Method for co-cropping morchella esculenta and lettuce in greenhouse

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of agricultural cultivation, and discloses a greenhouse morchella esculenta and lettuce co-cropping method which comprises the following steps: step 1, seed production; step 2, preparation of a planting field; step 3, sowing morchella esculenta; step 4, placing nutrition bags; 5, lettuce planting; 6, growing period management; step 7, promoting mushroom of the morchella esculenta; 8, management after mushroom induction; step 9, mushroom harvesting; and step 10, harvesting the lettuce. The method has the following advantages and effects that the product quality is both improved, the morchella esculenta and lettuce co-cropping mode fully follows the green planting concept, in the production process, chemical fertilizer and pesticide are not applied, pure organic planting is achieved, the product better conforms to the consumption concept of the modern society, the morchella esculenta can be called wild-imitating planting, and the produced morchella esculenta is large in size, high in yield and good in quality. The lettuce is deep in color, has quality closer to that of wild morchella and is deeply loved, and the lettuce is widely welcomed due to the fact that the planting density is reduced, the lettuce grows sufficiently, stalks are thick, strong and uniform, and the taste and the quality are good.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of agricultural cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for co-cultivating Morchella esculenta and lettuce in a greenhouse. Background Technique

[0002] Morchella esculenta is a rare edible mushroom belonging to the genus Morchella, Pezizomycetes, Pezizales, Morchellaceae, Ascomycotina. It is a low-temperature fungus, and temperature has an important impact on its growth. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth is 18-20 °C. If the temperature is higher than 35 °C, the mycelia of Morchella esculenta will be severely damaged and stop growing; when the temperature is below 2 °C, the mycelia enter a dormant state. The optimum temperature for the differentiation of ascoma of Morchella esculenta is 4-16 °C, and it is difficult to differentiate if it exceeds 16 °C. The ascoma can grow at 6-25 °C, but the ascoma grown in the environment of 8-18 °C has better quality, while the quality decreases when the temperature is higher than 18 °C. Morchella esculenta has strict requirements for humidity, air, light, and soil pH value. The most suitable soil pH value for the growth of Morchella esculenta is 6.5-7.5. Its ascoma is extremely intolerant to drought and stops growing under strong light and dry environment. The relative air humidity during the mycelial growth stage should be 70%-80%, and the relative air humidity during the formation and growth and development stages of ascoma should be 85%-90%. Morchella esculenta is an aerobic fungus, and fresh air is required during both the mycelial growth and ascoma formation stages. During the mycelial growth, differentiation, and growth stages of ascoma, ventilation should be maintained regularly. Mycelial growth does not require light, and light will inhibit mycelial growth; the differentiation and growth and development of ascoma require light, and primordia cannot be formed under lightless conditions. Therefore, different light treatments should be carried out on the planting area at different times.

[0003] Lactuca sativa Linn, belonging to the genus Lactuca, Compositae, is an annual or biennial herb. It tastes delicious and has a crispy texture, and is a relatively popular vegetable. It can stimulate the secretion of digestive enzymes, improve appetite, promote the peristalsis of the intestinal wall of the human body, and prevent constipation. Lactuca sativa is a cold-tolerant vegetable, likes a cool climate, and is not tolerant to high temperatures. The germination temperature is above 4 °C, and the optimum is 15-20 °C. If the temperature exceeds 30 °C, it will not germinate. Its seedlings can tolerate low temperatures below zero, the optimum temperature for seedling growth is 15-20 °C, and the growth temperature of the stem is 11-18 °C. Lactuca sativa likes a large temperature difference between day and night, and requires a relatively high temperature for flowering and fruiting, and the optimum temperature is 19-22 °C. It is extremely sensitive to the moisture state of the soil surface, and water needs to be continuously supplied to keep the soil moist. And it requires a large amount of fertilizer, and it is suitable to grow in clay loam or loam rich in organic matter and with good water retention and fertilizer retention. Lactuca sativa likes slightly acidic soil, and the suitable soil pH value is about 6.0.

