Extraterrestrial nanosecond neutron analysis and associated particle imaging

Abstract

A nanosecond neutron analysis and associated particle imaging system (NNA / API) and a gamma ray detector device (i.e., a device) are disclosed that utilizes the associated element detection of titanium, iron, and oxygen to determine the concentration of ilmenite or other minerals associated with He-3 in extraterrestrial bodies. The device is used with a movable carrier to map the concentration of possible He-3 regions on extraterrestrial bodies.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This partial continuation application claims priority and interest in U.S. Patent No. 12,100,580, filed January 8, 2024, and issued September 24, 2024, entitled "LOCATING MINING SITES USING AN OPEN MASS SPECTROMETER," the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. This U.S. Patent Application No. 12,044,636, filed December 13, 2023, and issued July 23, 2024, entitled "LOCATING MINING SITES USING NEUTRON DETECTION," the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] This invention generally relates to the use of helium-3 detection technology to identify mining sites in order to map areas with high concentrations of helium-3 to be mined. Background Technology

[0004] Identifying the concentration of target materials, such as helium-3 (He-3), before commencing mining operations is of immense value. A general understanding of the target element concentration at the mining site enables the development of more efficient extraction strategies, minimizing unnecessary losses of time and money. By conducting at least a rough assessment of the target material's concentration, mining companies can employ more targeted and efficient extraction techniques, reducing the need for large-scale excavation and processing. This approach not only conserves valuable resources used to extract the target material but also mitigates damage to the entire mining site.

[0005] Furthermore, understanding the concentration of the target substance in advance has a significant impact on the economic feasibility of a mining project. Accurate assessments allow for informed decisions about whether to mine, avoiding costly attempts where the target substance concentration may be too low to yield even the minimum return. By identifying areas with high target substance concentrations, mining operations can more effectively utilize their resource allocation, directing investment to locations with higher concentrations, thereby maximizing operational efficiency and profitability while minimizing time losses and unnecessary mining costs. Most importantly, the value of identifying the target substance concentration before mining lies in ensuring more efficient methods for its extraction.

[0006] The embodiments of the present invention are generally aimed at innovations related to this subject. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The present invention relates generally to an apparatus for identifying helium-3 and other target materials from extraterrestrial bodies in an extremely low pressure environment.

[0008] In this case, some embodiments of the present invention contemplate a nanosecond neutron analysis and associated particle imaging apparatus (NNA / API) having a gamma ray detector apparatus (i.e., apparatus) for detecting ilmenite, the apparatus comprising a transport carrying the NNA / API and at least one gamma ray detector, and a cosmic radiation shield. The transport is defined by a top end and a bottom end, wherein the bottom end is configured to interface with a surface of an extraterrestrial body, the transport being configured to move over different locations on the surface of the extraterrestrial body; the NNA / API includes a neutron emitter configured to be aimed from the bottom end toward the surface of the extraterrestrial body. The NNA / API does not contain a vacuum chamber adapted to maintain a pressure lower than the surrounding environment of the apparatus. The at least one gamma ray detector along with signal processing electronics comprise a gamma ray detection system. The gamma ray detection system can also include an onboard computer that allows for the active identification of characteristic gamma rays, including those from titanium and / or iron, and in some cases the ratios of these elements that are consistent with the presence of ilmenite. The apparatus also includes a cosmic radiation shield covering the NNA / API and the at least one gamma ray detector, wherein the cosmic radiation shield is configured to shield at least a portion of cosmic radiation including cosmic gamma radiation and cosmic neutron radiation. The cosmic radiation shield is disposed at the top end of the transport. The apparatus also includes an energy source configured to provide energy to the NNA / API and the at least one gamma ray detector. The apparatus also includes a non-transitory memory connected with the gamma ray detection system, the non-transitory memory being configured to save gamma ray energy information and / or element concentration information. A transmitter in the apparatus is configured to transmit the information to a remote receiver.

[0009] In another aspect of the invention, some embodiments contemplate a ilmenite detector apparatus employing correlative particle imaging, the ilmenite detector apparatus comprising a rover, an NNA / AP1, and a gamma ray detector. The NNA / AP1 comprises a neutron emitter configured to aim a cone of neutrons from the rover toward a surface of an extraterrestrial body. The NNA / AP1 does not contain a vacuum chamber. The gamma ray detector is configured to detect a titanium concentration and an iron concentration from within 12 inches of the surface of the extraterrestrial body. The gamma ray detector is configured to detect the titanium concentration by way of gamma rays emitted from the surface of the extraterrestrial body as a result of neutrons from the cone of neutrons impacting the surface of the extraterrestrial body. The ilmenite detector apparatus further comprises a cosmic radiation shield, a computing processor, and a transmitter. The cosmic radiation shield covers the NNA / AP1 and the gamma ray detector from at least a portion of cosmic gamma radiation and cosmic neutron radiation. The computing processor is configured to determine whether the titanium concentration and the iron concentration comprise a ratio consistent with ilmenite. The transmitter is configured to transmit the titanium concentration and the iron concentration to a remote receiver. The rover is configured to transport the ilmenite detector apparatus to different locations on the surface of the extraterrestrial body.

[0010] Another embodiment of the invention contemplates a method comprising: moving a rover from a first location on the Moon to a second location; emitting a beam of neutrons from a surface at the first location; detecting gamma rays from decayed, unstable titanium atoms and iron atoms bombarded by the plurality of neutrons of the beam of neutrons; determining a ratio of titanium atoms to iron atoms from the gamma rays; and verifying that the ratio corresponds to ilmenite.

[0011] In this case, other embodiments of the invention contemplate a mass spectrometer device that includes a mass spectrometer carried on a movable carrier. The mass spectrometer includes a base particle path defined from an entrance port to a termination at a detector plate (the base particle path traverses the mass spectrometer laterally). The mass spectrometer also includes an entrance funnel having a funnel-shaped housing extending from the entrance port to an exit port, where the exit port is smaller than the entrance port. The entrance port is unobstructed and directly interfaces with an open environment and is configured to communicate with the open environment during operation. The mass spectrometer also includes an ionizer proximate the exit port, where the ionizer of the mass spectrometer is configured to ionize base particles (e.g., atoms or single molecules) in a portion of the base particle path. The mass spectrometer also includes a detector housing including a detector plate and an angled housing having a dipole magnet configured to direct base particles along the base particle path at an angle beta + / - an offset amount (depending on the mass of the base particle), e.g., less than 10 degrees. The mass spectrometer device, and in some embodiments the entrance funnel, has a particle surface disrupter configured to release base particles from a particle surface external to the mass spectrometer device. The mass spectrometer device also has a movable carrier that supports, or otherwise holds, the mass spectrometer. The movable carrier is configured to position the entrance port above the external particle surface.

[0012] Another embodiment of the invention contemplates a mass spectrometer system that includes a mass spectrometer, a heating element, and a movable carrier. The mass spectrometer can include a passageway extending from an entrance port through the mass spectrometer system to a detector. The mass spectrometer can also include an entrance funnel including an entrance port configured to receive base particles directly from an open environment. The entrance funnel is configured to direct the base particles to an exit port. The mass spectrometer can also include an ionizer configured to ionize the base particles from the exit port. The mass spectrometer also includes a dipole magnet within an angled housing between the ionizer and the detector. The heating element can be located in the mass spectrometer or elsewhere in the system, the heating element configured to release base particles from a particle surface external to the mass spectrometer system by means of heat. The system contemplates a movable carrier configured to position the entrance port in a location proximate the external particle surface.

[0013] A mass spectrometer apparatus is contemplated to include a mass spectrometer positioned and supported by a movable carrier. The mass spectrometer can have an entry funnel configured to receive base particles directly from an open environment through an entry port. The entry funnel is configured to direct the base particles into the mass spectrometer. The apparatus can also include a heating element configured to release the base particles from a surface soil layer that is not part of the open environment mass spectrometer apparatus by means of heat. Some embodiments contemplate the mass spectrometer to include the heating element. The apparatus also includes a movable carrier configured to position the entry port above the surface soil layer (within 12 inches of the surface soil layer surface).

[0014] In this case, other embodiments of the present invention contemplate a helium-3 detection apparatus shown to include a thermal neutron source and a thermal neutron detector. More specifically, the thermal neutron source can include a thermal neutron emitter encapsulated in a hydrogen-rich material, where the thermal neutron source is configured to emit thermal neutrons in all directions. The thermal neutron detector can be configured to detect a concentration of thermal neutrons. In the apparatus, a neutron shield is positioned between the thermal neutron source and the thermal neutron detector. The neutron shield is configured to block some of the thermal neutrons emitted from the thermal neutron source that are aimed at the thermal neutron detector (e.g., attenuate at least 90% of the neutrons between the shield and the thermal neutron detector). A power source, such as a battery or a solar system, is configured to power the thermal neutron source and the thermal neutron detector. A metal plate has a perimeter, i.e., a sidewall boundary of the metal plate shown by four sides. The thermal neutron source, the thermal neutron detector, and the neutron shield are disposed within the perimeter of the metal plate.

