Systems and methods for motion detection using sensing transmission clusters

Abstract

Systems and methods for Wi-Fi sensing are provided. The networked device is configured to send a sensing trigger message containing information about a plurality of fast probe sensing signals to be transmitted. The networked device receives, within a transmission opportunity, the plurality of fast probe sensing signals transmitted by a sensing transmitter in response to the sensing trigger message. The networked device performs a plurality of sensing measurements on the plurality of fast probe sensing signals, wherein the plurality of sensing measurements includes measurements of Doppler frequency information associated with motion in a sensing space.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 374,973 filed on September 8, 2022 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 379,077 filed on October 11, 2022, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for Wi-Fi sensing. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods for motion detection in Wi-Fi sensing using sensing transmission clusters. Background Art

[0004] Motion detection systems have been used to detect the movement of objects, such as in indoor or outdoor areas. In some example motion detection systems, infrared or optical sensors are used to detect the movement of objects in the sensor's field of view. Motion detection systems have been used in security systems, automatic control systems, and other types of systems. Wi-Fi sensing systems (which may be referred to as WLAN sensing systems) are a recent addition to motion detection systems. A Wi-Fi sensing system may be a network of Wi-Fi-enabled devices, which may be part of an IEEE 802.11 network. In one example, a Wi-Fi sensing system may be configured to detect features of interest in a sensing space. A sensing space may refer to any physical space in which a Wi-Fi sensing system may operate, and may include a residential place, a workplace, a shopping mall, a gymnasium or stadium, a garden, or any other physical space. A Wi-Fi sensing system may be a network of Wi-Fi-enabled devices, which is part of an IEEE 802.11 network (sometimes referred to as a basic service set (BSS) or an extended service set (ESS)). Features of interest may include motion and motion tracking of objects, presence detection, intrusion detection, gesture recognition, fall detection, respiratory rate detection, and other applications. Summary of the invention

[0005] Systems and methods for motion detection in Wi-Fi sensing using a sensing transmission cluster are provided. In an example embodiment, a method for Wi-Fi sensing performed by a networked device is described, the networked device being configured to operate as a sensing responder and comprising at least one processor configured to execute instructions. The method includes sending a sensing trigger message by the sensing responder, the sensing trigger message comprising information about a plurality of rapid detection sensing signals to be transmitted. In some embodiments, the method includes receiving, by the sensing responder, the plurality of rapid detection sensing signals transmitted by a sensing transmitter in response to the sensing trigger message, the plurality of rapid detection sensing signals being received in a transmission opportunity. In some embodiments, the method includes performing, by the sensing responder, a plurality of sensing measurements on the plurality of rapid detection sensing signals, wherein the plurality of sensing measurements comprise measurements of Doppler frequency (also referred to as Doppler signature) information associated with motion in a sensing space.

[0006] In some embodiments, the method includes receiving, by the sensing responder, a plurality of slow detection sensing signals transmitted by the sensing transmitter, the plurality of slow detection sensing signals being received within one or more availability windows; and performing, by the sensing responder, a second plurality of sensing measurements on the plurality of slow detection sensing signals, wherein detecting motion in the sensing space is based on the plurality of sensing measurements performed on the plurality of fast detection sensing signals and the second plurality of sensing measurements performed on the plurality of slow detection sensing signals.

[0007] In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of fast detection sense signals is included in at least one of the plurality of slow detection sense signals.

[0008] In some embodiments, at least one slow detection sensing signal of the plurality of slow detection sensing signals is transmitted in response to a regular sensing detection trigger frame.

[0009] In some embodiments, the method includes associating a timestamp with one or more sensing measurements performed on one or more slow probing sensing signals of the plurality of slow probing sensing signals.

[0010] In some embodiments, the method includes associating a plurality of time stamps with one or more sensing measurements performed on one or more of the plurality of rapid probing sensing signals.

[0011] In some embodiments, the sensing trigger message is a sensing detection trigger frame.

[0012] In some embodiments, the method includes receiving, by the sensing responder, the plurality of rapid detection sensing signals as a series of sensing transmissions sent separated from each other by a short interframe space.

[0013] In some embodiments, the method includes identifying, by the sensing responder, from the sensing trigger message, a predefined number of fast probing sensing signals to be received within the transmission opportunity.

[0014] In some embodiments, the method includes receiving, by the sensing responder, the plurality of rapid detection sensing signals as a plurality of frames within a sensing transmission.

[0015] In some embodiments, the plurality of frames comprises a predefined number of efficient long training fields.

[0016] In some embodiments, the method includes sending, by the sensing responder, a plurality of sensing trigger messages including the sensing trigger message; and receiving, by the sensing responder, the plurality of rapid detection sensing signals transmitted in response to corresponding sensing trigger messages in the plurality of sensing trigger messages.

[0017] In some embodiments, the plurality of fast probing sensing signals comprises a plurality of sensing transmissions, the plurality of sensing transmissions each comprising at least one efficient long training field.

[0018] In some embodiments, the method includes receiving the plurality of rapid detection sensing signals at a rate configured to sense an object moving at at least a threshold speed within a channel of the plurality of rapid detection sensing signals without aliasing. In one example, the threshold speed is 3.0 m / s.

[0019] In some embodiments, the method includes receiving the plurality of rapid detection sensing signals at an average rate of at least 280 Hz.

[0020] Other aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the present disclosure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] The foregoing and other objects, aspects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent and can be better understood by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0022] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example wireless communication system.

[0023] Figure 2A and Figure 2B is a diagram illustrating example wireless signals transmitted between wireless communication devices.

[0024] Figure 3A and Figure 3B It shows that according to Figure 2A and Figure 2B A plot of an example of a channel response calculated for a wireless signal transmitted between wireless communication devices in FIG.

[0025] Figure 4A and Figure 4B is a diagram illustrating example channel responses associated with motion of objects in different regions of space.

[0026] Figure 4C and Figure 4D It shows Figure 4A and Figure 4B A plot of an example channel response for φ(t) superimposed on an example channel response associated with no motion in space.

[0027] Figure 5 Depicted are some architectural implementations of a system for Wi-Fi sensing in accordance with some embodiments.

[0028] Figure 6 An example of a WLAN sensing procedure according to some embodiments is depicted;

[0029] Fig. 7A An example of a sensing measurement setup request frame format in accordance with some embodiments is depicted.

[0030] Figure 7B Examples of sensing measurement parameter elements according to some embodiments are shown.

[0031] Figure 7C An example of the format of a sensory measurement parameter field according to some embodiments is shown.

[0032] Fig.7D An example of a sensing measurement setup response frame in accordance with some embodiments is depicted.

[0033] Fig. 8A One-to-many and many-to-many aspects of examples of WLAN sensing procedures according to some embodiments are depicted.

[0034] Figure 8B Depicted are paired aspects of an example of a WLAN sensing procedure in accordance with some embodiments.

[0035] Fig. 9 Depicted is a message flow for a trigger-based (TB) sensing measurement instance of a WLAN sensing procedure consisting of NDPA probing or TF probing in accordance with some embodiments.

[0036] Fig. 10A and Fig. 10B Depicted are examples of trigger-based (TB) sensing measurement instances in accordance with some embodiments.

[0037] Fig.11A and Fig. 11B An example of a single TB sensing measurement instance including a polling phase, a triggered frame detection phase, and an NDPA detection phase is depicted in accordance with some embodiments.

[0038] Fig.12 Depicted is a message flow for a non-TB sensing measurement example of a WLAN sensing procedure with both uplink sounding and downlink sounding in accordance with some embodiments.

[0039] Fig.13 An example of a single non-TB sensing measurement instance is depicted in accordance with some embodiments.

[0040] Fig.14 Depicted are examples of a common action frame format of a sensing measurement report frame and sensing measurement report field formats in accordance with some embodiments.

[0041] FIG. 15A to FIG. 15H Depicted is a hierarchy of fields within a sense trigger according to some embodiments.

[0042] Fig.16 Depicted are examples of signals of specific frequencies in accordance with some embodiments.

[0043] Fig.17 Depicted is an example of inaccurate frequency detection due to aliasing in accordance with some embodiments.

[0044] Fig.18 An example of a WLAN sensing probe procedure with multiple NDPs according to some embodiments is presented.

[0045] Fig.19 Another example of a WLAN sensing probe procedure with multiple NDPs in accordance with some embodiments is presented.

[0046] Fig. 20 An example of the format of a High Efficiency (HE) sounding NDP is depicted in accordance with some embodiments.

[0047] Fig.21 Depicted is an example of the format of a HE TB feedback NDP according to some embodiments.

[0048] Fig. 22 An example of a HE ranging NDP with two long training field (LTF) repetitions in accordance with some embodiments is shown.

[0049] Fig.23 An example of the format of a sensing measurement report frame according to some embodiments is depicted.

[0050] Fig.24 An example of fast sounding cluster measurements for HE-LTF repetitions in a sensing transmission according to some embodiments is depicted.

[0051] Fig.25 Diagrams depicting three types of dynamic changes of dynamic objects according to some embodiments.

[0052] Fig.26 Depicted is a diagram of using time-stamped sensing measurement reports to enable accurate timeline generation of Doppler measurements in accordance with some embodiments.

[0053] Fig. 27 Depicted is a diagram of a one-shot multiple transmission detection process in a transmission opportunity (TXOP) in accordance with some embodiments.

[0054] Fig.28 An example of a trigger-related common information subfield for a sensing trigger message (sensing detection trigger frame) according to some embodiments is shown.

[0055] Fig.29 Depicted is an example of a User Information field of a Sensing Probe Trigger frame in accordance with some embodiments.

[0056] Fig.30 A diagram of a cascaded triggered probing process in a TXOP is depicted in accordance with some embodiments.

[0057] Fig.31 Depicted is an example of including a sensing measurement report element providing a timestamp in accordance with some embodiments.

[0058] Fig.32 An example of a sensing measurement report frame implemented as a field and including providing a timestamp is depicted in accordance with some embodiments.

[0059] Fig.33 Depicted is a flow chart for performing multiple sensing measurements on multiple rapid detection sensing signals to detect motion in a sensing space in accordance with some embodiments.

[0060] Fig.34A and Fig.34B Depicted is a flow chart for performing a first plurality of sensing measurements and a second plurality of sensing measurements on a plurality of fast probing sensing signals and a plurality of slow probing sensing signals, respectively, to detect motion in a sensing space, in accordance with some embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0061] Wireless sensing enables a device to obtain sensing measurements of a transmission channel between two or more devices. By executing a wireless sensing program, a device can obtain sensing measurements useful for detecting and tracking environmental changes. In some aspects of the content described herein, a wireless sensing system can be used for various wireless sensing applications by processing wireless signals (e.g., radio frequency (RF) signals) transmitted through the space between wireless communication devices. Example wireless sensing applications include motion detection, which may include the following: detecting the motion of an object in a space, motion tracking, respiration detection, respiration monitoring, presence detection, gesture detection, gesture recognition, human body detection (moving and stationary human body detection), human body tracking, fall detection, speed estimation, intrusion detection, walking detection, step counting, respiration rate detection, apnea estimation, posture change detection, activity recognition, gait rate classification, gesture decoding, sign language recognition, hand tracking, heart rate estimation, respiration rate estimation, room occupancy detection, human body dynamic monitoring and other types of motion detection applications. Other examples of wireless sensing applications include object recognition, voice recognition, keystroke detection and identification, tamper detection, touch detection, attack detection, user authentication, driver fatigue detection, traffic monitoring, smoking detection, campus violence detection, human counting, human recognition, bicycle positioning, human queue estimation, Wi-Fi imaging, and other types of wireless sensing applications. For example, the wireless sensing system can operate as a motion detection system to detect the presence and location of motion based on Wi-Fi signals or other types of wireless signals. As described in more detail below, the wireless sensing system can be configured to control measurement rates, wireless connections, and device participation, for example, to improve system operation or achieve other technical advantages. In an example where the wireless sensing system is used for another type of wireless sensing application, the system improvements and technical advantages achieved when the wireless sensing system is used for motion detection are also achieved.

[0062] In some example wireless sensing systems, the wireless signal contains a component that the wireless device can use to estimate the channel response or other channel information (e.g., a synchronization preamble in a Wi-Fi PHY frame, or another type of component), and the wireless sensing system can detect motion (or another characteristic depending on the wireless sensing application) by analyzing changes in the channel information collected over time. In some instances, the wireless sensing system can operate similar to a bistatic radar system, where a Wi-Fi access point (AP) assumes the role of a receiver and each Wi-Fi device (station (STA), node, or peer) connected to the AP assumes the role of a transmitter. The wireless sensing system can trigger the connected device to generate a transmission and produce channel response measurements at the receiver device. This triggering process can be repeated periodically to obtain a series of time-varying measurements. The wireless sensing algorithm can then receive the time series of generated channel response measurements (e.g., calculated by a Wi-Fi receiver) as input, and through a correlation or filtering process, a determination can then be made (e.g., determining whether there is motion within the environment represented by the channel response based on changes or patterns in the channel estimate, for example). In instances where the wireless sensing system detects motion, the location of the motion within the environment may also be identified based on the motion detection results in the plurality of wireless devices.

[0063] Therefore, the wireless signals received at each wireless communication device in the wireless communication device in the wireless communication network can be analyzed to determine the channel information of various communication links (located between the corresponding wireless communication device pairs) in the network. The channel information can represent the physical medium of the wireless signal that applies the transfer function to the space. In some cases, the channel information includes a channel response. The channel response can characterize the physical communication path, representing the combined effects of scattering, fading and power attenuation in the space between the transmitter and the receiver, for example. In some cases, the channel information includes beamforming state information (e.g., feedback matrix, steering matrix, channel state information, etc.) provided by the beamforming system. Beamforming is a signal processing technique usually used for directional signal transmission or reception in a multi-antenna (multiple input / multiple output (MIMO)) radio system. Beamforming can be achieved by operating the elements in the antenna array in a manner such that the signals at some angles experience constructive interference, while the signals at other angles experience destructive interference.

[0064] The channel information of each of the communication links may be analyzed (e.g., by a hub device or other device in a wireless communication network, or a sensing transmitter, a sensing receiver, or a sensing initiator communicatively coupled to the network) to, for example, detect whether motion has occurred in the space, determine the relative position of the detected motion, or both. In some aspects, the channel information of each of the communication links may be analyzed to detect whether an object is present, for example, when no motion is detected in the space.

[0065] In some cases, the wireless sensing system can control the node measurement rate. For example, the Wi-Fi motion system can configure variable measurement rates (e.g., channel estimation / environmental measurement / sampling rate) based on the standards given by current wireless sensing applications (e.g., motion detection). In some embodiments, for example, when there is no motion or no motion is detected for a period of time, the wireless sensing system can reduce the rate of measuring the environment so that the connected device is triggered or the frequency of sensing transmission or sensing measurement is reduced. In some embodiments, for example, when there is motion, the wireless sensing system can increase the trigger rate or the sensing transmission rate or the sensing measurement rate to produce a time series of measurement results with finer time resolution. Controlling the variable sensing measurement rate can achieve energy saving (via device triggering), reduce processing (reduce the data to be associated or filtered), and improve resolution during a specified time period.

[0066] In some cases, the wireless sensing system can perform band steering or client steering for nodes throughout the wireless network, for example, in a Wi-Fi multi-AP or extended service set (ESS) topology, multiple coordinated wireless APs each provide a basic service set (BSS) that can occupy different frequency bands and allow devices to transparently move from one participating AP to another participating AP (e.g., mesh). For example, in a home mesh network, a Wi-Fi device can connect to any of the APs, but typically selects an AP with good signal strength. The coverage footprint of mesh APs typically overlaps, typically placing each device within communication range or within more than one AP. If the AP supports multiple frequency bands (e.g., 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz), the wireless sensing system can keep the device connected to the same physical AP, but instruct the wireless sensing system to use different frequency bands to obtain more diverse information, thereby helping to improve the accuracy or results of wireless sensing algorithms (e.g., motion detection algorithms). In some embodiments, the wireless sensing system can change a device from connecting to one mesh AP to connecting to another mesh AP. Such device steering may be performed, for example, based on criteria detected in a particular area during wireless sensing (eg, motion detection) to improve detection coverage or better locate motion within an area.

[0067] In some cases, beamforming can be performed between wireless communication devices based on some knowledge of the communication channel (e.g., through feedback properties generated by the receiver), which can be used to generate one or more steering properties (e.g., steering matrices) applied by the transmitter device to shape the transmitted beam / signal in one or more specific directions. Thus, changes in the steering or feedback properties used in the beamforming process indicate changes in the space accessed by the wireless communication system that may be caused by moving objects. For example, motion can be detected by substantial changes in the communication channel over a period of time, for example, as indicated by the channel response, or the steering or feedback properties, or any combination thereof.

[0068] In some embodiments, for example, a steering matrix can be generated at a transmitter device (beamforming transmitting end) based on a feedback matrix provided by a receiver device (beamforming receiving end) based on channel sounding. Because the steering matrix and the feedback matrix are related to the propagation characteristics of the channel, these matrices change as the object moves within the channel. Changes in channel characteristics are reflected in these matrices accordingly, and by analyzing the matrices, motion can be detected and different characteristics of the detected motion can be determined. In some embodiments, a spatial map can be generated based on one or more beamforming matrices. The spatial map can indicate the approximate direction of an object in space relative to a wireless communication device. In some cases, many beamforming matrices (e.g., feedback matrices or steering matrices) can be generated to represent multiple directions in which an object can be positioned relative to a wireless communication device. These many beamforming matrices can be used to generate a spatial map. The spatial map can be used to detect the presence of motion in space or to detect the location of a detected motion.

[0069] In some cases, the motion detection system can control the variable device measurement rate during the motion detection process. For example, a feedback control system for a multi-node wireless motion detection system can adaptively change the sampling rate based on environmental conditions. In some cases, such control can improve the operation of the motion detection system or provide other technical advantages. For example, the measurement rate can be controlled in a manner that optimizes or otherwise improves the use of air interface time relative to the detection capability applicable to a wide range of different environments and different motion detection applications. The measurement rate can be controlled in a manner that reduces the redundant measurement data to be processed, thereby reducing the processor load / power requirements. In some cases, the measurement rate is controlled in an adaptive manner, for example, adaptive sampling can be controlled separately for each participating device. The adaptive sampling rate can be used for different use cases or device characteristics together with a tuning control loop.

[0070] In some cases, the wireless sensing system may allow a device to dynamically indicate its wireless sensing capability or willingness to sense wirelessly and transmit it to the wireless sensing system. For example, sometimes a device may not want to be periodically interrupted or triggered to transmit a wireless signal that will allow the AP to generate channel measurements. For example, if the device is in a sleep state, frequently waking up the device to transmit or receive wireless sensing signals may consume resources (e.g., causing the cell phone battery to discharge faster). These and other events may make the device willing or unwilling to participate in the wireless sensing system operation. In some cases, a cell phone running on a battery may not want to participate, but when the cell phone is plugged into a charger, the cell phone may be willing to participate. Therefore, if the cell phone is unplugged, the wireless sensing system may be indicated to exclude the cell phone from participating; and if the cell phone is plugged in, the wireless sensing system may be indicated to include the cell phone in the wireless sensing system operation. In some cases, if the device is under load (e.g., the device is streaming audio or video) or is busy performing a primary function, the device may not want to participate; and when the load of the same device is reduced and participation does not interfere with the primary function, the device can indicate to the wireless sensing system that it is willing to participate.

[0071] An example wireless sensing system is described below in the context of motion detection (detecting motion of objects in space, motion tracking, respiration detection, respiration monitoring, presence detection, gesture detection, gesture recognition, human detection (moving and stationary human detection), human tracking, fall detection, speed estimation, intrusion detection, walking detection, step counting, respiration rate detection, apnea estimation, posture change detection, activity recognition, gait rate classification, gesture decoding, sign language recognition, hand tracking, heart rate estimation, respiration rate estimation, room occupancy detection, human dynamics monitoring, and other types of motion detection applications). However, the operations, system improvements, and technical advantages achieved when the wireless sensing system operates as a motion detection system are also applicable to instances where the wireless sensing system is used for another type of wireless sensing application.

[0072] In various embodiments of the present disclosure, non-limiting definitions of one or more terms that will be used in the description are provided below.

[0073] A wireless access point (WAP) or simply access point (AP) is a networking device in a WLAN network that allows other networking devices in the WLAN network to connect to a wired network. In an example, an AP creates a wireless local area network.

[0074] A station (STA) is any device connected to a WLAN network and having an 802.11-compatible MAC and PHY interface with a wireless medium. A STA can be a laptop, desktop computer, smartphone, or smart appliance. A STA can be fixed, mobile, or portable. A STA that does not act as an AP role can be referred to as a non-AP STA.

