interface 214, for example, via an optical connection and / or an electrical connection. The transceiver interface 214 may be at least partially integrated with the transceiver 215. The wireless transmitter 242, the wireless receiver 244 and / or the antenna 246 may include multiple transmitters, multiple receivers and / or multiple antennas, respectively, for transmitting and / or receiving appropriate signals, respectively.

[0050] The user interface 216 may include one or more of several devices (such as, for example, a speaker, a microphone, a display device, a vibration device, a keyboard, a touch screen, etc.). The user interface 216 may include more than one of any of these devices. The user interface 216 may be configured to enable a user to interact with one or more applications hosted by the UE 200. For example, the user interface 216 may store indications of analog and / or digital signals in the memory 211 in response to actions from the user to be processed by the DSP 231 and / or the general / application processor 230. Similarly, an application hosted on the UE 200 may store indications of analog and / or digital signals in the memory 211 to present output signals to the user. The user interface 216 may include an audio input / output (I / O) device, which includes, for example, a speaker, a microphone, a digital-to-analog circuit, an analog-to-digital circuit, an amplifier, and / or a gain control circuit (including more than one of these devices). Other configurations of audio I / O devices may be used. Additionally or alternatively, the user interface 216 may include one or more touch sensors that respond to touch and / or pressure on, for example, a keyboard and / or a touch screen of the user interface 216 .

[0051] The SPS receiver 217 (e.g., a global positioning system (GPS) receiver) may be capable of receiving and acquiring the SPS signal 260 via the SPS antenna 262. The SPS antenna 262 is configured to convert the SPS signal 260 from a wireless signal to a wired signal (e.g., an electrical signal or an optical signal), and may be integrated with the antenna 246. The SPS receiver 217 may be configured to process the acquired SPS signal 260 in whole or in part to estimate the position of the UE 200. For example, the SPS receiver 217 may be configured to determine the position of the UE 200 by performing trilateration using the SPS signal 260. The general / application processor 230, the memory 211, the DSP 231, and / or one or more dedicated processors (not shown) may be utilized in conjunction with the SPS receiver 217 to process the acquired SPS signal in whole or in part, and / or calculate the estimated position of the UE 200. The memory 211 may store indications (e.g., measurements) of the SPS signal 260 and / or other signals (e.g., signals obtained from the wireless transceiver 240) for use in performing positioning operations. The general / application processor 230, the DSP 231, and / or one or more special-purpose processors, and / or the memory 211 may provide or support a location engine for use in processing measurements to estimate the location of the UE 200.

[0052] UE 200 may include a camera 218 for capturing still or moving images. Camera 218 may include, for example, an imaging sensor (e.g., a charge coupled device or a CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) imager), a lens, analog-to-digital circuits, a frame buffer, etc. Additional processing, conditioning, encoding, and / or compression of signals representing captured images may be performed by general / application processor 230 and / or DSP 231. Additionally or alternatively, video processor 233 may perform conditioning, encoding, compression, and / or manipulation of signals representing captured images. Video processor 233 may decode / decompress stored image data for presentation on a display device (not shown) (e.g., of user interface 216).

[0053] Positioning device (PD) 219 may be configured to determine the location of UE 200, the movement of UE 200, and / or the relative location of UE 200, and / or time. For example, PD 219 may communicate with SPS receiver 217 and / or include part or all of the SPS receiver. PD 219 may work appropriately with processor 210 and memory 211 to perform at least a portion of one or more positioning methods, although the present specification may refer to PD 219 being configured to perform according to a positioning method or the PD performing according to a positioning method. PD 219 may be additionally or alternatively configured to: use ground-based signals (e.g., at least some wireless signals 248) for trilateration, assist in obtaining and use SPS signals 260, or both to determine the location of UE 200. PD 219 may be configured to determine the location of UE 200 based on the cell of a serving base station (e.g., a cell center) and / or another technology (such as E-CID). The PD 219 may be configured to determine the location of the UE 200 using one or more images from the camera 218 and image recognition combined with known locations of landmarks (e.g., natural landmarks (such as mountains) and / or artificial landmarks (such as buildings, bridges, streets), etc.). The PD 219 may be configured to determine the location of the UE 200 using one or more other techniques (e.g., relying on the UE's self-reported location (e.g., part of the UE's location beacon)), and may use a combination of techniques (e.g., SPS and ground positioning signals) to determine the location of the UE 200. The PD 219 may include one or more sensors 213 (e.g., gyroscopes, accelerometers, magnetometers, etc.), which may sense the orientation and / or movement of the UE 200 and provide an indication of the orientation and / or movement, and the processor 210 (e.g., general / application processor 230 and / or DSP 231) may be configured to use the indication to determine the movement of the UE 200 (e.g., velocity vector and / or acceleration vector). PD 219 may be configured to provide an indication of uncertainty and / or error in the determined position and / or motion. The functionality of PD 219 may be provided in various ways and / or configurations, such as by general / application processor 230, transceiver 215, SPS receiver 217, and / or another component of UE 200, and may be provided by hardware, software, firmware, or various combinations thereof.

[0054] See also Figure 3, an example of TRP 300 includes a computing platform including a processor 310, a memory 311 including software (SW) 312, and a transceiver 315. The processor 310, the memory 311, and the transceiver 315 may be communicatively coupled to each other via a bus 320 (which may be configured, for example, for optical communication and / or electrical communication). One or more of the devices shown (e.g., a wired transceiver) may be omitted from the TRP 300. The processor 310 may include one or more hardware devices, such as a central processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc. The processor 310 may include a plurality of processors (e.g., including a general / application processor, a DSP, a modem processor, a video processor, and / or a sensor processor, such as Figure 2 310). The memory 311 is a non-transitory storage medium that may include random access memory (RAM), flash memory, optical disk memory, and / or read-only memory (ROM), etc. The memory 311 stores software 312, which may be a processor-readable, processor-executable software code containing instructions that are configured to cause the processor 310 to perform various functions described herein when executed. Alternatively, the software 312 may not be directly executable by the processor 310, but may be configured to cause the processor 310 to perform these functions, for example, when compiled and executed.

[0055] The description herein may refer to processor 310 performing a function, but this includes other specific implementations, such as a specific implementation in which processor 310 executes software and / or firmware. The description herein may refer to processor 310 performing a function as shorthand for one or more of the processors included in processor 310 performing the function. The description herein may refer to TRP 300 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components of TRP 300 (e.g., processor 310 and memory 311) performing the function. Processor 310 may include a memory with stored instructions in addition to and / or in lieu of memory 311. The functionality of processor 310 is discussed more fully below.

[0056] The transceiver 315 may include a wireless transceiver 340 and / or a wired transceiver 350 configured to communicate with other devices via wireless connections and wired connections, respectively. For example, the wireless transceiver 340 may include a wireless transmitter 342 and a wireless receiver 344 coupled to one or more antennas 346 for transmitting (e.g., on one or more uplink channels and / or one or more downlink channels) and / or receiving (e.g., on one or more downlink channels and / or one or more uplink channels) wireless signals 348 and converting signals from the wireless signals 348 to wired (e.g., electrical and / or optical) signals and from wired (e.g., electrical and / or optical) signals to the wireless signals 348. Thus, the wireless transmitter 342 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components, and / or the wireless receiver 344 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components. The wireless transceiver 340 may be configured to communicate in accordance with a variety of radio access technologies (RATs) such as 5G New Radio (NR), GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), LTE (Long Term Evolution), LTE Direct (LTE-D), 3GPP LTE-V2X (PC5), IEEE 802.11 (including IEEE 802.11p), Direct connection The wired transceiver 350 may include a wired transmitter 352 and a wired receiver 354 configured for wired communication, for example, a network interface that can be used to communicate with the NG-RAN to transmit communications to, for example, a server and / or one or more other network entities and receive communications from them. The wired transmitter 352 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components, and / or the wired receiver 354 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components. The wired transceiver 350 may be configured, for example, for optical communication and / or electrical communication.

[0057] Figure 3The configuration of the TRP 300 shown is an example and not a limitation of the present disclosure (including the claims), and other configurations may be used. For example, the description herein discusses that the TRP 300 is configured to perform several functions or that the TRP 300 performs several functions, but one or more of these functions may be performed by another entity such as a server and / or UE 200 (i.e., the server (e.g., LMF) and / or UE 200 may be configured to perform one or more of these functions). The TRP 300 may represent or implement a CPE, or a base station or other infrastructure communications device (e.g., within a backhaul of a network), or another device described above with respect to any of Figures 1A to 1C.

[0058] See also Figure 4 , the server 400 (e.g., LMF) includes a computing platform including a processor 410, a memory 411 including software (SW) 412, and a transceiver 415. The processor 410, the memory 411, and the transceiver 415 can be communicatively coupled to each other via a bus 420 (the bus can be configured, for example, for optical communication and / or electrical communication). One or more of the devices shown (e.g., a wireless transceiver) can be omitted from the server 400. The processor 410 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices, such as a central processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc. The processor 410 may include multiple processors (e.g., including a general / application processor, a DSP, a modem processor, a video processor, and / or a sensor processor, such as Figure 2 410). The memory 411 is a non-transitory storage medium that may include random access memory (RAM), flash memory, optical disk memory, and / or read-only memory (ROM), etc. The memory 411 stores software 412, which may be a processor-readable, processor-executable software code containing instructions that are configured to cause the processor 410 to perform various functions described herein when executed. Alternatively, the software 412 may not be directly executable by the processor 410, but may be configured to cause the processor 410 to perform these functions, for example, when compiled and executed. The description herein may refer to the processor 410 performing functions, but this includes other specific implementations, such as specific implementations of the processor 410 executing software and / or firmware. The description herein may refer to the processor 410 performing functions as a shorthand for one or more processors included in the processor 410 performing the function. The description herein may refer to the server 400 performing functions as a shorthand for one or more appropriate components of the server 400 performing the function. The processor 410 may include a memory with stored instructions as a supplement and / or replacement for the memory 411. The functionality of processor 410 is discussed more fully below.

[0059] The transceiver 415 may include a wireless transceiver 440 and / or a wired transceiver 450 configured to communicate with other devices via wireless connections and wired connections, respectively. For example, the wireless transceiver 440 may include a wireless transmitter 442 and a wireless receiver 444 coupled to one or more antennas 446 for transmitting (e.g., on one or more downlink channels) and / or receiving (e.g., on one or more uplink channels) wireless signals 448 and converting signals from the wireless signals 448 to wired (e.g., electrical and / or optical) signals and from wired (e.g., electrical and / or optical) signals to the wireless signals 448. Thus, the wireless transmitter 442 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components, and / or the wireless receiver 444 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components. The wireless transceiver 440 may be configured to communicate with a variety of radio access technologies (RATs) such as 5G New Radio (NR), GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), LTE (Long Term Evolution), LTE Direct (LTE-D), 3GPP LTE-V2X (PC5), IEEE 802.11 (including IEEE 802.11p), WiFi, WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Zigbee, etc.) to communicate signals (e.g., with UE 200, one or more other UEs, and / or one or more other devices). The wired transceiver 450 may include a wired transmitter 452 and a wired receiver 454 configured for wired communication, for example, a network interface that can be used to communicate with the NG-RAN to transmit communications to, for example, the TRP 300 and / or one or more other network entities and receive communications therefrom. The wired transmitter 452 may include multiple transmitters that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components, and / or the wired receiver 454 may include multiple receivers that may be discrete components or combined / integrated components. The wired transceiver 450 may be configured, for example, for optical communication and / or electrical communication.