[0015] Alternatively, another embodiment of the present invention contemplates a helium-3 detection system generally including a thermal neutron detector for sensing a number of neutrons emitted from a thermal neutron source to evaluate a concentration of helium-3 in a surface soil layer or other granular soil. More specifically, this embodiment contemplates the thermal neutron source to be configured to emit thermal neutrons in all directions, where the thermal neutron detection system is configured to detect a neutron concentration of thermal neutrons backscattered from the granular soil. A neutron shield is positioned between the thermal neutron source and the thermal neutron detector to isolate the detected neutrons from the surface soil layer to evaluate the number or concentration of helium-3 in the surface soil layer. The system can include a power source, such as a battery, to power the thermal neutron source and the thermal neutron detection system. The neutron shield, the thermal neutron source, and the thermal neutron detection system are contemplated to be disposed on a metal plate configured to be placed within 10 centimeters of a surface of the granular soil.

[0016] Another alternative embodiment of the present invention contemplates a device for detecting helium-3 in the lunar regolith. The device can include a neutron source configured to emit thermal neutrons, a neutron detector configured to detect a concentration of neutrons backscattered from the regolith, and a neutron shield disposed between the neutron source and the neutron detector. The neutron shield is configured to block at least some of the neutrons in the line of sight between the neutron source and the neutron detector. The device can also include a power source configured to power the thermal neutron source, the thermal neutron detection system, and a transmitter. The transmitter is configured to transmit the concentration of neutrons to a remote receiver. The neutron shield, the thermal neutron source, and the thermal neutron detection system are contemplated to be disposed on a metal plate. The device is also contemplated to be moved to different locations on the lunar surface via a rover. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0017] Figure 1A is a line drawing of an embodiment of a rover and helium-3 detector consistent with embodiments of the present invention;

[0018] Figure 1B is a schematic diagram of mapping an area on the moon using a helium-3 detector device carried on a rover consistent with embodiments of the present invention;

[0019] Figures 2A-2C is a line drawing of a helium-3 detector device consistent with embodiments of the present invention;

[0020] Figure 2D is a block diagram showing an embodiment of a thermal neutron source along section line B-B consistent with embodiments of the present invention;

[0021] Figure 2E is a line drawing of a cross-section of a helium-3 detector device along section line A-A consistent with embodiments of the present invention;

[0022] Figure 3 is a line drawing of another embodiment of a helium-3 detector device with a handle consistent with embodiments of the present invention.

[0023] Figures 4A-4C shows a helium-3 detector device using an open environment mass spectrometer embodiment consistent with embodiments of the present invention;

[0024] Figures 5A-5D is a line drawing showing different views of a mass spectrometer embodiment 400 consistent with embodiments of the present invention;

[0025] Figure 6A is a line drawing showing an embodiment of the components of the mass spectrometer 400 in operation;

[0026] Figure 6B is a block diagram of a method of using an open environment mass spectrometer;

[0027] Figure 7 is a line drawing schematically illustrating an orbital deployment vehicle for deploying a mass spectrometer dispersion pod on the surface of the moon consistent with embodiments of the present invention.

[0028] Figures 8A-8E is a line drawing of another embodiment of a He-3 detector device employing an NNA / API and gamma ray detector system consistent with embodiments of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 9 is a line drawing schematically illustrating an NNA / API consistent with embodiments of the present invention; and

[0030] Figure 10 is a method for obtaining He-3 on an extraterrestrial body using titanium consistent with embodiments of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] First, the present disclosure is presented by way of example only and is not intended to limit the application as described herein. Thus, while the application is described in terms of exemplary embodiments, it should be apparent that those skilled in the art will be able to apply the teachings of the present application without further experimentation as broadly set forth herein. The phrase "in one embodiment," "according to one embodiment," and the like, as used herein, generally mean that the particular feature, structure, or characteristic following the phrase is included in at least one embodiment of the present application, and can include more than one embodiment of the present application. Importantly, these phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. If the specification states a component, feature, structure, or characteristic "may," "can," "could," "should," "might," or "would" be included or be part of the present application, that particular component, feature, structure, or characteristic is not necessarily included or part of the present application. The terms "has," "have," "having," and "include," as used herein, are intended to be open-ended language that means the named subject includes the recited elements but not excluding additional elements. In addition, the terms "substantially" and "approximately" as used herein, are intended to convey that the recited feature is not necessarily exact but rather is close to the recited feature. For example, substantially parallel, substantially straight, substantially on time, and the like, are intended to mean that the recited feature is not necessarily perfect but rather is close to the recited feature in its limit sense. Thus, if "substantially" is not specified, it is intended that substantially means within + / - 2.5% of the recited value. The term "connected to" as used herein is intended to mean that a first element is physically linked or attached to a second element, and is not to be interpreted as "means plus function" as in "means for adding." Indeed, unless the term is expressly used with "means" followed by a gerund form of a verb, the term is not to be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. § 112(f). Hereinafter, like reference numerals can be used to identify like or similar elements.

[0032] With respect to the drawings, it is noted that the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale and that the emphasis is generally placed upon illustrating the principles of the application and concepts rather than on details thereof. Descriptive terminology such as "above", "below", "top", "bottom", "horizontal", "vertical", "left", "right", etc. can be employed in relation to the various views or conventions provided in the drawings, as the reader would generally understand, to enhance the reader's understanding, and are in no way intended to be limiting. All embodiments described herein are considered operable regardless of overall physical orientation, unless otherwise specifically described, e.g., elements that operate in dependence on gravity.

[0033] Embodiments are described herein for identifying target substances in an extremely low pressure and low gravity environment. An extremely low pressure environment or very low pressure environment is defined herein as being below 7 millibars, while the pressure at sea level on Earth is approximately 1 bar. Low gravity is defined herein as being at most 4 m / s 2 Various aspects of the present invention contemplate mining gaseous atoms and molecules on extraterrestrial bodies such as the Moon, asteroids, satellites orbiting other planets, Mars, etc. Many such extraterrestrial bodies have little to no ambient pressure at or within a few meters of their surface, and depending on the size of the extraterrestrial body, they typically have a gravitational force that is significantly lower than that of Earth.

[0034] While embodiments of the present invention can be used in conjunction with many different extraterrestrial bodies, one purpose of the present invention is to focus on mining gaseous atoms and molecules (substances) from the Moon, particularly on helium-3 (He-3). The lunar atmosphere (exosphere outside the surface boundary) has a pressure of about 3 x 10 -15 bar and can range in temperature between 20° to 400° Kelvin. To continue exploring the Moon and to maintain long-term habitation on the Moon, extracting or otherwise mining important target substances (including gaseous substances) such as oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and helium from the Moon can reduce the dependency on transporting such gaseous substances from Earth. Furthermore, helium-3 (He-3) is a light stable isotope of helium that has two protons and one neutron, and is promising to be an important component of fusion reactions, while the content of helium-3 on the Moon is much higher than that of Earth. In some estimates, the content of helium-3 on the Moon is more than a thousand times higher than that of Earth, making the Moon a better target for obtaining helium-3.

[0035] Some embodiments of the present invention contemplate identifying concentrations of target substances on or within a few feet of the surface of the Moon by probing the concentration of neutrons backscattered from the lunar regolith (or simply "regolith"). Alternative embodiments use an open environment mass spectrometer to sample the concentration of helium-3 from the lunar regolith. In this way, the target substance (e.g., He-3) to be mined can be mapped within a mining area of interest to more efficiently mine areas richest in the target substance.

[0036] Accordingly, some embodiments of the present application contemplate a He-3 detector apparatus that generally includes a neutron shield disposed between a thermal neutron source and three thermal neutron detectors, all of which rest on a metal platform. In operation, when the He-3 detector apparatus is placed directly on the ground (topsoil) or slightly above the ground, thermal neutrons are emitted from the thermal neutron source. Some of the thermal neutrons from the neutron source are backscattered from the topsoil and are detected by the thermal neutron detection system, thereby recording a baseline count level. When He-3 is present in the topsoil, some of the thermal neutrons are absorbed by the He-3, thereby reducing the detected count rate. When integrated into a detection vehicle, the apparatus can be moved around and compare the count rate at each location, or the detection vehicle can slowly crawl along the ground. In this manner, high and low levels of He-3 in the topsoil can be mapped.

[0037] Other embodiments of the present application contemplate a He-3 detector apparatus that generally includes a mass spectrometer having an intake funnel configured to receive (sniff) He-3 directly from an open environment through an intake port. The intake funnel is configured to direct the He-3 into the mass spectrometer. The apparatus also includes a heating element configured to release He-3 from the topsoil by means of heat. A movable carrier is configured to position the intake port above the topsoil to take a sample of He-3.

[0038] Other embodiments of the present application contemplate a He-3 detector apparatus that generally includes a gamma ray detector coupled with a nanosecond neutron analysis and associated particle imaging system (NNA / API) that identifies elements and minerals closely associated with He-3, such as ilmenite that captures He-3. A movable carrier is configured to position the NNA / API and gamma ray detector above the topsoil on the moon to detect elements associated with He-3. Concentration data of the detected elements associated with He-3 can be processed by means of a computer to map out areas of high He-3 concentration on the moon, thereby simplifying and making efficient the mining of He-3.

[0039] The different embodiments that detect He-3 directly or by association include many interchangeable elements and methods, such as movable carriers, electronics, power devices, communication devices, etc. Accordingly, the concepts introduced and described for the various embodiments in the different figures can be combined in obvious ways to perfect the embodiment options that are not necessarily presented in any given figure.

