Preparation method of abalone feed reinforced based on gluten three-dimensional network structure

Abstract

The invention discloses a manufacturing method of an abalone feed reinforced based on a gluten three-dimensional network structure. The manufacturing method comprises the following steps: step 1, crushing and sieving raw materials of an abalone compound feed; the raw material formula contains 2-50% of vital gluten; step 2, uniformly mixing the raw material powder; step 3, putting the uniformly mixed raw material powder into a dough mixer for dough kneading to prepare feed dough or dough floc with viscoelasticity; step 4, preparing the dough or the dough floc into spherical particles; 5, heating and curing the feed particles; and step 6, cooling the cured feed particles to normal temperature. According to the method, through the dough kneading process, a wet gluten three-dimensional network structure is constructed in abalone feed dough or batting by utilizing vital gluten, and then protein of wet gluten is heated and solidified through heating. The abalone feed prepared by the method conforms to the feeding habit of abalones, can meet the normal growth and survival of the abalones, and can be used for 10 days in abalone culture without being easily scattered and deteriorated.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of aquaculture, and in particular relates to a method for preparing feed suitable for abalone breeding. Background Art

[0002] Abalone farming is a major industry in my country's marine aquaculture. In 2023, the national abalone farming output was about 225,000 tons, of which Fujian's abalone farming output was about 196,000 tons. Most of the finished abalone was obtained through offshore cage farming. As the prices of Gracilaria lemaneiformis and Saccharina japonica, the main biological baits used for offshore abalone farming, have been rising year by year, the use of flaked abalone compound feed as a substitute for Gracilaria lemaneiformis and Saccharina japonica for abalone farming has also been increasing year by year. Although the flaked abalone feed produced by different manufacturers can meet the nutritional needs of abalone, the flaked abalone feed produced by the prior art still has the problems of high nutrient loss rate (YuX, Wu Z, Fu Y, et al. Replacement of dietary fish meal with soy protein concentrate on the growth performance, PI3K / AKT / TOR pathway, immunity of abalone Haliotis discus hannai and its resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus [J]. Aquaculture Reports, 2024, 39102368-102368.) and easy disintegration and loss under the scouring of flowing seawater (A flaked abalone feed and its production method 201310059547.4). The current situation of using flaky abalone to feed in the sea cage culture abalone is: feed 1 flaky abalone compound feed every 3-5 days, and the daily feeding amount is 1%-3% of the abalone body weight. Under this feeding mode, 4-6kg of flaky abalone compound feed can be fed to culture 1kg of abalone, and the feed coefficient is 4-6. Chinese and foreign literature reports show that whenever abalone eats 0.8-2.0kg of feed, 1.0kg of abalone can be cultured. It can be seen that the flaky abalone compound feed produced by the prior art is used in the process of sea cage culture abalone. About 50%-67% of the feed fails to be effectively utilized. And because the time interval of feeding abalone with the flaky compound feed produced by the prior art (feeding once in 3-5 days) is much shorter than the time interval of feeding fresh gracilis (using fresh gracilis to feed once in 5-10 days), the feeding labor cost of using the flaky compound feed is also much higher than the labor cost of using fresh gracilis. According to the characteristics of abalone that they mainly feed at night and feed slowly, and the existing feeding mode of caged abalone, the abalone farming industry strongly needs abalone compound feed that can be immersed in flowing seawater for a longer time and is not easy to collapse, lose less nutrients, and is not easy to deteriorate. It can be seen that improving the stability of abalone compound feed in seawater has high economic benefits for abalone feed production companies and abalone farming industry.

[0003] Gluten has been widely used in aquaculture feeds (Use of vital wheat gluten in aquaculture feeds [J]. Saline Systems, 2013, 921.). The usage of gluten in multiple public abalone feed formulas is 0.06% to 25% (cage abalone cultivation feed CN201210123923.7, a compound feed for improving abalone's resistance to high temperature and its preparation method CN201910324811.X, abalone bait CN201210513504.4). In these public feed formulas containing gluten (including gluten contained in wheat flour), the preparation of abalone compound feeds mostly adopts the process of puffing granulation or roller pressing, cutting, steaming and drying. However, the flaked abalone feeds produced by these processing techniques are easy to disintegrate in flowing seawater and can generally only be used for 3 to 5 days. Summary of the invention

[0004] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the existing abalone compound feed research technology, provide a feed processing method that conforms to the feeding habits of abalone and has strong stability in seawater, and can increase the use time of abalone feed in abalone breeding to more than 10 days, and the feed is not easy to collapse and the loss of nutrients is small.

