An electric bicycle internet of things electronic license plate management system and a management and control method thereof

Abstract

The application discloses an electric bicycle Internet of Things electronic license plate management system and a management and control method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of vehicle-mounted electronics, and comprises an Internet of Things electronic license plate system, a management and control center and an APP client; the technical problems of complicated wiring, serious signal interference and insufficient remote monitoring capability in traditional battery monitoring are solved through the design of an EC-Bus bus and a variety of wireless communication electronic license plate modules; the application realizes the electric vehicle special-purpose Internet of Things electronic license plate, realizes real-time remote monitoring of the battery charging state and health condition through an APP, introduces the EC-Bus bus technology, integrates power supply and carrier communication on the same bus, separates the layout of a battery voltage / current acquisition module and a communication module, significantly reduces wiring complexity and signal interference, adopts machine learning and a mathematical model to accurately evaluate the battery health, thereby prolongs the battery life, improves system safety, and the overall system design is highly integrated.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of vehicle electronic technology, and in particular relates to an electric bicycle Internet of Things electronic license plate management system and its control method. Background Technology

[0002] Currently, the number of people using electric bicycles is enormous, and the dynamic, networked traffic information management system is not yet in place for the various types of two-wheeled, three-wheeled, and four-wheeled electric bicycles used by these users. In particular, the quality and technical standards of the power batteries and chargers used by different electric bicycles on the market are inconsistent, and there are also cases of illegally modified power batteries. This leads to situations where power batteries are charged at home, electric bicycles are charged in buildings, and electric bicycles are charged in concentrated parking lots, frequently causing power battery failures and resulting in major fires.

[0003] With the widespread use of electric vehicles in urban transportation and shared mobility, electronic license plates and intelligent battery management systems are gradually becoming important components for improving vehicle safety and management efficiency.

[0004] Current management solutions for electric vehicles primarily focus on electronic license plates and vehicle management systems for traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. For electric vehicles, there is a lack of an IoT-based electronic license plate system capable of real-time monitoring of the battery charging process via an app. Existing technologies have the following main shortcomings:

[0005] Lack of electronic license plates and remote monitoring platforms for electric vehicles: Currently, there are no dedicated IoT electronic license plates for electric vehicles on the market. This means that users cannot directly monitor the battery charging process, understand battery health status, and charging status through mobile apps. Traditional vehicle license plates are limited to vehicle identification and cannot provide real-time battery status and charging information, severely hindering the development of intelligent electric vehicle management.

[0006] Traditional battery monitoring relies on cumbersome wired data acquisition methods: existing battery charging monitoring systems typically require the addition of a local acquisition terminal, which directly collects battery voltage or current data using wires. This wired acquisition method is not only complex to wire and difficult to install, but also susceptible to external electromagnetic interference during actual use, leading to unstable data acquisition and affecting monitoring accuracy and system reliability.

[0007] Lack of a unified, low-interference data transmission bus: In current battery monitoring systems, data transmission between modules typically uses separate wiring or standard bus technology, but neither can achieve a high degree of integration between power supply and data transmission. Existing technologies lack a dedicated bus system designed for electric vehicle battery monitoring, making it impossible to effectively separate acquisition and communication modules. This leads to problems such as signal interference and data loss in complex environments. Summary of the Invention

[0008] The purpose of this invention is to provide an electronic license plate management system and control method for electric bicycles based on the Internet of Things. This system solves the technical problems of cumbersome wiring, severe signal interference, and insufficient remote monitoring capabilities in traditional battery monitoring by using EC-Bus bus and various wireless communication electronic license plate modules.

[0009] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0010] An IoT-based electronic license plate management system for electric bicycles includes an electronic license plate system, a control center, and an APP client;

[0011] The electronic license plate system includes a wireless communication electronic license plate module and a battery power module. The wireless communication electronic license plate module and the battery power module communicate with each other via an EC-Bus bus. The EC-Bus bus is a two-wire bus shared by low-voltage power supply and carrier communication.

[0012] The wireless communication electronic license plate module includes a communication processor, a WiFi module, a Bluetooth module, an NB-IoT module, a Beidou module, a voltage regulator, and an EC-Bus interface circuit. The WiFi module, Bluetooth module, NB-IoT module, Beidou module, and EC-Bus interface circuit are all connected to the communication processor.

[0013] The wireless communication electronic license plate module is used to communicate with the control center and the APP client via a wireless network;

[0014] The regulated power supply is connected to the EC-Bus interface circuit and supplies power to other modules in the communication processor.

[0015] The battery power module includes a power battery pack unit, a charging control unit, a DC charging connector, and an external electric vehicle drive motor control system. The power battery pack unit is connected to the charging control unit. The communication end of the charging control unit is connected to the EC-Bus interface circuit through the EC-Bus bus. The power end of the charging control unit is connected to the DC charging connector. The power end of the external electric vehicle drive motor control system is also connected to the DC charging connector.

[0016] The EC-Bus interface circuit is used to receive and process carrier signals and low-voltage power supplies sent by the charging control unit via the EC-Bus bus;

[0017] The charging control unit is used to monitor the charging / discharging of the power battery pack units and generate monitoring data, which is then sent to the wireless communication electronic license plate module via the EC-Bus bus.

[0018] Preferably, the control center is a central server, and the APP client is a mobile APP client.

[0019] Preferably, the regulated power supply includes a battery management chip, an LDO regulator, and a thin-film supercapacitor. The input terminal of the battery management chip is connected to the power output terminal of the EC-Bus interface circuit, and the output terminal outputs VDD1 power. The thin-film supercapacitor is connected to the battery management chip. The input terminal of the LDO regulator is connected to the VDD1 power, and the output terminal outputs VDD power.

[0020] VDD1 power supply powers the NB-IoT module, while VDD power supply powers the communication processor, WiFi module, Bluetooth module, and Beidou module.

[0021] The EC-Bus interface circuit includes a third voltage regulator and a first carrier data processing circuit. The IN input terminal and GND terminal of the third voltage regulator are connected to the EC+ terminal and N- terminal of the EC-Bus bus, respectively. The OUT output terminal of the third voltage regulator outputs VCC1 power, which powers the battery management chip.

[0022] The EC+ signal input terminal of the first carrier data processing circuit is connected to the EC+ terminal of the EC-Bus bus, and the serial communication terminal is connected to a UATR interface of the communication processing unit.

[0023] The first carrier data processing circuit is used to process the EC-Bus bus signals into serial port data signals.

[0024] The battery management chip is model BQ24075; the LDO regulator is model AMS1117-3.3; and the thin-film supercapacitor is model LSC 3.3F 5.5V.

[0025] Preferably, the first carrier data processing circuit includes transistor Q2, transistor Q1, resistor R21, resistor R22, diode D22, diode D21, resistor R23, resistor R24, resistor R25, capacitor C21, comparator IC4, resistor R28, resistor R26, and resistor R27. The emitter of transistor Q2 is connected to the VCC1 power supply through resistor R21, the base outputs the TXD3 terminal of the serial communication terminal of the first carrier data processing circuit through resistor R27, and the collector is connected to the ground wire through resistor R26.

[0026] The collector of transistor Q1 is connected to the VCC1 power supply, the base is connected to the collector of transistor Q2, and the emitter is connected to the ground wire.

[0027] The positive terminal of diode D22 is connected to ground, and the negative terminal is connected to the collector of transistor Q1.

[0028] The collector of transistor Q1 outputs the EC+ signal input terminal of the first carrier data processing circuit through resistor R22;

[0029] The positive terminal of diode D21 is connected to the EC+ signal input terminal of the first carrier data processing circuit, and the negative terminal is connected to the positive input terminal of comparator IC4 through resistor R23. The negative terminal of diode D21 is also connected to the negative input terminal of comparator IC4 through resistor R24. One end of resistor R25 is connected to the negative input terminal of comparator IC4, and the other end is connected to ground. Capacitor C21 is connected in parallel with resistor R25.