[0004] The biological characteristics of Morchella esculenta have many similarities with lettuce: both prefer low temperatures. Lettuce seedlings and Morchella esculenta mycelia can tolerate sub-zero temperatures. The suitable temperature for the growth of lettuce seedlings is 15-20°C, and the growth temperature of the stem is 11-18°C. The suitable temperature for the differentiation of ascoma of Morchella esculenta is 4-16°C. If the temperature exceeds 16°C, it is difficult to differentiate. The quality of ascoma is better when it grows in an environment of 8-18°C, and the quality deteriorates when the temperature is higher than 18°C. The existing cultivation methods of Morchella esculenta and lettuce are separate cultivation, and the rent of cultivation land and labor cost are relatively high, which affects the overall economic benefits of the cultivation of Morchella esculenta and lettuce. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for co-cultivating Morchella esculenta and lettuce in a greenhouse, which has the effect of co-cultivating Morchella esculenta and lettuce by using the common growth temperature characteristics of Morchella esculenta and lettuce to improve the quality and economic benefits.

[0006] The above technical purpose of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions: A method for co-cultivating Morchella esculenta and lettuce in a greenhouse, comprising the following steps:

[0007] Step 1: Seed production;

[0008] 1.1 Morchella esculenta seed production:

[0009] Select a strain that has been tried and tested locally and has shown good performance. Make the original seed in mid-September and the cultivated seed during the National Day. The moisture content of the culture medium for the original seed and the cultivated seed is 60%-65%, the culture temperature is 16-19°C, and the cultivation of the cultivated seed takes about 12-16 days;

[0010] 1.2 Lettuce sowing:

[0011] Before sowing lettuce, the seeds must be disinfected first. In late October, since the daily maximum temperature still reaches 30°C, low-temperature soaking and germination promotion are still required, that is: soak the lettuce seeds in cold water for 5-6 hours, wrap them in a gauze and put them in a 4°C refrigerator for 24 hours, and then place them under the condition of 15-20°C for germination promotion. When 80% of the seeds show radicles, they can be sown. Sow the germinated seeds in a plug tray with substrate, cover with 0.5 cm of fine soil, and cover with a sunshade net in case of sunlight to ensure that the seedbed is moist and shady. After the cotyledons unfold, the net can be removed, and water is poured in the morning and evening as appropriate. During this period, according to the seedling situation and seedling distance, thin out the seedlings and topdress reasonably to ensure that the seedlings are strong and have strong vitality;

[0012] Step 2: Preparation of the planting land:

[0013] Select a sandy loam land that is relatively shady, moist, well-drained, and has fertile and loose soil as the planting area. It is equipped with a steel-frame greenhouse. The steel-frame greenhouse is 7m wide and 3.5m high. Each plot is about 70cm wide and 30cm high, with a 30cm-wide ditch. Deeply plow the land and apply sufficient base fertilizer. The base fertilizer mainly consists of well-fermented farmyard manure such as chicken manure and sheep manure. You can also use fully fermented crushed straw as the base fertilizer. The soil preparation should meet the standards of loose soil and flat ground. Sprinkle a small amount of lime (100kg / 667㎡) on the ground surface;

[0014] Step 3: Sowing Morchella:

[0015] The sowing time is from November 10th to 25th every year. The amount of mushroom spawn used is 300 bags / 667m2. Each bag contains about 1.30kg of wet material. Before sowing, spray the surface of the planting area wet. Use the ditch sowing or broadcast sowing method. When sowing, first put the mushroom spawn into a basin, crush and pre-wet it. After sowing, use a rotary tiller to loosen the ditch, cover the ditch with soil 3 - 5cm thick, spray thoroughly with water, and then cover with a black plastic film;

[0016] Step 4: Placing nutrient bags:

[0017] 4.1 Making nutrient bags:

[0018] The nutrient bag ingredients consist of wheat, corncobs, gypsum, and lime, with a ratio of 65:33:1:1. Use 17×33cm polyethylene bags. Each bag contains about 1.1kg of wet material. After filling the bags, perform normal pressure sterilization. Keep the temperature at 100℃ for 12 - 15h to complete the sterilization, and then cool for later use;

[0019] 4.2 Placing nutrient bags:

[0020] Place the nutrient bags according to the growth situation of Morchella hyphae on the ridge surface, that is, place them when the surface hyphae grow obviously. The bag placement time is 6 - 10 days after sowing. At this time, obvious conidia appear on the ridge surface, and the ground surface is covered like white frost. The placement density is 2800 bags / 667m 2 , and the placement method is: Make two cuts on the nutrient bag, place the cut surface of the nutrient bag horizontally on the soil surface, press it slightly. After placing the nutrient bags, continue to cover the film. The nutrient bags mainly supplement nutrients for the growth and development of Morchella hyphae to increase the yield. However, contaminated nutrient bags cannot play such a role. Therefore, preventing nutrient bag contamination is very important; on the basis of doing a good job in sterilization, the key to preventing nutrient bag contamination lies in choosing a reasonable placement time;

[0021] Step 5: Planting lettuce:

[0022] After the nutrient bag is placed for 3-5 days, start to observe the feeding situation of the morel mycelium. If the mycelium feeds well, you can plant lettuce. When planting, avoid the nutrient bag and do not remove the film. Select strong lettuce seedlings, use a bamboo stick to poke a 1.5-3cm small hole in the film, the hole is 3-4cm deep in the soil, put the lettuce seedlings in, and slightly squeeze the soil around the seedlings. After planting the seedlings, spray water once for 10-20 minutes. The planting density of lettuce seedlings is 4-6 seeds / ㎡;

[0023] Step 6: Growth management:

[0024] The time for planting lettuce is generally in early or mid-December, when the temperature drops significantly, and the maximum daily temperature generally does not exceed 20℃. Lettuce needs sufficient sunlight to grow, so the sunshade net on the top should be removed and replaced with white nylon film. However, ventilation should be maintained during the daytime when the temperature rises, and the temperature should not exceed 20℃. Ventilation should not be allowed at night and other low-temperature periods. During this period, the nylon apron around the greenhouse should not be damaged, and this situation can continue until the mushroom is stimulated;

[0025] Check the soil moisture on the bed surface every 10-15 days (usually the moisture content is 15%-17%), drain or add water in time, and check the soil moisture more frequently after ventilation;

[0026] Rodents like to dig holes in the planting area, so mousetraps can be used to prevent rodent damage; snails and slugs like to eat morel mycelium, so 400g of tetraacetaldehyde can be used for prevention and control per 667m2;

[0027] Step 7: Cultivation of Morel Mushrooms:

[0028] From the end of February to the beginning of March in the second year, when the "signal mushrooms" of Morchella appear on the bed surface, mushroom promotion management is carried out. The mushroom promotion method is: uncover the black mulch film, spray a large amount of clean water to wash the mushroom bed, so as to achieve the purpose of cleaning the miscellaneous bacteria and stimulating reproductive growth. The water must be discharged in time, and scissors must be used when uncovering the film, and the lettuce should not be shaken;

[0029] After mushroom induction, pay attention to opening and closing the sunshade net around the greenhouse within the first 5 days, adjust the temperature and humidity through ventilation, and pay attention to preventing frost damage and high temperature; however, the nylon apron cannot be opened to prevent the surface wind from damaging the young mushrooms;

[0030] Step 8: Management after mushroom incubation:

[0031] After inducing mushroom formation for 3 - 5 days, the mycelium knots and transforms into primordia. When the primordia grow to about 1 mm, many small black dots appear on them. After 5 - 10 days, the small black dots transform into young mushrooms. After a large number of young mushrooms appear, water management is extremely important. The soil humidity in the shed should be maintained at about 16% - 19%, and the air humidity should be maintained at 85% - 90%. The specific method is as follows: Depending on the situation, irrigate the ground channels with 5 - 8 cm thick water, add a small arch shed, cover the film on the small arch shed at night, and spray water into the air for 5 minutes. Remove the film during the day. The purpose of irrigating water and covering the film is to ensure the soil humidity and air humidity for the growth of Morchella ascocarps, and at the same time ensure that the Morchella ascocarps do not get in contact with raw water;