[0040] Referring to the drawings, Figure 1Ais a line drawing of a transport and helium-3 detector embodiment consistent with embodiments of the present invention. Transport and helium-3 detector embodiment 100 generally includes helium-3 (He-3) detector 200, which is supported, or otherwise carried, by a rover 102. Rover 102 includes a locomotion device, which in this embodiment is a wheel 106 mounted on a suspension system 105, but which can simply include a track, robotic legs, or some other type of locomotion device to transport helium-3 detector 200 to different locations on the surface 112A of the moon 122. As shown, helium-3 detector 200 rests on top of a metal plate 110 and is substantially encased by a shroud 108. An antenna 212 extending from shroud 108 is connected to transmitter electronics and can be connected to a transceiver (not shown) housed in a transmitter 214. Antenna 212 facilitates at least one-way communication, by way of, for example, radio frequency (RF), with a receiver remote from rover 102. Other embodiments contemplate integrating helium-3 detector 200 with a low-gravity hopper 120 as shown, where low-gravity hopper 120 hops off the surface 112A of the moon 122 and lands at a different location on the surface of the moon 122. Low-gravity hopper 120 can use a jet propulsion or a spring-loaded platform to hop off the surface 112A of the moon 122. A spring-loaded platform avoids damaging the surface 112A of the regolith 112. Figure 1B

[0041] Figure 1B is a schematic diagram of using a helium-3 detector device carried on a hopper to map an area on the moon 122 consistent with embodiments of the present invention. This embodiment contemplates a hopper 120 that is capable of hopping from a first location 152 after evaluating the helium-3 concentration at the first location 152, landing at a second location 154 and evaluating the helium-3 concentration at the second location 154, and then hopping again to a third location 156 to evaluate the helium-3 concentration at the third location 156. In this manner, a portion of the surface 112A of the moon can be mapped for helium-3 concentration to pinpoint the most abundant, ideal locations for helium-3 mining. Because the gravity on the moon 122 is about 1 / 6 of the gravity on Earth, the energy required for hopper 120 to hop (and land) is significantly reduced. Hopper 120 can be a spring-loaded vehicle or a gondola and can use gyroscopes or jet packs to remain level (upright orientation while hopping). Optionally, hopper 120 can be equipped with rockets to hop from location 154 to location 156.

[0042] Figures 2A-2C is a line drawing showing a helium-3 detector device 200 (interchangeably referred to as a "helium-3 detector" or "device 200") consistent with embodiments of the present invention. Figure 2A ​is an isometric line drawing of the main components of the helium-3 detector 200, as Figure 2A As shown, the helium-3 detector 200 includes a neutron shield 206 positioned between the thermal neutron source 202 and the three thermal neutron detectors 204. The neutron shield 206 blocks the line of sight 218 of a portion of the thermal neutrons 222 emitted from the thermal neutron source 202 from affecting the thermal neutron detectors 204. The line of sight 218 is defined as a straight line along which an observer (in this case the thermal neutron source 202) can unobstructed "see" the thermal neutron detector device 204. In one embodiment, the neutron shield 206 is envisioned to be two 1-2 inch thick boronated HDPE (high density polyethylene) produced by EMCO Industrial Plastics, LLC, headquartered in Cedar Grove, New Jersey. Boronated HDPE is specifically designed for nuclear shielding applications. This material employs 5% by weight of boron to shield neutrons 222 in a variety of applications, including high intensity X-ray, cancer treatment facilities, hospitals, nuclear submarines, and nuclear power plants. A 1 inch thick plate should attenuate the flux of thermal neutrons 222 in the line of sight 218 to about 5% on the other side of the neutron shield 206, while two 1 inch thick plates should attenuate the flux of thermal neutrons 222 in the line of sight 218 to about 0.025% on the other side of the shield 206. In other words, the two plates should attenuate or otherwise stop 99.25% of the neutrons 222 from reaching the thermal neutron detectors 204. In this embodiment, the two plates 206A and 206B are separated by a lead plate 207. As further shown, the neutron shield 206, the thermal neutron source 202, the thermal neutron detectors 204, the battery pack 210, the antenna 212, and the antenna connection wire 213 are all supported by the metal plate 110.

[0043] Figure 2B is an isometric line drawing of the helium-3 detector device 200 shown in Figure 2A but without the neutron shield 206 so as to show the line of sight 218 between the thermal neutron source 202 and the thermal neutron detector device 204. The line of sight 218 is the direct path between the thermal neutron source 202 and the three thermal neutron detectors 204 that essentially make up the thermal neutron detector device 204.

[0044] The thermal neutron detector device 204 is sensitive to the number of neutrons 222 impinging on the detector device 204 and is thus able to provide information about the concentration of neutrons it encounters. Several commercially available thermal neutron detectors 204 exist, including the BF3 counter tube produced by Mirion Technologies, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. This thermal neutron detector 204 uses a boron trifluoride (BF3) neutron counter. The neutron sensitivity of these proportional counters is achieved by filling the tube with boron trifluoride gas made from a high concentration of boron-10 within the tube. Thermal neutrons 222 react with the isotope boron-10, emitting alpha particles, which create ionization (electrons and gas ions) in the gas fill of the detector. In the electric field between the electrodes, these charged particles are accelerated and undergo secondary ionization. This so-called "gas amplification" increases the amount of charge generated in the tube proportionally.

[0045] Figure 2C is a top line drawing of the helium-3 detector device 200 showing the elements relative to the section lines A-A and B-B. By way of reference, the computer electronics housing 216 is shown, which houses the computing electronics required to operate the various electrical elements contained by the helium-3 detector 200, and the transmitter 214 houses the communication transmitter or more likely a transceiver. The antenna 212 is connected to the communication circuitry in the transmitter 214. Also shown are the battery 210, the thermal neutron source 202, the shield, and the thermal neutron detector device 204. The thermal neutron detector device 204 includes three detectors in this embodiment, but can have as few as one detector or more as desired. The section line A-A bisects the metal plate 110, the thermal neutron source 202, the shield, and the thermal neutron detector device 204. The section line B-B, which is orthogonal to the section line A-A, bisects the thermal neutron source 202.

[0046] Figure 2Dis a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a thermal neutron source 202 along section line B-B consistent with embodiments of the present application. This embodiment of the thermal neutron source 202 can include an Americium-Beryllium (AmBe) neutron source (core) 232 encapsulated within a hydrogen-rich shell 230, which in this embodiment is envisioned to be a polyethylene shell. The polyethylene shell 230 thermalizes the neutrons 222 by colliding with the hydrogen nuclei in the polyethylene, thereby reducing the energy of the neutrons 222. The AmBe thermal neutron source is commercially available from QSA Global, Inc. of Burlington, Massachusetts. An alternative thermal neutron source 202 includes an integrated moderated neutron generator such as a deuterium-tritium or deuterium-deuterium neutron generator, which are commercially available from Adelphi Technology, Inc. of Redwood City, California. Thus, some embodiments of the present application envision the thermal neutron source 202 to be an off-the-shelf, readily commercially available thermal neutron source.

[0047] Figure 2E is a line drawing of a cross-section of a helium-3 probe apparatus 200 along section line A-A consistent with embodiments of the present application. It is known that helium-3 absorbs neutrons 222. Thus, the concentration of neutrons 222 that penetrate the helium-3 is correspondingly reduced. In this apparatus 200, some of the neutrons 222 emitted from the thermal neutron source 202 as illustrated by arrows 219 are backscattered from the regolith 112 to the thermal neutron probe 204 (see narrow arrows 220), while some of the neutrons 222 in the arrows 219 are absorbed by the helium-3 present in the regolith 112. Thus, the concentration of helium-3 in the regolith 112 will be inversely proportional to the concentration of neutrons 222 detected by the thermal neutron probe 204 relative to the concentration of neutrons 222 emitted by the thermal neutron source 202. In other words, the higher the concentration of helium-3 in the regolith 112, the fewer the number of neutrons 222 that reach the thermal neutron probe 204, which is illustrated by the narrow arrows 220. The neutron shield 206 blocks the neutrons 222 in the line of sight 218 of the neutron probe 204 from hitting the neutron probe 204, thereby improving the resolution of the backscattered neutron concentration 220. The metal plate 110, which in some embodiments is aluminum, does not change the number of neutrons 222 (emitted by the thermal neutron source 202) that penetrate into the regolith 112. According to this apparatus 200, the concentration of neutrons 222 detected by the thermal neutron probe 204 is compared to the concentration of neutrons 222 produced by the thermal neutron source 202 in order to provide an indication of the concentration of helium-3 in the region of the regolith 112. Although an exact amount of helium-3 can not be obtained, a relative amount can be obtained, which is sufficient to identify and map highly interesting regions on the moon 122 for helium-3 mining based on sampling of different regions / areas on the moon 122. Data collection and calculations can be performed by the electronic computer system 216 on the helium-3 probe apparatus 200.

[0048] Figure 3 This is a line drawing of another embodiment of the helium-3 detector device 200, including handle 224, which can be used to transport the helium-3 detector device 200 from one location to another manually or by means of a robot, or otherwise.