[0030] The output of comparator IC4 is the RXD3 terminal of the serial communication terminal of the first carrier data processing circuit, and resistor R28 is the pull-up resistor of the output of comparator IC4.

[0031] The third voltage regulator is a voltage regulator circuit composed of voltage regulator IC5 and its peripheral circuits. The IN input terminal of voltage regulator IC5 forms the IN input terminal of the third voltage regulator and is connected to the EC+ signal input terminal of the first carrier data processing circuit. The OUT output terminal of voltage regulator IC5 forms the OUT output terminal of the third voltage regulator and outputs the VCC1 power supply.

[0032] The voltage regulator IC5 is model AP7365; the comparator IC4 is model LM393.

[0033] Preferably, the communication processor is an STM32F407VET6; the WiFi module is an ESP-12F; the Bluetooth module is an E104-BT5010A; the NB-IoT module is a WH-NB71; and the BeiDou module is an ATGM336.

[0034] Preferably, the charging control unit includes a charging controller, a first voltage regulator, a second voltage regulator, a battery interface, a current sampling resistor RX, a charging and discharging control circuit, and a second carrier data processing circuit.

[0035] The power battery pack unit includes a battery pack BAT and a temperature transmitter T1. The positive and negative terminals of the battery pack BAT are connected to the BAT+ and BAT- ports of the battery interface, respectively. The SDA and SCL ports of the temperature transmitter T1 are connected to the SDA and SCL ports of the battery interface, respectively, via an I2C bus.

[0036] The battery interface's BAT- port is connected to ground (GND), and the battery interface also has a GND terminal that is connected to ground (GND).

[0037] The SDA and SCL ports of the battery interface are connected to a pair of I / O ports of the charging controller via the I2C bus.

[0038] The BAT+ port of the battery interface is connected to the BAT-P port of the charge / discharge control circuit through the current sampling resistor RX. The BAT+ port of the battery interface is also connected to the IN input terminal of the first voltage regulator.

[0039] The first voltage regulator outputs VCC power at its OUT terminal. The two ends of the current sampling resistor are connected to a pair of current signal AD conversion interfaces of the charge and discharge control circuit, namely, A / D1 port and A / D2 port.

[0040] The charge / discharge control circuit is used to control the charging / discharging of the power battery pack unit by controlling the conduction / cutoff of a pair of high-power MOSFETs respectively; the two control terminals of the charge / discharge control circuit, namely the CHARGE terminal and the DISCHARGE terminal, are respectively connected to a pair of I / O ports of the charging controller.

[0041] The serial port of the second carrier data processing circuit, namely the TXD-EC terminal and the RXD-EC terminal, is connected to the RXD port and TXD port of a UART interface of the charging controller, respectively. The signal input terminal of the second carrier data processing circuit is the ZB1-EC+ terminal. The GND terminal and the ZB1-EC+ terminal of the battery interface constitute the communication terminals of the charging control unit, respectively denoted as the N- terminal and the EC+ terminal.

[0042] The IN input terminal of the second voltage regulator is connected to the VCC power supply, and the OUT output terminal is connected to the ZB1-EC+ terminal.

[0043] The charging controller is powered by VCC.

[0044] The P+ power terminal of the charge / discharge control circuit and the GND terminal of the battery interface constitute the power terminal of the charging management unit, which is connected to the positive and negative terminals of the DC charging interface, respectively.

[0045] The second carrier data processing circuit is used to process the EC-Bus bus signals into serial port data.

[0046] Preferably, the charging controller is controller IC1; the first voltage regulator includes voltage regulator W1, diode D3, resistor R19 and capacitor C5; the second voltage regulator includes voltage regulator W2, capacitor C1 and resistor R1; the second carrier data processing circuit includes transistor P1, transistor N1, diode D1, resistor R3, resistor R4, resistor R2, comparator IC2, capacitor C2, resistor R7, resistor R5, resistor R6 and resistor R8;

[0047] The IN input terminal of voltage regulator W1 is connected to the BAT+ port of the battery interface through resistor R9, the ground terminal is connected to the BAT- port of the battery interface, and the OUT terminal outputs VCC power. Diode D32 and capacitor C5 are both peripheral circuits of voltage regulator W1.

[0048] The emitter of transistor P1 is connected to the VCC power supply through resistor R3, the base is connected to the TXD terminal of the first serial port of controller IC1, and the collector is connected to the ground through resistor R4.

[0049] The base of transistor N1 is connected to the collector of transistor P1. The collector is connected to the OUT terminal of voltage regulator W2 through resistor R2. The emitter is connected to ground. The anode of diode D1 is connected to ground, and the cathode is connected to the collector of transistor N1. The OUT terminal of voltage regulator W2 is connected to one end of resistor R1, and the other end of resistor R1 is connected to the EC+ terminal of the communication terminal of the charging control unit.

[0050] The positive terminal of diode D2 is connected to the EC+ terminal of the communication terminal of the charging control unit, and the negative terminal is connected to the positive input terminal and negative input terminal of comparator IC2 through resistors R5 and R6 respectively. The output terminal of comparator IC2 is connected to the RXD terminal of the first serial port of controller IC1. One end of resistor R7 is connected to the negative input terminal of comparator IC2, and the other end is connected to ground. Capacitor C2 is connected in parallel with resistor R7.

[0051] The charge / discharge control circuit includes MOSFET M1, MOSFET M2, transistor P2, diode D4, resistor R10, resistor R9, resistor R11, resistor R16, resistor R17, diode D5, transistor P3, and resistor R18.

[0052] The base of transistor P2 is connected to an I / O port of controller IC1 through resistor R9, the collector is connected to the gate of MOSFET M1, the emitter is connected to the negative terminal of diode D4, the positive terminal of diode D4 is connected to ground, the emitter of transistor P2 is also connected to the drain of MOSFET M1 through resistor R10, and the drain of MOSFET M1 is connected to the P+ power supply terminal of the charge and discharge control circuit.

[0053] The gate of MOSFET M1 is also connected to ground through resistor R11, and the source is connected to pin 1 of the current sampling resistor RX.

[0054] The base of transistor P3 is connected to an I / O port of controller IC1 through resistor R16, the emitter is connected to the negative terminal of diode D5, the collector is connected to the gate of MOSFET M2, the source of MOSFET M2 is connected to the P+ power supply terminal of the charge and discharge control circuit, the gate is also connected to the ground through resistor R18, and the drain is connected to pin 1 of the current sampling resistor RX.

[0055] The emitter of transistor P3 is also connected to the drain of MOSFET M2 through resistor R17, and the anode of diode D5 is connected to ground.

[0056] Pin 1 of the current sampling resistor RX is connected to the A / D2 port of the current signal AD conversion interface of the controller IC1 through resistor R12, and pin 2 is connected to the A / D1 port of the current signal AD conversion interface of the controller IC1 through resistor R14; resistor R13 and capacitor C3 form the filter circuit on pin 1 of the current sampling resistor RX, and resistor R15 and capacitor C4 form the filter circuit on pin 2 of the current sampling resistor RX.

[0057] Temperature transmitter T1 is connected to the SDA and SCL ports of controller IC1 via an I2C bus.

[0058] A method for controlling electronic license plates for electric bicycles via the Internet of Things includes the following steps:

[0059] Step 1: Establish an IoT electronic license plate management system for electric bicycles. After the electronic license plate system is powered on, the wireless communication electronic license plate module will self-test all communication interfaces to confirm the status of the NB-IoT module, WiFi module, Bluetooth module, and Beidou module, ensuring that all modules are communicating normally.

[0060] The wireless communication electronic license plate module receives EC-Bus bus data sent from the battery power module through the EC-Bus interface circuit, ensuring normal communication with the battery power module;

[0061] Automatically generate self-test logs and send them to the APP client via WiFi or Bluetooth. Simultaneously, after successfully connecting to the control center via NB-IoT network, send the self-test logs to the control center via NB-IoT network.

[0062] Step 2: After establishing an NB-IoT network link with the control center, the wireless communication electronic license plate module will report the preset internal unique identification code and production information of the device to the control center.