[0032] When the daily maximum temperature reaches 20°C, be especially careful. At this time, cooling measures should be taken: Remove the top film and cover 1 - 2 layers of 6 - needle sunshade nets on the top to ensure that the temperature in the shed is about 3 - 5°C lower than outside the shed, maintain the normal growth of Morchella ascocarps, and at the same time this temperature is also suitable for the growth of lettuce to avoid its premature bolting and flowering;

[0033] When fruiting, weak scattered light is needed and strong direct light cannot be irradiated. Strong direct light can promote the photosynthesis of lettuce. At this time, to meet the needs of Morchella, the sunshade net on the sunny side of the greenhouse should be covered well;

[0034] During the growth period of ascocarps, the nutrient bags can be removed or can also be retained;

[0035] Step Nine: Mushroom Harvesting:

[0036] After the Morchella primordia appear, the ascocarps start to mature after 15 - 20 days. There are single - growing ones and clustered ones, and the color gradually changes from dark gray to light gray or brown - yellow. They can be harvested when the honeycomb - like depressions on the surface of the cap are fully extended. In the southeast of Hubei, Morchella can fruit for 1 - 2 flushes, and the ascocarp harvesting can last until the end of March; in years with relatively low temperatures, it can even last until after "May 1st";

[0037] Step Ten: Lettuce Harvesting:

[0038] In mid - late March, when the top of the main stem of lettuce is level with the tip of the highest leaf, the lettuce can be harvested. At this time, the tender stem of lettuce is fully grown, with a crispy texture and a strong fragrance, and the quality is excellent. If harvested too late, the lettuce will bolt and flower, affecting the quality. When harvesting, use a knife to cut it down instead of pulling it up to avoid damaging the Morchella mycelium.

[0039] By adopting the above technical scheme, after planting, the cultivation cycle of lettuce can be synchronized with the planting cycle of Morchella, or occupy more than 80% of the planting cycle of Morchella. When Morchella and lettuce are intercropped, lettuce can provide a growth and fruiting environment similar to the wild for Morchella, improving the yield and quality of Morchella; and the plastic film covered during the mycelium growth period of Morchella also exempts lettuce production from the influence of weeds and soil dryness.

[0040] A further setting of the present invention is: suitable for any form of greenhouse.

[0041] A further setting of the present invention is: the original culture material in the first step is composed of: wheat: rice husk: gypsum: lime, and the specific proportion is 88:10:1:1, and it can be used after about 20 days.

[0042] A further setting of the present invention is: the cultivated species culture material in the first step is composed of: wheat: corncob: gypsum: stone

[0043] A further setting of the present invention is: the planting land in the second step should be selected from plots that have not used various herbicides and sterilizing agents.

[0044] A further setting of the present invention is: in the sixth step, the growth period management and the post-mushroom induction management are both mainly for Morchella esculenta.

[0045] A further setting of the present invention is: in the tenth step, a special tool for harvesting lettuce is applied. The special tool includes an outer mounting cover with an opening on one side, a cutting component installed inside the outer mounting cover, a top plate installed on the outer mounting cover, a control component rotatably connected to the top plate, a handle installed on the control component, an upper limit component installed on the outer mounting cover, a control component rotatably connected to the inner mounting pipe for controlling the closing or opening of the upper limit component, a transmission component slidably connected to the outer mounting cover and fitting with the inner side of the cutting component, a lower arc-shaped ring installed on the transmission component, and a lifting ring installed on the outer mounting cover. When the control component rotates, it will control the opening and closing of the upper limit component and simultaneously squeeze the lower arc-shaped ring, so that the lower arc-shaped ring squeezes the transmission component to control the opening and closing of the cutting component, and cuts off the bottom of the lettuce.

[0046] By adopting the above technical solution, when harvesting lettuce, an operator holds the lifting ring with one hand and rotates the control component with the other hand to open the upper limit component, which wraps around the outside of the lettuce leaves. At the same time, during the rotation of the control component, the lower arc-shaped ring is squeezed, thereby squeezing the transmission component, causing the transmission component to move downward and squeeze the cutting component to make a closing movement to cut off the bottom of the lettuce. Then, the control component is rotated in the reverse direction, the transmission component and the upper limit component are reset, the cutting component makes an opening movement, and the upper limit component tightens inward to clamp the cut lettuce, eliminating the need for workers to squat for a long time to harvest lettuce, which is more labor-saving. At the same time, the harvested lettuce will not scatter everywhere, avoiding damage to the mycelium of Morchella esculenta.