[0049] Figures 4A-4C A helium-3 detector apparatus using an open-environment mass spectrometer embodiment consistent with embodiments of the present invention is shown. Here, the mass spectrometer apparatus 300 is open to the environment 405, meaning there is no pressure chamber surrounding the mass spectrometer 400; instead, the mass spectrometer 400 operates at the ambient pressure surrounding the mass spectrometer apparatus 300. The low pressure on Lunar 122 makes this possible. Currently, all conventional mass spectrometers operate in low-pressure chambers, which are an essential or associated part of conventional mass spectrometers. Figure 4A This is a frontal bar chart of the mass spectrometer device 300, which generally includes the rover 102 or other movable carriers, such as dispersion chambers (not shown, but multiple dispersion chambers can be deployed, which are scattered over a large area of ​​the Moon 122, for example, from hundreds of square meters to hundreds of square kilometers). Figure 1B Jumper 120, or Figure 3 The handheld carrier 224 and other movable carriers are all capable of holding the mass spectrometer 400. As shown, the rover 102 houses most of the mass spectrometer 400 within the rover housing 108 and the rover base 110. The rover 102 is configured to move to different locations on the surface 112A of the Moon 122 to collect helium-3 concentration samples at each location. An antenna 212 is connected to a transceiver (not shown) to transmit the helium-3 concentration data from each location to a data receiver, such as a central hub or other target receiver that wants to acquire data. The mass spectrometer 400 is accessed through an inlet 434 (see...). Figure 5C Helium-3 is inhaled (or sniffed) at the larger end of the inlet funnel 402. The inlet funnel 402 (inlet funnel edge 409) is located near the topsoil surface 112A at a close proximity distance 408. The close proximity distance 408 is here defined as less than 12 inches. In some embodiments, the distance 408 between the inlet funnel 402 and the topsoil surface 112A is preferably less than 6 inches, and the inlet funnel 402 may be placed directly on or in contact with the topsoil surface 112A. The wheels 106 and suspension 105 of the probe are shown for reference.

[0050] Figure 4BThis is a side view bar chart of the mass spectrometer assembly 300, with the probe hood 108 removed from the probe vehicle 102 to reveal components associated with the frame 302. The mass spectrometer 400 is shown mostly suspended from the probe vehicle floor 110, except for the entry funnel 402, which extends from the floor 110 to a height of less than 12 inches above the topsoil surface 112A. (See attached...) Figure 5A As shown in more detail, the inlet funnel 402 connects to the funnel connector 404, which is attached to the ion generator and accelerator housing 412, the angled magnet housing 414, and the detector housing 422. The suspension 105, wheel 106, and antenna 212 are shown for reference.

[0051] Figure 4C This is an isometric view of the mass spectrometer apparatus 300, with the probe housing 108 removed from the probe vehicle 102 to reveal components associated with the frame 302. A top view of the mass spectrometer 400 is presented alongside the computer system 216 and transmitter 214, which includes an antenna 212 and antenna connection cable 213. In this embodiment, a battery pack 210 connected to the base plate 110 is configured to provide power to the probe vehicle 102 and its connected electronics. As previously mentioned, power supply can be enhanced by renewable energy sources, such as solar panels (not shown) on the probe housing 108. In this embodiment, a shock absorber 104 is connected between the suspension 105 and the wheels 106 to provide a smoother / more controllable ride for the equipment carried by the probe vehicle 102.

[0052] Figures 5A-5D This is a line drawing showing a different view of a mass spectrometer embodiment 400 consistent with an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 5A This is an isometric view of the mass spectrometer 400 showing the fundamental particle path 401, indicated by a thick arrow. The fundamental particle path 401 is called the fundamental particle path because it is the path through which fundamental particles 460, defined by atoms and individual molecules, flow from the mass spectrometer 400. The fundamental particle path 401 begins at the inlet 434 of the funnel 402, passes laterally through the funnel junction 404, enters the ion generator and accelerator housing 412, and then passes through the angled magnet housing 414 to reach the detector 464 in the detector housing 422 (see...). Figure 5D As shown in the figure, the inlet funnel 402 includes a funnel-shaped housing 403, which extends from the inlet 434 to the outlet 435 at the funnel joint 404 (see figure). Figure 6AIn this embodiment, the outlet 435 is smaller than the inlet 434 (approximately 20% of the size of the inlet 434). Some embodiments consider the area of ​​the inlet 434 to be at least twice that of the outlet 435. In this embodiment, the center angle of the angled magnet housing 414 is β, for example, its range can be between 10 and 90 degrees. The magnet device 416 is substantially located at the apex of the angled housing 414 to redirect the path of the fundamental particle 460 (in this case, helium-3) toward the detector 464. The redirection path of the fundamental particle 460 is β + / - a certain offset, the offset depending on the mass of the fundamental particle 460. The offset can be less than 10 degrees.

[0053] Figure 5B This is a bottom view of the mass spectrometer 400, highlighting the funnel inlet 434. As shown, the funnel 402 contains a heating element 430 or other particulate surface disruptor, such as a laser, ultrasonic transmitter, microwave transmitter, or other exciter capable of releasing helium-3 from the particulate soil / topsoil layer 112. The heating element 430 is powered by electrical leads 436. As shown, the funnel inlet 434 is defined by the funnel inlet edge 409. A filter 432, such as a HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filter, is also shown disposed in the outlet 435. The filter 432 is disposed (or near) the outlet 435 to filter out topsoil or unwanted solid particles larger than the base particles sampled in the mass spectrometer 400. The ion generator and accelerator housing 412, the angled magnet housing 414, the detector housing 422, and the magnet assembly 416 are indicated herein for reference.

[0054] Figure 5C This is an isometric bar diagram of the funnel 402 and the funnel junction 404, showing the path 401 of the basic particles leading to the inlet 434 and exiting from the funnel junction 404. The funnel outlet 435 is concealed and is therefore indicated by a dashed line. The heating element 430 is shown as protruding slightly from the edge 409 of the funnel inlet.

[0055] Figure 5DThis is an exploded view of a mass spectrometer 400 consistent with an embodiment of the present invention. For the inlet funnel device 402, the heating element 430 and filter 432 extend from the inlet funnel device 402. On the left side of the figure, the ion generator 450 with ion generator leads 410A and 410B, the fundamental particle accelerator 452, the shielding plate 454, and the fundamental particle aperture 456 are shown extending from the ion generator and accelerator housing 412. The magnet device 416 is shown extending behind the angled magnet housing 414. The magnet device 416 generally includes a first polarity magnet 470 and a second polarity magnet 472, separated by a gap 474. In this embodiment, helium-3, as the fundamental particle 460, is targeted by the gap 474 and redirected by the polarity magnets 470 and 472 (with an angle β + / - a certain offset) as it passes through the rear magnet adjustment aperture 462. The redirected ionized fundamental particles 460B pass through the rear magnet adjustment aperture 462 in the rear magnet adjustment plate 461 along the path leading to the detector plate 464. The detector probe 420 picks up the helium-3 signal from the detector plate 464 and transmits the signal information to the computing system 216.

[0056] Figure 6A This is a line drawing illustrating an embodiment of the components of a mass spectrometer 400 in operation. The described embodiment is a general explanation of the basic elements of the mass spectrometer 400, which may include more elements or exclude some elements to improve efficiency depending on the specific design, as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Figure 6A The general explanation is based on the diagram. Figure 6B The funnel inlet edge 409 is positioned at a distance 408 near the topsoil surface 112A, defined as less than 12 inches (step 480). As one embodiment of a particulate surface breaker, heater 430 radiatively heats 475 the topsoil layer 112, thereby releasing base particles 460 retained in or on the surface of the topsoil layer 112. Some embodiments envision a shield (not shown) with an edge 409 extending from the inlet funnel 402 to the topsoil surface 112A to shield and better collect higher concentrations of the released base particles 460.

[0057] Continue to refer to Figure 6ASome of the released fundamental particles 460 are excited by heat 475 and pass through the inlet funnel 402 and funnel junction 404 into the ion generator housing 412 (step 482). The fundamental particles 460 are guided to the ionization region in the ion generator 450, where electrons are emitted to bombard the fundamental particles 460, thereby producing ionized fundamental particles 460A (step 484). The ionized fundamental particles 460A are accelerated by the electric field generated by the accelerator 452 and guided through the accelerator aperture 456 located in the accelerator adjustment plate 454. The accelerated ionized fundamental particles 460A rush toward the gap 474 between the polarity magnets 470 and 472 (step 486). The polarizing magnets 470 and 472 redirect or otherwise bend the trajectory of the ionized fundamental particle 160A within the angled magnet housing 414 by a predictable angle β + / - a certain offset (depending on the mass of the ionized fundamental particle 160A) (step 488). This embodiment includes a rear magnet adjustment plate 461 with a rear magnet adjustment aperture 462 that separates the redirected ionized fundamental particle 160B (step 490). In the case of Helium-3, the rear magnet adjustment plate 461 has a rear magnet adjustment aperture 462 that separates the redirected ionized Helium-3 160B. The separated and redirected ionized fundamental particles 160B, such as Helium-3, are detected by a detector plate 464, which transmits the quantity / concentration of fundamental particles 160B at the sampling location in the topsoil layer 112 (step 492). As the probe 102 or other movable carrier supporting the mass spectrometer 400 moves from one location 152 to another location 154, for example, a relative / comparative concentration of the target fundamental particle 160 (such as helium-3) can be established, and these concentrations can be stored at least in the mass spectrometer apparatus 300 without being transmitted via antenna 212 to a remote receiver (not shown) (step 494). The comparative concentration does not require the exact quantity of the target fundamental particle 160 within the sampling area, but rather the corresponding concentration of the target fundamental particle 160, such as helium-3, to better locate high-yield areas for mining.