[0060] This specification may refer to processor 410 performing a function, but this includes other implementations, such as implementations in which processor 410 executes software (stored in memory 411) and / or firmware. This specification may refer to server 400 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components of server 400 (e.g., processor 410 and memory 411) performing that function.

[0061] Figure 4The configuration of the server 400 shown is an example and not a limitation of the present disclosure (including the claims), and other configurations may be used. For example, the wireless transceiver 440 may be omitted. Additionally or alternatively, the present specification discusses that the server 400 is configured to perform several functions or that the server performs several functions, but one or more of these functions may be performed by the TRP 300 and / or the UE 200 (i.e., the TRP 300 and / or the UE 200 may be configured to perform one or more of these functions).

[0062] See also Figure 5 , the receiving device 500 includes a processor 510, a transceiver 520, and a memory 530 that are communicatively coupled to each other via a bus 540. For example, the receiving device 500 may be a UE or a network entity. The transceiver 520 includes a wireless transmitter 522, a wireless receiver 524, and an antenna 526 (which may include one or more antennas). The receiving device 500 may include Figure 5 The components shown, and may include, for example, one or more other components, such as Figure 2 Any of those components shown, so that UE200 can be an example of a receiving device 500. For example, the processor 510 may include one or more of the components of the processor 210, and / or the transceiver 520 may include one or more of the components of the transceiver 215, for example, the wireless transmitter 242, the wireless receiver 244, and the antenna 246. Additionally or alternatively, the transceiver 520 may include a wired transmitter 252 and / or a wired receiver 254. The memory 530 may be configured similarly to the memory 211, for example, including software having processor-readable instructions configured to cause the processor 510 to perform functions. Alternatively, the receiving device 500 may, for example, include one or more other components (such as Figure 3 ) such that TRP 300 may be an example of receiving device 500. For example, processor 510 may include one or more of the components of processor 310. Transceiver 520 may include one or more of the components of transceiver 315, such as wireless transmitter 342, wireless receiver 344, and antenna 346. Additionally or alternatively, transceiver 520 may include wired transmitter 352 and / or wired receiver 354. Memory 530 may be configured similarly to memory 311, for example, including software having processor-readable instructions configured to cause processor 510 to perform functions.

[0063] The description herein may refer to the processor 510 performing a function, but this includes other specific implementations, such as a specific implementation in which the processor 510 executes software (stored in the memory 530) and / or firmware. The description herein may refer to the receiving device 500 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components of the receiving device 500 (e.g., the processor 510 and the memory 530) performing the function. The processor 510 (possibly in combination with the memory 530 and, where appropriate, the transceiver 520) may include a sensing unit 550 and a misalignment unit 560. The sensing unit 550 and the misalignment unit 560 are further discussed below, and the description may generally refer to the processor 510 or generally refer to the receiving device 500 performing any of the functions of the sensing unit 550 or the misalignment unit 560. The receiving device 500 is configured to perform the functions of the sensing unit 550 and the misalignment unit 560 discussed herein. The misalignment unit 560 may include one or more additional components (e.g., one or more sensors, a user interface, a positioning device, and / or an SPS receiver) to help determine the misalignment of the antenna 246 and another antenna (e.g., of the TRP). For example, one or more features may be included in the receiving device 500 to determine the position and orientation of the antenna relative to a reference coordinate system (e.g., a global coordinate system), and the position and orientation may be used to determine the orientation relative to another antenna.

[0064] See also Figure 6 , the transmitting device 600 includes a processor 610, a transceiver 620, and a memory 630 that are communicatively coupled to each other via a bus 640. For example, the transmitting device 600 may be a network entity. The transceiver 620 includes a wireless transmitter 622, a wireless receiver 624, and an antenna 626 (which may include one or more antennas). The transmitting device 600 may include Figure 6 The components shown may include one or more other components (such as Figure 3 and / or Figure 4 ), so that TRP 300 and / or server 400 may be examples of transmitting device 600. For example, processor 610 may include one or more of the components of processor 310 and / or processor 410. Transceiver 620 may include one or more of the components of transceiver 315 (e.g., wireless transmitter 342, wireless receiver 342, and antenna 346, as shown) and / or transceiver 415. Memory 630 may be configured similarly to memory 311 and / or memory 411, for example, including software having processor-readable instructions configured to cause processor 610 to perform functions.

[0065] The description herein may refer to the processor 610 performing a function, but this includes other implementations, such as an implementation in which the processor 610 executes software (stored in the memory 630) and / or firmware. The description herein may refer to the transmitting device 600 performing a function as shorthand for one or more appropriate components of the transmitting device 600 (e.g., the processor 610 and the memory 630) performing the function. The processor 610 (possibly in combination with the memory 630 and, where appropriate, the transceiver 620) may include a misalignment unit 650 and a pre-decoder unit 660. The misalignment unit 650 and the pre-decoder unit 660 are further discussed below, and the description may generally refer to the processor 610 or to the transmitting device 600 performing any of the functions of the misalignment unit 650 or the pre-decoder unit 660. The transmitting device 600 is configured to perform the functions of the misalignment unit 650 and the pre-decoder unit 660 discussed herein. The misalignment unit 650 may include one or more additional components (e.g., one or more sensors, user interfaces, positioning devices, and / or SPS receivers) to help determine the misalignment of the antenna 246 and another antenna (e.g., the antenna 526 of the receiving device 500 (e.g., UE, CPE, relay, etc.)). For example, one or more features may be included in the network entity to determine the position and orientation of the antenna relative to a reference coordinate system (e.g., a global coordinate system), and the position and orientation may be used to determine the orientation relative to another antenna. The transmitting device 600 can receive signals and is referred to as a transmitting device because the transmitting device 600 transmits one or more pilot signals used to determine parallel shift. Similarly, the receiving device 500 can send signals and is referred to as a receiving device because the receiving device 500 receives one or more pilot signals. In some examples, the receiving device 500 and the transmitting device 600 switch roles at least once during operation or intermittently (e.g., periodically), such as the transmitting device 600 initially sends one or more pilot signals and the receiving device 500 initially receives one or more pilot signals, and then the receiving device 500 subsequently sends another pilot signal and the transmitting device 600 subsequently receives another pilot signal.

[0066] The receiving device 500 and the transmitting device 600 may be configured to receive and transmit signals at any frequency range in a variety of frequency ranges. For example, the antennas 526, 626 may be configured to convert millimeter wave signals, such as frequencies of 20 GHz, or 30 GHz, or 40 GHz, or 50 GHz, or 60 GHz or higher frequencies (e.g., about 150 GHz) or even higher frequencies (such as sub-terahertz (THz) frequencies). These frequencies are examples, and the antennas 526, 626 may be configured to convert signals of other frequencies.

[0067] See also Figure 7, the first antenna 710 and the second antenna 720 can be used for communication, for example, LOS MIMO (LSM) communication or MMIMO (Massive MIMO) communication. The first antenna 710 is considered to be a transmitting antenna and the second antenna 720 is considered to be a receiving antenna, but these roles may change (e.g., reverse) over time and may do so multiple times. The first antenna 710 includes a first antenna element 711, and the second antenna 720 includes a second antenna element 721. In this example, the first antenna element 711 is arranged in a 4×6 array (four rows and six columns), and the second antenna element 721 is arranged in a 4×4 array. These are examples and other antenna element configurations may be used, such as one-dimensional arrays or other two-dimensional arrays, such as circular arrays for LSM, grid arrays of different dimensions for LSM or MMIMO (i.e., other than 4×6 or 4×4, such as 16×16, 32×32, 64×64, 32×64, etc., for example, for CPE applications, base station applications, etc., as shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C ), etc. Various types of antenna beams may be implemented by antennas 710, 720, such as steering beams generated by phased arrays, orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams, linearly polarized beams, circularly polarized beams, etc. Antennas 710, 720 are separated by a distance d and may communicate via a channel between antennas 710, 720.

[0068] Various implementations of signal and / or waveform design (at the PHY, MAC, etc. layer, or based on other components or aspects) may be used to facilitate communication between the first antenna 710 and the second antenna 720. For example, a beam width may be selected for each of the first antenna 710 and the second antenna 720, either jointly or independently. As another example, a certain path may be selected for a signal communicated between the first antenna 710 and the second antenna 720. For example, a direct path may be selected, or a path may be selected in which the signal reflects off one or more objects between being sent by the first antenna 710 and being received by the second antenna 720 (based on knowledge of the geometry of the antennas 710, 720, information about a map or landscape in which the antennas 710, 720 are located, information about path loss or other signal measurements, etc.). Some such implementations may be affected by adjusting the phase and / or gain of the first antenna element 711 and / or the second antenna element 721 (e.g., as stored in a codebook of the antenna elements).

[0069] In some examples, a Rician channel model may be used. An example of a Rician channel model is given by:

[0070] H = aH LOS + bH NLOS (1)

[0071]

[0072] H NLOS ∈{iidRayleigh,CDL-x,TDL-x)(3)

[0073] a 2 + b 2 = 1 (4)

[0074] Among them, H LOS is the line-of-sight channel component, H NLOS is the non-line-of-sight channel component, r ik is the distance between the kth antenna element of one of antennas 710, 720 and the ith antenna element of the other of antennas 710, 720, and a 2 is the LOS percentage. LOS is deterministic and is a function of the distance d between antennas 710, 720 and the placement of antennas 710, 720. For LSM, there is a strong LOS component of the channel matrix where a>>b such that H NLOS Can be ignored, thereby eliminating the randomness of the NLOS channel component (or at least rendering it insignificant). The distance d can be determined in one or more of a variety of ways (e.g., based on the provided positions of the antennas 710, 720, based on analysis of received signal power, based on analysis of the round trip time between the antennas 710, 720, based on the positions of the antennas 710, 720 determined using one or more satellite positioning systems, etc.). Given the spacing distance d and the physical layout of the antennas 710, 720, if the misalignment of the antennas 710, 720 can be determined, the channel matrix can be determined using equations (1) and (2), because the misalignment affects the pairwise distance r. In addition, in LSM, the SVD (singular value decomposition) based pre-decoder is implicit, benefiting from the special structure of the channel with limited CSF (channel state feedback) or no CSF. Due to the highly deterministic nature of the channel, the SVD based pre-decoder can be approximated by a less complex function. This is also observed in the following equations (10) and (11), because instead of performing an explicit calculation of the SVD every time the parallel shift changes, the U and V matrices can be updated by a simple phase rotation based on the parallel shift vector. The structure of the LSM channel can be exploited to achieve high multiplexing gain (e.g., see equation (2)), depending on the antenna element spacing in the antenna array and the separation distance d of the antennas 710, 720, even with a strong LOS component.