[0047] A further setting of the present invention is: the cutting component includes a bottom plate installed inside the outer mounting cover, a column installed on the bottom plate, a first cutter and a second cutter hinged on the column, a connecting plate installed on the first cutter and the second cutter, and a first spring connecting the two connecting plates.

[0048] The upper limit component includes a side plate installed on the inner installation pipe, a clamping plate hinged on the side plate, a fixing plate installed on the side plate, and a second spring connecting the clamping plate and the fixing plate.

[0049] A further setting of the present invention is that: the control component includes a rotating shaft rotatably connected to the top plate and two connecting ropes wound around the rotating shaft. The winding directions of the two connecting ropes on the rotating shaft are opposite. The two connecting ropes sequentially pass through the fixing plate and the second spring and are fixedly connected to the clamping plate.

[0050] The control component further includes a bottom plate installed at the bottom of the rotating shaft and an upper arc-shaped ring installed on the bottom plate. The bottom of the upper arc-shaped ring is a slope. The rotating shaft passes through the side plate and is rotatably connected to it.

[0051] A further setting of the present invention is that: the transmission component includes a guide groove opened on the inner wall of the outer installation cover, a guide block slidably connected in the guide groove, a third spring installed in the guide groove and connected to the guide block, a lifting plate connected to the other side of the guide block, and a pressing rod connected to the bottom of the lifting plate. The lower arc-shaped ring is installed on the lifting plate and its top is set as a slope adapted to the upper arc-shaped ring. The pressing rod is a tapered block with a narrow bottom and a wide top.

[0052] By adopting the above technical solution, when harvesting lettuce, an operator holds the lifting ring with one hand and rotates the rotating shaft with the other hand. When the rotating shaft rotates, the two connecting ropes are tightened, so that the connecting ropes pull the two clamping plates to open outwards. At this time, the second spring is in a compressed state, and the two clamping plates open outwards and wrap around the outside of the lettuce leaves. At the same time, when the upper arc-shaped ring rotates with the rotating shaft, it uses two mutually cooperating slopes to squeeze the lower arc-shaped ring, and then the pressing rod moves downwards to squeeze the two connecting plates, so that the first cutter and the second cutter close to cut off the bottom of the lettuce. Then, the rotating shaft is rotated in the reverse direction, the upper arc-shaped ring no longer squeezes the lower arc-shaped ring, the pressing rod resets to make the first cutter and the second cutter open, and then the second spring resets to make the two clamping plates close inwards to clamp the cut lettuce. There is no need for the staff to squat for a long time to harvest lettuce, which is more labor-saving. At the same time, the harvested lettuce will not scatter everywhere, avoiding damage to the Morchella hyphae.

[0053] The beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0054] 1. The product quality is improved in both aspects. The co-cultivation mode of Morchella and lettuce fully follows the concept of green planting. During the production process, no chemical fertilizers are applied and no pesticides are used, which is purely organic planting. The products are more in line with the consumption concept of modern society. For Morchella, it can be called semi-wild planting. The produced Morchella has a large size, a dark color, and its quality is closer to wild Morchella, which is deeply loved. And because the planting density of lettuce is reduced, it grows fully, the stems are thick and uniform, and the taste and quality are excellent, so it is also widely popular.

[0055] 2. The economic benefits have increased significantly. In the experiments conducted for three consecutive years, the yield of Morchella esculenta reached 230 - 330 kg / 667 m 2 , which is comparable to that of sole cultivation of Morchella esculenta. Although the planting density of lettuce is less than half of the normal planting density, its yield also reached 2500 - 3100 kg / 667 m 2 . Moreover, the lettuce harvested in March is nearly one month earlier than the normal harvest time, giving it a sales advantage. It can be said that the co - cultivation production mode of Morchella esculenta and lettuce has significantly increased the income of farmers without much increase in planting costs.