[0058] Figure 7This is a line drawing illustrating an orbital deployment vehicle that exemplarily deploys a mass spectrometer dispersion module 330 consistent with embodiments of the present invention. Some embodiments envision a deployment vehicle 440 orbiting the Moon 122 or some other extraterrestrial body, deploying multiple mass spectrometer dispersion modules 330 at multiple locations on the Moon 122. The mass spectrometer dispersion module 330 may, but is not necessarily, be a single-use device capable of transmitting the concentration of a target fundamental particle (such as helium-3) back to the deployment vehicle 440 or other target locations. The mass spectrometer dispersion module 330 is also envisioned to be kept horizontal (upright upon landing) by means of a gyroscope or jetpack (not shown). Alternatively, the mass spectrometer dispersion module 330 may be equipped with mechanical linkages (e.g., arms) configured to upright the mass spectrometer dispersion module 330 once it reaches the lunar surface 112A.

[0059] Figures 8A-8E This is a line diagram of another embodiment of the He-3 detector device, which uses a nanosecond neutron analysis and correlated particle imaging system (NNA / API) as a neutron source and a gamma-ray (γ) detector system consistent with embodiments of the present invention. Reference Figure 8A The He-3 detector assembly 500 typically includes a rover 102 or some other transport vehicle described above. The rover 102 is configured to transport the NNA / API 502 and gamma-ray detector system 504 to various locations on Luna 122 or other extraterrestrial bodies to search for sufficient concentrations of He-3 for mining. As shown, the NNA / API 502 and gamma-ray detector system 504 are located at the bottom plate 510 of the underside 508 of the rover 102. The rover 102 is shown without... Figure 1A The detector cover 108 is shown to better illustrate the components used in the He-3 detector device 500. At the top 506 of the device 500 is a cosmic radiation shield 512 covering the NNA / API 502 and the gamma-ray detector system 504. The cosmic radiation shield 512 blocks at least a portion of cosmic gamma radiation and cosmic neutron radiation from above the device 500, which constitutes noise in the detector system 504. More specifically, cosmic gamma rays, and any additional gamma rays generated by cosmic neutron radiation, are uncontrolled and therefore merely noise to the gamma-ray detector 504. As shown, the cosmic radiation shield 512 also serves as a support platform for the battery 210, the electronics that operate or facilitate the operation of the device 500, and the computing system 516. A communication housing 214 is also shown, having an antenna 212 and an antenna connection line 213 extending from the antenna 212. A shock absorber 104, a suspension 105, and wheels 106 are shown for reference.

[0060] Figure 8B yes Figure 8A A side view line drawing of the He-3 detector device 500. As shown, an NNA / API 502 and multiple gamma-ray detectors 504 are arranged. The NNA / API 502 aims neutrons 222 in a downward direction 519 penetrating the topsoil layer 112. The gamma-ray detectors 504 detect the gamma rays 528 of interest from neutrons bombarding atoms in the topsoil layer 112 on either side of the NNA / API 502. The base plate 510 is approximately 12 inches (e.g., from the surface of the topsoil layer 112A) of the topsoil layer. Figure 8C (As shown by distance arrow 514 in the figure), however, other embodiments envision the base plate 510 being greater than or less than 12 inches from the surface of the topsoil layer 112A, for example, 2 inches or 2 feet from the surface of the topsoil layer 112a. In this embodiment, the cosmic radiation shield 512 comprises multiple laminates; however, a non-laminated cosmic radiation shield may be used without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. As shown, the cosmic radiation shield 512 covers and shields the NNA / API 502 and the gamma ray detector 504 from cosmic radiation emitted from above 516 of the device 100. Some embodiments envision not using the cosmic radiation shield 512, but instead relying on the time window for neutron emission and gamma ray detection. The communication housing 214 is also prominently shown on top of the cosmic radiation shield 512, and has an antenna 212 and an antenna connection line 213 extending from the antenna 212.

[0061] Figure 8C yes Figure 8A A frontal bar chart of the He-3 detector assembly 500. The probe 102 is shown on topsoil 112, with the base plate 510 separated from the surface 112A by a distance 514 between 2 inches and 24 inches, but other distances are conceivable as described above. From this angle, multiple gamma-ray detectors 504 are shown below a cosmic radiation shield 512, which is shown as supporting the battery 210 and other electronic components.

[0062] Figure 8D yes Figure 8AA bottom-view bar chart of the He-3 detector device 500. As shown, an opening 518 is provided in the base plate 512 to provide an unobstructed path for neutrons 222 emitted from the NNA / API 502. The NNA / API 502 is located at the center of a plurality of gamma-ray detectors 504. In this embodiment, a plurality of gamma-ray detectors 504 are provided to increase the fidelity of the detection signal due to the increased probability of detecting backscattered gamma rays 528 from impacted target material (e.g., ilmenite 530) in the topsoil layer 112. The gamma rays 528 are generated by neutrons 526 emitted by the NNA / API 502 interacting with the topsoil layer 112. Some embodiments envision not providing a base plate opening 518, which would depend on the emitted neutrons 526 and the returning gamma rays 528 simply passing through the base plate 512.

[0063] Figure 8E It is along Figure 8D A cross-sectional view of the He-3 detector device 500 with the cross-sectional section CC.

[0064] NNA / API 502 is commercially available from multiple sources, including Waltham, Massachusetts.

[0065] The API 120 neutron generator from ThermoFisher Scientific or the DT 108 neutron generator from Adelphi Technology Inc. It should be understood that these NNA / API generators can be used “as is” or modified to lack a vacuum pump and vacuum chamber to take advantage of the low environmental pressures (e.g., below 7 millitors) on Luna 122 or on extraterrestrial bodies that are essentially atmosphereless compared to Earth.

[0066] From a high-level perspective, one type of NNA / API could be a deuterium-tritium particle generator. This generator could include a deuterium filament (i.e., a block of material rich in deuterium) and an electron-generating cathode. The deuterium filament is heated and subjected to a magnetic field, which strips electrons from deuterium atoms to charge them. The magnetic field accelerates the charged deuterium atoms towards a tritium target (i.e., a block of material rich in tritium), resulting in deuterium / tritium collisions. While the collisions disperse neutrons in all directions, a pseudobeam can be selected to associate with alpha particles detected by a position-sensitive alpha detector. Neutrons are continuously produced by powering the NNA / API (energizing it). Neutron production can be controlled by adjusting the current passing through the filament.

[0067] In operation, when deuterium fuses with tritium in a tritium target, it produces 14.1 MeV neutrons and 3.5 MeV alpha particles. The position and arrival time of the alpha particles are measured. Neutrons penetrating the topsoil layer 112 collide with atoms in the topsoil, exciting their respective nuclei. When each nucleus decays to its base state, it emits one or more gamma rays. The energy and timing of the gamma rays are measured by a gamma-ray detector, which in this embodiment is tuned to work with at least titanium, a component of the mineral ilmenite (FeTiO3). When alpha particles and gamma rays are observed within a very small time window (less than 80 ns), they are considered to originate from the same fusion reaction. The velocities of the neutrons and gamma rays are known, as are the trajectories of the associated alpha particles (and thus the neutrons' direction of motion is opposite to that of the neutrons), so the position of the neutron-nucleus interaction can be calculated. The energy of the gamma rays is unique for a specific type of atom that has temporarily fused with a neutron, and can therefore be used to identify the element / atom of interest, in this case, ilmenite. Ilmenite is associated with He-3. A three-dimensional mapping of ilmenite can be calculated through numerous observed interactions. In some embodiments, all detectors 504 are tuned to be suitable for titanium. In other embodiments, at least some detectors 504 are tuned to be suitable for titanium, and others are tuned to be suitable for iron. In still other embodiments, detectors 504 are tuned to be suitable for both titanium and iron. Furthermore, other embodiments envision detectors 504 being tuned to be suitable for titanium, iron, and oxygen, wherein the electronics of the device are capable of determining the ratio of detected elements to indicate the presence of ilmenite. In this way, the region of Lunar 122 can be mapped using the concentration of titanium and, possibly, ilmenite.

[0068] Figure 9This is a schematic line drawing of an NNA / API consistent with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the NNA / API 502 includes a target chamber 520 having a phosphor-coated window connected to a photodiode. The photodiode detects the time when an alpha particle strikes the phosphor window 522 via a position-sensitive photomultiplier (which picks up the phosphor signal) located just outside the phosphor window 522. Alpha particles are co-produced with neutrons and travel in the opposite direction to the neutrons. Based on the detection of the alpha particle associated with the neutron, the timing of the neutron can be easily calculated, so the timing of the resulting gamma rays 528 when an alpha particle is detected must be within a tight time window (nanoseconds). Because the time window is so small, the resulting gamma rays 528 are likely to originate from neutrons emitted from the NNA / API 502. In some embodiments of the invention, the detector 504 searches for resulting gamma rays from decaying atoms in ilmenite within a short time window from the detection of the alpha particle. It should be understood that the time taken for gamma rays 528 to be detected represents the depth to which the neutron penetrates the topsoil layer 112. This is because the resolution of the detection is mathematically expressed as 1 / r. 2 The gamma rays decrease as a function of the alpha particles, so some embodiments employ multiple gamma-ray detectors 504 to improve depth understanding and increase the probability of intercepting emitted gamma rays 528. Furthermore, a short time window associated with the alpha particles and the resulting gamma rays 528 filters out most of the background noise from randomly received cosmic radiation. Electronics 524 dedicated to the NNA / API 502 provide the timing, logic, power, etc., for operating the NNA / API 502. Because the NNA / API 502 is already in a low-pressure environment (below 7 mTorr), pressure chambers and pump systems are not integrated into all NNAs / APIs in some embodiments of the invention. However, a filtration system is incorporated into the NNA / API 502 to prevent dust from entering the neutron beam path, which is not a problem for vacuum systems.