[0075] When using the Rice channel model and when using other channel models, or when using different strategies for determining codebooks or selecting communication parameters, misalignment of antennas 710, 720 may significantly degrade performance (relative to perfect alignment) depending on the type and amount of misalignment. However, if the misalignment can be estimated and compensation is provided for the estimated misalignment, the misalignment loss (e.g., due to signal reception in a direction off the boresight) can be reduced (e.g., even substantially eliminated). Performance based on signal transfer between antennas 710, 720 (e.g., for communication, positioning, etc.) can be improved by compensating for the misalignment, for example, in some examples, by determining a pre-decoder matrix and applying it to a signal sent by the first antenna 710 and / or determining a post-processing matrix and applying it to a signal received by the second antenna 720. Other methods of compensating for misalignment may be used, such as mechanical adjustment of antenna alignment (e.g., by a technician or user (e.g., of the UE), or by a motor-driven device such as a servo). Compensating for misalignment may reduce one or more effects of misalignment or may offset (e.g., partially or completely correct) the misalignment. The misalignment of antennas 710, 720 can be rotational and / or translational (referred to as parallel shift). For example, see also Figure 8 , relative to the first antenna 710, the second antenna 720 can be rotated about the x-axis as indicated by arrow 810 (referred to as x-axis perpendicular rotation), about the y-axis as indicated by arrow 820 (referred to as y-axis perpendicular rotation), and / or about the z-axis as indicated by arrow 830 (referred to as parallel rotation). Additionally or alternatively, relative to the first antenna 710, the second antenna can have a parallel shift along the x-axis and / or the y-axis, thereby generating a parallel shift vector 840 (also referred to as ).

[0076] The misalignment unit 650 of the transmitting device 600 is configured to provide one or more pilot signals to the receiving device 500 to help determine the parallel displacement misalignment of the antenna of the receiving device 500 relative to the antenna of the transmitting device 600. For example, the misalignment unit 650 can cause different antenna elements to transmit different signals and provide information about the different signals to the receiving entity so that the receiving entity can determine the parallel displacement of the receiving antenna relative to the transmitting antenna. The information about the transmitted signal enables the receiving entity (and / or another entity) to distinguish between one or more signals received by one portion of the receiving antenna and one or more other signals received by another portion of the receiving antenna. The information about the transmitted signal can be used to identify one or more linear displacements of a reference point (e.g., a center) of the receiving antenna relative to one or more reference lines that separate a portion of the transmitting antenna (e.g., one or more first antenna elements of the transmitting antenna) from another portion of the transmitting antenna (e.g., one or more second antenna elements of the transmitting antenna) corresponding to the received signal.

[0077] See also Fig.9A and Fig. 9B , illustrates an example transmit antenna 900 including antenna elements 910. In this example, the antenna elements 910 are arranged in a two-dimensional array, more specifically in a grid of rows and columns, and more specifically in a 4×4 array. Other configurations of antenna elements may be used, such as a circular array (in which the antenna elements are arranged along a circle), an array of dimensions other than 4×4, etc.

[0078] The misalignment unit 650 can cause signals to be sent by the antenna elements to distinguish different parts of the antenna 900, for example, relative to a reference line. Each of the antenna elements 910 can send a corresponding signal, and different parts of the antenna elements 910 can send signals that can be distinguished from each other. Fig.9A As shown, the misalignment unit 650 can cause the antenna elements 910 on either side of the spacing line (here, the y-axis) to transmit different signals, where the y-axis is a reference line to help estimate the parallel shift on the x-axis. In this example, the misalignment unit 650 causes the antenna elements 910 on the left side of the y-axis to transmit the same signal, here, the first signal S1(t), and causes the antenna elements 910 on the right side of the y-axis to transmit the same signal, here, a second signal S2(t) different from the first signal S1(t), where the signals S1(t) and S2(t) include a pilot signal. For example, the second signal S2(t) can have a different phase from the first signal S1(t) and / or can be different from the first signal S1(t) in one or more other ways that can be detected. The second signal S2(t) may, for example, have substantially the same amplitude as the first signal S1(t) (e.g., having an amplitude within 20% of the amplitude of the signal S(t)) and a significantly different phase from the first signal S1(t) (e.g., a phase difference of greater than 20° relative to the first signal S1(t)). The second signal S2(t) may have a phase substantially opposite to the phase of the first signal S1(t), for example, a phase difference of between 160° and 200° from the first signal S1(t). For example, the second signal S2(t) may be the first signal S1(t) with an opposite phase, such that S2(t)=-S1(t). The amplitudes of the signals S1(t), S2(t) may vary over time, for example, the signals S1(t), S2(t) are sinusoidal signals and / or are amplitude modulated signals. The signals S1(t) and S2(t) may be transmitted at separate times in a time division multiplexed manner, wherein the time interval (if any) between the end of transmission of the first signal S1(t) and the start of transmission of the second signal S2(t) is less than a threshold amount of time (e.g., 10 ms). At different times, the misalignment unit 650 may cause the antenna element 910 to transmit different signals relative to different reference lines. For example, Fig. 9BAs shown, the misalignment unit 650 can cause the antenna elements 910 on either side of another spacing line (here, the x-axis) to transmit different signals, where the x-axis is another reference line to help estimate the parallel shift on the y-axis. In this example, the misalignment unit 650 causes the antenna elements 910 above the x-axis to transmit a third signal S3(t) and causes the antenna elements 910 below the x-axis to transmit a fourth signal S4(t) different from the third signal S3(t), where the signals S3(t) and S4(t) include another pilot signal. The third signal S3(t) and the fourth signal S4(t) may be the same as the first signal S1(t) and the second signal S2(t) or vice versa, or one of the third signal S3(t) and the fourth signal S4(t) may be the same as the first signal S1(t) and the second signal S2(t), or the third signal S3(t) and the fourth signal S4(t) may be different from one of the first signal S1(t) and the second signal S2(t). Signals S3(t) and S4(t) may be sent substantially concurrently. Fig.9A and Fig. 9B In the example shown, the reference lines are vertical, for example so that displacements in multiple dimensions can be accurately determined.

[0079] Relative to Fig.9A and Fig. 9B The signal configurations shown and described are examples, and other signal configurations may be used. For example, signal differences other than phase differences may also be used. As another example, signal differences with respect to other reference lines may be used. For example, different reference lines may not be perpendicular to each other. As another example, the reference lines may not be perpendicular to the edges of the antenna array (e.g., may be diagonal or may be used with an array having a shape other than rectangular) and / or may not be as perpendicular as the edges of the antenna array. Fig.9A and Fig. 9B The antenna is bisected as shown in the reference line in the figure.

[0080] See also Fig. 10A and Fig. 10B , the signal sent by the transmitting device 600 can be received by the antenna element 1010 of the antenna 526 of the receiving device 600 and measured to determine one or more linear parallel offsets of the antenna 526 of the receiving device relative to the antenna 626 of the transmitting device 500. For example, the first signal S1(t) and the second signal S2(t) are sent concurrently. The antenna element 1010 receives a combination of the first signal and the second signal. The sensing unit 550 can measure the phase of the combined signal received at each antenna element in the antenna element 1010. The misalignment unit 560 can determine the phase difference between adjacent antenna elements in the x-direction and / or the y-direction. For example, in order to determine a phase jump along the x-axis, the antenna element 1010 is set at four x-axis positions (x 1 ,x 2 ,x3 ,x 4 ) and four y-axis positions (y 1 ,y 2 ,y 3 ,y 4 ), as shown in the figure, the misalignment unit 560 can calculate x 1 and x 2 Between the antenna elements 1010 at x 2 and x 3 between the antenna elements 1010 at x 3 and x 4 For example, the misalignment unit 560 may determine x=x 1 The adjacent antenna element at x = x 2 The phase difference between the antenna elements at , that is, in this example:

[0081] ΔPhase1=Phase(x 1 ,y 1 ) – Phase (x 2 ,y 1 ) (5)

[0082] ΔPhase2=Phase(x 1 ,y 2 ) – Phase (x 2 ,y 2 ) (6)

[0083] ΔPhase3=Phase(x 1 ,y 3 ) – Phase (x 2 ,y 3 ) (7)

[0084] ΔPhase4=Phase(x 1 ,y 4 ) – Phase (x 2 ,y 4 ) (8)

[0085] The phase (x n ,y m ) is formed by the antenna element 1010 at the position x n ,y m The misalignment unit 560 can determine the average of the differences (1)-(4). This average corresponds to x=x 1 and x = x 2The phase difference between the two columns. The process may be repeated to determine the phase difference between each pair of adjacent columns of the antenna element 1010. The misalignment unit 560 may analyze the phase difference average to determine if the phase difference exceeds a threshold phase difference, which may be referred to as a phase jump. The misalignment unit 560 may determine the location of the phase jump (if any) as a parallel shift transverse to the spaced lines of the transmitted signal characteristic, in this case along the x-axis (because the transmitted signal has different phases separated by the y-axis). A similar process may be performed to determine the parallel shift along the y-axis (if any). This is an example, and other specific implementations are possible (e.g., determining parallel shifts along other directions). Although this discussion focuses on phase difference, one or more signal characteristics other than phase (which can be used to distinguish offset signal reception) may be used instead of phase or in addition to phase to determine the parallel offset.

[0086] like Fig. 10A As shown, when antenna 526 is not parallel shifted relative to antenna 626, a phase jump of the received signal occurs between antenna element 1010 on the left side of the y-axis and the antenna element on the right side of the y-axis. Fig. 10B As shown, the transmit antenna and the receive antenna are misaligned along the x-axis by an amount indicated by the offset line 1020. In this example, the misalignment unit 560 can determine that a phase jump (difference) occurs between the columns 1030, 1040 of the antenna elements 1010. Therefore, the parallel shift is the linear shift of the determined offset line 1020 relative to the reference point (e.g., the center (where the x-axis and y-axis intersect)) of the antenna 1000 (i.e., the shortest distance from the reference point to the difference line). For example, the misalignment unit 560 can assume that the phase jump occurs in the middle between the columns 1030, 1040. The vertical parallel offset can be determined in a similar manner. The misalignment unit 560 can determine the phase jump position with a resolution of the spacing of the antenna elements 1010, and with an amplitude of up to half the width of the antenna 1000 and half the height of the antenna 1000 in this example. The two linear parallel shifts can be combined to determine a two-dimensional parallel shift vector For example, parallel shift vectors 840 with respect to two directions (eg, two axes). Misalignment determination based on phase jumps is robust to both channel and beam models.

[0087] The transmitting device 600 (e.g., the misalignment unit 650) may be configured to provide one or more indications of one or more pilot signals to be transmitted by the transmitting device 600 to the receiving device 500. For example, the transmitting device 600 may transmit an RRC message indicating the type of pilot signal to be transmitted and the timing of the pilot signal to be transmitted. The type may be indicated by a characteristic of an x-axis difference, a y-axis difference, a phase difference, etc., or a suitable combination of multiple characteristics (e.g., an x-axis phase difference and a y-axis phase difference). The misalignment unit 650 may be configured to transmit the pilot signal based on the separation of the devices 500, 600 being below a threshold distance. The separation being below the threshold distance may trigger the transmission of the pilot signal and the transmission of the indication of the type and possible timing of the pilot signal by the transmitting device 600.