[0075] The term "transmission opportunity (TXOP)" may refer to a negotiated time interval during which a particular quality of service (QoS) station (e.g., a STA, an AP, or a STA or AP, e.g., acting as a sensing initiator, a sensing responder, a sensing transmitter, or a sensing receiver) may have the right to initiate frame exchanges on the wireless medium. The QoS access category (AC) of a transmission opportunity may be requested as part of a service or session negotiation.

[0076] The term "Quality of Service (QoS) Access Category (AC)" may refer to an identifier of a frame that classifies the transmission priority required for the frame. In one example, four QoS access categories are defined, namely, AC_VI: video service; AC_VO: voice service; AC_BE: best effort transmission and AC_BK: background traffic. In addition, each QoS access category may have different TXOP parameters defined therefor.

[0077] The term "Short Interframe Space (SIFS)" may refer to a period of time during which a processing element (e.g., a microprocessor, dedicated hardware, or any such element) within a device of a Wi-Fi sensing system is able to process data presented to it in a frame. In one example, the short interframe space may be 10 milliseconds.

[0078] The term "PHY layer protocol data unit (PPDU)" may refer to a data unit including a preamble and a data field. The preamble field may contain transmission vector format information, and the data field may contain a payload and a higher layer header.

[0079] The term "Null Data PPDU (NDP)" may refer to a PPDU that does not contain a data field. In one example, a Null Data PPDU may be used for a sensing transmission, where the MAC header of the NDP contains information required by a sensing receiver to perform sensing measurements on the sensing transmission.

[0080] The term "transmission parameters" may refer to a set of IEEE 802.11 PHY transmitter configuration parameters that are defined as part of a transmission vector (TXVECTOR) corresponding to a specific PHY and may be configured for each PHY layer PPDU transmission or each Null Data PPDU (NDP) transmission.

[0081] The term "resource unit (RU)" may refer to an allocation of an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) channel that may be used to carry a modulated signal. Depending on the mode of the modem, a RU may contain a variable number of carriers.

[0082] The term "tone" can refer to an individual subcarrier in an OFDM signal. A tone can be represented in the time domain or the frequency domain. In the time domain, a tone can also be called a symbol. In the frequency domain, a tone can also be called a subcarrier.

[0083] The term "sensing target" may refer to the target of a sensing activity. A sensing target is not static and may change from time to time. In an example, a sensing target may require sensing measurements of a specific type, a specific format, or a specific precision, resolution, or accuracy that are usable by a sensing algorithm.

[0084] The term "sensing space" may refer to any physical space in which a Wi-Fi sensing system may operate.

[0085] The term "wireless local area network (WLAN) sensing session" or "Wi-Fi sensing session" may refer to a period of time during which objects in a physical space may be detected, detected, and / or characterized. In one example, during a WLAN sensing session, several devices participate and thereby contribute to the generation of sensing measurements. A WLAN sensing session may be referred to as a "measurement campaign."

[0086] The term "non-sensing message" may refer to a message that is not primarily related to sensing. In an example, the non-sensing message may include data, management, and control messages.

[0087] The term "sensing measurement result" may refer to a measurement result of a wireless channel state between a transmitter device (e.g., a sensing transmitter) and a receiver device (e.g., a sensing receiver) derived from a sensing transmission. In one example, the sensing measurement result may also be referred to as a channel response measurement result.

[0088] The term "sensing algorithm" may refer to a computational algorithm that implements a sensing goal. The sensing algorithm may be executed on any device in a Wi-Fi sensing system.

[0089] Wireless Network Management (WNM) may provide information about network conditions and may also provide means for obtaining and exchanging WLAN sensing information.

[0090] A sensing receiver is a station (STA) that receives a sensing transmission (e.g., a PPDU or any other transmission containing a data transmission that may be opportunistically used as a sensing transmission) sent by a sensing transmitter and performs sensing measurements as part of a WLAN sensing procedure. An AP is an example of a sensing receiver. In some examples, a STA may also be a sensing receiver.

[0091] A sensing transmitter is a station (STA) that sends a sensing transmission (e.g., PPDU or any other transmission) for sensing measurement results (e.g., channel state information) in a WLAN sensing procedure. In one example, a STA is an example of a sensing transmitter. In some examples, an AP can be a sensing transmitter for Wi-Fi sensing purposes, such as where a STA acts as a sensing receiver.

[0092] The sensing initiator is a station (STA) that initiates the WLAN sensing procedure. The role of the sensing initiator can be assumed by a sensing receiver, a sensing transmitter, or a separate device (eg, a remote processing device) that contains a sensing algorithm.

[0093] A sensing responder is a station (STA) that participates in a WLAN sensing procedure initiated by a sensing initiator. The role of a sensing responder can be assumed by a sensing receiver or a sensing transmitter. In an example, multiple sensing responders can participate in a Wi-Fi sensing session.

[0094] The term "sensing transmission" may refer to a transmission from a sensing transmitter to a sensing receiver that may be used to make a sensing measurement. In one example, the sensing transmission may also be referred to as a wireless sensing signal or a wireless signal.

[0095] The term "sensing trigger message" may refer to a message sent from a sensing initiator to a sensing transmitter to initiate or trigger one or more sensing transmissions.

[0096] The term "sensing response message" may refer to a message contained within a sensing transmission from a sensing transmitter to a sensing receiver. The sensing receiver may use the sensing transmission containing the sensing response message to perform sensing measurements.

[0097] The term "sensing response announcement" may refer to a message contained within a sensing transmission from a sensing transmitter to a sensing receiver that announces that a sensing response NDP will follow within a short interframe space (SIFS). An example of a sensing response announcement is an NDP announcement or NDPA. In an example, a sensing response NDP may be transmitted using the requested transmission configuration.

[0098] The term "sensing response NDP" may refer to a response transmitted by a sensing transmitter and used for sensing measurements at a sensing receiver. In an example, a sensing response NDP may be used when the requested transmission configuration is incompatible with the transmission parameters required for successful non-sensing message reception. The sensing response NDP may be announced via a sensing response announcement. In an example, the sensing response NDP may be implemented with an empty data PPDU. In some examples, the sensing response NDP may be implemented with a frame that does not contain any data.

[0099] The term "channel representation information (CRI)" may refer to properties of a communication channel, such as how wireless signals propagate along multiple paths from a sensing transmitter to a sensing receiver, which are known or measured by channel estimation techniques. For example, CRI may refer to one or more sensing measurements made on one or more sensing transmissions during a sampling instance, which together represent the state of the channel between two devices at the time of the sampling instance.

[0100] The term "channel state information (CSI)" may refer to an instance of CRI represented in the frequency domain. CSI is typically a complex-valued matrix representing the amplitude attenuation and phase shift of a signal, which provides an estimate of a communication channel.

[0101] The term "time domain channel representation information (TD-CRI)" may refer to an example of CRI represented in the time domain. TD-CRI may be generated by applying an inverse transform (such as IDFT or IFFT) to CSI.

[0102] The term "feature of interest" may refer to an item or state of an item in a sensing space that is actively detected and / or identified by a sensing algorithm.

[0103] The term "requested transmission configuration" may refer to the transmission parameters that a sensing transmitter is requested to use when sending a sensing transmission.

[0104] The term "delivered transmission configuration" may refer to transmission parameters applied by a sensing transmitter for a sensing transmission.

[0105] The term "steering matrix configuration" may refer to a complex-valued matrix representing the real and complex phases required to precondition one or more antennas of a radio frequency (RF) transmit signal chain for each transmit signal. Application of the steering matrix configuration (e.g., by a spatial mapper) enables beamforming and beam steering.

[0106] The term "spatial mapper" may refer to a signal processing element that adjusts the amplitude and phase of a signal input to an RF transmission chain in a sensing transmitter. A spatial mapper may include elements that process signals to each RF chain implemented. The operations performed may be referred to as spatial mapping. The output of the spatial mapper is one or more spatial streams.

[0107] The term "aliasing" may refer to a signal processing phenomenon that may occur when the sampling rate of a received signal is insufficient to unambiguously determine the frequency of the received signal.

[0108] The term "signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)" may refer to a measure of the strength of a desired signal relative to background noise (undesired signals).

[0109] The term "sounding" may refer to measurements based on transmitting an RF signal from an antenna and an impulse response of a channel over which the RF signal is received.

[0110] The term "guard interval" may refer to the interval between symbols (not packets) being transmitted, the purpose of which is to eliminate inter-symbol interference (ISI).

[0111] The term “Responder to Initiator (R2I)” may indicate a transmission direction of a packet or NDP.

[0112] The term “Initiator to Responder (I2R)” may indicate a transmission direction of a packet or NDP.

[0113] The term "Fresnel Zone" refers to the three-dimensional space surrounding the straight line between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver, which captures the following situation: some signals can travel directly along the path from the sensing transmitter to the sensing receiver, while other signals deviate from this straight line on off-axis paths, which causes their transmission path distance to be longer, thereby causing phase shifts between these different beams.

[0114] The term "Long Training Field (LTF)" may be a part of the preamble in 802.11 WLAN, which may be used for fine carrier frequency offset synchronization, fine time synchronization, and channel estimation.

[0115] The term "availability window" or "availability window instance" is a time window that refers to the end of a previous measurement instance. During the time window, an initiating device can enter the channel at any time and initiate a new measurement exchange using contention-based access. In an instance, a potential responding device needs to be awake and active during the availability window.

[0116] The term "timestamp" may refer to a value associated with a sensing measurement that indicates a time reference for the sensing measurement. In an example, a sensing algorithm may use the timestamp to calculate a sensing result.

[0117] For the purpose of reading the description of the following various embodiments, the following description of the various parts of the specification and their corresponding contents may be helpful:

[0118] Section A describes wireless communication systems, wireless transmissions, and sensing measurements that can be used to practice the embodiments described herein.

[0119] Section B describes systems and methods useful for a wireless sensing system configured to send sensing transmissions and make sensing measurements.

[0120] Section C describes embodiments of systems and methods useful for motion detection in Wi-Fi sensing using sense transmission clustering.

[0121] A. Wireless Communication System, Wireless Transmission, and Sensing Measurement Results

[0122] Figure 1 A wireless communication system 100 is shown. The wireless communication system 100 includes three wireless communication devices: a first wireless communication device 102A, a second wireless communication device 102B, and a third wireless communication device 102C. The wireless communication system 100 may include additional wireless communication devices and other components (e.g., additional wireless communication devices, one or more network servers, network routers, network switches, cables or other communication links, etc.).

[0123] The wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may operate in a wireless network, for example, in accordance with a wireless network standard or another type of wireless communication protocol. For example, the wireless network may be configured to operate as a wireless local area network (WLAN), a personal area network (PAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), or another type of wireless network. Examples of WLANs include networks configured to operate in accordance with one or more standards in the 802.11 family of standards developed by the IEEE (e.g., Wi-Fi networks), etc. Examples of PANs include networks configured to operate in accordance with short-range communication standards (e.g., Networks operated by near field communication (NFC), ZigBee), millimeter wave communication, etc.

[0124] In some embodiments, the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may be configured to communicate in a cellular network, for example, according to a cellular network standard. Examples of cellular networks include networks configured according to 2G standards such as Global System for Mobile (GSM) and Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) or EGPRS; 3G standards such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), and Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA); 4G standards such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Advanced LTE (LTE-A); 5G standards, etc.

[0125] exist Figure 1In the example shown, the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may be standard wireless network components, or the wireless communication devices may include standard wireless network components. For example, the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may be commercially available Wi-Fi APs or another type of wireless access point (WAP) that performs one or more operations as described herein embedded as instructions (e.g., software or firmware) on a modem of the WAP. In some cases, the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may be nodes of a wireless mesh network, such as commercially available mesh network systems (e.g., Plume Wi-Fi, Google Wi-Fi, Qualcomm Wi-Fi SoN, etc.). In some cases, another type of standard or conventional Wi-Fi transmitter device may be used. In some cases, one or more of the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may be implemented as a WAP in a mesh network, while other wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C are implemented as leaf devices (e.g., mobile devices, smart devices, etc.) that access the mesh network through one of the WAPs. In some cases, one or more of the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C are mobile devices (e.g., smart phones, smart watches, tablet computers, laptop computers, etc.), wireless-enabled devices (e.g., smart thermostats, Wi-Fi-enabled cameras, smart TVs), or another type of device that communicates in a wireless network.

[0126] The wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may be implemented without a Wi-Fi component; for example, other types of standard or non-standard wireless communications may be used for motion detection. In some cases, the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may be a dedicated motion detection system, or the wireless communication devices may be part of a dedicated motion detection system. For example, a dedicated motion detection system may include a hub device and one or more beacon devices (as remote sensor devices), and the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C may be the hub device or the beacon device in the motion detection system.

[0127] like Figure 1 As shown, the wireless communication device 102C includes a modem 112, a processor 114, a memory 116, and a power supply unit 118; any wireless communication device 102A, 102B, 102C in the wireless communication system 100 may include the same, additional, or different components, and the components may be configured as follows. Figure 1In some embodiments, the modem 112, processor 114, memory 116, and power supply unit 118 of the wireless communication device are housed together in a common housing or other assembly. In some embodiments, one or more of the components of the wireless communication device may be housed separately, for example, in separate housings or other assemblies.

[0128] The modem 112 may communicate (receive, transmit, or both) wireless signals. For example, the modem 112 may be configured to communicate RF signals formatted according to a wireless communication standard (e.g., Wi-Fi or Bluetooth). The modem 112 may be implemented as Figure 1 The example wireless network modem 112 shown may be implemented in another way, such as by using other types of components or subsystems. In some embodiments, the modem 112 includes a radio subsystem and a baseband subsystem. In some cases, the baseband subsystem and the radio subsystem may be implemented on a common chip or chipset, or the baseband subsystem and the radio subsystem may be implemented in a card or another type of assembled device. The baseband subsystem may be coupled to the radio subsystem, for example, by leads, pins, wires, or other types of connections.

[0129] In some cases, the radio subsystem in modem 112 may include one or more antennas and RF circuit systems. The RF circuit system may include, for example, a circuit system for filtering, amplifying or otherwise adjusting an analog signal, a circuit system for up-converting a baseband signal to an RF signal, a circuit system for down-converting an RF signal to a baseband signal, etc. Such circuit systems may include, for example, filters, amplifiers, mixers, local oscillators, etc. The radio subsystem may be configured to transmit a radio frequency wireless signal on a wireless communication channel. For example, the radio subsystem may include a radio chip, an RF front end, and one or more antennas. The radio subsystem may include additional or different components. In some embodiments, the radio subsystem may be or may include a radio electronic device (e.g., an RF front end, a radio chip, or similar components) from a conventional modem (e.g., from a Wi-Fi modem, a micro base station modem, etc.). In some embodiments, the antenna includes multiple antennas.

[0130] In some cases, the baseband subsystem in modem 112 may include, for example, a digital electronic device configured to process digital baseband data. For example, the baseband subsystem may include a baseband chip. The baseband subsystem may include additional or different components. In some cases, the baseband subsystem may include a digital signal processor (DSP) device or another type of processor device. In some cases, the baseband system includes digital processing logic to operate a radio subsystem, transmit wireless network traffic through the radio subsystem, detect motion based on a motion detection signal received by the radio subsystem, or perform other types of processes. For example, the baseband subsystem may include one or more chips, chipsets, or other types of devices, which are configured to encode signals and deliver the encoded signals to the radio subsystem for transmission, or identify and analyze data encoded in the signal from the radio subsystem (e.g., by decoding the signal according to a wireless communication standard, by processing the signal according to a motion detection process, or by other means).

[0131] In some cases, the radio subsystem in modem 112 receives a baseband signal from a baseband subsystem, up-converts the baseband signal to an RF signal, and wirelessly transmits the RF signal (e.g., via an antenna). In some cases, the radio subsystem in modem 112 receives an RF signal wirelessly (e.g., via an antenna), down-converts the RF to a baseband signal, and sends the baseband signal to the baseband subsystem. The signals exchanged between the radio subsystem and the baseband subsystem may be digital signals or analog signals. In some instances, the baseband subsystem includes a conversion circuit system (e.g., a digital-to-analog converter, an analog-to-digital converter) and exchanges analog signals with the radio subsystem. In some instances, the radio subsystem includes a conversion circuit system (e.g., a digital-to-analog converter, an analog-to-digital converter) and exchanges digital signals with the baseband subsystem.

[0132] In some cases, the baseband subsystem of modem 112 can transmit wireless network traffic (e.g., data packets) in the wireless communication network through the radio subsystem on one or more network traffic channels. The baseband subsystem of modem 112 can also transmit or receive (or both) signals (e.g., motion detection signals or motion detection signals) through the radio subsystem on a dedicated wireless communication channel. In some cases, the baseband subsystem generates a motion detection signal for transmission, such as to detect motion in space. In some cases, the baseband subsystem processes the received motion detection signal (a signal based on the motion detection signal transmitted through space), such as to detect the motion of an object in space.

[0133] Processor 114 can execute instructions, for example, to generate output data based on data input. Instructions can include programs, codes, scripts or other types of data stored in memory. Additionally or alternatively, instructions can be encoded as pre-programmed or reprogrammable logic circuits, logic gates or other types of hardware or firmware components. Processor 114 can be or include a general-purpose microprocessor, such as a dedicated coprocessor or another type of data processing device. In some cases, processor 114 performs high-level operations of wireless communication device 102C. For example, processor 114 can be configured to execute or interpret software, scripts, programs, functions, executable files or other instructions stored in memory 116. In some embodiments, processor 114 can be included in modem 112.

[0134] The memory 116 may include a computer-readable storage medium, such as a volatile memory device, a non-volatile memory device, or both. The memory 116 may include one or more read-only memory devices, random access memory devices, buffer memory devices, or a combination of these and other types of memory devices. In some cases, one or more components of the memory may be integrated with or otherwise associated with another component of the wireless communication device 102C. The memory 116 may store instructions that may be executed by the processor 114. For example, the instructions may include instructions for using an interference buffer and a motion detection buffer to time-align signals as by one or more of the operations of the example processes disclosed herein.

[0135] The power supply unit 118 provides power to other components of the wireless communication device 102C. For example, the other components may operate based on power provided by the power supply unit 118 through a voltage bus or other connection. In some embodiments, the power supply unit 118 includes a battery or battery system, such as a rechargeable battery. In some embodiments, the power supply unit 118 includes an adapter (e.g., an alternating current (AC) adapter) that receives an external power signal (from an external source) and converts the external power signal to an internal power signal regulated for the components of the wireless communication device 102C. The power supply unit 118 may include other components or operate in another manner.

[0136] exist Figure 1In the example shown, wireless communication devices 102A, 102B transmit wireless signals (e.g., according to a wireless network standard, motion detection protocol, or other). For example, wireless communication devices 102A, 102B may broadcast wireless motion detection signals (e.g., reference signals, beacon signals, status signals, etc.), or the wireless communication devices may send wireless signals addressed to other devices (e.g., user equipment, client devices, servers, etc.), and other devices (not shown) and wireless communication device 102C may receive the wireless signals transmitted by wireless communication devices 102A, 102B. In some cases, the wireless signals transmitted by wireless communication devices 102A, 102B are repeated periodically, such as according to wireless communication standards or other conditions.

[0137] In the example shown, the wireless communication device 102C processes the wireless signals from the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B to detect the motion of an object in the space accessed by the wireless signals, determine the location of the detected motion, or both. For example, the wireless communication device 102C may perform the following steps with respect to Fig.33 , Fig.34A and Fig.34B One or more operations of the described example processes or another type of process for detecting motion or determining the location of detected motion. The space accessed by the wireless signal can be an indoor or outdoor space, which can include, for example, one or more fully or partially enclosed areas, open areas without enclosures, etc. The space can be or can include the interior of a room, multiple rooms, a building, etc. In some cases, the wireless communication system 100 can be modified, for example, so that the wireless communication device 102C can transmit wireless signals, and the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B can process the wireless signals from the wireless communication device 102C to detect motion or determine the location of detected motion.

[0138] The wireless signal used for motion detection may include, for example, a beacon signal (e.g., a Bluetooth beacon, a Wi-Fi beacon, other wireless beacon signals), another standard signal generated for other purposes according to a wireless network standard, or a non-standard signal generated for motion detection or other purposes (e.g., a random signal, a reference signal, etc.). In an example, motion detection may be performed by analyzing one or more training fields carried by the wireless signal or by analyzing other data carried by the signal. In some examples, data will be added for the explicit purpose of motion detection, or the data used will nominally be used for another purpose and reused or reused for motion detection purposes. In some examples, the wireless signal propagates through an object (e.g., a wall) before or after interacting with a mobile object, which may allow the movement of the mobile object to be detected without an optical line of sight between the mobile object and the transmission or reception hardware. Based on the received signal, the wireless communication device 102C may generate motion detection data. In some cases, the wireless communication device 102C may transmit the motion detection data to another device or system, such as a security system, which may include a control center for monitoring movement within a space such as a room, a building, an outdoor area, etc.