[0005] The technical solution provided by the present invention is as follows:

[0006] A method for preparing abalone feed based on strengthening the three-dimensional network structure of gluten, comprising the following steps:

[0007] Step 1, grinding the raw materials of abalone compound feed, passing through a 60-100 mesh sieve, and obtaining raw material powder; the raw material formula of the abalone compound feed contains gluten powder, and the gluten powder accounts for 2-50% of the dry matter of the abalone compound feed nutritional formula;

[0008] Step 2: Add various raw material powders into a blender according to the raw material formula ratio and mix them evenly;

[0009] Step 3, the raw material powder after mixing evenly is put into a dough mixer, water is added according to the ratio of raw material powder dry matter weight to water = 100: 50-140, and the dough is kneaded in the dough mixer for 5-25 minutes to form a feed dough or dough with viscoelasticity;

[0010] Step 4, forming the dough or dough into spherical particles of 2 to 150 g / particle;

[0011] Step 5, heating and maturing the spherical feed particles;

[0012] Step six, cool the mature feed pellets to room temperature, bag them for low-temperature refrigeration or use them directly.

[0013] Furthermore, in step 1, the raw material formula must contain gluten ingredients, and gluten accounts for 2-50% of the dry matter of the abalone compound feed nutritional formula. Within this range, when the feed is used in sea areas with large seawater flow, the amount of gluten used in the feed is correspondingly large. If the gluten ingredient accounts for too low a proportion, for example, less than 2%, the three-dimensional network structure of wet gluten formed is insufficient, and the abalone feed is still easy to collapse in the flowing seawater; if the gluten ingredient accounts for too high a proportion, for example, more than 50%, the feeding effect of the feed is affected.

[0014] Preferably, gluten accounts for 2-36% of the dry matter in the abalone feed nutritional formula.

[0015] Further preferably, gluten accounts for 6-25% of the dry matter of the abalone feed nutritional formula. Within this range, the best anti-collapse effect and feeding effect are achieved.

[0016] Furthermore, in step three, within the range of the raw material and water ratio, if the formula contains seaweed powder, the more seaweed powder is added to the formula, the more water is required.

[0017] Furthermore, in step three, the dough is kneaded in a dough mixer for 10 to 20 minutes to form a feed dough or dough flakes having viscoelasticity.

[0018] Furthermore, in step 4, the flour flakes or dough are made into spherical particles of 10 to 100 g / particle.

[0019] Furthermore, in step five, the spherical feed particles are matured by steam.

[0020] Furthermore, the steam aging time is 5 minutes to 30 minutes.

[0021] Furthermore, in step six, small-particle feed is used for abalone farming of small sizes, and large-particle feed is used for abalone farming of large sizes.

[0022] The technical principle adopted by the present invention is: wheat gluten is mainly composed of glutenin and gliadin, and the two can form a three-dimensional gluten network structure through the interaction of disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic effects, etc.; the dry product of wheat wet gluten is commercially known as gluten powder, and the gluten powder can be restored to wet gluten by absorbing about 2 times of water; through the dough kneading process, the gluten powder can construct a dense three-dimensional network structure of wet gluten inside the abalone feed, and the wet gluten network structure forms the skeleton of the feed dough, and can wrap proteins, starches, lipids, sugars, inorganic salts and other substances in the gluten network matrix, and then after heating and steaming, the gluten protein is heated and solidified into a strong cohesive network that can tightly wrap other components, thereby forming a complete, stable and dense structure. Because cooked gluten has high mechanical strength and is insoluble in water, it plays the role of steel bars in reinforced cement in feed. It has strong and lasting tensile strength, can lock in the nutrients in the feed, reduce the loss of nutrients, and prevent abalone feed from disintegrating or deteriorating for a long time in flowing seawater.

[0023] In the background technology, the abalone compound feed preparation process has less water (≤30%) added, and gluten absorbs less water, and lacks necessary dough-mixing process, which causes the gluten contained in the feed formula to be unable to form a wet gluten three-dimensional network structure. This three-dimensional network structure gives the abalone feed a stronger mechanical strength after thermal coagulation, which can prevent the abalone feed from disintegrating in the flowing seawater for a long time and reduce the loss of nutrients. In addition, the existing flaky abalone compound feed is bonded by edible glue binder or starch gelatinization in the feed, and the mechanical strength of this bonded feed is weaker, and the edible glue binder and gelatinized starch will dissociate in seawater and cause the bonding force to drop rapidly, thereby causing the abalone feed to be easily washed away by the current and disintegrated and lost.