[0088] See also Fig.11 , the pre-decoder matrix and / or the post-processing matrix may be updated based on the parallel shift misalignment of antennas 1110, 1120. Antennas 1110, 1120 are identical to antennas 710, 720, except that antenna 1120 has a positive x-axis parallel shift relative to antenna 1110. Vector The parallel displacement of antenna 1120 relative to antenna 1110 is shown. The distance vector The direction and distance of the center 1122 of the antenna 1120 from the center 1112 of the antenna 1110 are shown. The vector and is a local vector from the center 1112, 1122 to the corresponding antenna element k, i. The pre-decoder and post-processing matrix can be used to reduce or eliminate inter-stream interference in MIMO transmission. The SVD decomposition of the channel matrix H is given by:

[0089] H = U * S * V′ (9)

[0090] Where S is a diagonal matrix where the diagonal entries are the singular values ​​of the channel matrix H (corresponding to the signal strength at each data stream (data layer)), and V' is the Hermitian of the predecoder matrix V as an SVD-based predecoder. Each column of the predecoder matrix V corresponds to a data layer that is pre-decoded and transmitted with the corresponding column of the predecoder matrix V. For example, if there are two data layers (streams) x1, x2, and the first two columns of the predecoder matrix V are denoted as V1, V2, then V1*x1+V2*x2 is transmitted by the transmit antennas and is of size Nt×1 (where Nt is the number of transmit antennas and x1 and x2 are single symbols (for longer streams, the process is repeated for each symbol)). Using this predecoder, since V'*V=I (the identity matrix), the receiver can apply the post-processing matrix as U'*y to separate the layers (to reduce or eliminate inter-stream interference in MIMO transmission). Instead of the actual channel matrix H, the estimated channel matrix can be used The sensing unit 550 may be configured to update the post-processing matrix U according to the following equation:

[0091]

[0092] Among them U ik is an a priori post-processing matrix (with an initial post-processing matrix determined using standard techniques, such as based on signal measurements), λ is the wavelength of the signal transmitted by the transmitting device 600, is the vector from the center 1122 of the antenna 1120 to the ith antenna element of the antenna 1120, and is a vector of parallel shifts (displacements). A standard technique for determining the U matrix is ​​the singular value decomposition of the estimated channel matrix, which can be obtained based on signal measurements. The U matrix can be composed of the left singular vectors of the estimated channel matrix. The receiver side can apply the post-processing matrix as U′*y, where U′ is the Hermitian transpose of U and y is the received signal. If U is the post-processing matrix for the perfect alignment case, then U new (Post-processing matrix under misalignment) can be obtained by applying phase shifts to the rows of U. Additionally or alternatively, the pre-decoder unit 660 may be configured to update the pre-decoder matrix V according to the following formula:

[0093]

[0094] Where V ik is an a priori pre-decoder matrix (with an initial pre-decoder matrix determined using standard techniques, such as based on signal measurements), λ is the wavelength of the signal transmitted by the transmitting device 600, is the vector from the center 1112 of the antenna 1110 to the kth antenna element of the antenna 1110, and is a vector of parallel shifts (displacements). Parallel shifts can be compensated using beam steering at the transmitting device 600 and the receiving device 500, respectively. The compensation at the receiving device 500 can be implicitly performed using an MMSE (minimum mean square error) receiver. Instead of applying a post-processing matrix U, a matrix that can be obtained from the antenna aperture, the distance between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna, and the parallel shift vector The linear MMSE filter is directly applied to the received signal using the derived channel matrix estimate. The misalignment unit 560 may transmit the parallel shift vector to the transmitting device 600. Thus, it should be appreciated that the transmitting device 600 and / or the receiving device 500 may be configured to compensate for parallel shift (eg, as determined by the misalignment unit 560 and / or 650) using any number of different strategies or methods.

[0095] See also Fig.12, a process and signal flow 1200 for parallel shift compensation includes the stages shown. The flow 1200 is an example, and stages may be added, removed, and / or rearranged in the flow 1200.

[0096] At stage 1210, the transmitting device 600 transmits a pilot signal type message 1212 indicating the signal type of each pilot signal in one or more pilot signals. The misalignment unit 650 may transmit one or more indications of one or more characteristics (e.g., phase and possible amplitude) of the signals constituting the pilot signals and / or one or more other characteristics. For example, the misalignment unit 650 may transmit one or more indications of the phase difference of the pilot signals, for example, the pilot signal will be transmitted with a phase difference about a horizontal separation line passing through the center of the transmit antenna, and / or another pilot signal will be transmitted with a phase difference about a vertical separation line passing through the center of the transmit antenna. The message 1212 may indicate the amount of phase difference of the pilot signals having the phase difference. The message 1212 may indicate the timing of each indicated pilot signal, for example, the future time when a particular pilot signal will be transmitted. The message 1212 may indicate the type of signal difference (e.g., phase difference), and may indicate the geometry of the difference (e.g., the direction of the separation line and the position of the separation line relative to the transmit antenna, for example, relative to a reference point such as the center, the midpoint of the width, the midpoint of the height, a corner, etc.).

[0097] At stage 1220, the transmitting device 600 transmits one or more pilot signals 1222. For example, the misalignment unit 650 transmits a pilot signal having the characteristics (e.g., phase, timing) indicated in the pilot signal type message 1212 via the antenna 626. The receiving device 500 (e.g., the sensing unit 550) receives and measures the pilot signal 1222, for example, to determine one or more relevant characteristics (e.g., phase) of the signal received by the antenna elements of the antenna 626.

[0098] At stage 1230, the receiving device 500 determines a parallel shift of the antenna 526 relative to the antenna 626. The receiving device 500 (e.g., the misalignment unit 560) analyzes the signal characteristics of the signals received by the antenna elements of the antenna 526, and determines a distinguishing line (e.g., a line on either side of which signals having one or more different characteristic values ​​(e.g., of phase) are received) of one or more signal characteristics received by the antenna 526, for example, by determining the phase of the signal received by each antenna element of the antenna 526 and determining adjacent antenna elements having different received signal characteristic values. The misalignment unit 560 may determine a linear distance from the center of the antenna 526 to the distinguishing line (e.g., the shortest distance from the center to the distinguishing line) as a parallel shift along a corresponding direction (e.g., perpendicular to the distinguishing line). The misalignment unit 560 may determine a plurality of parallel shifts based on a plurality of pilot signals having signal differences along different directions. The plurality of parallel shifts may be combined to determine a parallel shift vector, for example, the parallel shift vector 840 ( like Fig.11 The receiving device 500 (e.g., the misalignment unit 560) may send a parallel one-bit message 1232 indicating the determined parallel shift (e.g., one or more one-dimensional parallel shift vectors or two-dimensional parallel shift vectors) to the sending device 600 (and / or to one or more other entities, such as the server 400).

[0099] At stages 1240 and 1250, the receiving device 500 and the transmitting device 600 may determine one or more compensation parameters to compensate for the parallel shift between the antennas. For example, at stages 1240 and 1250, the receiving device 500 and the transmitting device 600 may respectively determine one or more physical adjustment parameters (e.g., one or more adjustment angles and / or one or more servo motor movements) for one or more antennas, or a post-processing matrix and a pre-decoder matrix, for compensating for the parallel shift. For example, the misalignment unit 560 may determine an updated post-processing matrix according to equation (10). The receiving device 500 (e.g., the sensing unit 550) may use the post-processing matrix to process the received signal. The pre-decoder unit 660 of the transmitting device may receive the parallel shift message 1232 and use the indication in the parallel shift message 1232 to determine an updated pre-decoder matrix according to equation (11). Transmitting device 600 may use a pre-decoder matrix to transmit a signal to a receiving device to help compensate for the parallel shift of antenna 526 relative to antenna 626 to reduce losses caused by parallel misalignment of antennas 526 , 626 .

[0100] See also Fig.13 , and further refer to Figures 1 to Fig.12, the antenna offset compensation determination method 1300 includes the stages shown. However, the method 1300 is an example and not a limitation. The method 1300 can be modified, for example, by adding, removing, rearranging, combining, performing concurrently, and / or splitting a single stage into multiple stages.

[0101] At stage 1310, method 1300 includes transmitting, from the first device to the second device, one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna. For example, at stage 1220, transmitting device 600 transmits a pilot signal to receiving device 500, the pilot signal including one or more signals transmitted from a first portion of antenna 626 and one or more signals transmitted from a second portion of antenna 626. For example, first signal S1(t) may be transmitted by antenna element 910 to the left of the y-axis, and second signal S2(t) may be transmitted by antenna element 910 to the right of the y-axis. As another example, third signal S3(t) may be transmitted by antenna element 910 above the x-axis and fourth signal S4(t) may be transmitted by antenna element 910 below the x-axis (e.g., at a different time than when the first and second signals are transmitted). Processor 610 (possibly in combination with memory 630, in combination with transceiver 620 (eg, wireless transmitter 622 and antenna 626)) may include means for transmitting one or more first signals and one or more second signals.

[0102] At stage 1320, method 1300 includes receiving, at the first device, from the second device, one or more first indications of a first linear shift of a first signal distinguishing line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinguishing line corresponding to a first transition between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals as received by the second antenna. For example, the transmitting device may receive a parallel shift message 1232 indicating one or more linear shifts of the parallel shift of antenna 526 relative to a separation line (e.g., offset line 1020) of antenna 626. For example, the one or more indications may be a single indication of the magnitude and direction of the shift. As another example, the one or more indications may be multiple indications of signal characteristics received by each of a plurality of antenna elements of antenna 526 (as well as an indication of the position of the antenna elements). Other indications may also be provided. Processor 610 (possibly in combination with memory 630, in combination with transceiver 620 (e.g., wireless receiver 624 and antenna 626)) may include components for receiving one or more first indications of the first linear shift.

[0103] At stage 1330, method 1300 includes determining one or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear offset based on the first linear offset. For example, at stage 1250, transmitting device 600 determines one or more compensation parameters to offset (e.g., partially or completely correct, or adjust) the linear offset. The compensation parameters may include one or more physical antenna shifts and / or pre-decoder matrices. Processor 610 (possibly in combination with memory 630) may include components for determining one or more compensation parameters.

[0104] Implementations of method 1300 may include one or more of the following features. In an example implementation, determining one or more compensation parameters includes determining a predecoder matrix based on a previous predecoder matrix, a first distance separating a first antenna and a second antenna, a first linear offset, and a second distance from a reference point of the first antenna to a corresponding antenna element in a first plurality of antenna elements and a second plurality of antenna elements. For example, at stage 1250, the transmitting device 600 determines the predecoder matrix using equation (11). In another example implementation, one or more first signals are transmitted with a first phase, and one or more second signals are transmitted with a second phase different from the first phase. For example, a first signal S1(t) and a second signal S2(t) may be transmitted by antenna 900, wherein the first signal S1(t) has a different phase from the second signal S2(t). In another example implementation, each of the one or more first signals is a first reference signal and each of the one or more second signals is a second reference signal, the second reference signal being substantially equal in amplitude to the first reference signal and being out of phase with respect to the first reference signal by between 160° and 200°. For example, the first signal S1 ( t ) may be between 160° and 200° out of phase with the second signal S2 ( t ), such as 180° out of phase.