[0056] 3. The growth management mode has been innovated. Due to the use of greenhouses and plastic films, it has become easier to control weeding, water retention and moisture preservation. The temperature can be made 3 - 5 °C higher or lower than the outside temperature according to the needs of Morchella esculenta and lettuce, which has a significant regulatory effect on the life activities of Morchella esculenta and lettuce. Compared with expensive northern warm greenhouses, the management mode is more flexible. To a certain extent, the product listing time can be slightly adjusted according to the market conditions. For example, if the lettuce planting interval is 3 - 5 days, the harvesting interval can be 10 - 20 days. In addition, the covering of plastic film prevents weeds from growing, simplifies the water retention and moisture preservation processes, and also saves labor.

[0057] 4. Physiological co - cultivation: Lettuce absorbs the CO2 produced by the respiration of Morchella esculenta mycelia for photosynthesis, thereby improving the quality and yield of lettuce. At the same time, it releases O2 for the growth of Morchella esculenta mycelia; while the CO2 released by Morchella esculenta mycelia is used for lettuce photosynthesis, and at the same time, it absorbs the O2 produced by lettuce photosynthesis to supply the growth of Morchella esculenta fruiting bodies. Since the CO2 concentration is low, it is beneficial to the growth of the Morchella esculenta cap. The cap is long, large, and the stipe is short, resulting in good quality and high yield of Morchella esculenta. The metabolites secreted by Morchella esculenta mycelia into the soil can be absorbed and utilized by lettuce. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0058] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the following will briefly introduce the drawings required in the description of the embodiments. Obviously, the following drawings are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative efforts.

[0059] Figure 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a special tool for harvesting lettuce proposed by the present invention;

[0060] Figure 2 is a schematic structural diagram of the cutting component in a special tool for harvesting lettuce proposed by the present invention;

[0061] Figure 3It is a top view of the connection structure between the control component and the upper limit component in a special tool for harvesting lettuce proposed by the present invention;

[0062] Figure 4 It is a schematic structural diagram of the control component in a special tool for harvesting lettuce proposed by the present invention.

[0063] In the figure, 1. Outer installation cover; 2. Cutting component; 21. Bottom plate; 22. Column; 23. First cutter; 24. Second cutter; 25. Connecting plate; 26. First spring; 3. Top plate; 4. Handle; 5. Upper limit component; 51. Side plate; 52. Clamping plate; 53. Fixed plate; 54. Second spring; 6. Control component; 61. Rotating shaft; 62. Connecting rope; 63. Bottom plate; 64. Upper arc ring; 7. Lower arc ring; 8. Transmission component; 81. Guide groove; 82. Guide block; 83. Third spring; 84. Lifting plate; 85. Extrusion rod; 9. Hanging ring. Specific embodiments

[0064] Next, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described in conjunction with specific embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0065] Embodiment 1

[0066] In the greenhouse, Morchella esculenta is sown on October 28 every year. The sowing mode is broadcast sowing, and the seeding rate is 300 kg / mu. After 10 days of sowing, a mycelium frost is formed, and external nutrient bags are placed. The dosage of external nutrient bags is 1800 bags / mu, and lettuce seedlings are cultivated. At the end of February to early March of the second year, after "signal mushrooms" of Morchella esculenta appear on the ridge surface, mushroom promotion is carried out. The ascoma begins to mature after 15 - 20 days and is harvested. In mid - late March, when the top of the main stem of lettuce is level with the tip of the highest leaf, lettuce can be harvested.

[0067] Embodiment 2

[0068] In the greenhouse, Morchella esculenta is sown on November 11 every year. The sowing mode is broadcast sowing, and the rest is the same as in Embodiment 1.

[0069] Embodiment 3

[0070] In the greenhouse, Morchella esculenta is sown on November 20 every year. The sowing mode is broadcast sowing, and the rest is the same as in Embodiment 1.

[0071] Embodiment 4

[0072] In the greenhouse, Morchella esculenta is sown on November 28 every year. The sowing mode is broadcast sowing, and the rest is the same as in Embodiment 1.