[0069] Figure 10 This is a method for obtaining He-3 on extraterrestrial bodies using titanium correlation, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The method uses... Figures 8A-8EThe illustrated ilmenite detector apparatus, in step 550, moves rover 102 from a first location on the surface of the Moon 122 or some other extraterrestrial body to a second location. In step 552, when rover 102 is at the location of interest, NNA / API 502 emits a neutron beam of multiple neutrons 526 directed towards the surface 112A of the Moon 122, and the neutron beam penetrates the surface 112A and enters the topsoil 112. In step 554, the neutrons 526 interact with the topsoil 112 to emit gamma rays 528, which are detected by gamma ray detector system 504 within a tight time window (less than 100 ns). Gamma ray detector system 504 can be adjusted to filter one or more components of ilmenite. Optionally, gamma ray detector system 504, together with signal processing electronics, can be arranged and configured to identify energies consistent with titanium and / or other elements of interest (Fe and O). The gamma-ray detection system 504 may also include an onboard computer that allows for the active identification of typical gamma rays (including those from titanium and / or iron) and, in some cases, the identification of ratios of these elements consistent with the presence of ilmenite. Optionally, the computing system 516 on the detection vehicle 102 may be configured to separate one or more components of ilmenite and determine the presence and concentration of ilmenite at a first location. In step 556, in either case, the concentration of ilmenite is obtained by the gamma-ray detector system 504 in cooperation with the NNA / API 502. Figure 7 As shown, in step 558, the concentration or at least raw data of ilmenite 530, which can be used to determine the presence and concentration of ilmenite 530, is sent to a remote receiver, such as a remote receiver on orbiting satellite 440. While data is being collected and transmitted from the first location 152, rover 102 moves to a second location 154, where these steps are repeated. In step 560, since He-3 is strongly associated with ilmenite, the ilmenite concentration data from the first location 152 is compared with the ilmenite concentration data from the second location 154 to map the mining area of ​​interest for mining He-3 (He-3 target mining site). Therefore, this method example for finding high concentrations of ilmenite or at least titanium provides a He-3 target mining site on Lunar 122 to simplify and make lunar mining operations more efficient.

[0070] In light of the present description, the following are examples of embodiments that exemplarily supplement the apparatus embodiments discussed above and illustrated in the figures to aid the reader's understanding. Therefore, the elements mentioned below are examples provided to aid in understanding the invention and should not be considered limiting. The reader will understand that the elements and constructions below are interchangeable within the scope and spirit of the invention. Exemplary embodiments may include the elements shown in the figures.

[0071] In this context, some embodiments of the present invention are envisioned as follows: Figures 8A-8C The illustrated correlated particle imaging apparatus 500 for detecting ilmenite 530 includes a transport vehicle 102 carrying an NNA / API 502 and at least one gamma-ray detector 504, and a cosmic radiation shield 512. The transport vehicle 102 is defined by a top end 506 and a bottom end 508, wherein the bottom end 508 is configured to dock with the surface 112A of an exoplanet 122. The transport vehicle 102 is configured to move at different locations 152 / 154 on the surface 112A of the exoplanet 122. The NNA / API 502 includes a neutron emitter 520 configured to aim a neutron cone 126 from the bottom end 508 toward the surface 112A of the exoplanet 122. The NNA / API 502 does not include a vacuum chamber adapted to otherwise maintain a pressure lower than the surrounding environment of the apparatus 500. At least one gamma-ray detector 504 includes a gamma bandpass filter that does not block titanium or iron. Optionally, at least one gamma-ray detector 504, together with signal processing electronics, comprises a gamma-ray detection system. The gamma-ray detection system may also include an onboard computer that allows active identification of typical gamma rays (including those from titanium and / or iron) and, in some cases, the ratio of these elements consistent with the presence of ilmenite. At least one gamma-ray detector 504 is configured to substantially detect concentration information of titanium and / or iron in ratios consistent with ilmenite 530. The device 500 also includes a cosmic radiation shield 512 covering the NNA / API 502 and at least one gamma-ray detector 504, wherein the cosmic radiation shield 512 is configured to shield at least a portion of cosmic radiation, including cosmic gamma radiation and cosmic neutron radiation. The cosmic radiation shield 512 is disposed at the top 506 of the transport 102. The device 500 also includes an energy source 210 configured to provide energy to the NNA / API 502 and at least one gamma-ray detector 504. The device also includes a non-transient memory connected to at least one gamma-ray detector 504, wherein the non-transient memory is configured to store concentration information. A transmitter 212 in the device 500 is configured to transmit the concentration information to a remote receiver 440.

[0072] It is also envisioned that at least one gamma-ray detector 504 in the device 500 is adjusted to essentially detect the concentration of titanium and iron at a depth of 3 feet.

[0073] It is also envisioned that at least one gamma-ray detector 504 in the device 500 is within 12 inches of the surface 112A of the extraterrestrial body 122.

[0074] In device 500, it is also envisioned that ilmenite 530 is in the topsoil layer 112 and that the extraterrestrial body is the moon 122.

[0075] It is also envisioned that the NNA / API 502 and at least one gamma-ray detector 504 of the device 500 include at least one internal chamber 525 that is free from external contamination, because the NNA / API 502 and at least one gamma-ray detector 504 include a filtration system. Although there is no vacuum system, at least one internal chamber 525 is at a pressure below 7 millitor.

[0076] Device 500 envisions that the transport aircraft 102 can be a group consisting of a free exploration vehicle, a dispersal cabin, a jumper, or a handheld transporter.

[0077] The device 500 may also include first concentration information of titanium at a first location 152 on the extraterrestrial body 122 and second concentration information of titanium at a second location 154 on the extraterrestrial body 122, wherein the device 500 further includes a computer processor 516 for comparing the first concentration with the second concentration.

[0078] The cosmic radiation shield 512 in device 500 can be metallic (e.g., iron or lead).

[0079] In another aspect of the invention, some embodiments envision an ilmenite detector device 500 employing correlated particle imaging, comprising a rover 102, an NNA / API 502, and a gamma-ray detector 504. The NNA / API 502 includes a neutron emitter 520 configured to aim a neutron cone 526 from the rover 102 toward the surface 112A of an exoplanet 122. The NNA / API 502 does not contain a vacuum chamber. The gamma-ray detector 504 is configured to detect the concentrations of titanium and iron, wherein the titanium and iron concentrations are within 12 inches of the surface 112A of the exoplanet 122. The gamma-ray detector 504 is configured to detect the titanium concentration by means of gamma rays 528 emitted from the surface 112A due to neutrons 526 striking the surface 112A from the neutron cone 526. The ilmenite detector device 500 also includes a cosmic radiation shield 512, a computing processor 516, and a transmitter 212. A cosmic radiation shield 512 covers the NNA / API 502 and gamma-ray detector 504, protecting them from at least a portion of cosmic gamma radiation and cosmic neutron radiation. A computational processor 516 is configured and arranged to determine whether the concentrations of titanium and iron include a ratio consistent with ilmenite 530. A transmitter is configured and arranged to transmit concentration information to a remote receiver. A probe 102 is configured to transport the ilmenite detector assembly 500 to different locations 152 / 154 on surface 112A.

[0080] The ilmenite detector device 500 may also include an energy source 210 disposed on the detector vehicle 102, the energy source 210 being connected to the NNA / API 502 and configured to provide energy to the NNA / API 502.

[0081] The ilmenite detector device 500 may also include a non-transient memory connected to the alpha detector and configured to store titanium concentration information.

[0082] The ilmenite detector device 500 may also include other gamma-ray detectors 504.

[0083] The ilmenite detector device 500 also envisions an NNA / API 502 and a gamma-ray detector 504 within 12 inches of surface 112A.

[0084] The ilmenite detector device 500 may further include first concentration information of titanium at a first location 152 on the extraterrestrial body 122 and second concentration information of titanium at a second location 154 on the extraterrestrial body 122. The ilmenite detector device 500 also includes a computer processor 516 for comparing the first concentration with the second concentration.

[0085] The envisioned NNA / API 502 of the ilmenite detector device 500 also includes at least one inner chamber 525 maintained at a pressure below 7 mTorr.

[0086] The ilmenite detector device 500 also envisions ilmenite 530 in the topsoil layer 112 and the extraterrestrial body as the Moon 122.

[0087] Another embodiment of the present invention envisions a method such as Figures 8A-8E and Figure 10 The method shown includes moving a rover 102 from a first location 152 on the moon 122 to a second location 154; emitting a neutron beam 526 containing multiple neutrons from the surface 112A at the first location 152; detecting gamma rays 528 from the decaying, unstable titanium and iron atoms bombarded by the neutrons of the neutron beam 526; determining the ratio of titanium atoms to iron atoms from the gamma rays 528; and confirming that the ratio corresponds to ilmenite 530.

[0088] The method may also include repeating the launch step, detection step, determination step, and verification step at the second location 154.

[0089] The method may also include confirming the concentration of ilmenite 530 at a first location and a second location.