[0024] Existing abalone compound feed is made into flakes, and purpose is to simulate the shape of kelp, and abalone can form the most suitable contact surface with abalone mouthparts when feeding, and flake feed is easy to process and dry. And the applicant unexpectedly found that if feed is made into a ball, it does not affect the ingestion of abalone. The applicant found that the ball feed can be turned over in the process of abalone ingesting feed, and the surface feed is first ingested like peeling onions. In the ingestion process of abalone, the feed gradually becomes small balls from a large ball, until the feed is ingested. Find accordingly, the present invention makes feed into a ball rather than a general flake.

[0025] In addition, in order to prevent the bacteria in the seawater from entering the dried feed and spoiling the feed during the soaking process, the feed produced by the present invention does not need to be dried. Although the flake feed is conducive to drying the feed, the flake structure reduces the mechanical strength of the single grain feed, which is easily washed away by the water flow and broken and lost.

[0026] In summary, compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0027] (1) The present invention constructs a three-dimensional gluten network structure inside the abalone feed through the dough kneading process. The three-dimensional gluten network structure after thermal coagulation has strong mechanical toughness, is insoluble in seawater, and can resist strong water flow erosion. The feed can be used in abalone farming for 10 days without collapsing, which is nearly doubled compared with the commercial abalone compound feed produced by the prior art, which can only be used for 3 to 5 days. The artificial feeding cost in abalone farming can be reduced by about 50%.

[0028] (2) The abalone compound feed produced by the present invention is not easy to disintegrate in seawater, has little nutrient loss, and has a feed coefficient of less than 2 for feeding abalone. Compared with the flaky abalone compound feed produced by the prior art (feed coefficient of 4 to 6), the feed consumption can be saved by about 50%, thereby reducing the feed cost in abalone farming.

[0029] (3) The abalone compound feed produced by the present invention does not need to add antibiotics and preservatives, which is beneficial to the healthy breeding of abalone and cost saving. The abalone compound feed produced by the present invention is irregularly spherical, and the abalone can turn the feed during the process of feeding the feed. Through the abalone feeding like peeling an onion, the feed can be stored in seawater for more than 10 days without deterioration, thereby improving the safety of the feed. The commercial abalone compound feed products produced by the prior art are dried products, which will absorb seawater and foam when fed into seawater. During the process of absorbing seawater, the corrupt bacteria in the seawater will also enter the inside of the abalone feed. After the existing feed is soaked in seawater for 3 to 5 days, the feed will deteriorate and stink, and the abalone will easily get sick and die after eating the deteriorated feed. The prior art solution to solve the problem of feed being too quickly spoiled by soaking in water is to add veterinary antibiotics, preservatives or Chinese herbal medicines to inhibit the rapid reproduction of bacteria.

[0030] (4) The abalone feed prepared by the present invention does not need to be supplemented with other expensive food adhesives. The gluten powder used contains high-quality protein. The use of gluten powder in abalone feed can also reduce the amount of other expensive protein raw materials. In addition, the price is low and the source is stable, which can reduce the raw material cost of abalone feed.

[0031] (5) The present invention has a simple production process and is easy to use. It does not require the technical link of drying feed, and reduces the drying process and drying cost compared with the prior art. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0032] The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0033] Figure 1 These are comparison charts of feed at different times, among which A is before feeding; B is on the 4th day of feeding; C is on the 8th day of feeding; D is on the 11th day of feeding; E is the cut surface of feed on the 11th day of feeding; F is abalone and the feed on the 11th day. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0034] The present invention is further described in detail below by way of examples. Unless otherwise specified, the experimental methods used below are all conventional methods in the art, and the ingredients or materials used are all ingredients or materials available through commercial channels unless otherwise specified. However, the content of the present invention is not limited to the following examples.

[0035] Example 1

[0036] A method for preparing abalone feed based on strengthening the three-dimensional network structure of gluten, the raw material ratio of which is as follows: 5 parts of Sargassum powder, 38.5 parts of flour, 20 parts of fermented soybean meal powder, 10 parts of puffed soybean powder, 6.5 parts of fish meal, 15 parts of gluten powder, 5 parts of multivitamin mineral powder, and 58 parts of water.