[0073] Example 5

[0074] The morel is sown in the greenhouse on December 5th every year. The sowing mode is broadcasting. The rest is the same as in Example 1.

[0075] Example 6

[0076] The morel is sown in the greenhouse on December 20th every year. The sowing mode is broadcasting. The rest is the same as in Example 1.

[0077] Example 7

[0078] The morel is sown in the greenhouse on October 28th every year. The sowing mode is furrow sowing. The rest is the same as in Example 1.

[0079] Example 8

[0080] The morel is sown in the greenhouse on November 11th every year. The sowing mode is furrow sowing. The rest is the same as in Example 1.

[0081] Example 9

[0082] The morel is sown in the greenhouse on November 20th every year. The sowing mode is furrow sowing. The rest is the same as in Example 1.

[0083] Example 10

[0084] The morel is sown in the greenhouse on November 28th every year. The sowing mode is furrow sowing. The rest is the same as in Example 1.

[0085] Example 11

[0086] The morel is sown in the greenhouse on December 5th every year. The sowing mode is furrow sowing. The rest is the same as in Example 1.

[0087] Example 12

[0088] The morel is sown in the greenhouse on December 28th every year. The sowing mode is furrow sowing. The rest is the same as in Example 1

[0089] The planting areas are selected in Ezhou City, Hubei Province, Yangxin County, Hubei Province and Qichun County, Hubei Province. The area of each place is 3 * 667 m 2 , and it is continuously planted for three years.

[0090] Precautions for specifically implementing the co - cropping mode of morel and lettuce:

[0091] 1. Pay attention to seed selection. Whether it is morel or lettuce, varieties that have been tried in the local area and shown good performance should be selected. Moreover, for the morel strains continuously planted, rejuvenation should be noted. For the morel and lettuce varieties selected for co - cropping, it is best to conduct a co - cropping experiment first to determine whether they are suitable for co - cropping.

[0092] 2. When choosing the planting area, the characteristics and commonalities of Morchella and lettuce should be fully considered. The factors to be considered include the type of soil, air permeability, and pH value, as well as the local maximum temperature and accumulated temperature from November to April of the following year, and the convenience of water management. Lettuce likes fertilizer, but topdressing cannot be carried out after planting, and the growth of Morchella will be affected if there are too many miscellaneous bacteria. Therefore, it is necessary to apply sufficient base fertilizer during land preparation. It is best to apply more well-fermented farmyard manure (such as fertilizers obtained from the full fermentation of livestock and poultry manure), including fertilizers obtained from the full fermentation of crushed straw. Do not use fertilizers that are not fully fermented.

[0093] 3. Select appropriate sowing time for Morchella and planting time for lettuce. The determination of the sowing time of Morchella depends on the temperature: If the daily maximum temperature does not exceed 22 °C for a continuous week, Morchella can be sown. When sowing, water thoroughly, and after sowing, it is necessary to cover the film to keep moisture. Lettuce can only be planted after placing the nutrient bag and when the Morchella mycelium has significantly consumed the material. When lettuce is cultivated alone for high yield, the planting density of lettuce seedlings is 9 - 11 plants / m², but in the intercropping mode, the planting density of lettuce seedlings can only be 4 - 6 plants / m². If the planting density of lettuce is too high, it will have a great adverse impact on the full growth of Morchella mycelium; if the planting density is too low, the bionic cultivation effect of Morchella will be weakened, and the yield of lettuce will also decrease.

[0094] 4. The growth management is mainly focused on Morchella. In the co-cultivation production mode of Morchella and lettuce, the benefits of Morchella are higher, and its success is more crucial. Moreover, compared with the fine management required by Morchella, the cultivation management of lettuce is much more extensive. From the perspectives of water, fertilizer, temperature, humidity, and light management, the needs of Morchella should be met first, while also taking into account the growth needs of lettuce. In particular, the management during the fruiting period of Morchella is particularly crucial. During fruiting, Morchella requires weak scattered light and cannot be irradiated by strong direct light, while strong direct light can promote the photosynthesis of lettuce. At this time, the needs of Morchella should be met first.