[0105] Additionally or alternatively, an implementation of method 1300 may include one or more of the following features. In an example implementation, method 1300 includes: transmitting one or more third signals from a third plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna and one or more fourth signals from a fourth plurality of antenna elements from a first device to a second device; receiving, at the first device, from the second device, one or more third indications of a second linear shift of a second signal distinguishing line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the second signal distinguishing line corresponding to a second transition between the one or more third signals and the one or more fourth signals as received by the second antenna; and further determining one or more compensation parameters based on the second linear shift, the one or more compensation parameters further used to compensate for the second linear shift. For example, transmitting device 600 may transmit another pilot signal (e.g., including a third signal and a fourth signal transmitted by a corresponding set of antenna elements 910), receive one or more additional offset indications of the distinguishing line corresponding to reception of the another pilot signal, and use the additional offset indications to determine one or more compensation parameters (e.g., a pre-decoder matrix (e.g., according to equation (11) and / or one or more antenna shifts)) to compensate for the second linear shift (e.g., in a direction substantially perpendicular to the first linear shift). The processor 610 (possibly in combination with the memory 630, in combination with the transceiver 620 (e.g., the wireless transmitter 622 and the antenna 626)) may include means for sending one or more third signals and one or more fourth signals. The processor 610 (possibly in combination with the memory 630, in combination with the transceiver 620 (e.g., the wireless receiver 624 and the antenna 626)) may include means for receiving one or more second indications of a second linear offset. The processor 610 (possibly in combination with the memory 630) may include means for determining one or more compensation parameters further based on the second linear offset. In another example implementation, the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements are disposed on opposite sides of a first spaced line, the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements are disposed on opposite sides of a second spaced line, and the first spaced line and the second spaced line are substantially perpendicular, and wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements include antenna elements that are the same as the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements. For example, the transmitting device 600 transmits the first signal S1(t) and the second signal S2(t) from the antenna elements on either side of the x-axis as the first separation line, and transmits the third signal S3(t) and the fourth signal S4(t) from the antenna elements on either side of the y-axis as the second separation line, so that two vertical linear offsets can be determined. The first separation line and the second separation line are substantially perpendicular, for example, intersecting each other to form an angle between 80° and 100°.As another example implementation, the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements are arranged symmetrically about the first interval line, and the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements are arranged symmetrically about the second interval line. Fig.9A and Fig. 9B As shown, antenna 900 can be divided into symmetrical portions for transmitting different signals. In other examples, portions of the antenna that transmit different signals for determining parallel shifting may not be arranged symmetrically about one or more spacing lines (e.g., having different numbers of antenna elements on different sides of the spacing lines and / or having asymmetric positions of antenna elements (such that different sets of antenna elements are not mirror images)).

[0106] Additionally or alternatively, a specific implementation of method 1300 may include one or more of the following features. In an example implementation, method 1300 includes sending a distinguishing message from a first device to a second device to distinguish between one or more first signals and one or more second signals. For example, the transmitting device 600 sends a pilot signal type message 1212 that provides one or more distinguishing characteristics of the transmitted signal to help the receiving device distinguish between the received signals and determine one or more parallel shifts of antenna 526 relative to antenna 626. The processor 610 (possibly in combination with the memory 630, in combination with the transceiver 620 (e.g., the wireless transmitter 622 and the antenna 626)) may include a component for sending the distinguishing message. In another example implementation, sending the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals includes sending the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals concurrently.

[0107] See also Fig.14 , and further refer to Figures 1 to Fig.12 , the antenna offset compensation determination method 1400 includes the stages shown. However, the method 1400 is an example and not a limitation. The method 1400 can be modified, for example, by adding, removing, rearranging, combining, performing concurrently, and / or splitting a single stage into multiple stages.

[0108] At stage 1410, method 1400 includes receiving, at a second device, a first combined signal from a first device, the first combined signal including a combination of one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna. For example, at stage 1220, receiving device 500 receives pilot signal 1222 from transmitting device 600. Processor 510 (possibly in combination with memory 530, in combination with transceiver 520 (e.g., wireless receiver 524 and antenna 526)) may include components for receiving one or more first signals.

[0109] At stage 1420, method 1400 includes determining, at the second device, one or more first indications of a first linear offset of a first signal distinguishing line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinguishing line corresponding to a first difference between a first value of a first signal characteristic of a first combined signal received by a first portion of the second antenna and a second value of the first signal characteristic of the first combined signal received by a second portion of the second antenna. For example, receiving device 500 measures a combined signal (e.g., received by antenna element 1010) that is a combination of signals transmitted by transmitting device 600 (e.g., S1(t) transmitted by antenna element 910 on the -x side of the y-axis and S2(t) transmitted by antenna element 910 on the +x side of the y-axis). The receiving device 500 may determine a difference between adjacent antenna elements (e.g., adjacent columns of the antenna elements 1010) in the antenna elements 1010 that receive a combined signal having different signal characteristic values ​​(e.g., phase), and may determine a distinguishing line (e.g., offset line 1020) that separates antenna elements having significant (e.g., above a threshold) differences in signal characteristic values ​​(e.g., transitions in signal characteristic values) corresponding to the combined signal corresponding to different signal characteristic values ​​of the transmitted signal, and may determine a distance to the distinguishing line from the center of the antenna 526. The processor 510 (possibly in combination with the memory 530) may include means for determining one or more first indications of a first linear offset of a first signal distinguishing line relative to a second antenna.

[0110] At stage 1430, method 1400 includes determining, at the second device, one or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear offset based on the first linear offset. For example, at stage 1240, receiving device 500 determines one or more compensation parameters to offset (e.g., partially or completely correct, or adjust) the linear offset. The compensation parameters may include one or more physical antenna movements and / or post-processing matrices. Processor 610 (possibly in combination with memory 630) may include components for determining one or more compensation parameters.

[0111] Implementations of method 1400 may include one or more of the following features. In an example implementation, determining one or more compensation parameters includes determining a post-processing matrix based on a previous post-processing matrix, a first distance separating the first antenna and the second antenna, a first linear offset, and a second distance from a reference point of the second antenna to a corresponding antenna element of the second antenna. For example, at stage 1240, the receiving device 500 determines the post-processing matrix using equation (10). In another example implementation, determining one or more first indications of a first linear offset to a first signal distinguishing line includes determining that a difference between a first phase value of a first combined signal received by a first portion of the second antenna and a second phase value of the first combined signal received by a second portion of the second antenna exceeds a threshold phase difference. For example, the misalignment unit 560 may determine the phase differential according to equations (5)-(8), and determine that at x=x 2 The column of antenna element 1010 at x=x 3In another example implementation, the method 1400 includes: receiving a second combined signal from the first device at the second device, the second combined signal including a combination of one or more third signals from the third plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna and one or more fourth signals from the fourth plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna; determining at the second device one or more second indications of a second linear shift of the second signal distinction line relative to the second antenna, the second signal distinction line corresponding to a second transition between a third portion of the second antenna receiving the one or more third signals and a fourth portion of the second antenna receiving the one or more fourth signals; and determining at the second device one or more compensation parameters based further on the second linear shift, the one or more compensation parameters further used to compensate for the second linear shift. For example, the receiving device 500 may receive a combined signal (e.g., received by the antenna element 1010) that is a combination of signals sent by the transmitting device 600 (e.g., S3(t) sent by the antenna element 910 on the +y side of the x-axis and S2(t) sent by the antenna element 910 on the +x side of the y-axis). The misalignment unit 560 may determine a difference between adjacent antenna elements (e.g., adjacent rows of antenna elements 1010) in the antenna elements 1010 that receive combined signals with different signal characteristic values ​​(e.g., phases), and determine a corresponding linear offset, and use the linear offset to determine a post-processing matrix to compensate for a second linear offset (e.g., in a direction substantially perpendicular to the first linear offset) according to equation (9) and / or one or more antenna shifts. The processor 510 (possibly in combination with the memory 530, in combination with the transceiver 520 (e.g., the wireless receiver 524 and the antenna 526)) may include a component for receiving one or more third signals and one or more fourth signals. The processor 510 (possibly in combination with the memory 530) may include a component for determining one or more second indications of the second linear offset. The processor 510 (possibly in combination with the memory 530) may include a component for further determining one or more compensation parameters based on the second linear offset. In another example implementation, the method 1400 includes sending one or more first indications of the first linear offset from the second device to the first device. For example, the receiving device 500 sends a parallel shift message 1232 having one or more indications of a first linear offset. The processor 510 (possibly in combination with the memory 530, in combination with the transceiver 520 (e.g., the wireless transmitter 522 and the antenna 526)) may include means for sending one or more first indications of the first linear offset. In another example implementation, the method 1400 includes receiving, at the second device, from the first device a distinguishing message distinguishing between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals.For example, the receiving device 500 receives a pilot signal type message 1212 that provides one or more characteristics to distinguish between received signals to determine a first linear offset. The processor 510 (possibly in conjunction with the memory 530, in conjunction with the transceiver 520 (e.g., the wireless receiver 524 and the antenna 526)) may include a component for receiving a distinguishing message.

[0112] simulation

[0113] A signal transmission system with parallel shift determination and compensation is simulated. The simulated system includes a transmit antenna with an array of 16×16 antenna elements, a receive antenna with an array of 4×4 antenna elements, h=2 (h is the normalized distance between the antenna elements in the array, here 2λ), the receive antenna is 100% in the line of sight of the transmit antenna, a signal-to-noise ratio of 130 dB and a wf power allocation. The wf power allocation is a water-filled power allocation, which in this example is assumed to be the optimal power allocation for signal transmission of different data streams given a known channel estimate. The antennas are simulated to have a parallel shift in the positive x-direction within half the width and / or half the height of the receive antenna array (see Figure 8 ), and such parallel shift is accurately determined (so that the shift can be compensated to remove the error). See also Fig.15 , the spectral efficiency factor shown in curve 1510 as a function of the spacing of the antennas without parallel shift misalignment compensation is much lower than the spectral efficiency factor shown in curve 1520 with parallel shift misalignment compensation, or the spectral efficiency factor shown in curve 1530 with parallel shift misalignment compensation having an error of 2 wavelengths in the parallel shift estimation, or the spectral efficiency factor shown in curve 1540 with ideal channel state information characterizing the channel between the antennas.

[0114] Specific implementation examples

[0115] Specific implementation examples are provided in the following numbered clauses.

[0116] Clause 1. A first device comprising:

[0117] a transceiver, the transceiver comprising a first antenna;

[0118] Memory; and

[0119] a processor, the processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the transceiver, the processor being configured to:

[0120] transmitting, via the transceiver, one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna to a second device;

[0121] Receiving, via the transceiver, one or more first indications of a first linear shift of a first signal distinction line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinction line corresponding to a first transition between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals as received by the second antenna; and determining one or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear shift based on the first linear shift.

[0122] Item 2. A first device according to Item 1, wherein, in order to determine the one or more compensation parameters, the processor is configured to determine a predecoder matrix based on a previous predecoder matrix, a first distance separating the first antenna and the second antenna, the first linear offset, and a second distance from a reference point of the first antenna to corresponding antenna elements in the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements.

[0123] Clause 3. The first apparatus of Clause 1, wherein the processor is configured to send the one or more first signals with a first phase and to send the one or more second signals with a second phase different from the first phase.

[0124] Item 4. A first device according to Item 3, wherein each of the one or more first signals is a first reference signal and each of the one or more second signals is a second reference signal, the second reference signal being substantially equal in amplitude to the first reference signal and being between 160° and 200° out of phase with respect to the first reference signal.