[0063] After establishing a WiFi or Bluetooth network connection with the APP client, the wireless communication electronic license plate module uploads the unique identification code inside the device. The APP client sends the user's personal information to the wireless communication electronic license plate module for storage, thereby completing the identity binding of the APP client.

[0064] Step 3: When the DC charging interface is connected to an external charger, the controller IC1 in the battery power module controls MOSFETs M1 and M2, thereby controlling the charging or discharging of the battery pack BAT.

[0065] The controller IC1 detects the charging / discharging current through the current sampling resistor RX and performs AD conversion through its own AD interface to generate charging / discharging current data. At the same time, it detects the temperature of the battery pack BAT by reading the temperature data from the temperature transmitter T1, generates battery temperature data, and packages the charging / discharging current data and battery temperature data into battery status data.

[0066] The controller IC1 forms carrier modulation communication with the second carrier data processing circuit through the TXD and RXD interfaces, and uploads battery status data to the wireless communication electronic license plate module through the EC-Bus bus;

[0067] When the current or voltage exceeds the set threshold, IC1 controls MOSFET M1 or MOSFET M2 to immediately disconnect the charging or discharging network to prevent overcurrent and overtemperature accidents. At the same time, it generates an alarm log and uploads it to the wireless communication electronic license plate module via the EC-Bus bus.

[0068] After the wireless communication electronic license plate module establishes a connection with the APP client via Bluetooth or WiFi network, it sends alarm logs, battery status data and its own working status data to the APP client. The APP client then uploads the alarm logs, battery status data and its own working status data to the control center via mobile network.

[0069] Step 4: The wireless communication electronic license plate module collects the vehicle's real-time geographical location, speed, and direction information through the Beidou module to form positioning information, and sends the positioning information to the APP client through Bluetooth or WiFi network. The APP client then sends the positioning information to the control center through the mobile network.

[0070] Step 5: The control center monitors the vehicles in real time, specifically including:

[0071] Vehicle operation data: location information;

[0072] Battery status data: charging / discharging current, battery temperature, alarm log, charging time;

[0073] Communication status: The connection method with the wireless communication electronic license plate module, including the NB-IoT network and the connection method with the APP client;

[0074] The control center generates tables based on the above data and provides local query and display capabilities;

[0075] Step 6: The control center generates user behavior records based on vehicle operation data, battery status data, and communication status, and provides a link to query the records via the APP client. Users can check the vehicle's charging and operation status through the APP client.

[0076] Step 7: The control center uses a machine learning model to assess battery health, generate maintenance recommendations and recycling appointment notifications, and then provides feedback to users through the APP client.

[0077] Preferably, during step 6, the control center extracts features from vehicle operation data, battery status data, and communication status to form a feature vector X, and generates user behavior records based on these features. These features include:

[0078] Battery state data: The average charge / discharge current I is obtained by measuring the current sampling resistor RX. avg Standard deviation of current fluctuation σ I ;

[0079] User charging behavior data: Charging frequency f charge This records the number of times the device is charged each day; the duration of each charge is t. charget ;

[0080] Vehicle operation data: Using positioning information from the BeiDou module, the vehicle's location, driving trajectory (distance d), and driving mode index (B) are obtained. drive This refers to the proportion of frequent starts and stops on short-distance trips.

[0081] Temperature data: Charging temperature T avg ;

[0082] Based on the above characteristics, construct the comprehensive feature vector X:

[0083] x={I avg ,σ I ,f charge ,t charge ,d,B drive ,T avg ,N}.

[0084] Preferably, when performing step 7, specifically, historical data is used to train a multivariate regression model to predict battery health H', where H' is expressed as a percentage of remaining capacity;

[0085] H' = β0 + β1I avg +β2σ I +β3f charge +β4t charge +β5d+β6B drive +β7T avg +β8N;

[0086] Where H' is the predicted current battery health index, which usually represents the remaining capacity percentage or health score. The higher the value, the better the battery condition.

[0087] β0 is the intercept term;

[0088] β1 is the regression coefficient related to the average current;

[0089] I avg The average current measured over a preset time period;

[0090] β2 is the regression coefficient related to current fluctuations;

[0091] σ I The standard deviation of the current;

[0092] β3 is the regression coefficient related to the charging frequency;

[0093] f charge Number of times to charge per day;

[0094] β4 is the regression coefficient related to charging time;

[0095] t charge The time spent on each charge;

[0096] β5 is the regression coefficient related to the driving distance;

[0097] d represents the distance the vehicle travels within a preset period;

[0098] β6 is the regression coefficient related to driving behavior indicators;

[0099] B drive This is an indicator of driving mode, including frequent start-stop;

[0100] β7 is the regression coefficient related to battery temperature;

[0101] T avg This represents the average temperature of the environment in which the battery is located.

[0102] β8 is the regression coefficient related to the cumulative number of charge-discharge cycles;

[0103] N represents the number of charge-discharge cycles the battery has undergone;

[0104] When the current battery health H' is lower than the set threshold, maintenance or replacement information is generated.

[0105] This invention discloses an electronic license plate management system and its control method for electric bicycles based on the Internet of Things (IoT). It solves the technical problems of cumbersome wiring, severe signal interference, and insufficient remote monitoring capabilities in traditional battery monitoring systems by using EC-Bus bus and multiple wireless communication electronic license plate modules. This invention achieves dedicated electronic license plates for electric vehicles and enables real-time remote monitoring of battery charging status and health via an app. The introduction of EC-Bus bus technology integrates power supply and carrier communication on the same bus, allowing for separate layout of the battery voltage / current acquisition module and communication module, significantly reducing wiring complexity and signal interference. Machine learning and mathematical models are used to accurately assess battery health, thereby extending battery life and improving system safety. The overall system design is highly integrated, facilitating installation, maintenance, and large-scale deployment, while also providing data support for regional planning and energy consumption optimization. Attached Figure Description

[0106] Figure 1 This is a system architecture diagram of the present invention;

[0107] Figure 2 This is a block diagram of the electronic license plate system of the present invention;

[0108] Figure 3 This is a block diagram of the regulated power supply of the present invention;

[0109] Figure 4 This is a schematic block diagram of the EC-Bus interface circuit of the present invention;

[0110] Figure 5 This is a circuit diagram of the first carrier data processing circuit of the present invention;

[0111] Figure 6 This is a schematic block diagram of the battery power module of the present invention;

[0112] Figure 7 This is a circuit diagram of the battery power module of the present invention;

[0113] Figure 8 This is a flowchart of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0114] Example 1

[0115] Depend on Figures 1-7 The electric bicycle Internet of Things (IoT) electronic license plate management system shown includes an electronic license plate system, a control center, and an APP client; the control center is a central server, and the APP client is a mobile APP client.

[0116] The electronic license plate system includes a wireless communication electronic license plate module and a battery power module. The wireless communication electronic license plate module and the battery power module communicate with each other via an EC-Bus bus. The EC-Bus bus is a two-wire bus shared by low-voltage power supply and carrier communication.

[0117] The wireless communication electronic license plate module includes a communication processor, a WiFi module, a Bluetooth module, an NB-IoT module, a Beidou module, a voltage regulator, and an EC-Bus interface circuit. The WiFi module, Bluetooth module, NB-IoT module, Beidou module, and EC-Bus interface circuit are all connected to the communication processor.

[0118] The regulated power supply is connected to the EC-Bus interface circuit and supplies power to other modules in the communication processor.

[0119] Regulated power supply:

[0120] The regulated power supply includes a battery management chip, an LDO regulator, and a thin-film supercapacitor. The input terminal of the battery management chip is connected to the power output terminal of the EC-Bus interface circuit, and the output terminal outputs VDD1 power. The thin-film supercapacitor is connected to the battery management chip. The input terminal of the LDO regulator is connected to the VDD1 power supply, and the output terminal outputs VDD power.

[0121] VDD1 power supply powers the NB-IoT module, while VDD power supply powers the communication processor, WiFi module, Bluetooth module, and BeiDou module.