[0090] Another embodiment of the present invention envisions a mass spectrometer device 300 (e.g. Figures 4A-4CAs shown), the mass spectrometer apparatus 300 includes a mass spectrometer 400 mounted on a movable carrier 102. The mass spectrometer 400 (as shown) Figures 5A-5D (As shown) includes a fundamental particle path 401 that begins at an inlet 434 and terminates at a detector plate 464. The particle path 401 extends laterally through the mass spectrometer 400. The mass spectrometer 400 also includes an inlet funnel 402 having a funnel-shaped outer shell 403 extending from the inlet 434 to an outlet 435, wherein the outlet 435 is smaller than the inlet 434. The inlet 434 is directly and unobstructedly connected to the open environment 405 and is configured to communicate with the open environment 405 during operation. The mass spectrometer 400 also includes an ion generator 450 adjacent to the outlet 435, wherein the ion generator 450 of the mass spectrometer is configured to ionize fundamental particles 460 in a portion of the fundamental particle path 401. The mass spectrometer 400 also includes a detector housing 422 and an angled housing 418. The detector housing 422 includes a detector plate 464, and the angled housing 418 has polarity magnets 470 and 472 configured to guide the fundamental particle 460 along the fundamental particle path 401 at an angle β + / - a certain offset (e.g., less than 10 degrees). The mass spectrometer device 300 and, in some embodiments, the inlet funnel 402 have a granular surface disruptor 430 configured to release the fundamental particle 460 from a granular surface 112 outside the mass spectrometer device 300. The mass spectrometer device 300 includes a movable support 102 supporting the mass spectrometer 400. The movable support 102 is configured to position the inlet 434 above the external granular surface 112.

[0091] The mass spectrometer device 300 is conceived as a mass spectrometer device 300 without a pressure chamber, the pressure chamber being adapted to maintain a pressure below the open environment 405.

[0092] One embodiment of the mass spectrometer device 300 envisions the particulate surface disruptor 430 as a heating element.

[0093] One embodiment of the mass spectrometer device 300 envisions that the area of ​​the outlet 435 is at least half that of the inlet 434.

[0094] One embodiment of the mass spectrometer device 300 envisions an open environment 405 below 7 millitor.

[0095] One embodiment of the mass spectrometer device 300 envisions that the fundamental particle 460 includes helium-3, and that the mass spectrometer 400 is adapted to be used with helium-3.

[0096] One embodiment of the mass spectrometer device 300 envisions a movable carrier selected from a group consisting of a probe vehicle 102, a dispersion chamber 440, a jumper 120, or a handheld transporter 224.

[0097] One embodiment of the mass spectrometer device 300 envisions a movable carrier configured to position the inlet 434 within 6 inches of the external particulate surface 112A.

[0098] One embodiment of the mass spectrometer device 300 envisions the mass spectrometer device 300 being configured to determine the concentration of helium-3 in particulate soil 112 at a first location 152 and a second location 154. This may also include a wireless communication device comprising an antenna 212 and a transmitter 214 configured to transmit the concentration to a receiver (not shown).

[0099] Another embodiment of the invention envisions a mass spectrometer system 300, which includes a mass spectrometer 400, a heating element 430, and a movable carrier 102. The mass spectrometer 400 may include a path 401 extending from an inlet 434 through the mass spectrometer system 400 to a detector 464. The mass spectrometer 400 may also include an inlet funnel 402 including an inlet 434 configured to receive fundamental particles 460 directly from an open environment 405, and the inlet funnel 402 configured to guide the fundamental particles 460 to an outlet 435. The mass spectrometer 400 may also include an ion generator 450 configured to ionize the fundamental particles 460 received from the outlet 435. The mass spectrometer 400 also includes polarizing magnets 470 and 472 located within an angled housing 418 between the ion generator 450 and the detector 464. The heating element 430 may be located within the mass spectrometer 400 or elsewhere in the system 300, and is configured to release the fundamental particles 460 from the particulate surface 112 by means of heat. The particulate surface is not part of the mass spectrometer system 300. The system 300 envisions a movable carrier 102 configured to position the inlet 434 near the external particulate surface 112.

[0100] Some embodiments of the mass spectrometer system 300 also envision an outlet 435 smaller than an inlet 434.

[0101] Some embodiments of the mass spectrometer system 300 also envision inlet 434 communicating with an open environment 405 during operation, in which there is no pressure chamber associated with the mass spectrometer system 300. “Associated” is hereby defined as being part of or having a direct cooperative relationship with the system 300.

[0102] Some embodiments of the mass spectrometer system 300 envision the mass spectrometer 400 also including an accelerator located between the ion generator 450 and the polarization magnets 470 and 472.

[0103] Some embodiments of the mass spectrometer system 300 also envision polar magnets 470 and 472 being configured to guide fundamental particles 460 along the fundamental particle path 401 with an angle β + / - a certain offset (limited to less than 10 degrees).

[0104] Some embodiments of the mass spectrometer system 300 also envision the mass spectrometer 400 being calibrated to determine the concentration of helium-3 in the external particulate surface 112 at a first location 152 and a second location 154.

[0105] Some embodiments of the mass spectrometer system 300 envision a group of movable carriers selected from the probe vehicle 102, dispersion chamber 490, jumper 120, or handheld transporter 224.

[0106] Some embodiments of the mass spectrometer system 300 envision an open environment 405 with a pressure below 7 millitor.

[0107] In another embodiment of the invention, an open-environment mass spectrometer device 300 is envisioned to include a mass spectrometer 400, which is positioned and supported by a movable carrier 102. The mass spectrometer 400 may have an inlet funnel 402 configured to receive fundamental particles 460 directly from an open environment 405 through an inlet 434. The inlet funnel 402 is configured to guide the fundamental particles 460 into the mass spectrometer 400. The device 300 may also include a heating element 430 configured to release the fundamental particles 460 from a topsoil layer 112, which is not part of the open-environment mass spectrometer device 300, by means of heat. Some embodiments envision the mass spectrometer 400 including a heating element. The device 300 also includes a movable carrier 102 configured to position the inlet 434 above the topsoil layer 112 at a height typically less than 12 inches.

[0108] One embodiment of the open environment mass spectrometer device 300 envisions the mass spectrometer 400 being maintained at a pressure substantially equal to that of the open environment 405.

[0109] In this context, other embodiments of the invention envision such as Figures 2A-2E The helium-3 detection device 200 shown includes a thermal neutron source 202 and a thermal neutron detector 204. More specifically, the thermal neutron source 202 may include a thermal neutron emitter 232 encapsulated in a hydrogen-rich material 230, wherein the thermal neutron source 202 is configured to emit thermal neutrons 222 in various directions (see [reference]). Figure 2EThe thermal neutron detector 204 can be configured to detect the concentration 220 of thermal neutrons 222. In the device 200, a neutron shield 206 is placed between the thermal neutron source 202 and the thermal neutron detector 204. The neutron shield 206 is configured to block some of the thermal neutrons 222 emitted from the thermal neutron source 202 that are aimed at the thermal neutron detector 204 (e.g., attenuating at least 90% of the neutrons 222 located between the neutron shield 206 and the thermal neutron detector 204). A power source 210, such as a battery or a solar energy system, is configured to power the thermal neutron source 202 and the thermal neutron detector 204. The metal plate 110 has a perimeter 114, i.e., the sidewall boundary of the metal plate 110 shown by its four sides 114. The thermal neutron source 202, the thermal neutron detector 204, and the neutron shield 206 are disposed within the perimeter 114 of the metal plate 110.

[0110] In another embodiment, the probe 102 is conceived to support the helium-3 detection device 200, wherein the probe 102 positions a metal plate within 10 centimeters of the surface 112A of the granular soil 112. The helium-3 detection device 200 is conceived to have a concentration 220 influenced by the helium-3 concentration in the granular soil 112.

[0111] In another embodiment of the helium-3 detection device 200, the metal plate 110 is made of aluminum.

[0112] The Helium-3 detection device 200 may also include wireless communication units 212 and 214 configured to transmit concentration 220 to a receiver, such as a receiver at a remote hub or remote site, which evaluates each sampling location (from 152 and 154 to 156, etc.). Figure 1B The concentration 220 (as shown). In some embodiments, the concentration 220 may be determined relative to time.

[0113] In another embodiment of the helium-3 detection device 200, the metal plate 110 is at least a part of the base of the detection vehicle 102.

[0114] The Helium-3 detector 200 also envisions that when the thermal neutron source 202 is emitting neutrons 222, the metal plate 110 is located at a distance of less than 10 centimeters from the granular surface 112A.

[0115] The Helium-3 detection device 200 envisions an embodiment in which the metal plate 110 includes a handle 224 configured to be carried by at least one person or robot.

[0116] The Helium-3 detection device 200 envisions one embodiment in which a metal plate 110 is attached to a low-gravity jumper 120.

[0117] Another embodiment of the invention envisions a helium-3 detection system 200, which generally includes a thermal neutron detector 204 for sensing the quantity of neutrons 222 emitted from a thermal neutron source 202 to assess the helium-3 concentration in a topsoil layer 112 or other granular soil. More specifically, this embodiment envisions the thermal neutron source 202 being configured to emit thermal neutrons 222 in various directions, wherein the thermal neutron detection system 204 is configured to detect the neutron concentration 220 of the thermal neutrons 222 backscattered from the granular soil 112. A neutron shield 206 is placed between the thermal neutron source 202 and the thermal neutron detector 204 to isolate neutrons detected from the topsoil layer 112, thereby assessing the quantity or concentration of helium-3 in the topsoil layer 112. The system may include a power source 210, such as a battery, to power the thermal neutron source 202 and the thermal neutron detection system 204. Neutron shield 206, thermal neutron source 202 and thermal neutron detection system 204 are envisioned to be mounted on metal plate 110, which is configured to be placed within 10 centimeters of the surface 112A of granular soil 112.