[0139] In some embodiments, the wireless communication devices 102A, 102B may be modified to transmit a motion detection signal (which may include, for example, a reference signal, a beacon signal, or another signal for detecting motion space) on a wireless communication channel (e.g., a frequency channel or a coding channel) that is separate from the wireless network traffic signal. For example, the modulation applied to the payload of the motion detection signal and the type of data or data structure in the payload may be known by the wireless communication device 102C, which may reduce the amount of processing performed by the wireless communication device 102C for motion sensing. The header may include additional information, such as an indication of whether another device in the communication system 100 has detected motion, an indication of the modulation type, an identification of the device transmitting the signal, etc.

[0140] exist Figure 1In the illustrated example, the wireless communication system 100 is a wireless mesh network having a wireless communication link between each of the wireless communication devices 102. In the illustrated example, the wireless communication link between the wireless communication device 102C and the wireless communication device 102A can be used to detect the motion detection field 110A, the wireless communication link between the wireless communication device 102C and the wireless communication device 102B can be used to detect the motion detection field 110B, and the wireless communication link between the wireless communication device 102A and the wireless communication device 102B can be used to detect the motion detection field 110C. In some cases, each wireless communication device 102 detects motion in the motion detection field 110 accessed by the device by processing a received signal that is based on a wireless signal transmitted by the wireless communication device 102 through the motion detection field 110. For example, when Figure 1 As the person 106 is shown moving in the motion detection field 110A and the motion detection field 110C, the wireless communication device 102 may detect motion based on signals it receives based on wireless signals transmitted through the corresponding motion detection field 110. For example, the wireless communication device 102A may detect motion of the person 106 in the motion detection fields 110A, 110C, the wireless communication device 102B may detect motion of the person 106 in the motion detection field 110C, and the wireless communication device 102C may detect motion of the person 106 in the motion detection field 110A.

[0141] In some cases, motion detection field 110 may include, for example, air, a solid material, a liquid, or another medium through which wireless electromagnetic signals may propagate. Figure 1 In the example shown, motion detection field 110A provides a wireless communication channel between wireless communication device 102A and wireless communication device 102C, motion detection field 110B provides a wireless communication channel between wireless communication device 102B and wireless communication device 102C, and motion detection field 110C provides a wireless communication channel between wireless communication device 102A and wireless communication device 102B. In some aspects of operation, wireless signals transmitted on a wireless communication channel (separate or shared with a wireless communication channel used for network traffic) are used to detect movement of objects in space. The objects can be any type of static or movable object, and can be animate or inanimate. For example, the object can be a person (e.g., Figure 1The motion information from the wireless communication device may be analyzed to determine the location of the detected motion. For example, as further described below, one of the wireless communication devices 102 (or another device communicatively coupled to the wireless communication device 102) may determine that the detected motion is located near a particular wireless communication device.

[0142] Figure 2A and Figure 2B is a diagram showing example wireless signals transmitted between wireless communication devices 204A, 204B, 204C. The wireless communication devices 204A, 204B, 204C may be, for example Figure 1 The wireless communication devices 102A, 102B, 102C or other types of wireless communication devices are shown. The wireless communication devices 204A, 204B, 204C transmit wireless signals through the space 200. The space 200 can be completely or partially closed or open at one or more boundaries. In an example, the space 200 can be a sensing space. The space 200 can be or can include the interior of a room, multiple rooms, a building, an indoor area, an outdoor area, etc. In the example shown, the first wall 202A, the second wall 202B and the third wall 202C at least partially enclose the space 200.

[0143] exist Figure 2A and Figure 2B In the example shown, the wireless communication device 204A may be configured to repeatedly (e.g., periodically, intermittently, at predetermined intervals, non-predetermined intervals, or random intervals, etc.) transmit wireless signals. The wireless communication devices 204B and 204C may be configured to receive signals based on the signals transmitted by the wireless communication device 204A. The wireless communication devices 204B and 204C may each have a modem (e.g., Figure 1 ), which is configured to process received signals to detect movement of objects in the space 200.

[0144] As shown in the figure, the object is located Figure 2A The first position 214A in the Figure 2B The second positioning 214B in Figure 2A and Figure 2B In the figure, the moving object in the space 200 is represented as a person, but the moving object may be another type of object. For example, the moving object may be an animal, an inorganic object (e.g., a system, a device, a device, or an assembly), an object that defines all or part of the boundaries of the space 200 (e.g., a wall, a door, a window, etc.), or another type of object.

[0145] like Figure 2A and Figure 2B 2, multiple example paths of wireless signals transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A are illustrated by dashed lines. Along a first signal path 216, a wireless signal is transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A and reflected from the first wall 202A toward the wireless communication device 204B. Along a second signal path 218, a wireless signal is transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A and reflected from the second wall 202B and the first wall 202A toward the wireless communication device 204C. Along a third signal path 220, a wireless signal is transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A and reflected from the second wall 202B toward the wireless communication device 204C. Along a fourth signal path 222, a wireless signal is transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A and reflected from the third wall 202C toward the wireless communication device 204B.

[0146] exist Figure 2A In FIG. 2 , along fifth signal path 224A, a wireless signal is transmitted from wireless communication device 204A and reflected from an object at first location 214A toward wireless communication device 204C. Figure 2A and Figure 2B During the time period, the surface of the object moves from the first location 214A to the second location 214B (e.g., a certain distance from the first location 214A) in the space 200. Figure 2B In the sixth signal path 224B, the wireless signal is transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A and reflected from the object at the second location 214B toward the wireless communication device 204C. As the object moves from the first location 214A to the second location 214B, Figure 2B The sixth signal path 224B depicted in FIG. Figure 2A . In some instances, signal paths may be added, removed, or otherwise modified due to movement of objects in space.

[0147] Figure 2A and Figure 2B The example wireless signal shown may experience attenuation, frequency shift, phase shift, or other effects through its respective path, and may have a portion propagating in another direction, for example, through the first wall 202A, the second wall 202B, and the third wall 202C. In some examples, the wireless signal is a radio frequency (RF) signal. The wireless signal may include other types of signals.

[0148] exist Figure 2A and Figure 2B In the example shown, the wireless communication device 204A can repeatedly transmit wireless signals. Specifically, Figure 2A shows a wireless signal transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A at a first time, and Figure 2BThe same wireless signal is shown transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A at a second later time. The transmitted signal may be transmitted continuously, periodically, at random or intermittent times, etc., or a combination thereof. The transmitted signal may have multiple frequency components in a frequency bandwidth. The transmitted signal may be transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A in an omnidirectional manner, a directional manner, or in other ways. In the example shown, the wireless signal traverses multiple corresponding paths in the space 200, and the signal along each path may be attenuated due to path loss, scattering, reflection, etc. and may have a phase or frequency offset.

[0149] like Figure 2A and Figure 2B As shown, the signals from the first to sixth paths 216, 218, 220, 222, 224A and 224B are combined at the wireless communication device 204C and the wireless communication device 204B to form the received signal. Due to the influence of multiple paths in the space 200 on the transmitted signal, the space 200 can be represented as a transfer function (e.g., a filter) in which the transmitted signal is input and the received signal is output. When an object moves in the space 200, the attenuation or phase shift affecting the signal in the signal path may change, and therefore, the transfer function of the space 200 may change. Assuming that the same wireless signal is transmitted from the wireless communication device 204A, if the transfer function of the space 200 changes, the output of the transfer function - the received signal - will also change. The change in the received signal can be used to detect the movement of the object.

[0150] Mathematically, the transmitted signal f(t) transmitted from the first wireless communication device 204A can be described according to equation (1):

[0151]

[0152] where ω n represents the frequency of the nth frequency component of the transmitted signal, c n represents the complex coefficient of the nth frequency component, and t represents time. In the case where f(t) is transmitted from the first wireless communication device 204A, the output signal r from the path k is k (t) can be described according to equation (2):

[0153]

[0154] where α n,k represents the attenuation factor (or channel response; e.g., due to scattering, reflection, and path loss) of the nth frequency component along k, and φ n,krepresents the phase of the signal along the nth frequency component of k. Then, the received signal R at the wireless communication device can be described as all the output signals r from all paths to the wireless communication device k The sum of (t), which is shown in equation (3):

[0155] R=∑ k r k (t)…(3)

[0156] Substituting equation (2) into equation (3) yields the following equation (4):

[0157]

[0158] R at the wireless communication device can then be analyzed. For example, R at the wireless communication device can be transformed into the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT) or another type of algorithm. The transformed signal can represent R as a series of n complex values, with each frequency component in the corresponding frequency components having a complex value (at n frequencies ω) n For frequency ω n The frequency component at, complex value H n It can be expressed as the following equation (5):

[0159]

[0160] For a given ω n , H n Instructions n The relative amplitude and phase shift of the received signal at the location. When the object moves in space, H n Due to the spatial variation of α n,k Therefore, the changes detected in the channel response can indicate the movement of objects in the communication channel. In some cases, noise, interference or other phenomena may affect the channel response detected by the receiver, and the motion detection system can reduce or isolate these effects to improve the accuracy and quality of the motion detection capability. In some embodiments, the overall channel response can be expressed as follows Equation (6):

[0161]

[0162] In some cases, the spatial channel response h can be determined, for example, based on the mathematical theory of the estimate ch For example, the candidate h ch To modify the reference signal R ef , and then the maximum likelihood method can be used to select the signal that matches the received signal (R cvd ) The best matching candidate channel. In some cases, from R ef With candidate hch The estimated received signal is obtained by convolution And then change h ch The channel coefficients are The square error of is minimized. This can be mathematically described as follows:

[0163]

[0164] The optimization criterion is shown in equation (8):

[0165]

[0166] The minimization or optimization process can utilize adaptive filtering techniques such as least mean square (LMS), recursive least squares (RLS), batch least squares (BLS), etc. The channel response can be a finite impulse response (FIR) filter, an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter, etc. As shown in the above equation, the received signal can be considered as the convolution of the reference signal and the channel response. The convolution operation means that the channel coefficients have a certain degree of correlation with each delayed copy of the delayed copy of the reference signal. Therefore, the convolution operation shown in the above equation indicates that the received signal appears at different delay points, and each delayed copy is weighted by the channel coefficient.

[0167] Figure 3A and Figure 3B It shows that according to Figure 2A and Figure 2B Graphs of examples of channel responses 360, 370 calculated for wireless signals transmitted between wireless communication devices 204A, 204B, 204C in FIG. Figure 3A and Figure 3B Also shown is a frequency domain representation 350 of the initial wireless signal transmitted by the wireless communication device 204A. In the example shown, Figure 3A The channel response 360 ​​in represents the signal received by the wireless communication device 204B when there is no motion in the space 200, and Figure 3B The channel response 370 in FIG. 2 represents the channel response 370 after the object moves in the space 200. Figure 2B The signal received by the wireless communication device 204B in.

[0168] exist Figure 3A and Figure 3BIn the example shown, for purposes of illustration, wireless communication device 204A transmits a signal having a flat frequency distribution (the amplitude of each frequency component f1, f2, and f3 is the same), as shown in frequency domain representation 350. Due to the interaction of the signal with space 200 (and objects therein), the signal received at wireless communication device 204B based on the signal sent from wireless communication device 204 is different from the transmitted signal. In this example, the received signal represents the channel response of space 200 where the transmitted signal had a flat frequency distribution. Figure 3A and Figure 3B As shown, the channel responses 360, 370 are different from the frequency domain representation 350 of the transmitted signal. When motion occurs in the space 200, the channel response will also change. For example, Figure 3B As shown, channel response 370 associated with motion of an object in space 200 is different from channel response 360 ​​associated with no motion in space 200 .

[0169] In addition, when an object moves within space 200, the channel response may be different from channel response 370. In some cases, space 200 may be divided into unique regions, and the channel responses associated with each region may share one or more characteristics (e.g., shape), as described below. Thus, the motion of an object within different unique regions may be distinguished, and the location of the detected motion may be determined based on analysis of the channel response.

[0170] Figure 4A and Figure 4B 401, 403 are diagrams showing example channel responses 401, 403 associated with motion of an object 406 in distinct regions 408, 412 of a space 400. In the example shown, the space 400 is a building, and the space 400 is divided into a plurality of distinct regions: a first region 408, a second region 410, a third region 412, a fourth region 414, and a fifth region 416. In some cases, the space 400 may contain additional or fewer regions. Figure 4A and Figure 4B As shown, the regions within space 400 may be defined by walls between rooms. Additionally, the regions may be defined by ceilings between floors of a building. For example, space 400 may include additional floors with additional rooms. Additionally, in some cases, the multiple regions of the space may be or include multiple floors in a multi-story building, multiple rooms in a building, or multiple rooms on a particular floor of a building. Figure 4A In the illustrated example, although the object positioned in the first area 408 is represented as a person 406, the moving object may be another type of object, such as an animal or an inorganic object.

[0171] In the example shown, wireless communication device 402A is positioned in fourth region 414 of space 400, wireless communication device 402B is positioned in second region 410 of space 400, and wireless communication device 402C is positioned in fifth region 416 of space 400. Wireless communication devices 402 may be positioned in a manner similar to that of FIG. Figure 1 The wireless communication device 402 may operate in the same or similar manner as the wireless communication device 102 of the space 400. For example, the wireless communication device 402 may be configured to transmit and receive wireless signals, and detect whether motion has occurred in the space 400 based on the received signals. For example, the wireless communication device 402 may periodically or repeatedly transmit a motion detection signal through the space 400, and receive a signal based on the motion detection signal. The wireless communication device 402 may analyze the received signals to detect whether the object has moved in the space 400, for example, by analyzing a channel response associated with the space 400 based on the received signals. In addition, in some embodiments, the wireless communication device 402 may analyze the received signals to identify the location of the detected motion within the space 400. For example, the wireless communication device 402 may analyze the characteristics of the channel response to determine whether the channel response shares the same or similar characteristics with the channel responses known to be associated with the first to fifth regions 408, 410, 412, 414, 416 of the space 400.

[0172] In the example shown, one (or more) of the wireless communication devices 402 repeatedly transmits a motion detection signal (e.g., a reference signal) through the space 400. In some cases, the motion detection signal may have a flat frequency distribution, where the amplitudes of f1, f1, and f1 are the same or nearly the same. For example, the motion detection signal may have a frequency distribution similar to Figure 3A and Figure 3B The frequency domain shown represents the frequency response of 350. In some cases, the motion detection signal may have a different frequency distribution. Due to the interaction of the reference signal with the space 400 (and the objects therein), the signal received at the other wireless communication device 402 based on the motion detection signal transmitted from the other wireless communication device 402 is different from the transmitted reference signal.

[0173] Based on the received signals, wireless communication device 402 can determine a channel response for space 400. When motion occurs in a unique region within the space, unique characteristics can be seen in the channel response. For example, while the channel response may be slightly different for motion within the same region of space 400, the channel responses associated with motion in the unique region can generally share the same shape or other characteristics. For example, Figure 4A The channel response 401 of represents an example channel response associated with the motion of the object 406 in the first region 408 of the space 400, while Figure 4BThe channel response 403 of φ represents an example channel response associated with the motion of the object 406 in the third region 412 of the space 400. The channel responses 401, 403 are associated with signals received by the same wireless communication device 402 in the space 400.

[0174] Figure 4C and Figure 4D It shows Figure 4A and Figure 4B 400. A plot of channel responses 401, 403 of a signal transmitted over a channel response 460 associated with no motion occurring in space 400 is shown. In the example shown, wireless communication device 402 transmits a motion detection signal having a flat frequency distribution, as shown in frequency domain representation 450. When motion occurs in space 400, a change in the channel response will occur relative to channel response 460 associated with no motion, and thus, motion of objects in space 400 can be detected by analyzing the change in the channel response. Additionally, the relative location of the detected motion within space 400 can be identified. For example, the shape of the channel response associated with the motion can be compared to reference information (e.g., using a trained artificial intelligence (AI) model) to classify the motion as having occurred within a unique region of space 400.

[0175] When there is no motion in the space 400 (e.g., when the object 406 is not present), the wireless communication device 402 can calculate a channel response 460 associated with no motion. The channel response may vary slightly due to a variety of factors; however, multiple channel responses 460 associated with different time periods may share one or more characteristics. In the example shown, the channel response 460 associated with no motion has a decreasing frequency distribution (the amplitude of each of f1, f1, and f1 is smaller than the previous one). In some cases (e.g., based on different room layouts or placement of the wireless communication device 402), the distribution of the channel response 460 may be different.

[0176] When motion occurs in space 400, the channel response will change. For example, Figure 4C and Figure 4DIn the example shown, the channel response 401 associated with the motion of the object 406 in the first area 408 is different from the channel response 460 associated with no motion, and the channel response 403 associated with the motion of the object 406 in the third area 412 is different from the channel response 460 associated with no motion. The channel response 401 has a concave parabolic frequency distribution (the amplitude of the intermediate frequency component f1 is smaller than the external frequency components f1 and f3), while the channel response 403 has a convex asymptotic frequency distribution (the amplitude of the intermediate frequency component f2 is larger than the external frequency components f1 and f1). In some cases (e.g., based on different room layouts or placement of the wireless communication device 402), the distributions of the channel responses 401, 403 may be different.

[0177] Analyzing the channel response can be considered similar to analyzing a digital filter. The channel response can be formed by reflections of objects in space and by reflections generated by moving or stationary people. When a reflector (e.g., a person) moves, it changes the channel response. This may translate into changes in the equivalent taps of a digital filter, which can be considered to have poles and zeros (poles amplify the frequency components of the channel response and appear as peaks or highs in the response, while zeros attenuate the frequency components of the channel response and appear as troughs, lows, or zeros in the response). The changing digital filter can be characterized by the location of its peaks and troughs, and the channel response can be similarly characterized by its peaks and troughs. For example, in some embodiments, motion can be detected by analyzing the zeros and peaks in the frequency components of the channel response (e.g., by marking their location on the frequency axis and their amplitude).

[0178] In some embodiments, motion can be detected using time series aggregation. Time series aggregation can be performed by observing the characteristics of the channel response on a moving window and by aggregating the results of windowing using statistical metrics (e.g., mean, variance, principal component, etc.). During an instance of motion, due to the continuous change of the scattering scene, a typical digital filter feature will be displaced in position and flipped between some values. That is, the equivalent digital filter exhibits a range of values ​​for its peak and zero values ​​(due to motion). By looking at this range of values, a unique profile can be identified for a unique region in space (in an example, a profile can also be referred to as a signature).

[0179] In some embodiments, an AI model can be used to process data. AI models can be of various types, such as linear regression models, logistic regression models, linear discriminant analysis models, decision tree models, naive Bayes models, K nearest neighbor models, learning vector quantization models, support vector machines, bagging and random forest models, and deep neural networks. In general, all AI models are designed to learn functions that provide the most accurate correlation between input values ​​and output values, and are trained using historical input and output sets that are known to be relevant. In an example, artificial intelligence can also be referred to as machine learning.

[0180] In some embodiments, the distribution of channel responses associated with motion in unique regions of space 400 may be learned. For example, machine learning may be used to classify channel response characteristics where object motion is located within unique regions of space. In some cases, a user associated with wireless communication device 402 (e.g., an owner or other occupant of space 400) may assist in the learning process. For example, referring to Figure 4A and Figure 4B In the example shown, the user can move in each of the first through fifth regions 408, 410, 412, 414, 416 during the learning phase and can indicate (e.g., via a user interface on the mobile computing device) that he / she is moving in one of the particular regions in the space 400. For example, when the user moves through the first region 408 (e.g., Figure 4A ), a user may indicate on a mobile computing device that he / she is located in a first area 408 (and the area may be named "bedroom," "living room," "kitchen," or another type of room of a building, as appropriate). As the user moves through the area, a channel response may be obtained and the channel response may be "tagged" with the location (area) indicated by the user. The user may repeat the same process for other areas of space 400. The term "tagging," as used herein, may refer to marking and identifying a channel response with a location indicated by the user or any other information.

[0181] The labeled channel responses can then be processed (e.g., by machine learning software) to identify unique characteristics of the channel responses associated with motion in a unique area. Once identified, the identified unique characteristics can be used to determine the location of the detected motion for the newly calculated channel response. For example, the labeled channel responses can be used to train the AI ​​model, and once trained, the newly calculated channel response can be input to the AI ​​model, and the AI ​​model can output the location of the detected motion. For example, in some cases, the average, range, and absolute value are input to the AI ​​model. In some cases, the amplitude and phase of the complex channel response itself can also be input. These values ​​allow the AI ​​model to design arbitrary front-end filters to select the features most relevant to making accurate predictions of motion in a unique area of ​​space. In some embodiments, the AI ​​model is trained by performing stochastic gradient descent. For example, the most active channel response changes during a certain area can be monitored during training, and specific channel changes can be heavily weighted (by training and adjusting the weights in the first layer to be related to those shapes, trends, etc.). Weighted channel changes can be used to create a measure that is activated when a user appears in a certain area.