[0122] The battery management chip is model BQ24075; the LDO regulator is model AMS1117-3.3; and the thin-film supercapacitor is model LSC 3.3F 5.5V.

[0123] EC-Bus interface circuit:

[0124] The EC-Bus interface circuit includes a third voltage regulator and a first carrier data processing circuit. The IN input terminal and GND terminal of the third voltage regulator are connected to the EC+ terminal and N- terminal of the EC-Bus bus, respectively. The OUT output terminal of the third voltage regulator outputs VCC1 power, which powers the battery management chip.

[0125] The EC+ signal input terminal of the first carrier data processing circuit is connected to the EC+ terminal of the EC-Bus bus, and the serial communication terminal is connected to a UATR interface of the communication processing unit.

[0126] The first carrier data processing circuit is used to process the EC-Bus bus signals into serial port data signals.

[0127] The EC-Bus interface circuit is used for power transmission and carrier communication, mainly realizing the signal and power conversion from the input (N- and EC+) to the output (VCC1 / GND and RXD3 / TXD3).

[0128] Power supply: EC+ provides power and provides a stable VCC1 supply to subsequent circuits through a voltage regulator circuit.

[0129] Energy is stored using thin-film supercapacitors to ensure the stability of communication circuits.

[0130] Carrier communication:

[0131] The carrier signal is separated from the EC+ line by the demodulation circuit and converted into a digital signal (RXD3 / TXD3).

[0132] The first carrier data processing circuit encodes the microprocessor's digital signal and modulates it onto the EC+ line to achieve bidirectional communication.

[0133] The first carrier data processing circuit includes transistor Q2, transistor Q1, resistor R21, resistor R22, diode D22, diode D21, resistor R23, resistor R24, resistor R25, capacitor C21, comparator IC4, resistor R28, resistor R26, and resistor R27. The emitter of transistor Q2 is connected to the VCC1 power supply through resistor R21, the base outputs the TXD3 terminal of the serial communication terminal of the first carrier data processing circuit through resistor R27, and the collector is connected to the ground line through resistor R26.

[0134] The collector of transistor Q1 is connected to the VCC1 power supply, the base is connected to the collector of transistor Q2, and the emitter is connected to the ground wire.

[0135] The positive terminal of diode D22 is connected to ground, and the negative terminal is connected to the collector of transistor Q1.

[0136] The collector of transistor Q1 outputs the EC+ signal input terminal of the first carrier data processing circuit through resistor R22;

[0137] The positive terminal of diode D21 is connected to the EC+ signal input terminal of the first carrier data processing circuit, and the negative terminal is connected to the positive input terminal of comparator IC4 through resistor R23. The negative terminal of diode D21 is also connected to the negative input terminal of comparator IC4 through resistor R24. One end of resistor R25 is connected to the negative input terminal of comparator IC4, and the other end is connected to ground. Capacitor C21 is connected in parallel with resistor R25.

[0138] The output of comparator IC4 is the RXD3 terminal of the serial communication terminal of the first carrier data processing circuit, and resistor R28 is the pull-up resistor of the output of comparator IC4.

[0139] The third voltage regulator is a voltage regulator circuit composed of voltage regulator IC5 and its peripheral circuits. The IN input terminal of voltage regulator IC5 forms the IN input terminal of the third voltage regulator and is connected to the EC+ signal input terminal of the first carrier data processing circuit. The OUT output terminal of voltage regulator IC5 forms the OUT output terminal of the third voltage regulator and outputs the VCC1 power supply.

[0140] The voltage regulator IC5 is model AP7365; the comparator IC4 is model LM393.

[0141] WiFi module: ESP-12F (Wi-Fi), which connects and communicates with the UART2 of the wireless communication electronic license plate module.

[0142] Bluetooth module: E104-BT5010A (BLE), which connects to a set of I / O ports of the wireless communication electronic license plate module and communicates via the SPI bus.

[0143] NB-IoT module: WH-NB71 (NB-IoT), which connects and communicates with the UART1 of the wireless communication electronic license plate module.

[0144] Beidou module: ATGM336 (Beidou), which connects and communicates with the UART0 of the wireless communication electronic license plate module.

[0145] The EC-Bus interface circuit connects and communicates with the UART3 of the wireless communication electronic license plate module.

[0146] The communication processor is model STM32F407VET6.

[0147] The wireless communication electronic license plate module is used to communicate with the control center and the APP client via a wireless network;

[0148] The battery power module includes a power battery pack unit, a charging control unit, a DC charging connector, and an external electric vehicle drive motor control system. The power battery pack unit is connected to the charging control unit. The communication end of the charging control unit is connected to the EC-Bus interface circuit through the EC-Bus bus. The power end of the charging control unit is connected to the DC charging connector. The power end of the external electric vehicle drive motor control system is also connected to the DC charging connector.

[0149] The EC-Bus interface circuit is used to receive and process carrier signals and low-voltage power supplies sent by the charging control unit via the EC-Bus bus;

[0150] The charging control unit is used to monitor the charging / discharging of the power battery pack units and generate monitoring data, which is then sent to the wireless communication electronic license plate module via the EC-Bus bus.

[0151] The charging control unit includes a charging controller, a first voltage regulator, a second voltage regulator, a battery interface, a current sampling resistor RX, a charging and discharging control circuit, and a second carrier data processing circuit.

[0152] The power battery pack unit includes a battery pack BAT and a temperature transmitter T1. The positive and negative terminals of the battery pack BAT are connected to the BAT+ and BAT- ports of the battery interface, respectively. The SDA and SCL ports of the temperature transmitter T1 are connected to the SDA and SCL ports of the battery interface, respectively, via an I2C bus.

[0153] The battery interface's BAT- port is connected to ground (GND), and the battery interface also has a GND terminal that is connected to ground (GND).

[0154] The SDA and SCL ports of the battery interface are connected to a pair of I / O ports of the charging controller via the I2C bus.

[0155] The BAT+ port of the battery interface is connected to the BAT-P port of the charge / discharge control circuit through the current sampling resistor RX. The BAT+ port of the battery interface is also connected to the IN input terminal of the first voltage regulator.

[0156] The first voltage regulator outputs VCC power at its OUT terminal. The two ends of the current sampling resistor are connected to a pair of current signal AD conversion interfaces of the charge and discharge control circuit, namely, A / D1 port and A / D2 port.

[0157] The charge / discharge control circuit is used to control the charging / discharging of the power battery pack unit by controlling the conduction / cutoff of a pair of high-power MOSFETs respectively; the two control terminals of the charge / discharge control circuit, namely the CHARGE terminal and the DISCHARGE terminal, are respectively connected to a pair of I / O ports of the charging controller.

[0158] The serial port of the second carrier data processing circuit, namely the TXD-EC terminal and the RXD-EC terminal, is connected to the RXD port and TXD port of a UART interface of the charging controller, respectively. The signal input terminal of the second carrier data processing circuit is the ZB1-EC+ terminal. The GND terminal and the ZB1-EC+ terminal of the battery interface constitute the communication terminals of the charging control unit, respectively denoted as the N- terminal and the EC+ terminal.

[0159] The IN input terminal of the second voltage regulator is connected to the VCC power supply, and the OUT output terminal is connected to the ZB1-EC+ terminal.

[0160] The first voltage regulator is responsible for regulating the output of VCC power from the power supplied by the battery pack.

[0161] The second voltage regulator is responsible for providing power to the EC-Bus bus after regulating the voltage through the VCC power supply.

[0162] The second carrier data processing circuit is responsible for demodulating, processing, and retransmitting the carrier data of the EC-Bus, converting the carrier signal into a standard serial communication format (such as UART), and inputting it to the UART interface of the controller IC1.

[0163] The charging controller is powered by VCC.

[0164] The P+ power terminal of the charge / discharge control circuit and the GND terminal of the battery interface constitute the power terminal of the charging management unit, which is connected to the positive and negative terminals of the DC charging interface, respectively.

[0165] The second carrier data processing circuit is used to process the EC-Bus bus signals into serial port data.