[0118] The Helium-3 detection system 200 also envisions a neutron shield 206 configured to block at least 90% of thermal neutrons 222 emitted from the thermal neutron source 202, which are aimed at the thermal neutron detection system 204.

[0119] The helium-3 detection system 200 also envisions that the neutron concentration 220 detected by the thermal neutron detection system 204 is inversely proportional to the helium-3 concentration in the particulate soil 112.

[0120] One embodiment of the Helium-3 detection system 200 is envisioned, in which the neutron shield 206 is a boronized shield.

[0121] The Helium-3 detection system embodiment 200 may also include a transmitter 214 configured to transmit a neutron concentration 220 to a remote receiver.

[0122] The Helium-3 detection system 200 envisions moving it via transport aircraft to different locations on the surface 112A of celestial body 122 (from 152 and 154 to 156, as...). Figure 1B As shown, a helium-3 detection system 200 is used to map areas of helium-3 concentration. The transport vehicle is selected from a group consisting of a probe vehicle 102, a low-gravity jumper 120, or a robot (not shown).

[0123] The Helium-3 detection system 200 envisions a neutron shield 206 that is 1 to 4 inches thick, depending on the amount of neutron attenuation required on the thermal neutron detection system side of the neutron shield 206.

[0124] Another embodiment of the invention envisions an apparatus 200 for detecting helium-3 in the regolith 112 on the Moon 122. Apparatus 200 may include: a neutron source 202 configured to emit thermal neutrons 222; a neutron detector 204 configured to detect the neutron concentration 220 of neutrons 222 backscattered 220 from the regolith 112; and a neutron shield 206 disposed between the neutron source 202 and the neutron detector 204. The neutron shield 206 is configured to block at least some of the neutrons 222 in the line of sight 218 between the neutron source 202 and the neutron detector 204. Apparatus 200 may also include a power source 210 configured to power the thermal neutron source 202, the thermal neutron detection system 204, and a transmitter 214. The transmitter 214 is configured to transmit the neutron concentration 220 to a remote receiver. Neutron shield 206, thermal neutron source 202, and thermal neutron detection system 204 are envisioned to be mounted on metal plate 110. The device 200 is also envisioned to be moved via transport aircraft 102 or 120 to different locations on the surface 112A of the moon 122 (from 152 and 154 to 156, etc.). Figure 1B (As shown).

[0125] In the device 200, the neutron shield 206 is conceived to be thick enough and to contain sufficient attenuating material, such as boron, to attenuate at least 95% of the neutrons 222.

[0126] In the device 200, the neutron concentration 220 detected by the neutron detector 204 is inversely proportional to the helium-3 concentration in the topsoil layer 112.

[0127] These exemplary embodiments are not exhaustive of the embodiments presented throughout the description, but are merely examples of a chain of contemplated embodiments consistent with those of the present invention. In other words, many other embodiments are described herein that are not necessarily shown in the apparatus embodiments presented above.

[0128] It should be understood that although numerous features and advantages of various embodiments of the invention, as well as details of the structure and function of various embodiments of the invention, have been set forth in the foregoing description, this disclosure is merely exemplary and changes may be made in detail, particularly in terms of the structure and arrangement of components, as long as they fall within the principles indicated by the broad general meaning of the terms expressed in the appended embodiments. For example, the orientation of elements and plates may include other geometries not explicitly shown in the above embodiments, but which can maintain substantially the same function without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Similarly, the materials and structures of neutron shields may differ, but can still achieve the same purpose without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. It should be further recognized that the basic construction of mass spectrometers is well known in the art, and modifications can be made to the existing embodiments discussed once those skilled in the art have grasped the concepts disclosed herein. Furthermore, electronic and computing devices capable of realizing the function of a helium-3 detection system are not described in detail, as they either already exist or can be easily constructed by those skilled in the art.

[0129] Clearly, the present invention is well suited to the stated objects and advantages, as well as those inherent thereto. While presently preferred embodiments have been described for the purposes of this disclosure, many modifications are possible and readily apparent to those skilled in the art and are contained within the spirit of the disclosed invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A correlative particle imaging device for detecting ilmenite, the correlative particle imaging device comprising: a rover comprising a top end and a bottom end, wherein the bottom end is configured to interface with a surface of a celestial body, the rover configured to move at different locations on the surface of the celestial body; a nanosecond neutron analysis and correlative particle imaging system comprising a neutron emitter configured to be aimed from the bottom end toward the surface of the celestial body, the nanosecond neutron analysis and correlative particle imaging system free of a vacuum chamber adapted to maintain a pressure lower than a surrounding environment of the correlative particle imaging device; at least one gamma ray detector configured to identify energy signatures of gamma rays of titanium and / or iron; a cosmic radiation shield covering the nanosecond neutron analysis and correlative particle imaging system and the at least one gamma ray detector, wherein the cosmic radiation shield is configured to shield at least a portion of cosmic radiation including cosmic gamma radiation and cosmic neutron radiation, the cosmic radiation shield disposed at the top end of the rover; an energy source configured to provide energy to the nanosecond neutron analysis and correlative particle imaging system and the at least one gamma ray detector; a non-transitory memory coupled to the at least one gamma ray detector, the non-transitory memory configured to save concentration information; and a transmitter configured to transmit the concentration information to a remote receiver.

2. The correlative particle imaging device of claim 1, wherein the at least one gamma ray detector is tuned to substantially detect concentrations of titanium and iron at a 3-foot depth.

3. The correlative particle imaging device of claim 1, wherein the at least one gamma ray detector is within 12 inches of the surface of the celestial body.

4. The correlative particle imaging device of claim 1, wherein the nanosecond neutron analysis and correlative particle imaging system and the at least one gamma ray detector comprise at least one internal chamber that is free from external contamination.

5. The correlative particle imaging device of claim 4, wherein the at least one internal chamber is at a pressure lower than 7 millitorr.

6. The correlative particle imaging device of claim 1, wherein the rover is selected from the group consisting of a probe vehicle, a dispersion pod, a hopper, or a hand-held carrier.

7. The correlative particle imaging device of claim 1, wherein the concentration information comprises first concentration information of titanium at a first location on the celestial body and second concentration information of titanium at a second location on the celestial body, the correlative particle imaging device further comprising a computer processor that compares the first concentration information to the second concentration information.

8. The correlative particle imaging device of claim 1, wherein the cosmic radiation shield is metallic.

9. An ilmenite detector device employing correlative particle imaging, the ilmenite detector device comprising: a probe vehicle; ​ A nanosecond neutron analysis and correlated particle imaging system including a neutron emitter configured to aim a cone of neutrons from the rover toward a surface of an extraterrestrial object, the nanosecond neutron analysis and correlated particle imaging system being free of a vacuum chamber; a gamma ray detector detecting a titanium concentration from within 12 inches of the surface of the extraterrestrial object, the gamma ray detector configured to detect the titanium concentration by way of gamma rays emitted from the surface of the extraterrestrial object as a result of neutrons from the cone of neutrons impacting the surface of the extraterrestrial object; a cosmic radiation shield covering the nanosecond neutron analysis and correlated particle imaging system and the gamma ray detector from at least a portion of cosmic gamma radiation and cosmic neutron radiation; a computing processor configured to determine whether the titanium concentration and the iron concentration include a ratio consistent with ilmenite; and a transmitter configured to transmit the titanium concentration and the iron concentration to a remote receiver, wherein the rover is configured to transport the ilmenite detector device to different locations on the surface of the extraterrestrial object.

10. The ilmenite detector device of claim 9, further comprising an energy source disposed on the rover, the energy source coupled to the nanosecond neutron analysis and correlated particle imaging system and configured to provide energy to the nanosecond neutron analysis and correlated particle imaging system.

11. The ilmenite detector device of claim 9, further comprising a non-transitory memory coupled to the gamma ray detector, the non-transitory memory configured to save information of the titanium concentration and the iron concentration.

12. The ilmenite detector device of claim 9, further comprising a further gamma ray detector.

13. The ilmenite detector device of claim 9, wherein the nanosecond neutron analysis and correlated particle imaging system and the gamma ray detector are within 12 inches of the surface of the extraterrestrial object.

14. The ilmenite detector device of claim 9, wherein the titanium concentration and the iron concentration include first concentration information of titanium at a first location on the extraterrestrial object and second concentration information of titanium at a second location on the extraterrestrial object, the ilmenite detector device further comprising a computer processor comparing the first concentration information to the second concentration information.

15. The ilmenite detector device of claim 9, wherein the nanosecond neutron analysis and correlated particle imaging system includes at least one internal chamber at a pressure below 7 millitorr.

16. A method for detecting ilmenite, comprising: moving a rover from a first location on the moon to a second location; firing a beam of neutrons at a surface at the first location; detecting gamma rays from decayed, unstable titanium atoms and iron atoms bombarded by the plurality of neutrons of the beam of neutrons; determining a ratio of titanium atoms to iron atoms from the gamma rays; and verifying that the ratio corresponds to ilmenite.

17. The method of claim 16, further comprising repeating the steps of emitting, detecting, determining, and establishing at the second location.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising verifying the concentration of ilmenite at the first and second locations.

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