[0182] For the extracted features, such as channel response zeros and peaks, a time series (of zeros / peaks) can be created using aggregation within a moving window, taking snapshots of a few features in the past and present, and using the aggregated values ​​as input to the network. Thus, the network will try to aggregate the values ​​in a certain area while adjusting its weights to cluster the values, which can be done by creating a decision surface based on a logistic classifier. The decision surface divides different clusters, and subsequent layers can form categories based on a single cluster or a combination of clusters.

[0183] In some embodiments, the AI ​​model includes two or more layers of inference. The first layer is used as a logical classifier, which can divide values ​​of different concentrations into separate clusters, and the second layer combines some of these clusters together to create categories for unique regions. In addition, subsequent layers can help expand unique regions to clusters of more than two categories. For example, a fully connected AI model may include an input layer corresponding to the number of features tracked, an intermediate layer corresponding to the number of valid clusters (by iterating between selections), and a final layer corresponding to different regions. In the case where the complete channel response information is input to the AI ​​model, the first layer can be used as a shape filter that can correlate certain shapes. Therefore, the first layer can be locked to a certain shape, the second layer can generate a measure of the changes that occur in those shapes, and the third and subsequent layers can create a combination of those changes and map the changes to different regions in space. The outputs of different layers can then be combined by a fusion layer.

[0184] B. Example Methods and Apparatus for Wi-Fi Sensing Systems

[0185] Section B describes systems and methods useful for a wireless sensing system configured to send sensing transmissions and make sensing measurements.

[0186] Figure 5 Some architectural implementations of an implementation of a system 500 for Wi-Fi sensing in accordance with some embodiments are depicted.

[0187] The system 500 may include multiple networked devices. In one example, the system 500 may include multiple sensing receivers 502-(1-M), multiple sensing transmitters 504-(1-N), a remote processing device 506, and a network 560 that enables communication between system components to exchange information. In an example embodiment, the multiple sensing transmitters 504-(1-N) may include at least a first sensing transmitter 504-1 and a second sensing transmitter 504-2. In an example embodiment, the multiple sensing receivers 502-(1-M) may include at least a first sensing receiver 502-1 and a second sensing receiver 502-2. The system 500 may be an instance or example of the wireless communication system 100, and the network 560 may be an instance or example of a wireless network or a cellular network, details of which are described in detail in detail in FIG. Figure 1 and the accompanying description.

[0188] According to an embodiment, the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) may be configured to receive one or more sensing transmissions (e.g., from one or more sensing transmitters of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N)) and perform one or more measurements useful for Wi-Fi sensing (e.g., channel representation information (CRI) measurements, such as channel state information (CSI) or time domain channel representation information (TD-CRI)). In an example, these measurements may be referred to as sensing measurements. The sensing measurements may be processed to achieve the sensing objectives of the system 500. In an embodiment, one or more sensing receivers of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) may be APs. In some embodiments, one or more sensing receivers of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) may function as sensing initiators and / or sensing responders.

[0189] According to one embodiment, one or more of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) may be provided by: Figure 1 In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) may be implemented by a wireless communication device 102 or the like. Figure 2A and Figure 2BIn addition, one or more of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) may be implemented by a wireless communication device 204 or the like. Figure 4A and Figure 4B The system 500 may be implemented by a device such as the wireless communication device 402 shown. In one embodiment, one or more sensing receivers of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) may coordinate and control the communication between the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N). According to one embodiment, one or more sensing receivers of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) may be enabled to control a sensing measurement session including one or more sensing measurement instances to ensure that the required sensing transmission is performed at the required time and to ensure accurate determination of one or more sensing measurement results. In some embodiments, one or more sensing receivers of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) may process the sensing measurement results to achieve the sensing objectives of the system 500. In some embodiments, one or more sensing receivers of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) may be configured to transmit the sensing measurement results to one or more sensing transmitters of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N), and one or more sensing transmitters of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N) may be configured to process the sensing measurement results to achieve the sensing results of the system 500.

[0190] In an embodiment, one or more of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) may be STAs. In an embodiment, one or more of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) may be APs. In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) may be configured to transmit sensing measurements to a remote processing device 506, and the remote processing device 506 may be configured to process the sensing measurements to achieve the sensing goals of the system 500. In some embodiments, the first sensing receiver 502-1 may be any computing device, such as a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a mobile device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), or any other computing device.

[0191] Reference again Figure 5In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N) may be configured to send one or more sensing transmissions to one or more of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M), based on which one or more sensing measurements may be performed for Wi-Fi sensing. In one embodiment, one or more of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N) may be STAs. In one embodiment, one or more of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N) may be APs. In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N) may function as sensing initiators and / or sensing responders.

[0192] According to one embodiment, one or more of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N) may be provided by: Figure 1 In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-M) may be implemented by a wireless communication device 102 as shown. Figure 2A and Figure 2B In addition, one or more of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-M) may be implemented by a wireless communication device 204 or the like. Figure 4A and Figure 4B The first sensing transmitter 504-1 may be implemented by a device such as the wireless communication device 402 shown in FIG. In some embodiments, the first sensing transmitter 504-1 may be any computing device, such as a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a mobile device, a PDA, or any other computing device. In some embodiments, the communication between one or more sensing receivers of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) and one or more sensing transmitters of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N) may be performed via a station management entity (SME) and a MAC layer management entity (MLME) protocol.

[0193] In some embodiments, the remote processing device 506 may be configured to receive sensing measurements from one or more of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) and process the sensing measurements. In one example, the remote processing device 506 may process and analyze the sensing measurements to identify one or more features of interest. According to some embodiments, the remote processing device 506 may include / execute a sensing algorithm. In one embodiment, the remote processing device 506 may be a STA. In some embodiments, the remote processing device 506 may be an AP. According to one embodiment, the remote processing device 506 may be a processor such as a processor. Figure 1 In some embodiments, the remote processing device 506 may be implemented by a device such as the wireless communication device 102 shown in FIG. Figure 2Aand Figure 2B The remote processing device 506 may be implemented by a wireless communication device 204 or the like as shown in FIG. Figure 4A and Figure 4B The remote processing device 506 may be implemented by a device such as the wireless communication device 402 shown in FIG. In some embodiments, the remote processing device 506 may be any computing device, such as a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a mobile device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), or any other computing device. In an embodiment, the remote processing device 506 may function as a sensing initiator, where a sensing algorithm determines a Wi-Fi sensing session and sensing measurement results required to complete the measurement activity. In an example, the remote processing device 506 may transmit sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters required to initiate a Wi-Fi sensing session to one or more sensing receivers of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) and / or one or more sensing transmitters of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N) to coordinate and control sensing transmissions for performing sensing measurements.

[0194] For more details, refer to Figure 5 , the sensing receiver 502-1 (which is an example of one or more sensing receivers in the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M)) may include a processor 508-1 and a memory 510-1. For example, the processor 508-1 and the memory 510-1 of the sensing receiver 502-1 may be respectively as follows: Figure 1 The processor 114 and memory 116 shown. In one embodiment, the sensing receiver 502-1 may further include a transmitting antenna 512-1, a receiving antenna 514-1, and a sensing agent 516-1. In some embodiments, the antenna may be used to transmit and receive signals in a half-duplex format. When the antenna is transmitting, the antenna may be referred to as a transmitting antenna 512-1, and when the antenna is receiving, the antenna may be referred to as a receiving antenna 514-1. It should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the same antenna may be a transmitting antenna 512-1 in some cases and a receiving antenna 514-1 in other cases. In the case of an antenna array, one or more antenna elements may be used to transmit or receive signals, for example, in a beamforming environment. In some instances, a group of antenna elements for transmitting a composite signal may be referred to as a transmitting antenna 512-1, and a group of antenna elements for receiving a composite signal may be referred to as a receiving antenna 514-1. In some examples, each antenna is equipped with its own transmit and receive paths that can be alternately switched to connect to the antenna depending on whether the antenna is operating as a transmit antenna 512-1 or a receive antenna 514-1.

[0195] In one embodiment, the sensing agent 516-1 may be responsible for causing the sensing receiver 502-1 to receive the sensing transmission and the associated sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters to calculate the sensing measurement results. In an example, the sensing agent 516-1 may be responsible for processing the sensing measurement results to achieve the sensing goal. In some embodiments, receiving the sensing transmission and optionally associated sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters and calculating the sensing measurement results may be performed by the sensing agent 516-1 running in the medium access control (MAC) layer of the sensing receiver 502-1, and processing the sensing measurement results to achieve the sensing goal may be performed by an algorithm (e.g., sensing algorithm 518-1) running in the application layer of the sensing receiver 502-1. In an example, the sensing algorithm 518-1 running in the application layer of the sensing receiver 502-1 may be referred to as a Wi-Fi sensing agent, a sensing application, or a sensing algorithm. In an example, the sensing algorithm 518-1 may include and / or execute the sensing agent 516-1. According to some embodiments, the sensing agent 516-1 may include and / or execute a sensing algorithm 518-1. In some embodiments, the sensing agent 516-1 running in the MAC layer of the sensing receiver 502-1 and the sensing algorithm 518-1 running in the application layer of the sensing receiver 502-1 may run separately on the processor 508-1. In one embodiment, the sensing agent 516-1 may pass one or more of the sensing measurement parameters, transmission parameters, or physical layer parameters (e.g., such as channel representation information, examples of which are CSI and TD-CRI) between the MAC layer of the sensing receiver 502-1 and the application layer of the sensing receiver 502-1. In one example, the sensing agent 516-1 in the MAC layer or the sensing algorithm 518-1 in the application layer may operate on the physical layer parameters, for example, to detect one or more features of interest. In an example, the sensing algorithm 518-1 may form a service or feature that can be presented to an end user. According to one embodiment, the communication between the MAC layer of the sensing receiver 502-1 and other layers or components (including the application layer) of the sensing receiver 502-1 can be based on communication interfaces such as MLME interfaces and data interfaces. In an example, the sensing agent 516-1 can be configured to determine the number and timing of sensing transmissions and sensing measurements for the purpose of Wi-Fi sensing. In some embodiments, the sensing agent 516-1 can be configured to transmit the sensing measurement results to multiple sensing transmitters 504-(1-N) and / or remote processing devices 506 for further processing. In one embodiment, the sensing agent 516-1 can be configured to cause at least one of the transmitting antennas 512-1 to send a message to one or more sensing transmitters or remote processing devices 506 in the multiple sensing transmitters 504-(1-N).In addition, the sensing agent 516-1 can be configured to receive messages from one or more of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N) or the remote processing device 506 via at least one of the receiving antennas 514-1. In one example, the sensing agent 516-1 can be configured to perform sensing measurements based on sensing transmissions received from one or more of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N).

[0196] In some embodiments, the sensing receiver 502-1 may include a sensing measurement storage device 520-1. In one embodiment, the sensing measurement storage device 520-1 may store sensing measurement results calculated by the sensing receiver 502-1 based on the received sensing transmission. In one example, the sensing measurement results stored in the sensing measurement storage device 520-1 may be updated periodically or dynamically as needed. In some embodiments, the sensing receiver 502-1 may include a sensing measurement parameter storage device 522-1. In one embodiment, the sensing measurement parameter storage device 522-1 may store sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters applicable to one or more sensing measurement establishments. In one embodiment, the sensing measurement parameter storage device 522-1 may store sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters applicable to one or more sensing measurement sessions. In one embodiment, the sensing measurement parameter storage device 522-1 may store sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters applicable to one or more sensing measurement instances. In one example, the sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters stored in the sensing measurement parameter storage device 522-1 may be updated periodically or dynamically as needed. In one embodiment, the sensory measurement storage device 520 - 1 and the sensory measurement parameter storage device 522 - 1 may include any type or form of storage device, such as a database or a file system, or be coupled to the memory 510 - 1 .

[0197] In one embodiment, the sensing receiver 502-1 may include a timestamp generation block 524-1. In one embodiment, the timestamp generation block 524-1 may be coupled to the processor 508-1 and the memory 510-1. In some embodiments, the timestamp generation block 524-1 and other units may include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that can perform specific tasks or implement specific abstract data types. The timestamp generation block 524-1 may also be implemented as a signal processor, a state machine, a logic circuit system, and / or any other device or component that manipulates signals based on operating instructions.

[0198] In some embodiments, timestamp generation block 524-1 can be implemented with hardware, instructions executed by a processing unit, or a combination thereof. A processing unit may include a computer, a processor, a state machine, a logic array, or any other suitable device capable of processing instructions. A processing unit may be a general-purpose processor that executes instructions to enable a general-purpose processor to perform a desired task, or a processing unit may be dedicated to performing a desired function. In some embodiments, timestamp generation block 524-1 may be a machine-readable instruction that performs any desired function when executed by a processor / processing unit. Machine-readable instructions may be stored in an electronic memory device, a hard disk, an optical disk, or other machine-readable storage medium or a non-temporary medium. In one embodiment, machine-readable instructions may also be downloaded to a storage medium via a network connection. In an example, machine-readable instructions may be stored in memory 510-1.

[0199] Reference again Figure 5 , the sensing transmitter 504-1 (which is an example of one or more sensing transmitters in the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N)) may include a processor 528-1 and a memory 530-1. For example, the processor 528-1 and the memory 530-1 of the sensing transmitter 504-1 may be, respectively, Figure 1 The processor 114 and the memory 116 are shown. In one embodiment, the sensing transmitter 504-1 may further include a transmitting antenna 532-1, a receiving antenna 534-1, and a sensing agent 536-1.

[0200] The sensing agent 536-1 can be configured to cause at least one of the transmitting antennas 532-1 and at least one of the receiving antennas 534-1 to exchange messages with one or more of the sensing receivers 502-(1-M) or the remote processing device 506. In some embodiments, the antenna can be used to transmit and receive in a half-duplex format. When the antenna is transmitting, the antenna can be referred to as a transmitting antenna 532-1, and when the antenna is receiving, the antenna can be referred to as a receiving antenna 534-1. It should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the same antenna can be a transmitting antenna 532-1 in some cases and a receiving antenna 534-1 in other cases. In the case of an antenna array, one or more antenna elements can be used to transmit or receive signals, for example, in a beamforming environment. In some instances, a group of antenna elements for transmitting a composite signal can be referred to as a transmitting antenna 532-1, and a group of antenna elements for receiving a composite signal can be referred to as a receiving antenna 534-1. In some examples, each antenna is equipped with its own transmit and receive paths, which can be alternately switched to connect to the antenna depending on whether the antenna is operating as a transmit antenna 532-1 or a receive antenna 534-1.

[0201] In one embodiment, the sensing agent 536-1 can be responsible for causing the sensing transmitter 504-1 to send a sensing transmission, and in an example, receiving associated sensing measurements from one or more sensing receivers of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M). In an example, the sensing agent 536-1 can be responsible for processing the sensing measurements to achieve the sensing goal. In some embodiments, the sensing agent 536-1 can run in the medium access control (MAC) layer of the sensing transmitter 504-1, and processing the sensing measurements to achieve the sensing goal can be performed by a sensing algorithm 538-1, which can run in an application layer in the sensing transmitter 504-1 in an example. In an example, the sensing algorithm 538-1 running in the application layer of the sensing transmitter 504-1 is referred to as a Wi-Fi sensing agent, a sensing application, or a sensing algorithm. In an example, the sensing algorithm 538-1 can include and / or execute the sensing agent 536-1. According to some embodiments, the sensing agent 536-1 can include and / or execute the sensing algorithm 538-1. In some embodiments, the sensing agent 536-1 may run in the MAC layer of the sensing transmitter 504-1, and the sensing algorithm 538-1 may run in the application layer of the sensing transmitter 504-1. In some embodiments, the sensing agent 536-1 and the sensing algorithm 538-1 of the sensing transmitter 504-1 may run separately on the processor 528-1. In one embodiment, the sensing agent 536-1 may pass sensing measurement parameters, transmission parameters, or physical layer parameters between the MAC layer of the sensing transmitter 504-1 and the application layer of the sensing transmitter 504-1. In one example, the sensing agent 536-1 in the MAC layer or the sensing algorithm 538-1 in the application layer may control physical layer parameters, such as physical layer parameters for generating one or more sensing transmissions. In an example, the sensing algorithm 538-1 may form a service or feature that may be presented to an end user. According to one embodiment, the communication between the MAC layer of the sensing transmitter 504-1 and other layers or components (including the application layer) of the sensing transmitter 504-1 can be based on communication interfaces such as MLME interfaces and data interfaces. In an example, the sensing agent 536-1 can be configured to determine the number and timing of sensing transmissions for the purpose of Wi-Fi sensing. In some embodiments, the sensing agent 536-1 can be configured to cause the sensing transmitter 504-1 to send the sensing transmission to one or more sensing receivers in the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M). In one embodiment, the sensing agent 536-1 can be configured to cause at least one transmitting antenna in the transmitting antenna 532-1 to send a message to one or more sensing receivers in the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) or the remote processing device 506.Additionally, the sensing agent 536 - 1 may be configured to receive messages from one or more of the plurality of sensing receivers 502 -( 1 -M) or the remote processing device 506 via at least one of the receiving antennas 534 - 1 .

[0202] In some embodiments, the sensing transmitter 504-1 may include a sensing measurement storage device 540-1. In one embodiment, the sensing measurement storage device 540-1 may store sensing measurement results calculated by one or more sensing receivers of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) based on sensing transmissions sent by the sensing transmitter 504-1 and sent to the sensing transmitter 504-1 by one or more sensing receivers of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M). In one example, the sensing measurement results stored in the sensing measurement storage device 540-1 may be updated periodically or dynamically as needed. In one embodiment, the sensing measurement storage device 540-1 may include any type or form of storage device, such as a database or file system, or be coupled to the memory 530-1.

[0203] In some embodiments, the sensing transmitter 504-1 may include a sensing measurement parameter storage device 542-1. In one embodiment, the sensing measurement parameter storage device 542-1 may store sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters applicable to one or more sensing measurement sessions. In one embodiment, the sensing measurement parameter storage device 542-1 may store sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters applicable to one or more sensing measurement establishments. In one embodiment, the sensing measurement parameter storage device 542-1 may store sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters applicable to one or more sensing measurement instances. In one instance, the sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters stored in the sensing measurement parameter storage device 542-1 may be periodically or dynamically updated as needed. In one embodiment, the sensing measurement storage device 540-1 and the sensing measurement parameter storage device 542-1 may include any type or form of storage device, such as a database or file system, or be coupled to the memory 530-1.

[0204] For more details, refer to Figure 5 , the remote processing device 506 may include a processor 548 and a memory 550. For example, the processor 548 and the memory 550 of the remote processing device 506 may be respectively Figure 1The processor 114 and memory 116 shown. In one embodiment, the remote processing device 506 may further include a transmitting antenna 552, a receiving antenna 554, a sensing agent 556, and a sensing algorithm 558. In some embodiments, the antenna can be used to transmit and receive signals in a half-duplex format. When the antenna is transmitting, the antenna can be referred to as a transmitting antenna 552, and when the antenna is receiving, the antenna can be referred to as a receiving antenna 554. It should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the same antenna can be a transmitting antenna 552 in some cases and a receiving antenna 554 in other cases. In the case of an antenna array, one or more antenna elements can be used to transmit or receive signals, for example, in a beamforming environment. In some instances, a group of antenna elements for transmitting a composite signal can be referred to as a transmitting antenna 552, and a group of antenna elements for receiving a composite signal can be referred to as a receiving antenna 554. In some instances, each antenna is equipped with its own transmit and receive paths, and depending on whether the antenna is operated as a transmitting antenna 552 or a receiving antenna 554, the transmit and receive paths can be alternately switched to connect to the antenna.

[0205] In one embodiment, the sensing agent 556 may be responsible for determining the sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters for establishing one or more sensing measurements. In an example, the sensing agent 556 may receive the sensing measurement parameters and / or transmission parameters for establishing one or more sensing measurements from the sensing algorithm 558. In an example, the sensing agent 556 may receive sensing measurement results from one or more sensing receivers of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M), and may process the sensing measurement results to achieve the sensing target. In an example, the sensing agent 556 may receive channel representation information (such as CSI or TD-CRI) from one or more sensing receivers of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M), and may process the channel representation information to achieve the sensing target. In an embodiment, the sensing agent 556 may receive the sensing measurement results or channel representation information, and may provide the received sensing measurement results or channel representation information to the sensing algorithm 558, and the sensing algorithm 558 may receive the sensing measurement results or channel representation information from the sensing agent 556, and may process the information to achieve the sensing target.