[0166] The charging controller is controller IC1; the model of controller IC1 is PIC12LF1822.

[0167] The first voltage regulator includes voltage regulator W1, diode D3, resistor R19 and capacitor C5; the second voltage regulator includes voltage regulator W2, capacitor C1 and resistor R1; the second carrier data processing circuit includes transistor P1, transistor N1, diode D1, resistor R3, resistor R4, resistor R2, comparator IC2, capacitor C2, resistor R7, resistor R5, resistor R6 and resistor R8;

[0168] The IN input terminal of voltage regulator W1 is connected to the BAT+ port of the battery interface through resistor R9, the ground terminal is connected to the BAT- port of the battery interface, and the OUT terminal outputs VCC power. Diode D32 and capacitor C5 are both peripheral circuits of voltage regulator W1.

[0169] The emitter of transistor P1 is connected to the VCC power supply through resistor R3, the base is connected to the TXD terminal of the first serial port of controller IC1, and the collector is connected to the ground through resistor R4.

[0170] The base of transistor N1 is connected to the collector of transistor P1. The collector is connected to the OUT terminal of voltage regulator W2 through resistor R2. The emitter is connected to ground. The anode of diode D1 is connected to ground, and the cathode is connected to the collector of transistor N1. The OUT terminal of voltage regulator W2 is connected to one end of resistor R1, and the other end of resistor R1 is connected to the EC+ terminal of the communication terminal of the charging control unit.

[0171] The positive terminal of diode D2 is connected to the EC+ terminal of the communication terminal of the charging control unit, and the negative terminal is connected to the positive input terminal and negative input terminal of comparator IC2 through resistors R5 and R6 respectively. The output terminal of comparator IC2 is connected to the RXD terminal of the first serial port of controller IC1. One end of resistor R7 is connected to the negative input terminal of comparator IC2, and the other end is connected to ground. Capacitor C2 is connected in parallel with resistor R7.

[0172] The charge / discharge control circuit includes MOSFET M1, MOSFET M2, transistor P2, diode D4, resistor R10, resistor R9, resistor R11, resistor R16, resistor R17, diode D5, transistor P3, and resistor R18.

[0173] The base of transistor P2 is connected to an I / O port of controller IC1 through resistor R9, the collector is connected to the gate of MOSFET M1, the emitter is connected to the negative terminal of diode D4, the positive terminal of diode D4 is connected to ground, the emitter of transistor P2 is also connected to the drain of MOSFET M1 through resistor R10, and the drain of MOSFET M1 is connected to the P+ power supply terminal of the charge and discharge control circuit.

[0174] The gate of MOSFET M1 is also connected to ground through resistor R11, and the source is connected to pin 1 of the current sampling resistor RX.

[0175] The base of transistor P3 is connected to an I / O port of controller IC1 through resistor R16, the emitter is connected to the negative terminal of diode D5, the collector is connected to the gate of MOSFET M2, the source of MOSFET M2 is connected to the P+ power supply terminal of the charge and discharge control circuit, the gate is also connected to the ground through resistor R18, and the drain is connected to pin 1 of the current sampling resistor RX.

[0176] The emitter of transistor P3 is also connected to the drain of MOSFET M2 through resistor R17, and the anode of diode D5 is connected to ground.

[0177] Pin 1 of the current sampling resistor RX is connected to the A / D2 port of the current signal AD conversion interface of the controller IC1 through resistor R12, and pin 2 is connected to the A / D1 port of the current signal AD conversion interface of the controller IC1 through resistor R14; resistor R13 and capacitor C3 form the filter circuit on pin 1 of the current sampling resistor RX, and resistor R15 and capacitor C4 form the filter circuit on pin 2 of the current sampling resistor RX.

[0178] Temperature transmitter T1 is connected to controller IC1 via I2C bus to its SDA and SCL ports.

[0179] When charging the power battery, the charger output DC power cord plug is connected to the corresponding DC charging interface, the positive terminal of the charger output DC power is connected to the positive terminal P+ of the intelligent control power battery, and the negative terminal of the charger output DC power is connected to the negative terminal N- of the power battery.

[0180] Battery charging process: Controller IC1 outputs a low level through I / O1 port, controlling resistors R9-R11, transistor P2, and diode D4 connected to I / O1 port, thus turning on the high-power MOSFET M1, and the input charging current I... INThe current flows through MOSFET M1 and current sampling resistor RX to the positive terminal of the power battery for charging. Simultaneously, the A / D2 and A / D1 interfaces of controller IC1 respectively acquire the charging current I passing through current sampling resistor RX. IN The voltage divided by resistors R12 and R13 and capacitor C3, and the voltage divided by resistors R14 and R15 and capacitor C4 of the battery pack; when the A / D2 interface of controller IC1 detects the charging current I passing through the current sampling resistor RX... IN If the current or voltage exceeds the threshold specified in the program, the controller IC1 starts to control the I / O1 interface to a high level, which quickly cuts off the connected circuit of resistors R9-R11, transistor P2, diode D4, and high-power MOSFET M1 to prevent the charger's overvoltage from charging the power battery, causing an internal electrical short circuit in the power battery and resulting in a fire.

[0181] Battery discharge process: Controller IC1 outputs a low level through the I / O2 interface, controlling resistors R16-R18, transistor P3, and diode D5 connected to the I / O2 interface, thus turning on the high-power MOSFET M2 and causing the power battery pack to output current I. out The current is fed to the positive terminal P+ of the power battery pack via the current sampling resistor RX and MOSFET M2. At the same time, the A / D2 and A / D1 of the controller IC1 respectively collect and monitor the output current I passing through the current sampling resistor RX. out The voltage is divided by resistors R12 and R13, and C3, and the voltage is divided by resistors R14 and R15, and C4. When the A / D2 interface of controller IC1 detects that the output current Iout through the current sampling resistor RX is greater than the current or voltage threshold specified in the program, the controller IC1 program starts to control the I / O2 interface to be high level, so that the connected resistors R16-R18, transistor P3, diode D5, and high-power MOSFET M2 circuit are quickly cut off, cutting off the output current of the power battery pack, preventing the power battery from overheating and catching fire due to excessive discharge current or load short circuit.

[0182] The controller IC1's I2C interfaces SDA and SCL are connected to the I2C temperature transmitter T1. The I2C temperature transmitter T1 is installed in the battery pack to monitor the internal temperature of the battery pack during charging and discharging. The temperature transmitter T1 is an I2C output interface temperature transmitter, which is existing technology and therefore will not be described in detail.

[0183] The communication interface TXD of the controller IC1 is connected to a voltage modulation communication circuit composed of transistor P1, transistor N1, diode D1, voltage regulator W2, resistors R1-R4, and capacitor C1. The voltage modulation signal is output from EC+ and N-. The communication interface RXD of the controller IC1 is connected to a current modulation communication circuit composed of diode D2, comparator IC2, resistors R5-R8, and capacitor C2. The current modulation signal is output from EC+ and N- via the EC-Bus interface of the electronic license plate.

[0184] The controller IC1 contains a digital memory with a uniquely encrypted electronic identification code for the power battery pack, the battery manufacturer, production batch number, and production date.

[0185] Example 2

[0186] like Figures 1-8 The method for controlling electronic license plates for electric bicycles using the Internet of Things (IoT) as described in Embodiment 2 is implemented based on the electronic license plate management system for electric bicycles using the IoT as described in Embodiment 1, and includes the following steps:

[0187] Step 1: Establish an IoT electronic license plate management system for electric bicycles. After the electronic license plate system is powered on, the wireless communication electronic license plate module will self-test all communication interfaces to confirm the status of the NB-IoT module, WiFi module, Bluetooth module, and Beidou module, ensuring that all modules are communicating normally.

[0188] The wireless communication electronic license plate module receives EC-Bus bus data sent from the battery power module through the EC-Bus interface circuit, ensuring normal communication with the battery power module;

[0189] Automatically generate self-test logs and send them to the APP client via WiFi or Bluetooth. Simultaneously, after successfully connecting to the control center via NB-IoT network, send the self-test logs to the control center via NB-IoT network.