[0037] The production process specifically includes the following steps:

[0038] (1) Raw material processing: sieving, removing impurities and metals from Sargassum powder, flour, fermented soybean meal powder, puffed soybean powder, and fish meal, and then crushing until 98% of the powder passes through an 80-mesh sieve;

[0039] (2) Sargassum powder, flour, fermented soybean meal powder, puffed soybean powder, fish meal, gluten powder (commercially available through an 80-mesh sieve), and multivitamin powder are added into a blender according to the formula ratio and mixed evenly to obtain a mixture A.

[0040] (3) adding mixture A and water into a dough mixer and kneading for 15 minutes to prepare a viscoelastic feed dough;

[0041] (4) forming the feed dough into spherical feed pellets of about 30 g / pellet;

[0042] (5) Steam the feed for 20 minutes to mature it, then cool the mature feed pellets to room temperature, bag them and refrigerate them at low temperature or feed them directly.

[0043] Example 2

[0044] A method for preparing abalone feed based on strengthening the three-dimensional network structure of gluten, the raw material ratio of which is as follows: 5 parts of sargassum powder, 35 parts of flour, 20 parts of fermented soybean meal powder, 20 parts of puffed soybean powder, 15 parts of gluten powder, 5 parts of multivitamin mineral powder, and 58 parts of water.

[0045] The production process specifically includes the following steps:

[0046] (1) Raw material processing: sieving, removing impurities and metals from Sargassum powder, flour, fermented soybean meal powder, and puffed soybean powder, and then crushing until 98% of the powder passes through an 80-mesh sieve;

[0047] (2) Add Sargassum powder, flour, fermented soybean meal powder, puffed soybean powder, gluten powder (commercially available through an 80-mesh sieve), and multivitamin powder into a blender according to the formula ratio and mix evenly to obtain a mixture B.

[0048] (3) adding mixture B and water into a dough mixer and kneading for 15 minutes to prepare a viscoelastic feed dough;

[0049] (4) forming the feed dough into spherical feed pellets of about 30 g / pellet;

[0050] (5) Steam the feed for 20 minutes to mature it, then cool the mature feed to room temperature, bag it and refrigerate it at low temperature or feed it directly.

[0051] Example 3

[0052] A method for preparing abalone feed based on strengthening the three-dimensional network structure of gluten, the raw material ratio of which is as follows: 5 parts of Sargassum powder, 35 parts of flour, 20 parts of fermented soybean meal powder, 20 parts of puffed soybean powder, 8 parts of gluten powder, 5 parts of multivitamin mineral powder, and 54 parts of water.

[0053] The production process specifically includes the following steps:

[0054] (1) Raw material processing: sieving, removing impurities and metals from Sargassum powder, flour, fermented soybean meal powder, and puffed soybean powder, and then crushing until 98% of the powder passes through an 80-mesh sieve;

[0055] (2) Add Sargassum powder, flour, fermented soybean meal powder, puffed soybean powder, gluten powder (commercially available through an 80-mesh sieve), and multivitamin powder into a blender according to the formula ratio and mix evenly to obtain a mixture C.

[0056] (3) adding mixture C and water into a dough mixer and kneading for 10 minutes to prepare a viscoelastic feed dough;

[0057] (4) forming the feed dough into spherical feed pellets of about 20 g / pellet;

[0058] (5) Steam the feed for 20 minutes to mature it, then cool the mature feed to room temperature, bag it and refrigerate it at low temperature or feed it directly.

[0059] Example 4

[0060] A method for preparing abalone feed based on strengthening the three-dimensional network structure of gluten, the raw material ratio of which is as follows: 5 parts of Sargassum powder, 35 parts of flour, 20 parts of fermented soybean meal powder, 20 parts of puffed soybean powder, 25 parts of gluten powder, 5 parts of multivitamin mineral powder, and 75 parts of water.

[0061] The production process specifically includes the following steps:

[0062] (1) Raw material processing: sieving, removing impurities and metals from Sargassum powder, flour, fermented soybean meal powder, and puffed soybean powder, and then crushing until 98% of the powder passes through an 80-mesh sieve;

[0063] (2) Add Sargassum powder, flour, fermented soybean meal powder, puffed soybean powder, gluten powder (commercially available through an 80-mesh sieve), and multivitamin powder into a blender according to the formula ratio and mix well to obtain a mixture D.