[0206] In some embodiments, receiving the sensing measurements may be performed by an algorithm running in a medium access control (MAC) layer of the remote processing device 506, and processing the sensing measurements to achieve the sensing goal may be performed by an algorithm running in an application layer of the remote processing device 506. In an example, the algorithm running in the application layer of the remote processing device 506 may be referred to as a Wi-Fi sensing agent, a sensing application, or a sensing algorithm. In some embodiments, the algorithm running in the MAC layer of the remote processing device 506 and the algorithm running in the application layer of the remote processing device 506 may run separately on the processor 548. In one embodiment, the sensing agent 556 may pass physical layer parameters (e.g., such as channel representation information, examples of which are CSI and TD-CRI) from the MAC layer of the remote processing device 506 to the application layer of the remote processing device 506, and may use the physical layer parameters to detect one or more features of interest. In one example, the application layer may operate on the physical layer parameters and form a service or feature that may be presented to an end user. According to one embodiment, the communication between the MAC layer of the remote processing device 506 and other layers or components of the remote processing device 506 can be based on a communication interface such as an MLME interface and a data interface. According to some embodiments, the sensing agent 556 can include / execute a sensing algorithm 558. In one embodiment, the sensing agent 556 can use the sensing algorithm 558 to process and analyze the sensing measurement results and identify one or more features of interest. In addition, the sensing agent 556 can be configured to determine the number and timing of sensing transmissions and sensing measurements for the purpose of Wi-Fi sensing. In some embodiments, the sensing agent 556 can be configured to cause one or more sensing transmitters in the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N) to send the sensing measurement results to one or more sensing receivers in the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M).

[0207] For ease of explanation and understanding, the description provided above may refer to the sensing receiver 502-1 or the sensing transmitter 504-1, however, the description is equally applicable to one or more sensing receivers among multiple sensing receivers 502-(1-M) and / or one or more sensing transmitters among multiple sensing transmitters 504-(1-N).

[0208] According to one or more embodiments, communications in network 560 may be governed by one or more standards in the 802.11 family of standards developed by IEEE. Some example IEEE standards may include IEEE 802.11-2020, IEEE 802.11ax-2021, IEEE 802.11me, IEEE 802.11az, and IEEE 802.11be. IEEE 802.11-2020 and IEEE 802.11ax-2021 are fully ratified standards, while IEEE 802.11me reflects ongoing maintenance updates to the IEEE 802.11-2020 standard, and IEEE 802.11be defines the next generation standard. IEEE 802.11az is an extension of the IEEE 802.11-2020 and IEEE 802.11ax-2021 standards that adds new functionality. In some embodiments, communications may be governed by other standards (other or additional IEEE standards or other types of standards). In some embodiments, the portion of the system 500 of the network 560 that does not need to be governed by one or more standards in the 802.11 family of standards can be implemented by an instance of any type of network, including a wireless network or a cellular network. In addition, IEEE 802.11ax includes OFDMA, which allows the sensing receiver 502 to send data to all participating devices (such as multiple sensing transmitters 504-(1-N)) simultaneously using a single transmission opportunity TXOP, and vice versa. The efficiency of OFDMA depends on how the sensing receiver 502 reserves channel resources (interchangeably referred to as RUs) and configures transmission parameters between multiple sensing transmitters 504-(1-N). According to one embodiment, the system 500 can be a system that supports OFDMA.

[0209] Return to reference Figure 5According to one or more embodiments, the Wi-Fi sensing system 500 may participate in a sensing session. In an example, a sensing session is a protocol between a sensing initiator and a sensing responder to participate in a WLAN sensing procedure (also referred to as a Wi-Fi sensing procedure). In an example, sensing measurement parameters associated with a sensing session may be determined by a sensing initiator and may be exchanged between the sensing initiator and the sensing responder. In an example, the sensing initiator may be a sensing transmitter 504-1, and the sensing responder may be a sensing receiver 502-1. In an example, the sensing initiator may be a sensing receiver 502-1, and the sensing responder may be a sensing transmitter 504-1. In an example, the sensing initiator may be a remote processing device 506, and both the sensing transmitter 504-1 and the sensing receiver 502-1 are sensing responders. In an example, the sensing transmitter 504-1 may participate in multiple sensing sessions as a sensing initiator or as a sensing responder. In an example, the sensing receiver 502-1 may participate in multiple sensing sessions as a sensing initiator or as a sensing responder. In an example, a remote processing device may participate in multiple sensing sessions as a sensing initiator.

[0210] Figure 6 An example of a WLAN sensing procedure (also referred to as a Wi-Fi sensing procedure) according to some embodiments is presented. In an example, the WLAN sensing procedure allows a STA to perform WLAN sensing. In an example, the WLAN sensing procedure enables a STA to obtain one or more sensing measurement results of a wireless transmission channel between two or more STAs and or a wireless transmission channel between a receiving antenna and a transmitting antenna of a STA. In an example, the WLAN sensing procedure consists of one or more of the following: sensing session establishment, sensing measurement establishment, one or more sensing measurement instances, sensing measurement establishment termination, and sensing session termination.

[0211] Figure 6 A sensing session establishment is shown with a STA having MAC ADDR=A and AID=1. In an example, the sensing session establishment establishes a sensing session. In an example, the sensing session may be identified by the AIDs of the STAs involved in the sensing session. Figure 6 The sensing measurement establishment procedure of a STA with MAC ADDR=A is shown, where the sensing measurement establishment ID=1.

[0212] In an example, the sensing measurement setup allows a sensing initiator and a sensing responder to exchange and agree on operational attributes associated with a sensing measurement instance. The sensing initiator may transmit a sensing measurement setup request frame to a sensing responder, the sensing responder intending to perform a sensing measurement setup using the sensing measurement setup request frame. Fig. 7AAn example of a sensing measurement setup request frame is provided in FIG. In the example, the sensing measurement setup request frame is a public action frame and is identified by a public action field value in the example. Fig. 7A As shown in the example shown in , in an embodiment, the sensing measurement setup request frame format may include one or more of the following: a category field, a public action field, a dialog token field, a measurement setup ID field, a DMG sensing measurement setup element field, and a sensing measurement parameter element. In the example, a category value code is defined for a "protected sensing frame". In an embodiment, the protected sensing action field is defined in an octet immediately following the category field to distinguish the protected sensing frame format from the public sensing frame format.

[0213] Figure 7B An example of a sensing measurement parameter element according to some embodiments is shown. In the example, the sensing measurement parameter element indicates an operational attribute of a corresponding sensing measurement instance. In the example, the sensing measurement parameter element includes a sensing measurement parameter field. Figure 7C An example of the format of a sensing measurement parameter field according to some embodiments is shown. In one example, the sensing measurement parameter field includes a sensing transmitter subfield. The sensing transmitter subfield can be set to 1 to indicate that the sensing responder assumes the sensing transmitter role, such as sensing transmitter 504-1. In one example, the sensing responder assumes the sensing transmitter role according to the sensing transmitter subfield of the sensing measurement establishment ID associated with the sensing measurement parameter field. In one example, the sensing measurement parameter field includes a sensing receiver subfield. The sensing receiver subfield can be set to 1 to indicate that the sensing responder assumes the sensing receiver role, such as sensing receiver 502-1. In one example, the sensing responder assumes the sensing receiver role according to the sensing receiver subfield of the sensing measurement establishment ID associated with the sensing measurement parameter field.

[0214] Reference again Figure 7C In an example, if the sensing receiver subfield indicates that the sensing responder should assume the sensing receiver role, the sensing measurement parameter field format includes a sensing measurement report subfield. In an example, the sensing measurement report subfield may indicate whether the sensing responder sends a sensing measurement report frame in a sensing measurement instance generated by the sensing measurement setup.

[0215] Reference again Figure 7C In an example, the sensing measurement parameter field format includes a measurement report type subfield. In an example, the measurement report type subfield indicates the type of measurement result reported in the sensing measurement instance corresponding to the sensing measurement establishment ID, for example, when the sensing initiator is a sensing transmitter (such as the sensing transmitter 504-1).

[0216] In an example, after the sensing responder receives the sensing measurement setup request frame, the sensing responder may send a sensing measurement setup response frame. Fig.7D An example of a sensing measurement setup response frame is provided in the embodiment. In an example, a sensing responder may use a status code field in a sensing measurement setup response frame to indicate whether the sensing responder accepts the requested sensing measurement setup parameters in a received sensing measurement setup request frame. In an embodiment, the status code field may be set to 0, which indicates a successful sensing measurement setup, wherein the sensing responder accepts the operational attributes contained in the sensing measurement setup request frame. In an example, the sensing responder may indicate in a sensing measurement setup response frame that the operational attributes contained in the sensing measurement setup request frame sent by the sensing initiator are not accepted, for example by setting the status code field to a non-zero value. In an example, the sensing responder may indicate preferred sensing measurement parameters in a sensing measurement setup response frame, for example to indicate to the sensing initiator one or more operational attributes preferred by the sensing responder. In an example, the sensing responder may indicate to the sensing initiator that the preferred sensing measurement parameters are contained in the sensing measurement setup response frame by setting the status code field to a non-zero value.

[0217] In an example, the sensing initiator may assign a role to the sensing responder as part of the sensing measurement setup sent in the sensing measurement setup request frame. For example, the sensing initiator may indicate to the sensing responder that the sensing responder will assume the role of a sensing receiver (such as the sensing receiver 502-1) or the role of a sensing transmitter (such as the sensing transmitter 504-1) or the role of the sensing receiver 502-1 and the sensing transmitter 504-1. In an example, the sensing initiator may indicate to the sensing responder whether the sensing responder sends a sensing measurement report frame in the sensing measurement instance. In an embodiment, the role assigned to the sensing responder and / or whether the sensing responder sends a sensing measurement report frame persists until the sensing measurement setup is terminated.

[0218] Reference again Figure 6 A sensing session with a STA identified by STA AID with MAC ADDR=A, AID=1, the sensing measurement establishment is followed by one or more sensing measurement instances and measurement report instances, which may be performed based on a defined set of operational attributes. Figure 6 In the example shown, the one or more sensing measurement instances of the STA with MAC ADDR=A may be assigned a sensing measurement instance ID, for example, the first sensing measurement instance may be assigned a sensing measurement instance ID=1, and the second measurement instance may be assigned a sensing measurement instance ID=2. In the example, the sensing measurement instance may be uniquely associated with the sensing measurement establishment.

[0219] Reference again Figure 6, a second sensing measurement establishment may be initiated for the STA with MAC ADDR=A, which may be identified as sensing measurement establishment ID=2. Like sensing measurement establishment ID=1, sensing measurement establishment ID=2 may be associated with a second set of operational attributes. In an example, after the second sensing measurement establishment, any subsequent one or more sensing measurement instances may be performed based on the first set of operational attributes (sensing measurement establishment ID=1) or the second set of operational attributes (sensing establishment measurement ID=2).

[0220] Reference again Figure 6 , Figure 6 A sensing session establishment is shown with a STA with MAC ADDR=B and UID=2. In an example, the sensing session may be identified by the UID of the STA with MAC ADDR=B. Figure 6 Further illustrated is a sensing measurement setup for a STA with MAC ADDR=B. In the example, the set of operational attributes for the sensing measurement setup for the STA with MAC ADDR=B is the same as the second set of operational attributes established with the STA with MAC ADDR=A, and the sensing measurement setup ID is used for both the STA with MAC ADDR=A and the STA with MAC ADDR=B. That is, the sensing measurement setup ID (which may also be referred to as a sensing measurement setup tag) may be applied to one or more STAs. In the example according to Figure 6 In the example, a subsequent sensing measurement instance associated with sensing measurement establishment ID=2 may be associated with a STA with MAC ADDR=A, a STA with MAC ADDR=B, or both a STA with MAC ADDR=A and a STA with MAC ADDR=B. Figure 6 An example of a one-to-many trigger is shown in , where both AID=1 and UID=2 are associated with a single measurement instance and measurement report (measurement instance ID=2 and measurement setup ID=2).

[0221] In an example, the set of operational attributes for a sensing session may be terminated by executing a sensing measurement setup termination procedure, such as Figure 6 As shown, for a STA with sensing measurement establishment ID=1 and MAC ADDR=A. In this example, the sensing measurement establishment ID of the terminated sensing measurement establishment may be used for subsequent sensing measurement establishments. Figure 6 , where after terminating the sensing measurement establishment ID=1 with the STA of MAC ADDR=A, a sensing measurement establishment ID=1 is established for the STA of MAC ADDR=B. In some embodiments, the sensing session may be terminated using a sensing session termination procedure, such as Figure 6 shown.

[0222] Fig. 8AAn exchange between a sensing initiator and a sensing responder is shown that can be one-to-many or many-to-one. In an example, a measurement instance and / or a measurement report can have a one-to-one (single device to single device) notification or trigger, or can have a one-to-many (single device to multiple devices) notification or trigger. In an example, a measurement instance can have a one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-one (many devices to a single device) detection.

[0223] As previously described, a sensing session is a protocol between a sensing initiator and a sensing responder to participate in a WLAN sensing procedure, i.e., a sensing session is paired and, in an instance, may be identified by the MAC addresses of the sensing initiator and sensing responder or by associated AID / UID. Figure 8B Examples of paired exchanges or procedures that may be conducted between a sensing initiator and a sensing responder in relation to a sensing session are shown, including sensing session establishment, sensing measurement establishment, sensing measurement establishment termination, and sensing session termination.

[0224] In an example, the sensing measurement instance of the WLAN sensing procedure may be a triggered based (TB) sensing measurement instance. Fig. 9 Depicted is a message flow of a sensing session of a WLAN sensing procedure according to some examples, the WLAN sensing procedure including a sensing measurement establishment procedure, followed by one or more trigger-based (TB) sensing measurement instances consisting of NDPA probes or trigger frame (TF) probes, followed by a sensing measurement establishment termination procedure. In an example, a TB sensing measurement instance may be used, where a sensing initiator is an AP and one or more non-AP STAs are sensing responders. In an example, a TB sensing measurement instance may include a polling phase, an NDPA probe phase, a trigger frame (TF) probe phase, and a reporting phase.

[0225] Fig. 10A and Fig. 10B Five examples of TB sensing measurement instances are shown. Fig. 10A Example 1 of FIG. 1 shows an example of a TB sensing measurement instance including a polling phase, an NDPA detection phase, and a reporting phase. Fig. 10A Example 2 of FIG. 1 shows an example of a TB sensing measurement example including a polling phase and a TF detection phase. Fig. 10A Example 3 and Fig. 10B Example 4 of FIG. 4 shows two examples of TB sensing measurement instances including a polling phase, an NDPA detection phase, a TF detection phase, and a reporting phase. Fig. 10BExample 5 of shows two TB sensing measurement instances, wherein the first TB sensing measurement instance includes a polling phase, an NDPA detection phase, and a TF detection phase, and the second TB sensing measurement instance includes a polling phase and a reporting phase. In the instance, the TF detection phase of the TB sensing measurement instance may precede the NDPA detection phase of the TB sensing measurement instance, for example, as in Example 4. In the instance, the NDPA detection phase of the TB sensing measurement instance may precede the NDPA detection phase of the TB sensing measurement instance, for example, as in Example 3. In some embodiments, the reporting phase of the second TB sensing measurement instance in Example 5 may be addressed to a sensing responder other than the sensing responder involved in the TF detection phase or the NDPA detection phase of the first TB measurement instance.

[0226] Fig.11A and Fig. 11B 1 is an example of a TB sensing measurement instance with a single AP acting as a sensing initiator and five STAs (referred to as STA 1, STA 2, STA 3, STA 4, and STA 5) that are all sensing responders in the example. In the example, the TB sensing measurement instance includes a polling phase, a TF detection phase, and an NDPA detection phase. In the example, STA 1 and STA 2 are sensing transmitters, such as sensing transmitter 504-1 and sensing transmitter 504-2. Fig.11A and Fig. 11B In the example, STA3, STA 4 and STA 5 are sensing receivers, such as sensing receiver 502-1, sensing receiver 502-2 and sensing receiver 502-3. In the example, during the polling phase, the AP as a sensing initiator transmits a sensing polling trigger frame to STA 1, STA 2, STA3, STA 4 and STA 5. In one embodiment, the sensing transmitter STA 1 (504-1) and the sensing transmitter STA 2 (504-2) respond to the sensing polling trigger frame with an indication that the STA can be used to participate in the sensing measurement instance. In the example, the indication is a CTS-to-self frame. In one embodiment, the sensing receiver STA 3 (502-1) and the sensing receiver STA 4 (502-2) respond to the sensing polling trigger frame with an indication that the STA can be used to participate in the sensing measurement instance. In the example, the indication is a CTS-to-self frame. In the example, the sensing receiver STA 5 (502-3) does not respond to the sensing polling trigger frame sent by the AP as the sensing initiator, which indicates that STA 5 (502-3) will not participate in the sensing measurement instance.

[0227] Fig.11A and Fig. 11BThe sensing measurement instance includes a TF detection phase. In the instance, in the TF detection phase, the AP as a sensing initiator sends a sensing detection trigger frame to the sensing transmitter STA 1 (504-1) and the sensing transmitter STA 2 (504-2). In the instance, before sending the sensing detection trigger frame, one or more SIFS periods pass between the AP receiving CTS-to-self frames from STA 1, STA 2, STA 3 and STA 4. In the instance, in response to receiving the sensing detection trigger frame, the sensing transmitter STA 1 (504-1) and the sensing transmitter STA 2 (504-2) send a sensing transmission to the AP. In the instance, the sensing transmission may include an NDP transmission. In the instance, one or more NDP transmissions in the NDP transmission to the AP may be an R2INDP transmission (such as Fig.11A and Fig. 11B ). In the example, one or more SIFS periods of time pass between the sensing transmitter STA 1 (504-1) receiving the sensing detection trigger frame and transmitting the sensing transmission, and in the example, one or more SIFS periods of time pass between the sensing transmitter STA 2 (504-2) receiving the sensing detection trigger frame and transmitting the sensing transmission. In the example, the AP can assume the role of the sensing receiver 502-4, and the AP can perform sensing measurements on the sensing transmissions from the sensing transmitter STA 1 (504-1) and the sensing transmitter STA 2 (504-2).

[0228] Reference again Fig.11A and Fig. 11B , in the NDPA detection phase, the AP acting as a sensing initiator assumes the role of a sensing transmitter (504-3). In an example, the AP as a sensing transmitter 504-3 sends a sensing transmission. In an example, the sensing transmission may be a broadcast transmission. In an example, the sensing transmission may be a unicast transmission to one or more STAs (e.g., to sensing receiver STA 3 (502-1) and / or to sensing receiver STA 4 (502-2)). In an example, one or more SIFS periods have passed between when the AP as a sensing transmitter 504-3 sends a sensing NDPA frame and when the AP as a sensing transmitter 504-3 sends one or more sensing transmissions. In an example, one or more sensing transmissions in the sensing transmission may be full-bandwidth NDP frames. In an example, one or more sensing transmissions in the sensing transmission may be partial-bandwidth NDP frames. In an example, one or more NDP frames in the NDP frame may be I2R NDP frames.

[0229] In an example, the sensing measurement instance of the WLAN sensing procedure may be a non-trigger based (non-TB) sensing measurement instance. Fig.12Depicted is a message flow of a sensing measurement setup procedure according to some embodiments, followed by one or more non-TB sensing measurement instances of a WLAN sensing procedure consisting of one or more of downlink sounding or uplink sounding, followed by a sensing measurement setup termination procedure according to some instances. In an instance, a non-TB sensing measurement instance may be used where the sensing initiator is a non-AP STA and the AP is a sensing responder. In an example, Fig.12 In the example of uplink sounding shown, a sensing initiator (non-AP STA) acting as a sensing transmitter (e.g., sensing transmitter 504-1) sends a sensing announcement frame followed by a sensing transmission. In an example, the sensing announcement frame can be an NDPA frame. In an example, the sensing transmission can be an NDP frame. In an example, in response to receiving the sensing transmission, an AP acting as a sensing receiver (e.g., sensing receiver 502-1) can send a sensing measurement report to the sensing initiator (non-AP STA acting as sensing transmitter 504-1), such as one or more sensing measurement report frames. In the example of uplink sounding shown, a sensing initiator (non-AP STA acting as sensing transmitter 504-1) sends a sensing announcement frame followed by a sensing transmission. In the example, the sensing announcement frame can be an NDPA frame. In the example, the sensing transmission can be an NDP ... Fig.12 In the example of downlink sounding shown, a sensing initiator (non-AP STA) acting as a sensing receiver (e.g., sensing receiver 502-1) sends a sensing announcement frame. In an example, the sensing announcement frame can be an NDPA frame. In an example, in response to receiving the sensing announcement frame, an AP acting as a sensing transmitter (e.g., sensing transmitter 504-1) can send one or more sensing transmissions. In an example, one or more of the sensing transmissions can be NDP frames. In an example, in response to receiving the sensing transmission, a non-AP STA acting as a sensing receiver (502-1) can perform sensing measurements on the sensing transmission. In an example, the sensing measurement establishment can be terminated by a sensing initiator or a sensing responder that sends a SENS measurement establishment termination frame. In an example, the sensing responder or the sensing initiator (respectively) can respond with an acknowledgment.