[0190] Step 2: After establishing an NB-IoT network link with the control center, the wireless communication electronic license plate module will report the preset internal unique identification code and production information of the device to the control center.

[0191] After establishing a WiFi or Bluetooth network connection with the APP client, the wireless communication electronic license plate module uploads the unique identification code inside the device. The APP client sends the user's personal information to the wireless communication electronic license plate module for storage, thereby completing the identity binding of the APP client.

[0192] Step 3: When the DC charging interface is connected to an external charger, the controller IC1 in the battery power module controls MOSFETs M1 and M2, thereby controlling the charging or discharging of the battery pack BAT.

[0193] The controller IC1 detects the charging / discharging current through the current sampling resistor RX and performs AD conversion through its own AD interface to generate charging / discharging current data. At the same time, it detects the temperature of the battery pack BAT by reading the temperature data from the temperature transmitter T1, generates battery temperature data, and packages the charging / discharging current data and battery temperature data into battery status data.

[0194] The controller IC1 forms carrier modulation communication with the second carrier data processing circuit through the TXD and RXD interfaces, and uploads battery status data to the wireless communication electronic license plate module through the EC-Bus bus;

[0195] When the current or voltage exceeds the set threshold, IC1 controls MOSFET M1 or MOSFET M2 to immediately disconnect the charging or discharging network to prevent overcurrent and overtemperature accidents. At the same time, it generates an alarm log and uploads it to the wireless communication electronic license plate module via the EC-Bus bus.

[0196] After the wireless communication electronic license plate module establishes a connection with the APP client via Bluetooth or WiFi network, it sends alarm logs, battery status data and its own working status data to the APP client. The APP client then uploads the alarm logs, battery status data and its own working status data to the control center via mobile network.

[0197] Step 4: The wireless communication electronic license plate module collects the vehicle's real-time geographical location, speed, and direction information through the Beidou module to form positioning information, and sends the positioning information to the APP client through Bluetooth or WiFi network. The APP client then sends the positioning information to the control center through the mobile network.

[0198] Step 5: The control center monitors the vehicles in real time, specifically including:

[0199] Vehicle operation data: location information;

[0200] Battery status data: charging / discharging current, battery temperature, alarm log, charging time;

[0201] Communication status: The connection method with the wireless communication electronic license plate module, including the NB-IoT network and the connection method with the APP client;

[0202] The control center generates tables based on the above data and provides local query and display capabilities;

[0203] Step 6: The control center generates user behavior records based on vehicle operation data, battery status data, and communication status, and provides a link to query the records via the APP client. Users can check the vehicle's charging and operation status through the APP client.

[0204] Step 7: The control center uses a machine learning model to assess battery health, generate maintenance recommendations and recycling appointment notifications, and then provides feedback to users through the APP client.

[0205] Preferably, during step 6, the control center utilizes AI to filter data from vehicle operation data, battery status data, and communication status, extracting features to form a feature vector X. Based on these features, a user behavior record is generated. This feature data includes:

[0206] Battery state data: The average charge / discharge current I is obtained by measuring the current sampling resistor RX. avg Standard deviation of current fluctuation σ I ;

[0207] User charging behavior data: Charging frequency f charge This records the number of times the device is charged each day; the duration of each charge is t. charget ;

[0208] Vehicle operation data: Using positioning information from the BeiDou module, the vehicle's location, driving trajectory (distance d), and driving mode index (B) are obtained. drive This refers to the proportion of frequent starts and stops on short-distance trips.

[0209] Temperature data: Charging temperature T avg ;

[0210] Based on the above characteristics, construct the comprehensive feature vector X:

[0211] x={I avg ,σ I ,f charge ,t charge ,d,B drive ,T avg ,N}.

[0212] Preferably, when performing step 7, specifically, historical data is used to train a multivariate regression model to predict battery health H', where H' is expressed as a percentage of remaining capacity;

[0213] H' = β0 + β1I avg +β2σ I +β3f charge +β4t charge +β5d+β6B drive +β7T avg +β8N;

[0214] Where H' is the predicted current battery health index, which usually represents the remaining capacity percentage or health score. The higher the value, the better the battery condition.

[0215] β0 is the intercept term; it is the baseline battery health level predicted by the model when all eigenvalues ​​are zero.

[0216] β1 is a regression coefficient related to the average current; it describes the average charge / discharge current I. avg Impact on battery health.

[0217] I avg The average current measured over a preset time period reflects the battery's load during daily use.

[0218] β² is the regression coefficient related to current fluctuations; it describes the current standard deviation σ. I .

[0219] σ I This represents the standard deviation of the current; it measures the magnitude of current fluctuations, and larger fluctuations may have a greater impact on battery health.

[0220] β3 is the regression coefficient related to charging frequency; it reflects the number of daily charging cycles f. charge Impact on battery health.

[0221] f charge This refers to the number of times you can charge your battery per day; frequent charging will accelerate battery degradation.

[0222] β4 is the regression coefficient related to charging time; it describes the duration t of each charging session. charget Impact on battery health.

[0223] t charge The time spent on each charge; longer charging times affect battery life.

[0224] β5 is the regression coefficient related to driving distance; it reflects the impact of vehicle driving distance d on battery health.

[0225] d represents the distance the vehicle travels within a preset period; longer distance travel leads to higher energy consumption and battery wear.

[0226] β6 is the regression coefficient related to driving behavior indicators; it indicates that driving behavior B drive Impact on battery health.

[0227] B drive One indicator of driving mode is frequent start-stop, which can increase the burden on the battery.

[0228] β7 is the regression coefficient related to battery temperature; it describes the average temperature T of the environment or battery. avg Impact on battery health.

[0229] T avg This refers to the average temperature of the environment in which the battery is located; excessively high or low temperatures can negatively impact battery life.

[0230] β8 is the regression coefficient related to the cumulative number of charge-discharge cycles; it reflects the impact of the number of cycles N on battery health.

[0231] N represents the number of charge-discharge cycles the battery has undergone; the more cycles, the more significant the battery degradation usually is.

[0232] When the current battery health H' is lower than the set threshold, maintenance or replacement information is generated.

[0233] This invention discloses an electronic license plate management system and its control method for electric bicycles based on the Internet of Things (IoT). It solves the technical problems of cumbersome wiring, severe signal interference, and insufficient remote monitoring capabilities in traditional battery monitoring systems by using EC-Bus bus and multiple wireless communication electronic license plate modules. This invention achieves dedicated electronic license plates for electric vehicles and enables real-time remote monitoring of battery charging status and health via an app. The introduction of EC-Bus bus technology integrates power supply and carrier communication on the same bus, allowing for separate layout of the battery voltage / current acquisition module and communication module, significantly reducing wiring complexity and signal interference. Machine learning and mathematical models are used to accurately assess battery health, thereby extending battery life and improving system safety. The overall system design is highly integrated, facilitating installation, maintenance, and large-scale deployment, while also providing data support for regional planning and energy consumption optimization.

Claims

1. An IoT-based electronic license plate management system for electric bicycles, characterized in that: This includes an IoT electronic license plate system, a control center, and an APP client; The Internet of Things (IoT) electronic license plate system includes a wireless communication electronic license plate module and a battery power module. The wireless communication electronic license plate module and the battery power module communicate with each other via an EC-Bus bus. The EC-Bus bus is a two-wire bus shared by low-voltage power supply and carrier communication. The wireless communication electronic license plate module includes a communication processor, a WiFi module, a Bluetooth module, an NB-IoT module, a Beidou module, a voltage regulator, and an EC-Bus interface circuit. The WiFi module, Bluetooth module, NB-IoT module, Beidou module, and EC-Bus interface circuit are all connected to the communication processor. The wireless communication electronic license plate module is used to communicate with the control center and the APP client via a wireless network; The supercapacitor regulated power supply is connected to the EC-Bus interface circuit and supplies power to other modules in the communication processor; The battery power module includes a power battery pack unit, a charging control unit, a DC charging connector, and an external electric vehicle drive motor control system. The power battery pack unit is connected to the charging control unit. The communication end of the charging control unit is connected to the EC-Bus interface circuit through the EC-Bus bus. The power end of the charging control unit is connected to the DC charging connector. The power end of the external electric vehicle drive motor control system is also connected to the DC charging connector. The EC-Bus interface circuit is used to receive and process carrier signals and low-voltage power supplies sent by the charging control unit via the EC-Bus bus; The charging control unit is used to monitor the charging / discharging of the power battery pack units and generate monitoring data, which is then sent to the wireless communication electronic license plate module via the EC-Bus bus.