[0064] (3) Adding mixture D and water into a dough mixer and kneading for 20 minutes to prepare a viscoelastic feed dough;

[0065] (4) forming the feed dough into spherical feed pellets of about 50 g / pellet;

[0066] (5) Steam the feed for 20 minutes to mature it, then cool the mature feed to room temperature, bag it and refrigerate it at low temperature or feed it directly.

[0067] Abalone compound feeds A and B prepared by Example 1 and Example 2 were fed to abalone in flowing seawater, with abalone fed with fresh Asparagus as the control group, and fed once every 10 days. After 60 days of feeding, the feeding results are shown in Table 1. The growth of abalone eating the two feeds was higher than that of Asparagus, and the survival rate was not much different, indicating that the feed prepared by the present invention will not affect the normal feeding, growth and survival of abalone. After the feed prepared by the production process of the present invention was used in flowing seawater for 11 days, the feed did not collapse, and the surface of the feed was still clean and firm, without bacterial film attached and mold and deterioration. The moisture on the surface of the feed was absorbed with absorbent paper, and the feed ball was cut open and it was observed that there was seawater infiltration from the surface of the feed ball to 1 mm inside, while the deeper inside of the feed was not infiltrated by seawater, the entire feed particles did not mold or deteriorate, and the smell of the cut feed was the same as that of freshly made feed. During the 11-day use process, the changes in the feed and the internal sections are as follows Figure 1 shown.

[0068] Table 1 Feeding effects of two feeds and Agaricus lemaneiformis on abalone

[0069]

[0070] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and therefore cannot be used to limit the scope of the present invention. That is, equivalent changes and modifications made according to the patent scope of the present invention and the contents of the specification should still fall within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for preparing abalone feed based on strengthening the three-dimensional network structure of gluten, comprising the following steps: Step 1, grinding the raw materials of abalone compound feed, passing through a 60-100 mesh sieve, and obtaining raw material powder; the raw material formula of the abalone compound feed contains gluten powder, and the gluten powder accounts for 2-50% of the dry matter of the abalone compound feed nutritional formula; Step 2: Add various raw material powders into a blender according to the raw material formula ratio and mix them evenly; Step 3, the raw material powder after mixing evenly is put into a dough mixer, water is added according to the ratio of raw material powder dry matter weight: water = 100: (50-140), and the dough is kneaded in the dough mixer for 5-25 minutes to form a feed dough or dough with viscoelasticity; Step 4, forming the dough or dough into spherical particles of 2 to 150 g / particle; Step 5, heating and maturing the spherical feed particles; Step six, cool the mature feed pellets to room temperature, bag them for low-temperature refrigeration or use them directly.

2. A method for preparing abalone feed based on strengthening the three-dimensional network structure of gluten according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 1, gluten powder accounts for 2-36% of the dry matter of the abalone feed nutritional formula.

3. A method for preparing abalone feed based on strengthening the three-dimensional network structure of gluten according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 1, gluten powder accounts for 6-25% of the dry matter of the abalone feed nutritional formula.

4. A method for preparing abalone feed based on strengthening the gluten three-dimensional network structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 1, when the feed is used in sea areas with greater seawater flow, the amount of gluten used in the feed is correspondingly greater.

5. A method for preparing abalone feed based on strengthening the three-dimensional network structure of gluten according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step three, if the formula contains seaweed powder, the more seaweed powder is added to the formula, the more water is needed.

6. A method for preparing abalone feed based on strengthening the gluten three-dimensional network structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 3, the dough is kneaded in a dough mixer for 10 to 20 minutes to form a feed dough or dough with viscoelasticity.

7. A method for preparing abalone feed based on strengthening the gluten three-dimensional network structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 4, the flour flocs or dough are formed into spherical particles of 10 to 100 g / particle.

8. A method for preparing abalone feed based on strengthening the gluten three-dimensional network structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 5, the spherical feed particles are matured by steam.

9. A method for preparing abalone feed based on strengthening the three-dimensional network structure of gluten according to claim 8, characterized in that: The steam aging time is 5 minutes to 30 minutes.

10. A method for preparing abalone feed based on strengthening the gluten three-dimensional network structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step six, small-particle feed is used for small-sized abalone farming, and large-particle feed is used for large-sized abalone farming.

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