[0230] Fig.13A detailed example of a non-TB sensing measurement example according to some embodiments is shown. In the example, STA 1 acting as a sensing initiator and a sensing transmitter (such as sensing transmitter 504-1) sends a sensing announcement frame. In the example, the sensing announcement frame may be a sensing NDPA frame. In the example, one or more SIFS may have passed after STA 1 acts as a sensing initiator and a sensing transmitter (such as sensing transmitter 504-1) sends one or more sensing transmissions. In the example, one or more sensing transmissions in the sensing transmission may be an NDP frame. In an example. STA 1 acting as a sensing initiator and a sensing receiver (such as sensing receiver 502-1) sends a sensing announcement frame. In the example, the sensing announcement frame may be a sensing NDPA frame. In the example, one or more SIFS may have passed after AP 1 acts as a sensing responder and a sensing transmitter (such as sensing transmitter 504-1) sends one or more sensing transmissions. In the example, one or more sensing transmissions in the sensing transmission may be an NDP frame.

[0231] Fig.14 An example of a sensing measurement report frame is shown. In some embodiments, the sensing measurement report frame is a public action category or a public action unconfirmed category. In some examples, the sensing measurement report frame can be transmitted to provide WLAN sensing measurement results, for example, to a sensing agent or a sensing algorithm of a sensing initiator. In an example, the sensing measurement report frame can include one or more sensing measurement report elements. In some embodiments, the sensing measurement report element can include a single sensing measurement report. In an example, the sensing measurement report element can include a sensing measurement report type field, and the sensing measurement report type field can contain a number identifying the type of the sensing measurement report. For example, a value of 0 can indicate that the sensing measurement type is a CSI measurement result, and a non-zero value can indicate that the sensing measurement type is a TD-CRI measurement result.

[0232] Reference again Fig.14 In an embodiment, the sensing measurement report element may include a sensing measurement report control field. In an example, the sensing measurement report control field may contain information required to interpret the sensing measurement report field. For example, the sensing measurement report control field format may include one or more subfields. In an embodiment, one or more subfields of the sensing measurement report control field may contain PHY layer parameters used by a sensing receiver when performing sensing measurements, such as receiver antenna beamforming or spatial layer information.

[0233] In a sensing session, transmissions may be exchanged between one or more sensing receivers of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) and one or more sensing transmitters of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N). In one instance, the MAC layer of the IEEE 802.11 stack may be utilized to control these transmissions. According to one embodiment, one or more sensing receivers of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) may protect a TXOP that may be allocated to one or more sensing transmissions by one or more sensing transmitters of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N). According to one embodiment, one or more sensing receivers of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) may allocate channel resources (or RUs) within a TXOP to one or more sensing transmitters of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N). In one example, one or more of the plurality of sensing receivers 502-(1-M) may allocate channel resources to one or more of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N) by allocating time and bandwidth within a TXOP to the one or more of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N).

[0234] According to one embodiment, FIG. 15A to FIG. 15H An example of the field hierarchy within a sensing trigger message is shown in FIG.

[0235] like Fig.15A As described, the common information field may contain information that is common to one or more of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N). According to one embodiment, the requirement for an NDPA prior to an NDP may be optional. This may be indicated to one or more of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N), and if the requirement is common to the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N), it may be encoded, for example, in a "trigger-related common information" field, or if the requirement is specific to one or more of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N), it may be encoded in a "trigger-related user information" field. According to one example, the requirement for a sensing announcement (e.g., and NDPA) prior to a sensing response NDP may be encoded by a single bit, where 0 (bit clear) indicates that the sensing announcement is optional, and 1 (bit set) indicates that the sensing announcement is required.

[0236] like Fig. 15BAs described, a trigger type representing a sensing trigger message (within B0..3 of the "common information" field) can be defined. In an example, the trigger type subfield value of any reserved value of the sensing trigger message can be 9-15, for example, the trigger type subfield value of the sensing trigger message can be 9. In an example of triggering a sensing transmission from a sensing transmitter 504-1, the trigger-related user information field can contain sensing trigger message data. In one embodiment, a time-synchronized sensing transmission in response to a sensing trigger message from multiple sensing transmitters 504-(1-N) may be required. In an example, a requirement for one or more time-synchronized sensing transmissions can be encoded into the trigger-related public information field. According to an example, a requirement for one or more time-synchronized sensing transmissions can be encoded by a single bit, where 0 (bit clear) represents a request for a normal or non-time-synchronized response, and 1 (bit set) represents a request for a time-synchronized response. In some examples, a method of time synchronization can be requested in a sensing trigger. In an example, the method of time synchronization to be requested can be encoded into the trigger-related public information field. In an example, the encoding can use two bits as shown in the following table.

[0237] coding method describe 00 A The Sensing Advertisement is followed by the Sensing NDP. 01 B The padding is followed by the Sensing Response message. 10 C NDP is sensed without an initial sense announcement. 11 not applicable For future use or expansion.

[0238] like Fig. 15C As described above, the sensing trigger message may have an uplink bandwidth (UL BW) subfield value of 0, 1, 2, or 3 corresponding to a bandwidth of 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, or 80+80 MHz (160 MHz).

[0239] like Fig.15D The user information list contains information specific to each sensing transmitter in the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N). In an example, the user information list may include the AID of the sensing transmitter, the RU allocation for the sensing transmitter, and other trigger-related user information.

[0240] like Fig.15E As stated, Fig.15D The AID12 subfield of the user information list shown in may be used to address a specific sensing transmitter among the plurality of sensing transmitters 504 -( 1 -N).

[0241] like Fig.15F and Figure 15G The RU allocation subfield is used to allocate a resource unit (RU) to each of the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N).

[0242] like Fig.15HThe trigger-related user information subfield may be used to request a transmission configuration and / or a steering matrix configuration of one or more sensing transmitters among the plurality of sensing transmitters 504-(1-N) being triggered by the sensing trigger message.

[0243] C. Systems and methods for motion detection using a sensor-transmit cluster

[0244] Systems and methods for motion detection in Wi-Fi sensing using a sensing transmission cluster are described below.

[0245] A Wi-Fi sensing system may be a network of Wi-Fi enabled devices that may be part of an IEEE 802.11 network. In one example, a Wi-Fi sensing system may be configured to detect features of interest in a sensing space. A sensing space may refer to any physical space in which a Wi-Fi sensing system may operate, and may include a residence, a workplace, a shopping mall, a gymnasium or stadium, a garden, or any other physical space. A Wi-Fi sensing system may be a network of Wi-Fi enabled devices that is part of an IEEE 802.11 network (sometimes referred to as a basic service set (BSS) or an extended service set (ESS)). Features of interest may include motion and movement tracking of objects, presence detection, intrusion detection, gesture recognition, fall detection, breathing rate detection, and other applications.

[0246] Currently, the IEEE 802.11 physical channel consists of multiple orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) tones or carriers depending on the total bandwidth of the channel and the revision of the specification. For example, 52 data and pilot carriers can be used for a 20MHz channel bandwidth, and 104 data and pilot carriers can be used for a 40MHz channel bandwidth. The baseband Wi-Fi receiver can calculate a sensing measurement (e.g., a channel state measurement (CSI)) consisting of a real part and an imaginary part for each element, and the sensing measurement can be passed to a sensing algorithm to determine whether there is motion or movement in the sensing space. In an example, the motion in the sensing space can be determined by the sensing algorithm by looking for disturbances in the local environment (e.g., on a transmission path (link) between one or more transmitter devices (e.g., a sensing transmitter) and one or more receiver devices (e.g., a sensing receiver)).

[0247] Fig.16 An example 1600 of a signal 1602 of a specific frequency (single frequency) that can be represented in the time / amplitude domain as a portion of a sinusoid (sine wave) according to some embodiments is depicted. In an example, the signal 1602 can be transmitted by a sensing transmitter in response to a sensing trigger message (or sensing probe trigger frame) from a sensing initiator. In an example, the signal 1602 can be periodically sampled using sensing measurements. Fig.16 In the example shown, points along the sinusoid (indicated by reference numeral "1604") may indicate points at which the sensing receiver performs sensing measurements on a sensing transmission of the signal 1602 at a particular frequency.

[0248] Fig.17 Depicted is an example 1700 of frequency detection inaccuracy due to aliasing, according to some embodiments.

[0249] Specifically, Fig.17 It shows that from the original frequency signal (for example, Fig.16 The signal 1602 is sampled (by Fig.16 The reconstructed signal in FIG. 1 (indicated by point 1604 in FIG. 1 ) may produce the original frequency signal or a different lower frequency signal (indicated by reference numeral “ 1702 ”). This indicates that incorrect frequencies may be obtained from sampling of the original frequency signal.

[0250] In an example, the process of making a sensing measurement (or a series of sensing measurements) is described by exchanging transmissions between a sensing transmitter and a sensing receiver. In an example of a trigger-based sensing procedure, and after an initial polling phase, in a trigger frame (TF) detection phase, a sensing detection trigger frame may be sent from a sensing initiator (e.g., an AP) to one or more sensing transmitters (e.g., STAs). The sensing detection trigger frame may trigger a sensing transmission, which may be a null data PPDU (NDP) sensing response frame (e.g., an uplink from a STA to an AP) for a sensing receiver (which may be a sensing initiator or may be another device) to make a sensing measurement. Fig.11A and Fig. 11B Examples of TB sensing measurement examples are explained in detail in .

[0251] In an example, a trigger frame is defined by P802.11ax / D8.0 and can serve a number of purposes that are signaled in the payload of the trigger frame (eg, trigger frame type and trigger frame subtype). FIG. 15A to FIG. 15H An example of the structure of a trigger frame and an example of the hierarchy of fields within a sensing trigger are explained in detail.

[0252] In the sensing measurement instance, multiple TF detection phases are possible. However, in the multiple TF detection phases, the sensing initiator can only trigger different sensing transmitters within the acquired TXOP. The TF detection phase is described by P802.11bf / D0.2. In some instances, TF detection can also be performed, where a single sensing detection trigger frame triggers the sensing transmitter to generate multiple sensing transmissions, such as NDP transmissions separated by one SIFS.

[0253] Fig.18An example 1800 of a WLAN sensing probe procedure with multiple NDPs according to some embodiments is shown. Specifically, Fig.18 STA 1802 is shown sending a sensing NDP request (which is an instance of a sensing probe trigger frame) to STA 1804. In an example, upon receiving the sensing NDP request, STA 1804 may perform a sensing transmission. In an example, a sensing transmission may include an NDP announcement (NDPA) followed by two or more NDPs. In an example, STA 1804 may send multiple NDPs consecutively with a short time interval (e.g., SIFS) between them. According to an example, the number of NDPs to be sent in a WLAN sensing probe instance may be specified by STA 1802.

[0254] In an example, TF sounding may also be performed, where a single sensing sounding trigger frame may trigger a sensing transmitter to send multiple sensing transmission announcements followed by sensing transmissions, where each sensing transmission is separated by a SIFS.

[0255] Fig.19 An example 1900 of a WLAN sensing probe procedure with multiple NDPs according to some embodiments is shown. Specifically, Fig.19 STA 1902 is shown sending a sensing NDP request (which is an example of a sensing probe trigger frame) to STA 1904. In an example, upon receiving the sensing NDP request, STA 1904 may perform a sensing transmission. In an example, the sensing transmission may include two or more repetitions of an NDPA followed by an NDP. In an example, STA 1904 may send an NDP announcement followed by multiple consecutive transmissions of an NDP. According to an example, the number of consecutive transmissions of an NDP announcement followed by an NDP to be sent in a WLAN sensing probe instance may be specified by STA 1902.

[0256] In an example, High Efficiency Long Training Field (HE-LTF) (introduced in IEEE 802.11ax) can be used in high-efficiency OFDM systems. HE PHY provides support for 3.2 microseconds (1x HE-LTF), 6.4 microseconds (2x HE-LTF), and 12.8 microseconds (4x HE-LTF) HE-LTF symbol durations. In one example, a guard interval can be added before each LTF symbol. The width of the guard interval can be adjustable and can take values ​​of 0.8 microseconds, 1.6 microseconds, or 3.2 microseconds. Valid combinations of LTF symbols and guard intervals are given in Table 27-12 of IEEE 802.11ax / D8.0.

[0257] There are currently two types of HE NDPs defined by IEEE 802.11ax / D8.0, called HE Sounding NDP and HE TB Feedback NDP. In one example, the HE Sounding NDP can be sent from the AP to the STA. The HE Sounding NDP must support 2x HE-LTF (6.4 microseconds) with a 0.8 microsecond guard interval or a 1.6 microsecond guard interval. Optionally, the HE Sounding NDP can support 4x HE-LTF (3.2 microseconds) with a 3.2 microsecond guard interval. Fig. 20 An example 2000 of the format of a HE sounding NDP is shown. Fig. 20 Is P802.11ax / D8.0 Fig. 27 -45 reappearance.

[0258] In one example, the HE TB feedback NDP may be sent from the STA to the AP and may be used to carry NDP feedback reporting information. According to one example, the HE TB feedback NDP must support 4x HE-LTF (3.2 microseconds) with a 3.2 microsecond guard interval. Fig.21 An example 2100 of the format of the HE TB feedback NDP is shown. Fig.21 Is P802.11ax / D8.0 Fig. 27 In one example, the HE TB feedback NDP may contain two 4x HE-LTF symbols.

[0259] HE Ranging NDP and HE TB Ranging NDP were introduced in P802.11az / D4.2, both of which define options for specifying HE-LTF repetition. Fig. 22 An example 2200 of a HE ranging NDP with two LTF repetitions as defined by P802.11az / D4.2 is shown. In an example, HE LTF repetition in the HE TB ranging NDP may be enabled by parameter LTF_REP.

[0260] In the scenario where sensing measurements are performed by a sensing receiver (acting as a sensing responder), the sensing measurements may be communicated to a sensing initiator. In an example, sensing measurements may be communicated using a sensing measurement report. In certain scenarios, a sensing measurement report may be triggered by a sensing measurement report trigger frame. Fig.23 Depicted is an example 2300 of a format of a sensing measurement report frame in accordance with some embodiments. Fig.23 It is in P802.11bf / D0.2 Figure 9-1 Reappearance of 139d.

[0261] In some scenarios, Wi-Fi sensing operations can coexist with regular data operations of the Wi-Fi network. The ongoing data requirements of the network can determine the network's availability (e.g., in terms of time and frequency) for sensing transmissions to occur. In one example, sensing measurements are made for those sensing transmissions, and the sensing measurements are used to detect and measure the motion of objects in the transmission channel. In scenarios where the data network is congested, the number of opportunities for the sensing initiator to trigger sensing transmissions from the sensing transmitter may be smaller. In addition, these opportunities can be aperiodic.

[0262] Currently, IEEE 802.11 defines the availability window as 10TU (where TU is a timing unit and 1TU is equal to 1024 microseconds). The maximum duration of a TXOP can be configured by a network administrator and may depend on the access category (AC) of the transmission. However, the default duration is between 2.048 milliseconds and 4.096 milliseconds. Therefore, even when a TXOP is granted, a sensing transmitter can transmit at most within each 10TU availability window for the maximum duration of the TXOP. Assuming that the sensing transmitter is given the opportunity to perform a sensing transmission once per availability window, the average interval between sensing measurements is 10 milliseconds or 100Hz. In addition, assuming that there is no ability to add an anti-aliasing filter, and assuming 1 sample per 10 milliseconds, this will produce a 50Hz measurement bandwidth. Due to the aliasing caused by undersampling, Doppler frequencies greater than 50Hz will appear to have frequencies between 0Hz and 50Hz. For example, a 140Hz Doppler frequency will appear to be a 40Hz Doppler frequency.

[0263] The movement of objects can be exported as:

[0264]

[0265] Where V represents the speed, f D represents the Doppler frequency (Doppler characteristic), c represents the speed of light in a vacuum (approximately 300×10 6 m / s), and f t Indicates the carrier frequency of the sensing transmission.

[0266] In one example, in f D =140Hz, then And if f D is aliased to 40 Hz, V may be incorrectly determined as

[0267] In a Wi-Fi sensing system, the sensing measurement intervals may not be periodic and may be extremely irregular because opportunities to perform sensing transmissions may be given a lower priority than data transmissions in the system. In an example, even if sensing measurements may be made within an allocated availability window due to variable channel utilization, the sensing transmission may occur near the beginning of the availability window, somewhere in the middle of the availability window, or somewhere near the end of the availability window. In a worst-case scenario, sensing transmissions may not be possible at all in the current availability window, and the sensing initiator may need to wait until the next agreed availability window. This may produce insufficient sampling, thereby producing an inaccurate representation of the Doppler shift caused by the motion of the object and producing inaccurate motion detection. Therefore, accurate measurement of the Doppler frequency superimposed on the channel state measurement made for the sensing transmission (where the Doppler frequency is caused by the motion of the object in the transmission channel between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver) is necessary for accurately determining and measuring the motion in the transmission channel.

[0268] According to aspects of the present disclosure, aliasing of the measured Doppler frequency caused by insufficient sampling frequency at a sensing receiver (i.e., irregular and potentially long intervals between consecutive sensing transmissions and sensing measurements) can be overcome by enabling a series of rapid (temporally rapidly successive) sensing measurements of sensing transmissions of a sensing transmitter with a sufficiently short averaging period to measure all WLAN sensing use cases. The series of rapid sensing measurements may be referred to as rapid probing. The sampling rate of the series of rapid sensing measurements may enable unambiguous determination of the Doppler frequency of the received reflections (i.e., frequency detection without aliasing), thereby enabling accurate motion detection. However, the sensing measurements resulting from rapid probing, while unambiguous with respect to the Doppler frequency measurements, may have a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

[0269] In a joint communication and sensing network, resources (e.g., channels, spectrum, resource units, transmission opportunities) are shared for communication purposes and sensing purposes. Typically, as in the case of WLANs, the sensing functionality is secondary to the communication services provided. The communication mode is typically bursty in nature, where after acquiring the spectrum, large data blocks can be transmitted. In addition, the same spectrum is typically shared between different communication networks, which further complicates channel access for communication or sensing purposes. Therefore, for sensing, it is not feasible to guarantee access to resources to perform the requested sensing measurements. In order to ensure that the spectrum is sampled at the rate required by advanced applications to detect desired environmental changes without ambiguity, the present disclosure describes a solution in which fast probing is combined with an additional slow probing step.

[0270] As previously mentioned, the sensing measurements from fast detection, while unambiguous relative to the Doppler frequency measurement, have a low SNR. This can be overcome by combining fast detection with slow detection, thereby allowing coherent integration of multiple fast detection sensing measurements (clusters) to generate an accurate high SNR Doppler frequency representation that can be used to detect motion without the risk of detecting aliased frequencies.

[0271] Fig.24 An example 2400 of a first plurality of fast probing measurements 2402 and a later second plurality of fast probing measurements 2404 is depicted, where the second plurality of fast probing measurements 2404 is an example of slow probing. 2402-(1-N) shows fast probing measurements from the first plurality of fast probing measurements 2402.

[0272] In an example, Doppler frequency measurements can be referred to as environmental sensing of dynamic objects. Examples of dynamic objects include moving objects, people who are breathing, or people who are gesturing. Dynamic objects change or modulate the reflections of sensed transmissions over time. The purpose of Wi-Fi sensing can be to measure these changes in reflections. According to aspects of the present disclosure, Wi-Fi sensing can use Doppler frequency to measure these changes and determine the motion of dynamic objects.

[0273] Fig.25 A diagram 2500 is depicted of three types of dynamic changes of a dynamic object 2502 according to some embodiments. In diagram 2500, the dynamic object 2502 can change the reflection of the sensed transmission over time. The dynamic reflection paths are represented using reference numerals 2504-1, 2504-2, and 2504-3. In addition, diagram 2500 shows three types of dynamic changes and the corresponding frequency modulation or Doppler frequency generated thereby. In diagram 2500, three examples of types of dynamic changes are shown, including periodic (represented by reference numeral "2506"), linear (represented by reference numeral "2508"), and polynomial (represented by reference numeral "2510").

[0274] In an example, Doppler frequency measurements can be implemented by utilizing CSI calculated by a sensing receiver on a sensing transmission. In one example, the amplitude and phase of a dynamic reflection path can be analyzed for each CSI measurement relative to a line-of-sight path. The ability to do this depends on being able to accurately determine the Doppler frequency in the received reflected signal. The movement of a dynamic object 2502 can be captured by signal processing using measurements of the Doppler frequency. The Doppler frequency represents the change in the frequency of the received signal caused by the motion of the object. For example, when an object moves toward the transmitted signal, the compression of the reflected signal caused by the motion causes the received frequency of the reflected transmitted signal to be slightly higher than the actual transmitted frequency of the signal. If the object moves away from the transmitted signal, the expansion of the signal caused by the motion of the object causes the received frequency of the reflected transmitted signal to be slightly lower than the actual transmitted frequency of the signal.

[0275] In an example, these frequency variations are Doppler frequencies that can be extracted from the CSI measurements, where the Doppler frequencies appear as modulations of the frequency of the steady-state CSI associated with the transmission channel between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver.