[0125] Clause 5. The first device of clause 1, wherein the processor is configured to:

[0126] transmitting, from the transceiver to the second device, one or more third signals from a third plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna and one or more fourth signals from a fourth plurality of antenna elements;

[0127] receiving, via the transceiver, one or more third indications of a second linear shift of a second signal distinct line relative to the second antenna of the second device, the second signal distinct line corresponding to a second transition between the one or more third signals and the one or more fourth signals as received by the second antenna; and

[0128] The one or more compensation parameters are determined further based on the second linear offset, and the one or more compensation parameters are further used to compensate for the second linear offset.

[0129] Item 6. A first device according to Item 5, wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements are arranged on opposite sides of a first spacing line, the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements are arranged on opposite sides of a second spacing line, and the first spacing line and the second spacing line are substantially perpendicular, and wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements include antenna elements that are the same as the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements.

[0130] Clause 7. The first device of Clause 6, wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements are arranged symmetrically about the first spaced line, and the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements are arranged symmetrically about the second spaced line.

[0131] Clause 8. The first device of Clause 1, wherein the processor is configured to send a distinguishing message to the second device via the transceiver that distinguishes between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals.

[0132] Clause 9. The first apparatus of Clause 1, wherein the processor is configured to send the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals concurrently.

[0133] Clause 10. A method for determining antenna offset compensation, comprising:

[0134] transmitting, from a first device to a second device, one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna;

[0135] receiving, at the first device from the second device, one or more first indications of a first linear shift of a first signal distinct line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinct line corresponding to a first transition between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals as received by the second antenna; and

[0136] One or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear offset are determined based on the first linear offset.

[0137] Clause 11. A method for determining antenna offset compensation according to clause 10, wherein determining the one or more compensation parameters includes determining a predecoder matrix based on a previous predecoder matrix, a first distance separating the first antenna and the second antenna, the first linear offset, and a second distance from a reference point of the first antenna to corresponding antenna elements in the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements.

[0138] Clause 12. The antenna offset compensation determination method according to Clause 10, wherein the one or more first signals are sent with a first phase and the one or more second signals are sent with a second phase different from the first phase.

[0139] Clause 13. A method for determining antenna offset compensation according to Clause 12, wherein each of the one or more first signals is a first reference signal and each of the one or more second signals is a second reference signal, the second reference signal being substantially equal in amplitude to the first reference signal and being out of phase with respect to the first reference signal by between 160° and 200°.

[0140] Clause 14. The method for determining antenna offset compensation according to clause 10, further comprising:

[0141] transmitting, from the first device to the second device, one or more third signals from a third plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna and one or more fourth signals from a fourth plurality of antenna elements;

[0142] receiving at the first device from the second device one or more third indications of a second linear shift of a second signal distinct line relative to the second antenna of the second device, the second signal distinct line corresponding to a second transition between the one or more third signals and the one or more fourth signals as received by the second antenna; and

[0143] The one or more compensation parameters are determined further based on the second linear offset, and the one or more compensation parameters are further used to compensate for the second linear offset.

[0144] Clause 15. A method for determining antenna offset compensation according to Clause 14, wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements are arranged on opposite sides of a first spacing line, the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements are arranged on opposite sides of a second spacing line, and the first spacing line and the second spacing line are substantially perpendicular, and wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements include antenna elements that are the same as the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements.

[0145] Clause 16. The antenna offset compensation determination method according to Clause 15, wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements are arranged symmetrically about the first spacing line, and the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements are arranged symmetrically about the second spacing line.

[0146] Clause 17. The antenna offset compensation determination method of clause 10, further comprising sending a distinction message from the first device to the second device that distinguishes between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals.

[0147] Clause 18. The antenna offset compensation determination method of clause 10, wherein transmitting the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals comprises transmitting the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals concurrently.

[0148] Clause 19. A first device comprising:

[0149] means for transmitting one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna to a second device;

[0150] means for receiving from the second device one or more first indications of a first linear shift of a first signal distinct line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinct line corresponding to a first transition between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals as received by the second antenna; and

[0151] Means for determining one or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear offset based on the first linear offset.

[0152] Clause 20. A first device according to clause 19, wherein the component for determining the one or more compensation parameters includes a component for determining a predecoder matrix based on a previous predecoder matrix, a first distance separating the first antenna and the second antenna, the first linear offset, and a second distance from a reference point of the first antenna to corresponding antenna elements of the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements.

[0153] Clause 21. A first device according to Clause 19, wherein the means for sending the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals includes means for sending the one or more first signals at a first phase and sending the one or more second signals at a second phase different from the first phase.

[0154] Clause 22. A first device according to clause 21, wherein each of the one or more first signals is a first reference signal and each of the one or more second signals is a second reference signal, the second reference signal being substantially equal in amplitude to the first reference signal and being between 160° and 200° out of phase with respect to the first reference signal.

[0155] Clause 23. The first device according to clause 19, further comprising:

[0156] means for transmitting one or more third signals from a third plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna and one or more fourth signals from a fourth plurality of antenna elements to the second device; and

[0157] means for receiving from the second device one or more third indications of a second linear shift of a second signal distinct line relative to the second antenna of the second device, the second signal distinct line corresponding to a second transition between the one or more third signals and the one or more fourth signals as received by the second antenna;

[0158] The means for determining the one or more compensation parameters comprises means for determining the one or more compensation parameters further based on the second linear offset, the one or more compensation parameters being further used to compensate for the second linear offset.

[0159] Clause 24. A first device according to clause 23, wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements are arranged on opposite sides of a first spacing line, the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements are arranged on opposite sides of a second spacing line, and the first spacing line and the second spacing line are substantially perpendicular, and wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements include antenna elements that are the same as the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements.

[0160] Clause 25. The first device of Clause 24, wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements are arranged symmetrically about the first spaced line, and the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements are arranged symmetrically about the second spaced line.

[0161] Clause 26. The first apparatus of Clause 19, further comprising means for sending a distinguishing message to the second apparatus that distinguishes between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals.

[0162] Clause 27. The first apparatus of Clause 19, wherein the means for transmitting the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals comprises means for transmitting the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals concurrently.

[0163] Clause 28. A non-transitory processor-readable storage medium comprising processor-readable instructions for causing a processor of a first device to:

[0164] transmitting one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna to a second device;

[0165] receiving from the second device one or more first indications of a first linear shift of a first signal distinct line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinct line corresponding to a first transition between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals as received by the second antenna; and

[0166] One or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear offset are determined based on the first linear offset.

[0167] Clause 29. A non-transitory processor-readable storage medium according to clause 28, wherein the processor-readable instructions for causing the processor to determine the one or more compensation parameters include processor-readable instructions for causing the processor to perform the following operations: determine a predecoder matrix based on a previous predecoder matrix, a first distance separating the first antenna and the second antenna, the first linear offset, and a second distance from a reference point of the first antenna to corresponding antenna elements in the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements.

[0168] Clause 30. A non-transitory processor-readable storage medium according to Clause 28, wherein the processor-readable instructions for causing the processor to send the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals include processor-readable instructions for causing the processor to perform the following operations: sending the one or more first signals in a first phase and sending the one or more second signals in a second phase different from the first phase.

[0169] Clause 31. A non-transitory processor-readable storage medium according to clause 30, wherein each of the one or more first signals is a first reference signal and each of the one or more second signals is a second reference signal, wherein the second reference signal is substantially equal in amplitude to the first reference signal and is between 160° and 200° out of phase with respect to the first reference signal.

[0170] Clause 32. The non-transitory processor-readable storage medium of clause 28, further comprising processor-readable instructions for causing the processor to:

[0171] transmitting one or more third signals from a third plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna and one or more fourth signals from a fourth plurality of antenna elements to the second device; and

[0172] receiving from the second device one or more third indications of a second linear shift of a second signal distinct line relative to the second antenna of the second device, the second signal distinct line corresponding to a second transition between the one or more third signals and the one or more fourth signals as received by the second antenna;

[0173] The processor-readable instructions for causing the processor to determine the one or more compensation parameters include processor-readable instructions for causing the processor to perform the following operations: further determining the one or more compensation parameters based on the second linear offset, the one or more compensation parameters being further used to compensate for the second linear offset.

[0174] Clause 33. A non-transitory processor-readable storage medium according to clause 32, wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements are arranged on opposite sides of a first spacing line, the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements are arranged on opposite sides of a second spacing line, and the first spacing line and the second spacing line are substantially perpendicular.

[0175] Clause 34. A non-transitory processor-readable storage medium according to clause 33, wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements are arranged symmetrically about the first spacing line, and the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements are arranged symmetrically about the second spacing line.

[0176] Clause 35. The non-transitory processor-readable storage medium of Clause 28, further comprising processor-readable instructions for causing the processor to: send a distinction message to the second device that distinguishes between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals.

[0177] Clause 36. A non-transitory processor-readable storage medium according to Clause 28, wherein the processor-readable instructions for causing the processor to send the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals include processor-readable instructions for causing the processor to perform the following operations: sending the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals concurrently.

[0178] Clause 37. A second device comprising:

[0179] a transceiver, the transceiver comprising a second antenna;

[0180] Memory; and

[0181] a processor, the processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the transceiver, the processor being configured to:

[0182] receiving, via the transceiver, from a first device a first combined signal, the first combined signal comprising a combination of one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna;

[0183] determining one or more first indications of a first linear shift of a first signal distinctive line relative to the second antenna, the first signal distinctive line corresponding to a first difference between a first value of a first signal characteristic of the first combined signal received by a first portion of the second antenna and a second value of the first signal characteristic of the first combined signal received by a second portion of the second antenna; and

[0184] One or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear offset are determined based on the first linear offset.

[0185] Clause 38. A second device according to clause 37, wherein in order to determine the one or more compensation parameters, the processor is configured to determine a post-processing matrix based on a previous post-processing matrix, a first distance separating the first antenna and the second antenna, the first linear offset, and a second distance from a reference point of the second antenna to a corresponding antenna element of the second antenna.

[0186] Clause 39. A second device according to clause 37, wherein in order to determine the one or more first indications of the first linear offset of the first signal distinction line, the processor is configured to determine that the difference between a first phase value of the first combination signal received by the first portion of the second antenna and a second phase value of the first combination signal received by the second portion of the second antenna exceeds a threshold phase difference.

[0187] Clause 40. The second apparatus of clause 37, wherein the processor is configured to:

[0188] receiving, via the transceiver, from the first device, a second combined signal comprising a combination of one or more third signals from a third plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna and one or more fourth signals from a fourth plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna;

[0189] determining one or more second indications of a second linear shift of a second signal distinctive line relative to the second antenna, the second signal distinctive line corresponding to a second difference between a third value of a second signal characteristic of the second combined signal received by a third portion of the second antenna and a fourth value of the second signal characteristic of the second combined signal received by a fourth portion of the second antenna; and

[0190] The one or more compensation parameters are determined further based on the second linear offset, and the one or more compensation parameters are further used to compensate for the second linear offset.

[0191] Clause 41. The second apparatus of Clause 37, wherein the processor is configured to send the one or more first indications of the first linear shift to the first apparatus via the transceiver.