2. The electric bicycle IoT electronic license plate management system as described in claim 1: the control center is a central server, and the APP client is a mobile APP client.

3. An electric bicycle IoT electronic license plate management system as described in claim 1: the voltage regulator in the wireless communication electronic license plate module includes a battery management chip, an LDO regulator and a thin-film supercapacitor. The input terminal of the battery management chip is connected to the power output terminal of the EC-Bus interface circuit, and the output terminal outputs VDD1 power. The thin-film supercapacitor is connected to the battery management chip. The input terminal of the LDO regulator is connected to the VDD1 power, and the output terminal outputs VDD power. VDD1 power supply powers the NB-IoT module, while VDD power supply powers the communication processor, WiFi module, Bluetooth module, and Beidou module. The EC-Bus interface circuit includes a third voltage regulator and a first carrier data processing circuit. The IN input terminal and GND terminal of the third voltage regulator are connected to the EC+ terminal and N- terminal of the EC-Bus bus, respectively. The OUT output terminal of the third voltage regulator outputs VCC1 power, which powers the battery management chip. The EC+ signal input terminal of the first carrier data processing circuit is connected to the EC+ terminal of the EC-Bus bus, and the serial communication terminal is connected to a UATR interface of the communication processing unit. The first carrier data processing circuit is used to process the EC-Bus bus signals into serial port data signals. The battery management chip is model BQ24075; the LDO regulator is model AMS1117-3.3; and the thin-film supercapacitor is model LSC 3.3F 5.5V.

4. An electric bicycle IoT electronic license plate management system as described in claim 3: the first carrier data processing circuit includes transistor Q2, transistor Q1, resistor R21, resistor R22, diode D22, diode D21, resistor R23, resistor R24, resistor R25, capacitor C21, comparator IC4, resistor R28, resistor R26 and resistor R27, the emitter of transistor Q2 is connected to VCC1 power supply through resistor R21, the base outputs the TXD3 terminal of the serial communication terminal of the first carrier data processing circuit through resistor R27, and the collector is connected to ground through resistor R26; The collector of transistor Q1 is connected to the VCC1 power supply, the base is connected to the collector of transistor Q2, and the emitter is connected to the ground wire. The positive terminal of diode D22 is connected to ground, and the negative terminal is connected to the collector of transistor Q1. The collector of transistor Q1 outputs the EC+ signal input terminal of the first carrier data processing circuit through resistor R22; The positive terminal of diode D21 is connected to the EC+ signal input terminal of the first carrier data processing circuit, and the negative terminal is connected to the positive input terminal of comparator IC4 through resistor R23. The negative terminal of diode D21 is also connected to the negative input terminal of comparator IC4 through resistor R24. One end of resistor R25 is connected to the negative input terminal of comparator IC4, and the other end is connected to ground. Capacitor C21 is connected in parallel with resistor R25. The output of comparator IC4 is the RXD3 terminal of the serial communication terminal of the first carrier data processing circuit, and resistor R28 is the pull-up resistor of the output of comparator IC4. The third voltage regulator is a voltage regulator circuit composed of voltage regulator IC5 and its peripheral circuits. The IN input terminal of voltage regulator IC5 forms the IN input terminal of the third voltage regulator and is connected to the EC+ signal input terminal of the first carrier data processing circuit. The OUT output terminal of voltage regulator IC5 forms the OUT output terminal of the third voltage regulator and outputs the VCC1 power supply. The voltage regulator IC5 is model AP7365; the comparator IC4 is model LM393.

5. An electric bicycle IoT electronic license plate management system as described in claim 1: the communication processor is model STM32F407VET6; the WiFi module is model ESP-12F; the Bluetooth module is model E104-BT5010A; the NB-IoT module is model WH-NB71; and the Beidou module is model ATGM336.

6. An electric bicycle IoT electronic license plate management system as described in claim 4: the charging control unit includes a charging controller, a first voltage regulator, a second voltage regulator, a battery interface, a current sampling resistor RX, a charging and discharging control circuit, and a second carrier data processing circuit; The power battery pack unit includes a battery pack BAT and a temperature transmitter T1. The positive and negative terminals of the battery pack BAT are connected to the BAT+ and BAT- ports of the battery interface, respectively. The SDA and SCL ports of the temperature transmitter T1 are connected to the SDA and SCL ports of the battery interface, respectively, via an I2C bus. The battery interface's BAT- port is connected to ground (GND), and the battery interface also has a GND terminal that is connected to ground (GND). The SDA and SCL ports of the battery interface are connected to a pair of I / O ports of the charging controller via the I2C bus. The BAT+ port of the battery interface is connected to the BAT-P port of the charge / discharge control circuit through the current sampling resistor RX. The BAT+ port of the battery interface is also connected to the IN input terminal of the first voltage regulator. The first voltage regulator outputs VCC power at its OUT terminal. The two ends of the current sampling resistor are connected to a pair of current signal AD conversion interfaces of the charge and discharge control circuit, namely, A / D1 port and A / D2 port. The charge / discharge control circuit is used to control the charging / discharging of the power battery pack unit by controlling the conduction / cutoff of a pair of high-power MOSFETs respectively; the two control terminals of the charge / discharge control circuit, namely the CHARGE terminal and the DISCHARGE terminal, are respectively connected to a pair of I / O ports of the charging controller. The serial port of the second carrier data processing circuit, namely the TXD-EC terminal and the RXD-EC terminal, is connected to the RXD port and TXD port of a UART interface of the charging controller, respectively. The signal input terminal of the second carrier data processing circuit is the ZB1-EC+ terminal. The GND terminal and the ZB1-EC+ terminal of the battery interface constitute the communication terminals of the charging control unit, respectively denoted as the N- terminal and the EC+ terminal. The IN input terminal of the second voltage regulator is connected to the VCC power supply, and the OUT output terminal is connected to the ZB1-EC+ terminal. The charging controller is powered by VCC. The P+ power terminal of the charge / discharge control circuit and the GND terminal of the battery interface constitute the power terminal of the charging management unit, which is connected to the positive and negative terminals of the DC charging interface, respectively. The second carrier data processing circuit is used to process the EC-Bus bus signals into serial port data.