[0276] The measurement of Doppler frequency requires observation of periodic samples that are generated by measuring the training field in the sensing transmission. The ability to generate sensing transmissions in a Wi-Fi sensing system may be unpredictable because it depends on spectrum availability (i.e., where data transmissions or other sensing transmissions also use the spectrum), scheduling priority (which may depend on the service class of other transmissions queued in the system), and the availability of STAs to make or receive sensing transmissions. In an example, the timestamps of the sensing measurement reports may be calculated at the sensing receiver so that the samples can be placed on an accurate time axis, thereby allowing accurate interpretation of the varying amplitude and phase measurements as a function of time. Fig.26 A diagram 2600 is depicted for using time-stamped sensing measurement reports to achieve accurate timeline generation of Doppler measurements in accordance with some embodiments. In diagram 2600, sensing measurements are periodically made by Wi-Fi sensing signal processing 2602 and reported in sensing measurement reports 2604-(1-N). In an example, each of the sensing measurement reports 2604-(1-N) contains a timestamp describing the measurement time of the sensing measurement contained therein. Using the timestamps, an accurate time-Doppler estimate 2606 can be created using the interval of the sensing measurements adjusted by the timestamps.

[0277] Several use cases have been defined in IEEE 802.11bf that can be used to identify speed detection requirements for objects moving within the sensing volume of a Wi-Fi system. In an example, the speed detection requirements can be used to determine the minimum timing between sensing measurement reports that are required to be able to measure an object moving at that speed. The use cases and corresponding speed and Doppler frequency measurement requirements for different frequency bands in a Wi-Fi sensing system are described in Table 1 provided below. The speed of motion and the accuracy of the speed of motion are given by the use case, and f D and f D The accuracy of can be calculated by equation (9), where f t is given by the frequency of the band in which the sensing transmission is performed.

[0278] Table 1: Doppler frequency and accuracy requirements corresponding to maximum speed and speed accuracy requirements based on WLAN sensing use case

[0279]

[0280] From Table 1, it can be determined that the Wi-Fi sensing system should be able to detect an object with a velocity of 3.0 m / s. This yields a Doppler frequency of 140 Hz (in the 7 GHz band). To avoid Doppler aliasing, the sampling frequency must be greater than or equal to twice the maximum Doppler frequency in a given transmission band.

[0281] According to Nyquist's sampling theorem, the Doppler frequency of the CSI must be sampled at a rate at least twice the maximum Doppler frequency (i.e., 280 Hz) in order to be able to determine the Doppler frequency unambiguously. Therefore, the interval between sensing measurements must be less than

[0282] Considering the Wi-Fi sensing use case and the speed requirements resulting from the Wi-Fi sensing use case, the accuracy requirements for the timestamps of the sensing measurements can be calculated using equation (9). It can be seen that for the simplest use case, at 2.4 GHz, the speed accuracy requirement can be met with a timestamp accuracy of 7.2 milliseconds. In one example, for the same use case, at 7 GHz, the speed accuracy requirement can be met with a timestamp accuracy of 2.5 milliseconds. The most stringent (hardest) motion detection use case defined for IEEE 802.11 requires a timestamp accuracy of 115 microseconds, setting a maximum inter-sample time for the sensing measurements. These timestamp accuracy requirements for all use cases are described in Table 2 provided below.

[0283] Table 2: Minimum timestamp accuracy corresponding to maximum speed and speed accuracy requirements based on WLAN sensing use case (which sets the minimum periodicity of sensing measurement reporting)

[0284]

[0285] Examples of detecting motion in a sensing space based on fast detection and slow detection are described in detail below.

[0286] Return to reference Figure 5 In one embodiment, the sensing receiver 502-1 (acting as a sensing responder) can be configured to send a sensing trigger message to the sensing transmitter 504-1. According to one embodiment, the sensing agent 516-1 of the sensing receiver 502-1 can be configured to send a sensing trigger message to the sensing transmitter 504-1. In one instance, the sensing trigger message can be a sensing detection trigger frame. In an example, the sensing trigger message can include information about a plurality of rapid detection sensing signals to be transmitted. In one embodiment, the sensing agent 516-1 can identify a predefined number of rapid detection sensing signals to be received in a transmission opportunity (TXOP). In one example, the predefined number of rapid detection sensing signals to be received can be signaled by a sensing trigger message.

[0287] According to an embodiment, in response to receiving a sensing trigger message, the sensing agent 536-1 of the sensing transmitter 504-1 may be configured to send the plurality of fast detection sensing signals to the sensing receiver 502-1. In an example, the sensing agent 536-1 may transmit the plurality of fast detection sensing signals as a series of sensing transmissions sent one short interframe space apart from each other. In an example, the sensing agent 536-1 may send a plurality of sensing transmissions (e.g., sensing NDPs) one SIFS apart in response to the sensing trigger message.

[0288] In some embodiments, the sensing agent 536-1 may transmit the plurality of fast sounding sensing signals within a sensing transmission. In an example, the plurality of fast sounding sensing signals may include a predefined number of high efficiency long training fields (HE-LTFs).

[0289] In one embodiment, the sensing agent 516-1 may be configured to receive the multiple rapid detection sensing signals transmitted by the sensing transmitter 504-1 in response to the sensing trigger message. In an example, the sensing agent 516-1 may receive the multiple rapid detection sensing signals in a single TXOP. According to one embodiment, the sensing agent 516-1 may receive the multiple rapid detection sensing signals as a series of sensing transmissions sent one SIFS apart from each other. In another embodiment, the sensing agent 516-1 may receive the multiple rapid detection sensing signals within a sensing transmission. In an example embodiment, the sensing agent 516-1 may receive the multiple rapid detection sensing signals at a certain rate, and the rate is configured to sense an object moving at at least a certain threshold speed within the channel of the multiple rapid detection sensing signals without aliasing. In an example, the sensing agent 516-1 may receive the multiple rapid detection sensing signals at an average rate of at least 280 Hz. In an example, the threshold speed may be 3.0 meters per second.

[0290] In some embodiments, the sensing agent 516-1 may send multiple sensing trigger messages including a sensing trigger message to the sensing transmitter 504-1. In response to the multiple sensing trigger messages including the sensing trigger message, the sensing agent 536-1 may transmit multiple fast detection sensing signals in response to corresponding sensing trigger messages in the multiple sensing trigger messages. In one example, the multiple fast detection sensing signals include multiple sensing transmissions, each of which includes at least one HE-LTF. In one example, the sensing agent 536-1 may send one or more sensing transmissions (e.g., sensing NDPs) repeated with HE-LTF, so that each sensing transmission has up to 8 sensing measurement opportunities (explained later). In one embodiment, the sensing agent 516-1 may receive the multiple fast detection sensing signals transmitted in response to corresponding sensing trigger messages in the multiple sensing trigger messages.

[0291] According to one embodiment, the sensing agent 516-1 can be configured to perform multiple sensing measurements (also referred to as the first multiple sensing measurements) on the multiple rapid detection sensing signals. In an example, the multiple sensing measurements include measurements of Doppler frequencies associated with the motion of objects in the sensing space. In one embodiment, the timestamp generation block 524-1 can be configured to determine or generate timestamps for the sensing measurements performed on the multiple rapid detection sensing signals. Examples of timestamps that can be generated that are not discussed herein are contemplated herein. In one embodiment, the sensing agent 516-1 can associate the multiple timestamps with one or more sensing measurements performed on one or more of the multiple rapid detection sensing signals.

[0292] In one example, the process of sending a sensing trigger message by the sensing receiver 502-1 and receiving the plurality of rapid detection sensing signals as the series of sensing transmissions sent by the sensing transmitter 504-1 in response to the sensing trigger message by the sensing receiver 502-1 can be referred to as a single-trigger multiple-transmission detection process. According to the single-trigger multiple-transmission detection process, a single trigger message can be used to trigger multiple sensing transmissions for each availability window.

[0293] Fig. 27 Diagram 2700 depicts a one-shot multiple transmission sounding process in a TXOP in accordance with some embodiments.

[0294] In diagram 2700, after exchanging the sensing polling trigger frame and CTS-to-self, the sensing initiator 2702 may send a sensing trigger message (sensing detection trigger frame) to the STA 2704. The sensing initiator 2702 may be an instance of the sensing receiver 502-1, and the STA 2704 may be an instance of the sensing transmitter 504-1. In one embodiment, in response to the sensing trigger message, the STA 2704 may send multiple sensing transmissions (e.g., sensing NDPs or R2INDPs) separated from each other by one SIFS in the TXOP. In an example, the time between fast detection instances for single-trigger multiple transmissions is the duration of the SIFS and the duration of the R2INDP (also referred to as the R2I HE TB detection NDP). In one example, the time between fast detection instances for single-trigger multiple transmissions is represented using equation (11) provided below.

[0295] T STMT =SIFS+T R1N …(11)

[0296] Where T STMT represents the time between fast detection instances for single-shot multiple transfers, and T R1N Indicates the duration of R2INDP.

[0297] In one example, the SIFS may be 10 microseconds long and the R2I NDP may be approximately 72 microseconds long (eg, Fig.21 ), giving a time between sensing measurements of 82 microseconds, which corresponds to a measurement bandwidth of 12.2 kHz. This is less than the maximum inter-sample period for sensing measurements (i.e., less than 115 microseconds). Thus, this example allows measuring an object moving at a velocity V = 261 m / s as follows:

[0298]

[0299] In an example, this detection capability far exceeds the use case requirements of Wi-Fi sensing, however, providing the ability to oversample the signal and improve the detection SNR.

[0300] According to some embodiments, single-shot multiple transmissions may be performed without the need for sensing measurement report timestamps because the sensing transmitter 504-1 may send each NDP exactly one SIFS apart, and the sensing receiver 502-1 may use this information to establish an accurate time representation of the amplitude and phase changes to determine the Doppler frequency.

[0301] In an example, a sensing probe trigger frame may be defined that requests multiple sensing transmissions per availability window. In an example, a sensing probe trigger frame may be FIG. 15A to FIG. 15H In some instances, the sensing detection trigger frame may be identified as a variant of the ranging trigger frame, and the trigger type subfield value may be 8. In some other instances, a new type of trigger frame may be defined. For example, the sensing detection trigger frame may be defined as a trigger type of "sensing" and may be assigned a trigger type subfield value of 9.

[0302] As previously described, the sensing agent 516-1 may identify the number of multiple sensing transmissions (fast detection sensing signals) for each availability window. In one embodiment, the number of multiple sensing transmissions may be signaled by a sensing detection trigger frame. In one example, the number of multiple sensing transmissions for each availability window may be carried by trigger-related common information (e.g., Fig.15A shown).

[0303] Fig.28 An example 2800 of a trigger-related common information subfield for a sensing trigger message (sensing detection trigger frame) is shown in accordance with some embodiments.

[0304] In an example, the number of multiple sensing transmissions per availability window may be carried by the R2I NDP repetition count and may be encoded as an unsigned integer value. In an example, a value of 0 may mean disabling multiple sensing transmissions per availability window. A value of 1..255 may mean enabling multiple sensing transmissions per availability window. A value between 1 and 255 may mean that the R2I NDP may be sent in an availability window. The values ​​of the sensing trigger subtype may be given by Table 3 provided below, and the sensing probe trigger frame may be a sensing trigger subtype 1.

[0305] Table 3: Sensor Trigger Subtype Subfield Coding

[0306] Sensor Trigger Subtype Subfield Value Sensor Trigger Frame Sub-Variation 0 polling 1 Detection 2 Safety Detection 3 Report 4 Passive detection 5-15 reserve

[0307] In some instances, the sensing trigger subtype may be a combined ranging / sensing trigger subtype, and the sensing detection trigger frame may identify between variants of both ranging and sensing trigger message types. In an instance, a token may be reserved for other sensing trigger message subtypes that share a common format.

[0308] In some examples, the number of multiple sensing transmissions per availability window can be defined by each sensing responder (which is an instance of sensing receiver 502-1) addressed by the trigger frame. In these examples, the number of multiple sensing transmissions per availability window can be carried by the user information field of the trigger frame. Fig.29 An example of the user information field of a sensing probe trigger frame is depicted 2900. In one example, the site to which the user information refers can be described by an associated ID (AID12) or a non-associated site ID (USID12). The number of multiple sensing transmissions per availability window can be carried by the R2I NDP repetition count and can be encoded as previously described.

[0309] In one embodiment, sensing measurements may be performed on the LTF in the NDP. The HE-LTF may be repeated up to 8 times in a single NDP (e.g., HE ranging NDP). Fig. 20 and Fig.21 As shown, the duration of the HE-LTF (each HE-LTF has four symbols) is two 16 microsecond symbols or 32 microseconds. In addition, the duration of the HE-LTF (each HE-LTF has two symbols) is two 8 microsecond symbols or 16 microseconds. In an example, up to 8 sensing measurements can be made for a single NDP by replicating the HE-LTF fields (and the symbols used to transmit them) up to eight times.

[0310] In the example, for a 32 microsecond interval between sensing measurements, the measurement bandwidth is 31.25kHz. This theoretically allows measuring an object moving at a speed of 670 meters / second as follows:

[0311]

[0312] In one example, this detection capability far exceeds the use case requirements for Wi-Fi sensing, however, providing the ability to oversample the signal and improve the detection SNR.

[0313] In one embodiment, HE-LTF repetition detection can be performed without the need for sensing measurement report timestamps because the time interval between HE-LTFs in the NDP is deterministic and the sensing receiver 502-1 can use this information to establish an accurate time representation of the amplitude and phase changes to determine the Doppler frequency.

[0314] As previously described, the sensing detection trigger frame may request repeated LTFs in a single NDP. In one example, the number of repeated LTFs in a single NDP may be determined by the I2R Rep field in the User Information field (e.g., Fig.29 In one example, I2R Rep is a 3-bit value and may represent the number of LTF repetitions minus 1.

[0315] Additionally, as previously mentioned, the SNR of the Doppler frequency measurement may be low, so multiple determinations of the Doppler frequency need to be coherently combined to increase the overall SNR of the determination. This can be done by periodically repeating the fast sounding technique with a slow sounding. This is known as the fast-slow sounding technique.

[0316] According to one embodiment, the sensing agent 516-1 may send a conventional sensing detection trigger frame to the sensing transmitter 504-1. In one example, the sensing detection trigger frame may include information about a plurality of slow detection sensing signals to be transmitted. In one embodiment, in response to the sensing detection trigger frame, the sensing agent 536-1 may transmit the plurality of slow detection sensing signals.

[0317] In one embodiment, (and if Fig.24 ), the sensing agent 516-1 may receive the plurality of slow detection sensing signals transmitted by the sensing transmitter 504-1. In an example, the sensing agent 516-1 may receive the plurality of slow detection sensing signals in one or more availability windows. In an example, at least one of the plurality of fast detection sensing signals is included in at least one of the plurality of slow detection sensing signals. In an example, at least one of the plurality of slow detection sensing signals is transmitted at most once per availability window in response to a sensing detection trigger frame.

[0318] In one example, the duration of the availability window may be 10 TUs (where each TU is 1024 microseconds). Therefore, probing according to the availability window may occur at intervals of approximately 10 milliseconds or longer, resulting in an effective measurement bandwidth of 50 Hz or less. As previously discussed, system issues such as spectrum availability, higher priority services, and STA availability may mean that sensing transmissions may be implemented in a subset of the availability window. The sensing measurement report timestamp may be used to construct an accurate time representation of the interval of the slow probing instance.

[0319] Fig.30 Diagram 3000 depicts a cascade triggered probing process in a TXOP in accordance with some embodiments.

[0320] In diagram 3000, after exchanging the sensing polling trigger frame and CTS-to-self, the cascade trigger sequence can be used to trigger multiple sensing transmissions for each availability window. The sensing initiator 3002 can send multiple sensing trigger messages (e.g., sensing probe trigger frames) to STA 3004. The sensing initiator 3002 can be an instance of the sensing receiver 502-1, and STA3004 can be an instance of the sensing transmitter 504-1. In an example, the multiple sensing trigger messages can trigger multiple sensing transmissions in the same TXOP. In one embodiment, in response to the multiple sensing trigger messages, STA 3004 can send multiple sensing transmissions. In an example, the time between slow detection instances of cascade trigger detection is the duration of the sensing probe trigger frame plus two SIFS and the duration of the R2I NDP. In an example, the time between slow detection instances of cascade trigger detection is mathematically expressed using equation (12) provided below.

[0321] T CASC =T TF +SIFS+T R1N +SIFS…(12)

[0322] Where T CASC Indicates the time between slow probe instances of cascaded triggered probes, T TF represents the duration of the sensing detection trigger frame, and T R1N Indicates the duration of the R2I NDP.

[0323] In an example, the trigger frame contains a data payload within the PPDU, which increases the duration of the frame. The data payload of the sensing probe trigger frame (trigger frame) can be variable. However, for calculation purposes, based on the definition of the ranging trigger frame given by P802.11az / D4.2 (without padding), the data payload of the sensing probe trigger frame can be assumed to be approximately 33 octets (bytes). Through encoding, the data can be carried by 36 octets. Assuming a conservative modulation scheme carrying 8 bits per symbol (e.g., 256-QAM), 36 octets equal 36 symbols. The duration of a HE symbol (HE is the only PHY that supports trigger frames) is 16 milliseconds (worst case with a guard interval of 3.2 milliseconds), and therefore it can be assumed that the time to transmit the data payload in the trigger frame is 36×16 milliseconds (i.e., 576 milliseconds). In addition, assuming that the HE SU PPDU carries the data payload, the PHY layer structure requires approximately 72 milliseconds to transmit. Therefore, the total time (T TF ) may be approximately 648 milliseconds. Then, the total time between sensing transmissions of the cascade trigger detection process may be given by T CASC Given, where

[0324] T CASC =T TF +SIFS+T R1N +SIFS

[0325] =648+10+72+10

[0326] =740 microseconds

[0327] According to one embodiment, any sensing probe trigger frame that triggers a fast detection sensing signal may be used as a cascade trigger sequence. In some instances, the number of remaining sensing probe trigger frames in a TXOP may be signaled by each sensing probe trigger frame. The number of remaining sensing probe trigger frames may be based on each station and may be signaled in user information, or the number of remaining sensing probe trigger frames may be assumed to be targeted by a common set of STAs by a sensing probe trigger frame, and the number of remaining sensing probe trigger frames may be signaled by triggering related public information. In an instance, this information may be included in a sensing session establishment configuration or a sensing measurement establishment configuration, and may be applied to all STAs that use a sensing session establishment or a sensing measurement establishment for a sensing measurement instance.

[0328] According to an example, ten sensing detection trigger frames will be transmitted to the public STA set through the cascade trigger sequence. In this example, the number of remaining sensing detection trigger frames signaled in the first sensing detection trigger frame will be nine, and it can be signaled by triggering related public information. Subsequently, the number of remaining sensing detection trigger frames signaled in the second sensing detection trigger frame will be eight, and finally, the number of remaining sensing detection trigger frames signaled in the tenth sensing detection trigger frame will be zero.

[0329] According to one embodiment, the sensing agent 516-1 can perform multiple sensing measurements (also referred to as a second plurality of sensing measurements) on multiple slow detection sensing signals received from the sensing transmitter 504-1. In one embodiment, the sensing agent 516-1 can detect motion in the sensing space based on the first plurality of sensing measurements performed on the multiple fast detection sensing signals and the second plurality of sensing measurements performed on the multiple slow detection sensing signals. According to some embodiments, the timestamp generation block 524-1 can be configured to determine or generate timestamps for the sensing measurements performed on the multiple slow detection sensing signals. Examples of timestamps that can be generated that are not discussed herein are contemplated herein. In one embodiment, the sensing agent 516-1 can associate a timestamp with one or more sensing measurements performed on one or more of the multiple slow detection sensing signals.

[0330] According to some embodiments, the sensing agent 516-1 can be configured to send the first plurality of sensing measurements (performed on the plurality of fast detection sensing signals) and associated timestamps to the sensing initiator for further processing. In addition, the sensing agent 516-1 can also send the second plurality of sensing measurements (performed on the plurality of slow detection sensing signals) and associated timestamps to the sensing initiator for further processing. In one embodiment, the sensing agent 516-1 can process the first plurality of sensing measurements and the second plurality of sensing measurements to detect motion in the sensing space. In an example, the sensing initiator can be the remote processing device 506.

[0331] In an embodiment, the sensing measurement including the timestamp may be sent via a sensing measurement report. In an example, the sensing measurement report may be implemented via a sensing measurement report frame. In an example, the sensing measurement report frame may include a sensing measurement report element or a sensing measurement report field, and the sensing measurement report element or the sensing measurement report field may in turn include a timestamp. In an example, the sensing measurement report element as defined by P802.11bf / D0.2 may be adapted to carry a timestamp. Fig.31 An example 3100 of including a sensing measurement report element providing a timestamp according to some embodiments is depicted. The sensing measurement report element may contain a single sensing measurement report. The sensing measurement report element may be included in a sensing measurement report frame. The sensing measurement report type field may be set to a number identifying the type of sensing measurement report.