[0192] Clause 42. The second device of Clause 37, wherein the processor is configured to receive, from the first device via the transceiver, a distinguishing message that distinguishes between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals.

[0193] Clause 43. A method for determining antenna offset compensation, comprising:

[0194] receiving, at a second device, a first combined signal from a first device, the first combined signal comprising a combination of one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna;

[0195] determining, at the second device, one or more first indications of a first linear shift of a first signal distinctive line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinctive line corresponding to a first difference between a first value of a first signal characteristic of the first combined signal received by a first portion of the second antenna and a second value of the first signal characteristic of the first combined signal received by a second portion of the second antenna; and

[0196] One or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear offset are determined at the second device based on the first linear offset.

[0197] Clause 44. A method for determining antenna offset compensation according to clause 43, wherein determining the one or more compensation parameters includes determining a post-processing matrix based on a previous post-processing matrix, a first distance separating the first antenna and the second antenna, the first linear offset, and a second distance from a reference point of the second antenna to a corresponding antenna element of the second antenna.

[0198] Clause 45. A method for determining antenna offset compensation according to Clause 43, wherein determining the one or more first indications of the first linear offset of the first signal distinction line includes determining that the difference between a first phase value of the first combination signal received by the first part of the second antenna and a second phase value of the first combination signal received by the second part of the second antenna exceeds a threshold phase difference.

[0199] Clause 46. The method for determining antenna offset compensation according to clause 43, further comprising:

[0200] receiving, at the second device, a second combined signal from the first device, the second combined signal comprising a combination of one or more third signals from a third plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna and one or more fourth signals from a fourth plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna;

[0201] determining, at the second device, one or more second indications of a second linear shift of a second signal distinctive line relative to the second antenna, the second signal distinctive line corresponding to a second difference between a third value of a second signal characteristic of the second combination signal received by a third portion of the second antenna and a fourth value of the second signal characteristic of the second combination signal received by a fourth portion of the second antenna; and

[0202] The one or more compensation parameters are determined at the second device further based on the second linear offset, and the one or more compensation parameters are further used to compensate for the second linear offset.

[0203] Clause 47. The antenna offset compensation determination method of clause 43, further comprising sending the one or more first indications of the first linear offset from the second device to the first device.

[0204] Clause 48. The antenna offset compensation determination method of clause 43, further comprising receiving, at the second device, from the first device a distinction message that distinguishes between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals.

[0205] Clause 49. A second device comprising:

[0206] means for receiving a first combined signal from a first device, the first combined signal comprising a combination of one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna;

[0207] means for determining one or more first indications of a first linear shift of a first signal distinctive line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinctive line corresponding to a first difference between a first value of a first signal characteristic of the first combined signal received by a first portion of the second antenna and a second value of the first signal characteristic of the first combined signal received by a second portion of the second antenna; and

[0208] Means for determining one or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear offset based on the first linear offset.

[0209] Clause 50. A second device according to clause 49, wherein the component for determining the one or more compensation parameters includes a component for determining a post-processing matrix based on a previous post-processing matrix, a first distance separating the first antenna and the second antenna, the first linear offset, and a second distance from a reference point of the second antenna to a corresponding antenna element of the second antenna.

[0210] Item 51. A second device according to Item 49, wherein the components for determining the one or more first indications of the first linear offset of the first signal distinguishing line include components for determining that the difference between a first phase value of the first combination signal received by the first portion of the second antenna and a second phase value of the first combination signal received by the second portion of the second antenna exceeds a threshold phase difference.

[0211] Clause 52. The second device according to clause 49, further comprising:

[0212] means for receiving a second combined signal from the first device, the second combined signal comprising a combination of one or more third signals from a third plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna and one or more fourth signals from a fourth plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna; and

[0213] means for determining one or more second indications of a second linear offset of a second signal distinctive line relative to the second antenna, the second signal distinctive line corresponding to a second difference between a third value of a second signal characteristic of the second combination signal received by a third portion of the second antenna and a fourth value of the second signal characteristic of the second combination signal received by a fourth portion of the second antenna; and

[0214] The means for determining the one or more compensation parameters comprises means for determining the one or more compensation parameters further based on the second linear offset, the one or more compensation parameters being further used to compensate for the second linear offset.

[0215] Clause 53. The second apparatus of Clause 49, further comprising means for sending the one or more first indications of the first linear shift to the first apparatus.

[0216] Clause 54. The second device of Clause 49, further comprising means for receiving a distinguishing message from the first device that distinguishes between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals.

[0217] Clause 55. A non-transitory processor-readable storage medium comprising processor-readable instructions for causing a processor of a second device to:

[0218] receiving a first combined signal from a first device, the first combined signal comprising a combination of one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna;

[0219] determining one or more first indications of a first linear shift of a first signal distinct line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinct line corresponding to a first difference between a first value of a first signal characteristic of the first combined signal received by a first portion of the second antenna and a second value of the first signal characteristic of the first combined signal received by a second portion of the second antenna; and

[0220] One or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear offset are determined based on the first linear offset.

[0221] Item 56. A non-transitory processor-readable storage medium according to Item 55, wherein the processor-readable instructions for causing the processor to determine the one or more compensation parameters include processor-readable instructions for causing the processor to perform the following operations: determine a post-processing matrix based on a previous post-processing matrix, a first distance separating the first antenna and the second antenna, the first linear offset, and a second distance from a reference point of the second antenna to a corresponding antenna element of the second antenna.

[0222] Item 57. A non-transitory processor-readable storage medium according to Item 55, wherein the processor-readable instructions for causing the processor to determine the one or more first indications of the first linear offset of the first signal distinction line include processor-readable instructions for causing the processor to perform the following operations: determine that the difference between a first phase value of the first combination signal received by the first portion of the second antenna and a second phase value of the first combination signal received by the second portion of the second antenna exceeds a threshold phase difference.

[0223] Clause 58. The non-transitory processor-readable storage medium of Clause 55, further comprising processor-readable instructions for causing the processor to:

[0224] receiving a second combined signal from the first device, the second combined signal comprising a combination of one or more third signals from a third plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna and one or more fourth signals from a fourth plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna;

[0225] determining one or more second indications of a second linear shift of a second signal distinctive line relative to the second antenna, the second signal distinctive line corresponding to a second difference between a third value of a second signal characteristic of the second combined signal received by a third portion of the second antenna and a fourth value of the second signal characteristic of the second combined signal received by a fourth portion of the second antenna; and

[0226] The one or more compensation parameters are determined further based on the second linear offset, and the one or more compensation parameters are further used to compensate for the second linear offset.

[0227] Clause 59. The non-transitory processor-readable storage medium of Clause 55, further comprising processor-readable instructions for causing the processor to: send the one or more first indications of the first linear offset to the first device.

[0228] Clause 60. The non-transitory processor-readable storage medium of Clause 55, further comprising processor-readable instructions for causing the processor to: receive a distinction message from the first device that distinguishes between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals.

[0229] Other considerations

[0230] Other examples and implementations are within the scope of this disclosure and the appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software and computers, the above functions can be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hard wiring, or any combination thereof. Features that implement the functions can also be physically located at different locations, including being distributed so that various parts of the functions are implemented at different physical locations.

[0231] As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" also include the plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Therefore, references to devices in the singular (e.g., "device", "the / said device"), including references in the claims, include at least one of such devices, i.e., one or more (e.g., "processor" includes at least one processor (e.g., one processor, two processors, etc.), "the processor" includes at least one processor, "memory" includes at least one memory, "the memory" includes at least one memory, etc.). The phrases "at least one" and "one or more" are used interchangeably, such that "at least one" reference object and "one or more" reference objects include specific implementations having one reference object and specific implementations having multiple reference objects. For example, "at least one processor" and "one or more processors" each include specific implementations having one processor and specific implementations having multiple processors.

[0232] Likewise, as used herein, “or” used in a list of items (possibly followed by “at least one of” or followed by “one or more of”) indicates a disjunctive list, so that, for example, a list of “at least one of A, B, or C,” or a list of “one or more of A, B, or C,” or a list of “A or B or C” means A or B or C, or AB (A and B), or AC (A and C), or BC (B and C), or ABC (i.e., A and B and C), or a combination having more than one feature (e.g., AA, AAB, ABBC, etc.). Thus, a statement that an item (e.g., a processor) is configured to perform a function with respect to at least one of A or B, or a statement that an item is configured to perform function A or function B means that the item may be configured to perform a function with respect to A, or may be configured to perform a function with respect to B, or may be configured to perform functions with respect to both A and B. For example, the phrase "a processor configured to measure at least one of A or B" or "a processor configured to measure A or measure B" means that the processor may be configured to measure A (and may or may not be configured to measure B), or may be configured to measure B (and may or may not be configured to measure A), or may be configured to measure A and measure B (and may be configured to select which of A and B to measure or both). Similarly, a statement about a component for measuring at least one of A or B includes: a component for measuring A (which may or may not be able to measure B), or a component for measuring B (and may or may not be configured to measure A), or a component for measuring A and B (which may be able to select which of A and B to measure or both). As another example, a statement that an item (e.g., a processor) is configured to perform at least one of function X or to perform function Y means that the item may be configured to perform function X, or may be configured to perform function Y, or may be configured to perform function X and perform function Y. For example, the phrase "a processor configured to measure at least one of X or Y" means that the processor may be configured to measure X (and may or may not be configured to measure Y), or may be configured to measure Y (and may or may not be configured to measure X), or may be configured to measure X and measure Y (and may be configured to select which or both of X and Y to measure).

[0233] As used herein, unless otherwise stated, a statement that a function or operation is "based on" an item or condition means that the function or operation is based on the stated item or condition, and may be based on one or more items and / or conditions other than the stated item or condition.

[0234] Substantial changes may be made according to specific requirements. For example, customized hardware may also be used, and / or specific elements may be implemented in hardware, in software (including portable software, such as applets, etc.) executed by a processor, or in both. In addition, connections with other computing devices such as network input / output devices may be employed. Unless otherwise indicated, components (functional or otherwise) shown in the figures and / or discussed herein as being connected or communicating with each other are communicatively coupled. That is, these components may be connected directly or indirectly to enable communication between them.

[0235] The systems and devices discussed above are examples. Various configurations may appropriately omit, replace, or add various processes or components. For example, features described with respect to certain configurations may be combined in various other configurations. Different aspects and elements of a configuration may be combined in a similar manner. In addition, technology is constantly evolving, and therefore many elements are examples and do not limit the scope of the present disclosure or claims.

[0236] A wireless communication system is a system in which communications are transmitted wirelessly between wireless communication devices, i.e., by propagation of electromagnetic waves and / or sound waves through atmospheric space rather than by wires or other physical connections. A wireless communication system (also referred to as a wireless communication system, a wireless communication network, or a wireless communication network) may not have all communications transmitted wirelessly, but may be configured to have at least some communications transmitted wirelessly. In addition, the term "wireless communication device" or similar terms does not require that the functionality of the device be used exclusively or even primarily for communication, that communications using the wireless communication device be exclusively or even primarily wireless, or that the device be a mobile device, but rather indicates that the device includes wireless communication capabilities (unidirectional or bidirectional), for example, including at least one radio component (each radio component is part of a transmitter, receiver, or transceiver) for wireless communication.