7. An electric bicycle IoT electronic license plate management system as described in claim 6: the charging controller is controller IC1; the first voltage regulator includes voltage regulator W1, diode D3, resistor R19 and capacitor C5; the second voltage regulator includes voltage regulator W2, capacitor C1 and resistor R1; the second carrier data processing circuit includes transistor P1, transistor N1, diode D1, resistor R3, resistor R4, resistor R2, comparator IC2, capacitor C2, resistor R7, resistor R5, resistor R6 and resistor R8; The IN input terminal of voltage regulator W1 is connected to the BAT+ port of the battery interface through resistor R9, the ground terminal is connected to the BAT- port of the battery interface, and the OUT terminal outputs VCC power. Diode D32 and capacitor C5 are both peripheral circuits of voltage regulator W1. The emitter of transistor P1 is connected to the VCC power supply through resistor R3, the base is connected to the TXD terminal of the first serial port of controller IC1, and the collector is connected to the ground through resistor R4. The base of transistor N1 is connected to the collector of transistor P1. The collector is connected to the OUT terminal of voltage regulator W2 through resistor R2. The emitter is connected to ground. The anode of diode D1 is connected to ground, and the cathode is connected to the collector of transistor N1. The OUT terminal of voltage regulator W2 is connected to one end of resistor R1, and the other end of resistor R1 is connected to the EC+ terminal of the communication terminal of the charging control unit. The positive terminal of diode D2 is connected to the EC+ terminal of the communication terminal of the charging control unit, and the negative terminal is connected to the positive input terminal and negative input terminal of comparator IC2 through resistors R5 and R6 respectively. The output terminal of comparator IC2 is connected to the RXD terminal of the first serial port of controller IC1. One end of resistor R7 is connected to the negative input terminal of comparator IC2, and the other end is connected to ground. Capacitor C2 is connected in parallel with resistor R7. The charge / discharge control circuit includes MOSFET M1, MOSFET M2, transistor P2, diode D4, resistor R10, resistor R9, resistor R11, resistor R16, resistor R17, diode D5, transistor P3, and resistor R18. The base of transistor P2 is connected to an I / O port of controller IC1 through resistor R9, the collector is connected to the gate of MOSFET M1, the emitter is connected to the negative terminal of diode D4, the positive terminal of diode D4 is connected to ground, the emitter of transistor P2 is also connected to the drain of MOSFET M1 through resistor R10, and the drain of MOSFET M1 is connected to the P+ power supply terminal of the charge and discharge control circuit. The gate of MOSFET M1 is also connected to ground through resistor R11, and the source is connected to pin 1 of the current sampling resistor RX. The base of transistor P3 is connected to an I / O port of controller IC1 through resistor R16, the emitter is connected to the negative terminal of diode D5, the collector is connected to the gate of MOSFET M2, the source of MOSFET M2 is connected to the P+ power supply terminal of the charge and discharge control circuit, the gate is also connected to the ground through resistor R18, and the drain is connected to pin 1 of the current sampling resistor RX. The emitter of transistor P3 is also connected to the drain of MOSFET M2 through resistor R17, and the anode of diode D5 is connected to ground. Pin 1 of the current sampling resistor RX is connected to the A / D2 port of the current signal AD conversion interface of the controller IC1 through resistor R12, and pin 2 is connected to the A / D1 port of the current signal AD conversion interface of the controller IC1 through resistor R14; resistor R13 and capacitor C3 form the filter circuit on pin 1 of the current sampling resistor RX, and resistor R15 and capacitor C4 form the filter circuit on pin 2 of the current sampling resistor RX. Temperature transmitter T1 is connected to controller IC1 via I2C bus to SDA and SCL ports.

8. A method for controlling electronic license plates for electric bicycles via the Internet of Things (IoT), applied to the electronic license plate management system for electric bicycles as described in claim 7, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: Step 1: Establish an IoT electronic license plate management system for electric bicycles. After the electronic license plate system is powered on, the wireless communication electronic license plate module will self-test all communication interfaces to confirm the status of the NB-IoT module, WiFi module, Bluetooth module, and Beidou module, ensuring that all modules are communicating normally. The wireless communication electronic license plate module receives EC-Bus bus data sent from the battery power module through the EC-Bus interface circuit, ensuring normal communication with the battery power module; Automatically generate self-test logs and send them to the APP client via WiFi or Bluetooth. Simultaneously, after successfully connecting to the control center via NB-IoT network, send the self-test logs to the control center via NB-IoT network. Step 2: After establishing an NB-IoT network link with the control center, the wireless communication electronic license plate module will report the preset internal unique identification code and production information of the device to the control center. After establishing a WiFi or Bluetooth network connection with the APP client, the wireless communication electronic license plate module uploads the unique identification code inside the device. The APP client sends the user's personal information to the wireless communication electronic license plate module for storage, thereby completing the identity binding of the APP client. Step 3: When the DC charging interface is connected to an external charger, the controller IC1 in the battery power module controls MOSFETs M1 and M2, thereby controlling the charging or discharging of the battery pack BAT. The controller IC1 detects the charging / discharging current through the current sampling resistor RX and performs AD conversion through its own AD interface to generate charging / discharging current data. At the same time, it detects the temperature of the battery pack BAT by reading the temperature data from the temperature transmitter T1, generates battery temperature data, and packages the charging / discharging current data and battery temperature data into battery status data. The controller IC1 forms carrier modulation communication with the second carrier data processing circuit through the TXD and RXD interfaces, and uploads battery status data to the wireless communication electronic license plate module through the EC-Bus bus; When the current or voltage exceeds the set threshold, the controller IC1 immediately disconnects the charging or discharging network by controlling MOSFET M1 or MOSFET M2 to prevent overcurrent and overtemperature accidents. At the same time, it generates an alarm log and uploads it to the wireless communication electronic license plate module via the EC-Bus bus. After the wireless communication electronic license plate module establishes a connection with the APP client via Bluetooth or WiFi network, it sends alarm logs, battery status data and its own working status data to the APP client. The APP client then uploads the alarm logs, battery status data and its own working status data to the control center via mobile network. Step 4: The wireless communication electronic license plate module collects the vehicle's real-time geographical location, speed, and direction information through the Beidou module to form positioning information, and sends the positioning information to the APP client through Bluetooth or WiFi network. The APP client then sends the positioning information to the control center through the mobile network. Step 5: The control center monitors the vehicles in real time, specifically including: Vehicle operation data: location information, driving trajectory distance d, and driving mode index B. drive ; Battery status data: standard deviation of current, average charge / discharge current, charging temperature, alarm log, and duration of each charge; Communication status: The connection method with the wireless communication electronic license plate module, including the NB-IoT network and the connection method with the APP client; The control center generates tables based on the above data and provides local query and display capabilities; Step 6: The control center generates user behavior records based on vehicle operation data, battery status data, and communication status, and provides a link to query the records via the APP client. Users can check the vehicle's charging and operation status through the APP client. Step 7: The control center uses a machine learning model to assess battery health, generate maintenance recommendations and recycling appointment notifications, and then provides feedback to users through the APP client.

9. The method for controlling electronic license plates for electric bicycles via the Internet of Things as described in claim 8: During step 6, the control center extracts features from vehicle operation data, battery status data, and communication status to form a feature vector X, and generates user behavior records based on these features. These feature data include: Battery state data: The average charge / discharge current I is obtained by measuring the current sampling resistor RX. avg ; Standard deviation of current σ I ; User charging behavior data: Charging frequency f charge This records the number of times the device is charged each day; the duration of each charge is t. charget ; Vehicle operation data: Using positioning information from the BeiDou module, the vehicle's location, driving trajectory (distance d), and driving mode index (B) are obtained. drive This refers to the proportion of frequent starts and stops on short-distance trips. Temperature data: Charging temperature T avg ; Based on the above characteristics, construct the comprehensive feature vector X: x={I avg ,σ I ,f charge ,t charge ,d,B drive ,T avg ,N}。 10. The method for controlling electronic license plates for electric bicycles via the Internet of Things as described in claim 8: When performing step 7, specifically, historical data is used to train a multivariate regression model to predict battery health H', where H' is expressed as a percentage of remaining capacity; H'=β0+β1I avg +β2σ I +β3f charge +β4t charge +β5d+β6B drive +β7T avg +β8N; in, A higher H' value indicates a better battery condition; β0 is the intercept term; β1 is the regression coefficient related to the average current; I avg The average current measured over a preset time period; β2 is the regression coefficient related to current fluctuations; σ I The standard deviation of the current; β3 is the regression coefficient related to the charging frequency; f charge Number of times to charge per day; β4 is the regression coefficient related to charging time; t charge The time spent on each charge; β5 is the regression coefficient related to the driving distance; d represents the distance the vehicle travels within a preset period; β6 is the regression coefficient related to driving behavior indicators; B drive This is an indicator of driving mode, including frequent start-stop; β7 is the regression coefficient related to battery temperature; T avg This represents the average temperature of the environment in which the battery is located. β8 is the regression coefficient related to the cumulative number of charge-discharge cycles; N represents the number of charge-discharge cycles the battery has undergone; When the current battery health H' is lower than the set threshold, maintenance or replacement information is generated.

Images