[0332] In some examples, sensing measurement reporting may be implemented by fields. Fig.32 An example 3200 of a sensing measurement report frame implemented as a field and including providing a timestamp is depicted. In this example, the sensing measurement report type may be carried as part of the sensing measurement report control.

[0333] As previously described, in each slow detection instance, a fast detection technique may be used. In one instance, each sensing detection trigger frame may request the sensing transmitter 504-1 to use the HE-LTF repetition fast detection technique, and in another instance, each sensing detection trigger frame may request the sensing transmitter 504-1 to use the single trigger multiple transmission detection process, thereby enabling the sensing initiator to obtain a sensing transmission cluster for explicit Doppler frequency determination within each availability window. In some instances, when a cascaded trigger sequence detection technique is used, each triggered sensing transmission in a TXOP may use the HE-LTF repetition fast detection technique, thereby enabling the sensing initiator to obtain several fast detection sensing measurements in each TXOP.

[0334] According to some embodiments, a sensing initiator may obtain fast detection from multiple STAs. In one example, the multiple STAs may include one or more sensing transmitters of multiple sensing transmitters 504-(1-N). In an example, the sensing initiator may use a fast-slow detection technique to trigger different STAs to perform fast detection in each slow detection measurement opportunity. In an example, the sensing initiator may need more than eight (8) detection sensing measurements from a single STA. Because each HE-LTF repetition can provide up to eight (8) sensing measurements per NDP, the sensing initiator may use a fast-slow detection technique to trigger the same STA to perform fast detection in each slow detection measurement opportunity. According to an example, if the sensing initiator wants to perform fast detection with STA A, STA B, and STA C (e.g., sensing transmitter 504-1, sensing transmitter 504-2, and sensing transmitter 504-3), the sensing initiator may use a fast-slow detection technique to trigger STA A, STA B, and STA C to perform fast detection in an interleaved sequence across slow detection measurement opportunities. In one instance, the interleaving sequence may be “A, A, A, B, B, B, C, C, C”. Thus, STA A may be assigned to the first slow probing opportunity, the second slow probing opportunity, and the third slow probing opportunity. Additionally, STA B may be assigned to the fourth slow probing opportunity, the fifth slow probing opportunity, and the sixth slow probing opportunity, and so on. Another example of an interleaving sequence may be “A, B, C, A, B, C, A, B, C”. By using the fast-slow probing technique on multiple STAs, the sensing initiator may be able to determine the Doppler frequencies on multiple sensing transmissions.

[0335] Fig.33 Depicted is a flowchart 3300 for performing multiple sensing measurements on multiple rapid probing sensing signals to detect motion in a sensing space in accordance with some embodiments. In an implementation, flowchart 3300 is performed by a networked device configured to operate as a sensing responder (eg, sensing receiver 502-1).

[0336] In a brief overview of an embodiment of flowchart 3300, at step 3302, a sensing trigger message may be sent, the sensing trigger message including information about a plurality of rapid detection sensing signals to be transmitted. At step 3304, the plurality of rapid detection sensing signals transmitted by a sensing transmitter (e.g., sensing transmitter 504-1) in response to the sensing trigger message may be received. In an example, the plurality of rapid detection sensing signals may be received in a transmission opportunity (TXOP). At step 3306, a plurality of sensing measurements may be performed on the plurality of rapid detection sensing signals. In an example, the plurality of sensing measurements may include measurements of Doppler frequency information associated with motion in a sensing space.

[0337] Step 3302 includes sending a sensing trigger message, the sensing trigger message including information about a plurality of rapid detection sensing signals to be transmitted. According to one embodiment, the sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to send a sensing trigger message to the sensing transmitter 504-1, the sensing trigger message including information about the plurality of rapid detection sensing signals to be transmitted. In one example, the sensing trigger message may be a sensing detection trigger frame. In some embodiments, the sensing receiver 502-1 may identify a predefined number of rapid detection sensing signals to be received within the TXOP from the sensing trigger message.

[0338] Step 3304 includes receiving the multiple fast detection sensing signals transmitted by the sensing transmitter in response to the sensing trigger message, and the multiple fast detection sensing signals are received in the TXOP. According to one embodiment, the sensing receiver 502-1 can be configured to receive the multiple fast detection sensing signals transmitted by the sensing transmitter 504-1 in response to the sensing trigger message. In one instance, the multiple fast detection sensing signals can be received in the TXOP. In an example, the sensing receiver 502-1 can receive the multiple fast detection sensing signals as a series of sensing transmissions sent with a short interframe space (SIFS) separated from each other. In some embodiments, the sensing receiver 502-1 can receive the multiple fast detection sensing signals as multiple frames within the sensing transmission. In one example, the multiple frames include a predefined number of efficient long training fields. In some embodiments, the sensing receiver 502-1 can send multiple sensing trigger messages including the sensing trigger message to the sensing transmitter 504-1. In addition, the sensing receiver 502-1 may receive the multiple rapid detection sensing signals transmitted by the sensing transmitter 504-1 in response to the corresponding sensing trigger message in the multiple sensing trigger messages. In an example, the multiple rapid detection sensing signals may include multiple sensing transmissions, each of the multiple sensing transmissions including at least one high-efficiency long training field (HE-LTF). In addition, in an example, the sensing receiver 502-1 may receive the multiple rapid detection sensing signals at a certain rate, and the rate is configured to sense an object moving at at least a certain threshold speed within the channel of the multiple rapid detection sensing signals without aliasing. In an example, the threshold speed may be 3.0 meters per second. In addition, in an example, the sensing receiver 502-1 may receive the multiple rapid detection sensing signals at an average rate of at least 280 Hz.

[0339] Step 3306 includes performing a plurality of sensing measurements on the plurality of rapid detection sensing signals, wherein the plurality of sensing measurements include measurements of Doppler frequency information associated with motion in the sensing space. According to one embodiment, the sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to perform the plurality of sensing measurements on the plurality of rapid detection sensing signals, wherein the plurality of sensing measurements include measurements of Doppler frequency information associated with motion in the sensing space. In one embodiment, the sensing receiver 502-1 may associate a plurality of timestamps with one or more sensing measurements performed on one or more of the plurality of rapid detection sensing signals.

[0340] Fig.34A and Fig.34B Depicted is a flowchart 3400 for performing a first plurality of sensing measurements and a second plurality of sensing measurements on a plurality of fast probing sensing signals and a plurality of slow probing sensing signals, respectively, to detect motion in a sensing space, in accordance with some embodiments. In one implementation, the flowchart 3400 is performed by a networked device configured to operate as a sensing responder (e.g., sensing receiver 502-1).

[0341] In a brief overview of the implementation of flowchart 3400, at step 3402, a sensing trigger message may be sent, the sensing trigger message including information about a plurality of fast detection sensing signals to be transmitted. At step 3404, the plurality of fast detection sensing signals transmitted by a sensing transmitter (e.g., sensing transmitter 504-1) in response to the sensing trigger message may be received. In an example, the plurality of fast detection sensing signals may be received in a transmission opportunity (TXOP). At step 3406, a first plurality of sensing measurements may be performed on the plurality of fast detection sensing signals. In an example, the first plurality of sensing measurements may include measurements of Doppler frequency information associated with motion in a sensing space. At step 3408, a sensing detection trigger frame including information about a plurality of slow detection sensing signals to be transmitted may be sent to the sensing transmitter. At step 3410, a plurality of slow detection sensing signals transmitted by the sensing transmitter in response to the sensing detection trigger frame may be received. In an example, the plurality of slow detection sensing signals may be received in one or more availability windows. At step 3412, a second plurality of sensing measurements may be performed on the plurality of slow probing sensing signals. In one example, detecting motion in the sensing space may be based on a first plurality of sensing measurements performed on the plurality of fast probing sensing signals and a second plurality of sensing measurements performed on the plurality of slow probing sensing signals.

[0342] Step 3402 includes sending a sensing trigger message, the sensing trigger message including information about a plurality of rapid detection sensing signals to be transmitted. According to an embodiment, the sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to send a sensing detection trigger frame to the sensing transmitter 504-1, the sensing detection trigger frame including information about the plurality of rapid detection sensing signals to be transmitted.

[0343] Step 3404 includes receiving the plurality of fast detection sensing signals transmitted by the sensing transmitter in response to the sensing trigger message, the plurality of fast detection sensing signals being received in the TXOP. According to an embodiment, the sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to receive the plurality of fast detection sensing signals transmitted by the sensing transmitter 504-1 in response to the sensing trigger message.

[0344] Step 3406 comprises performing a first plurality of sensing measurements on the plurality of rapid probing sensing signals, wherein the first plurality of sensing measurements comprises measurements of Doppler frequency information associated with motion in the sensing space. According to an embodiment, the sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to perform a first plurality of sensing measurements on the plurality of rapid probing sensing signals, wherein the first plurality of sensing measurements comprises measurements of Doppler frequency information associated with motion in the sensing space.

[0345] Step 3408 includes sending a sensing detection trigger frame to the sensing transmitter, the sensing detection trigger frame including information about the plurality of slow detection sensing signals to be transmitted. According to an embodiment, the sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to send a sensing detection trigger frame to the sensing transmitter 504-1, the sensing detection trigger frame including information about the plurality of slow detection sensing signals to be transmitted.

[0346] Step 3410 includes receiving the plurality of slow detection sensing signals transmitted by the sensing transmitter in response to the sensing detection trigger frame, the plurality of slow detection sensing signals being received in one or more availability windows. According to one embodiment, the sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to receive the plurality of slow detection sensing signals transmitted by the sensing transmitter 504-1 in response to the sensing detection trigger frame. In an example, the plurality of slow detection sensing signals may be received in one or more availability windows. In an example, at least one of the plurality of fast detection sensing signals may be included in at least one of the plurality of slow detection sensing signals.

[0347] Step 3412 includes performing a second plurality of sensing measurements on the plurality of slow probing sensing signals, wherein detecting motion in the sensing space is based on a first plurality of sensing measurements performed on the plurality of fast probing sensing signals and a second plurality of sensing measurements performed on the plurality of slow probing sensing signals. According to an embodiment, the sensing receiver 502-1 may be configured to perform a second plurality of sensing measurements on the plurality of slow probing sensing signals, wherein detecting motion in the sensing space is based on a first plurality of sensing measurements performed on the plurality of fast probing sensing signals and a second plurality of sensing measurements performed on the plurality of slow probing sensing signals. In an embodiment, the sensing receiver 502-1 may associate a timestamp with one or more sensing measurements performed on one or more of the plurality of slow probing sensing signals.

[0348] Further embodiments of the claims include the following.

[0349] Embodiment 1 is a method for Wi-Fi sensing performed by a sensing initiator, the sensing initiator comprising at least one processor, the at least one processor being configured to execute instructions, the method comprising: sending, by the sensing initiator, a sensing detection trigger frame to a sensing transmitter, the sensing detection trigger frame identifying a predefined number of efficient long training fields to be included in a sensing transmission; receiving, by the sensing initiator, the sensing transmission including the efficient long training fields from the sensing transmitter; and performing, by the sensing initiator, a plurality of sensing measurements on the efficient long training fields included in the sensing transmission, wherein the plurality of sensing measurements are used to detect motion in a sensing space.

[0350] Embodiment 2 is a method according to embodiment 1, further comprising: receiving, by the sensing initiator, a plurality of slow detection sensing signals transmitted by the sensing transmitter, the plurality of slow detection sensing signals being received within one or more availability windows; performing, by the sensing responder, a second plurality of sensing measurements on the plurality of slow detection sensing signals, wherein detecting motion in the sensing space is based on the plurality of sensing measurements and the second plurality of sensing measurements.

[0351] Embodiment 3 is the method of embodiment 2, wherein at least one of the plurality of slow detection sensing signals is transmitted in response to a regular sensing detection trigger frame.

[0352] Embodiment 4 is a method according to embodiment 2 or embodiment 3, further comprising associating a timestamp with one or more sensing measurements performed on one or more slow probing sensing signals of the plurality of slow probing sensing signals.

[0353] Embodiment 5 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, further comprising associating a plurality of time stamps with respective sensing measurements of the plurality of sensing measurements performed on the efficient long training field.

[0354] Embodiment 6 is the method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 5, further comprising: receiving, by the sensing initiator, the efficient long training fields separated from each other by a guard interval.

[0355] Embodiment 7 is a method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 6, further comprising: identifying, by the sensing initiator, the predefined number of efficient long training fields.

[0356] Embodiment 8 is a method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 7, further comprising: receiving, by the sensing initiator, a plurality of frames, each of the plurality of frames containing a predetermined number of efficient long training fields within the sensing transmission.

[0357] Embodiment 9 is a method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 8, further comprising: sending, by the sensing initiator, a plurality of sensing detection trigger frames including the sensing detection trigger frame; and receiving, by the sensing initiator, the plurality of sensing transmissions sent in response to corresponding sensing trigger detection trigger frames in the plurality of sensing trigger detection trigger frames.

[0358] Embodiment 10 is a method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 9, further comprising determining the predefined number of efficient long training fields to be included in the sensing transmission to sense objects moving at at least a certain threshold speed within the channel of the multiple fast detection sensing signals without aliasing.

[0359] Embodiment 11 is a method according to embodiment 10, wherein the threshold speed is 3.0 m / s.

[0360] Embodiment 12 is the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 11, further comprising receiving the predetermined number of efficient long training fields at an average rate of at least 250 kHz.

[0361] Embodiment 13 is a system for Wi-Fi sensing, the system comprising a sensing initiator and including at least one processor, the at least one processor configured to execute instructions for performing the following operations: sending a sensing detection trigger frame, the sensing detection trigger frame identifying a predefined number of efficient long training fields to be included in a sensing transmission; receiving the sensing transmission including the efficient long training fields; and performing multiple sensing measurements on the efficient long training fields included in the sensing transmission, wherein the multiple sensing measurements are used to detect motion in a sensing space.

[0362] Embodiment 14 is a system according to embodiment 13, wherein the processor is further configured to: receive a plurality of slow detection sensing signals transmitted by the sensing transmitter, wherein the plurality of slow detection sensing signals are received within one or more availability windows; perform a second plurality of sensing measurements on the plurality of slow detection sensing signals, wherein detecting motion in the sensing space is based on the plurality of sensing measurements performed and the second plurality of sensing measurements.

[0363] Embodiment 15 is the system of embodiment 13 or 14, wherein at least one slow detection sensing signal of the second plurality of slow detection sensing signals is transmitted in response to a regular sensing detection trigger frame.

[0364] Embodiment 16 is a system according to any one of embodiments 13 to 15, wherein the processor is further configured to: associate a timestamp with one or more sensing measurements performed on one or more slow probing sensing signals of the plurality of slow probing sensing signals.

[0365] Embodiment 17 is the system of any one of embodiments 13 to 16, wherein the processor is further configured to associate a plurality of time stamps with respective sensing measurements of the plurality of sensing measurements performed on the efficient long training field.

[0366] Embodiment 18 is the system of any one of embodiments 13 to 17, wherein the processor is further configured to: receive the efficient long training fields separated from each other by guard intervals.

[0367] Embodiment 19 is the system of any one of embodiments 13 to 18, wherein the processor is further configured to: identify the predefined number of efficient long training fields.

[0368] Embodiment 20 is the system of any one of embodiments 13 to 19, wherein the processor is further configured to: receive a plurality of frames, each of the plurality of frames containing a predetermined number of efficient long training fields within the sensing transmission.

[0369] Embodiment 21 is a system according to any one of embodiments 13 to 20, wherein the processor is further configured to: send multiple sensing detection trigger frames including the sensing detection trigger frame; and receive the multiple sensing transmissions sent in response to corresponding sensing detection trigger frames in the multiple sensing detection trigger frames.

[0370] Embodiment 22 is a system according to any one of embodiments 13 to 21, wherein the processor is further configured to determine the predefined number of efficient long training fields to be included in the sensing transmission to sense objects moving at at least a certain threshold speed within the channel of the multiple rapid detection sensing signals without aliasing.

[0371] Embodiment 23 is a system according to embodiment 22, wherein the threshold speed is 3.0 meters per second.

[0372] Embodiment 24 is a system according to any one of embodiments 13 to 23, wherein the processor is further configured to receive the predetermined number of efficient long training fields at an average rate of at least 250 kHz.

[0373] Although various embodiments of the methods and systems have been described, these embodiments are illustrative and in no way limit the scope of the described methods or systems. Changes in form and detail of the described methods and systems may be accomplished by those skilled in the relevant art without departing from the broadest scope of the described methods and systems. Therefore, the scope of the methods and systems described herein should not be limited by any illustrative embodiments and should be defined in accordance with the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for Wi-Fi sensing performed by a sensing initiator, the sensing initiator comprising at least one processor, the at least one processor being configured to execute instructions, the method comprising: sending, by the sensing initiator to a sensing transmitter, a sensing probe trigger frame identifying a predefined number of efficient long training fields to be included in a sensing transmission; receiving, by the sensing initiator from the sensing transmitter, the sensing transmission including the efficient long training field; as well as A plurality of sensing measurements are performed by the sensing initiator on the efficient long training field included in the sensing transmission, wherein the plurality of sensing measurements are used to detect motion in a sensing space.

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the sensing initiator, a plurality of slow detection sensing signals transmitted by the sensing transmitter, the plurality of slow detection sensing signals being received in one or more availability windows; performing, by the sensing responder, a second plurality of sensing measurements on the plurality of slow probing sensing signals, Wherein detecting motion in the sensing space is based on the plurality of sensing measurements and the second plurality of sensing measurements. 3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein at least one of the plurality of slow detection sensing signals is transmitted in response to a regular sensing detection trigger frame. 4 . The method of claim 2 , further comprising associating a timestamp with one or more sensing measurements performed on one or more of the plurality of slow probing sensing signals. 5 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising associating a plurality of time stamps with respective ones of the plurality of sensing measurements performed on the efficient long training field.

6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: The efficient long training fields separated from each other by guard intervals are received by the sensing initiator.

7. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: The predefined number of efficient long training fields is identified by the sensing initiator.

8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: A plurality of frames are received by the sensing initiator, the plurality of frames each comprising a predetermined number of efficient long training fields within the sensing transmission.

9. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: The sensing initiator sends a plurality of sensing detection trigger frames including the sensing detection trigger frame; as well as The plurality of sensing transmissions sent in response to corresponding ones of the plurality of sensing trigger detection trigger frames are received by the sensing initiator.

10. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining the predefined number of efficient long training fields to be included in the sensing transmission to sense objects moving at at least a certain threshold speed within the channel of the plurality of rapid probing sensing signals without aliasing. The method of claim 10 , wherein the threshold speed is 3.0 m / s.

12. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving the predetermined number of efficient long training fields at an average rate of at least 250 kHz.

13. A system for Wi-Fi sensing, the system comprising a sensing initiator and including at least one processor, the at least one processor configured to execute instructions for: sending a sensing probe trigger frame identifying a predefined number of efficient long training fields to be included in a sensing transmission; receiving the sensing transmission including the efficient long training field; and A plurality of sensing measurements are performed on the efficient long training field included in the sensing transmission, wherein the plurality of sensing measurements are used to detect motion in a sensing space.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to: receiving a plurality of slow-probing sensing signals transmitted by the sensing transmitter, the plurality of slow-probing sensing signals being received in one or more availability windows; performing a second plurality of sensing measurements on the plurality of slow probing sensing signals, Wherein detecting motion in the sensing space is based on the performed plurality of sensing measurements and the second plurality of sensing measurements.

15. The system of claim 14, wherein at least one slow detection sensing signal of the second plurality of slow detection sensing signals is transmitted in response to a regular sensing detection trigger frame. 16 . The system of claim 14 , wherein the processor is further configured to associate a timestamp with one or more sensing measurements performed on one or more slow probing sensing signals of the plurality of slow probing sensing signals.

17. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to associate a plurality of time stamps with respective ones of the plurality of sensing measurements performed on the efficient long training field.

18. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to: The efficient long training fields are received separated from each other by guard intervals.

19. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to: The predefined number of efficient long training fields is identified.

20. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to: A plurality of frames are received, each of the plurality of frames comprising a predetermined number of efficient long training fields within the sensing transmission.

21. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to: sending a plurality of sensing detection trigger frames including the sensing detection trigger frame; and The plurality of sensing transmissions sent in response to corresponding sensing detection trigger frames of the plurality of sensing detection trigger frames are received.

22. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to determine the predefined number of efficient long training fields to be included in the sensing transmission to sense objects moving at at least a certain threshold speed within the channel of the plurality of rapid detection sensing signals without aliasing.

23. The system of claim 22, wherein the threshold speed is 3.0 m / s.

24. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to receive the predetermined number of efficient long training fields at an average rate of at least 250 kHz.

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