[0237] Specific details are given in the description of this article to provide a thorough understanding of example configurations (including specific implementations). However, configurations can be practiced without these specific details. For example, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques have been shown without unnecessary details to avoid confusing these configurations. The description of this article provides example configurations without limiting the scope, applicability, or configuration of the claims. On the contrary, the previous description of the configuration provides a description for implementing the described technology. Various changes can be made to the function and arrangement of the elements.

[0238] As used herein, the terms "processor-readable medium," "machine-readable medium," and "computer-readable medium" refer to any medium that participates in providing data that causes a machine to operate in a particular manner. Using a computing platform, various processor-readable media may be involved in providing instructions / codes to a processor for execution, and / or may be used to store and / or carry such instructions / codes (e.g., as signals). In many specific implementations, processor-readable media are physical and / or tangible storage media. Such media may take many forms, including, but not limited to, non-volatile media and volatile media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical disks and / or magnetic disks. Volatile media include, but are not limited to, dynamic memory.

[0239] After describing several example configurations, various modifications, alternative constructions and equivalents can be used. For example, the above elements can be components of a larger system, in which other rules can take precedence over the application of the present disclosure or otherwise modify the application of the present disclosure. In addition, several operations can be taken before, during or after considering the above elements. Accordingly, the above description does not limit the scope of the claims.

[0240] Unless otherwise indicated, "approximately" and / or "about" as used herein in reference to a measurable value (such as an amount, a duration of time, etc.) encompasses variations of ±20% or ±10%, ±5%, or ±0.1% from the specified value, as appropriate in the context of the systems, devices, circuits, methods, and other specific implementations described herein. Unless otherwise indicated, "substantially" as used herein in reference to a measurable value (such as an amount, a duration of time, a physical property (such as frequency), etc.) also encompasses variations of ±20% or ±10%, ±5%, or ±0.1% from the specified value, as appropriate in the context of the systems, devices, circuits, methods, and other specific implementations described herein.

[0241] A statement that a value exceeds (or is greater than or above) a first threshold is equivalent to a statement that the value meets or exceeds a second threshold that is slightly greater than the first threshold, e.g., the second threshold is one value higher than the first threshold at the resolution of the computing system. A statement that a value is less than (or within or below) a first threshold is equivalent to a statement that the value is less than or equal to a second threshold that is slightly less than the first threshold, e.g., the second threshold is one value lower than the first threshold at the resolution of the computing system.

Claims

1. A first device, comprising: a transceiver, the transceiver comprising a first antenna; Memory; as well as a processor, the processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the transceiver, the processor being configured to: transmitting, via the transceiver, one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna to a second device; receiving, via the transceiver, one or more first indications of a first linear shift of a first signal distinct line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinct line corresponding to a first transition between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals as received by the second antenna; as well as One or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear offset are determined based on the first linear offset.

2. The first device of claim 1 , wherein to determine the one or more compensation parameters, the processor is configured to determine a predecoder matrix based on a previous predecoder matrix, a first distance separating the first antenna and the second antenna, the first linear offset, and a second distance from a reference point of the first antenna to corresponding antenna elements of the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements. 3 . The first device of claim 1 , wherein the processor is configured to send the one or more first signals in a first phase, and to send the one or more second signals in a second phase different from the first phase.

4. The first device of claim 3 , wherein each of the one or more first signals is a first reference signal and each of the one or more second signals is a second reference signal, the second reference signal being substantially equal in amplitude to the first reference signal and being between 160° and 200° out of phase with respect to the first reference signal.

5. The first device of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to: transmitting, from the transceiver to the second device, one or more third signals from a third plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna and one or more fourth signals from a fourth plurality of antenna elements; receiving, via the transceiver, one or more third indications of a second linear shift of a second signal distinct line relative to the second antenna of the second device, the second signal distinct line corresponding to a second transition between the one or more third signals and the one or more fourth signals as received by the second antenna; and The one or more compensation parameters are determined further based on the second linear offset, and the one or more compensation parameters are further used to compensate for the second linear offset.

6. The first device of claim 5 , wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements are disposed on opposite sides of a first spacing line, the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements are disposed on opposite sides of a second spacing line, and the first spacing line and the second spacing line are substantially perpendicular, and wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements include antenna elements that are the same as the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements. 7 . The first device of claim 6 , wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements are arranged symmetrically about the first interval line, and the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements are arranged symmetrically about the second interval line. 8 . The first device of claim 1 , wherein the processor is configured to send a distinguishing message to the second device via the transceiver that distinguishes between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals. 9 . The first device of claim 1 , wherein the processor is configured to send the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals concurrently.

10. A method for determining antenna offset compensation, comprising: transmitting, from a first device to a second device, one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna; receiving, at the first device from the second device, one or more first indications of a first linear shift of a first signal distinct line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinct line corresponding to a first transition between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals as received by the second antenna; as well as One or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear offset are determined based on the first linear offset.

11. The antenna offset compensation determination method according to claim 10, wherein determining the one or more compensation parameters includes determining a predecoder matrix based on a previous predecoder matrix, a first distance separating the first antenna and the second antenna, the first linear offset, and a second distance from a reference point of the first antenna to corresponding antenna elements of the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements.

12. The antenna offset compensation determination method according to claim 10, wherein the one or more first signals are sent with a first phase, and the one or more second signals are sent with a second phase different from the first phase.

13. The antenna offset compensation determination method according to claim 12, wherein each of the one or more first signals is a first reference signal and each of the one or more second signals is a second reference signal, the second reference signal being substantially equal in amplitude to the first reference signal and being out of phase with respect to the first reference signal by between 160° and 200°.

14. The method for determining antenna offset compensation according to claim 10, further comprising: transmitting, from the first device to the second device, one or more third signals from a third plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna and one or more fourth signals from a fourth plurality of antenna elements; receiving, at the first device from the second device, one or more third indications of a second linear shift of a second signal distinct line relative to the second antenna of the second device, the second signal distinct line corresponding to a second transition between the one or more third signals and the one or more fourth signals as received by the second antenna; as well as The one or more compensation parameters are determined further based on the second linear offset, and the one or more compensation parameters are further used to compensate for the second linear offset.

15. The antenna offset compensation determination method according to claim 14, wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements are arranged on opposite sides of a first spacing line, the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements are arranged on opposite sides of a second spacing line, and the first spacing line and the second spacing line are substantially perpendicular, and wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements include antenna elements that are the same as the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements.

16. The antenna offset compensation determination method according to claim 15, wherein the first plurality of antenna elements and the second plurality of antenna elements are arranged symmetrically about the first interval line, and the third plurality of antenna elements and the fourth plurality of antenna elements are arranged symmetrically about the second interval line.

17. The antenna offset compensation determination method according to claim 10, further comprising sending a distinction message from the first device to the second device to distinguish between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals.

18. The antenna offset compensation determination method according to claim 10, wherein sending the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals comprises sending the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals concurrently.

19. A second device, comprising: a transceiver, the transceiver comprising a second antenna; Memory; as well as a processor, the processor being communicatively coupled to the memory and the transceiver, the processor being configured to: receiving, via the transceiver, from a first device a first combined signal, the first combined signal comprising a combination of one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna; determining one or more first indications of a first linear shift of a first signal distinctive line relative to the second antenna, the first signal distinctive line corresponding to a first difference between a first value of a first signal characteristic of the first combined signal received by a first portion of the second antenna and a second value of the first signal characteristic of the first combined signal received by a second portion of the second antenna; as well as One or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear offset are determined based on the first linear offset.

20. The second device of claim 19, wherein, to determine the one or more compensation parameters, the processor is configured to determine a post-processing matrix based on a previous post-processing matrix, a first distance separating the first antenna and the second antenna, the first linear offset, and a second distance from a reference point of the second antenna to a corresponding antenna element of the second antenna.

21. A second device according to claim 19, wherein in order to determine the one or more first indications of the first linear offset of the first signal distinguishing line, the processor is configured to determine that a difference between a first phase value of the first combination signal received by the first portion of the second antenna and a second phase value of the first combination signal received by the second portion of the second antenna exceeds a threshold phase difference.

22. The second device of claim 19, wherein the processor is configured to: receiving, via the transceiver, from the first device, a second combined signal comprising a combination of one or more third signals from a third plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna and one or more fourth signals from a fourth plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna; determining one or more second indications of a second linear shift of a second signal distinctive line relative to the second antenna, the second signal distinctive line corresponding to a second difference between a third value of a second signal characteristic of the second combined signal received by a third portion of the second antenna and a fourth value of the second signal characteristic of the second combined signal received by a fourth portion of the second antenna; as well as The one or more compensation parameters are determined further based on the second linear offset, and the one or more compensation parameters are further used to compensate for the second linear offset.

23. The second device of claim 19, wherein the processor is configured to send the one or more first indications of the first linear shift to the first device via the transceiver.

24. The second device of claim 19, wherein the processor is configured to receive a distinguishing message from the first device via the transceiver that distinguishes between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals.

25. A method for determining antenna offset compensation, comprising: receiving, at a second device, a first combined signal from a first device, the first combined signal comprising a combination of one or more first signals from a first plurality of antenna elements of a first antenna of the first device and one or more second signals from a second plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna; determining, at the second device, one or more first indications of a first linear shift of a first signal distinctive line relative to a second antenna of the second device, the first signal distinctive line corresponding to a first difference between a first value of a first signal characteristic of the first combined signal received by a first portion of the second antenna and a second value of the first signal characteristic of the first combined signal received by a second portion of the second antenna; and determining, at the second device, one or more compensation parameters for compensating for the first linear offset based on the first linear offset.

26. The antenna offset compensation determination method of claim 25, wherein determining the one or more compensation parameters comprises determining a post-processing matrix based on a previous post-processing matrix, a first distance separating the first antenna and the second antenna, the first linear offset, and a second distance from a reference point of the second antenna to a corresponding antenna element of the second antenna.

27. The antenna offset compensation determination method of claim 25, wherein determining the one or more first indications of the first linear offset of the first signal distinction line comprises determining that a difference between a first phase value of the first combined signal received by the first portion of the second antenna and a second phase value of the first combined signal received by the second portion of the second antenna exceeds a threshold phase difference.

28. The method for determining antenna offset compensation according to claim 25, further comprising: receiving, at the second device, a second combined signal from the first device, the second combined signal comprising a combination of one or more third signals from a third plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna and one or more fourth signals from a fourth plurality of antenna elements of the first antenna; determining, at the second device, one or more second indications of a second linear shift of a second signal distinctive line relative to the second antenna, the second signal distinctive line corresponding to a second difference between a third value of a second signal characteristic of the second combined signal received by a third portion of the second antenna and a fourth value of the second signal characteristic of the second combined signal received by a fourth portion of the second antenna; as well as The one or more compensation parameters are determined at the second device further based on the second linear offset, and the one or more compensation parameters are further used to compensate for the second linear offset.

29. The antenna offset compensation determination method of claim 25, further comprising sending the one or more first indications of the first linear offset from the second device to the first device.

30. The antenna offset compensation determination method of claim 25, further comprising receiving, at the second device, a distinguishing message from the first device that distinguishes between the one or more first signals and the one or more second signals.

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