[0095] 5. When choosing the planting area, land that has used herbicides and sterilants should be excluded. The co-cultivation mode should also exclude the interference of the two. Experiments have shown that the impact of herbicides on the growth of Morchella mycelium is very large. If a planting area that has used a large amount of herbicides is selected, the yield reduction can reach 60% - 90%, and even may result in a complete failure of the harvest. Sterilants also have a certain impact on the growth of Morchella mycelium, and it is best not to use them.

[0096] Examples 1 - 12 all used a special tool for harvesting lettuce to harvest lettuce. Specifically, such as Figures 1-4As shown in the figure, the special tool for harvesting lettuce includes an outer mounting cover 1 with an opening on one side, a cutting assembly 2 installed inside the outer mounting cover 1, a top plate 3 installed on the outer mounting cover 1, a control assembly 6 rotatably connected to the top plate 3, a handle 4 installed on the control assembly 6, an upper limit assembly 5 installed on the outer mounting cover 1, a control assembly 6 rotatably connected to the inner mounting tube 4 to control the closing or opening of the upper limit assembly 5, a transmission assembly 8 slidably connected to the outer mounting cover 1 and fitting against the inner side of the cutting assembly 2, a lower arc-shaped ring 7 installed on the transmission assembly 8, and a lifting ring 9 installed on the outer mounting cover 1. When the control assembly 6 rotates, it will control the opening and closing of the upper limit assembly 5 and simultaneously squeeze the lower arc-shaped ring 7, so that the lower arc-shaped ring 7 squeezes the transmission assembly 8 to control the opening and closing of the cutting assembly 2, and cut off the bottom of the lettuce.

[0097] When harvesting lettuce, the operator holds the lifting ring 9 with one hand and rotates the control assembly 6 with the other hand to open the upper limit assembly 5, which wraps around the outside of the lettuce leaves. At the same time, during the rotation of the control assembly 6, the lower arc-shaped ring 7 is squeezed, thereby squeezing the transmission assembly 8, causing the transmission assembly 8 to move downward and squeeze the cutting assembly 2 to perform a closing movement to cut off the bottom of the lettuce. Then, the control assembly 6 is rotated in the reverse direction, the transmission assembly 8 and the upper limit assembly 5 are reset, the cutting assembly 2 performs an opening movement, and the upper limit assembly 5 tightens inward to clamp the cut lettuce. There is no need for the staff to squat for a long time to harvest lettuce, which is more labor-saving. At the same time, the harvested lettuce will not scatter everywhere, avoiding damage to the Morchella hyphae.

[0098] The cutting assembly 2 includes a bottom plate 21 installed inside the outer mounting cover 1, a column 22 installed on the bottom plate 21, a first cutter 23 and a second cutter 24 hinged on the column 22, a connecting plate 25 installed on the first cutter 23 and the second cutter 24, and a first spring 26 connecting the two connecting plates 25.

[0099] The upper limit assembly 5 includes a side plate 51 installed on the inner mounting tube 4, a clamping plate 52 hinged on the side plate 51, a fixing plate 53 installed on the side plate 51, and a second spring 54 connecting the clamping plate 52 and the fixing plate 53.

[0100] The control assembly 6 includes a rotating shaft 61 rotatably connected to the top plate 3 and two connecting ropes 62 wound around the rotating shaft 61. The winding directions of the two connecting ropes 62 on the rotating shaft 61 are opposite, and the two connecting ropes 62 sequentially pass through the fixing plate 53 and the second spring 54 and are fixedly connected to the clamping plate 52.

[0101] The control assembly 6 further includes a bottom plate 63 installed at the bottom of the rotating shaft 61 and an upper arc-shaped ring 64 installed on the bottom plate 63. The bottom of the upper arc-shaped ring 64 is a slope, and the rotating shaft 61 passes through the side plate 51 and is rotatably connected to it.

[0102] The transmission assembly 8 includes a guide groove 81 formed on the inner wall of the outer mounting cover 1, a guide block 82 slidably connected in the guide groove 82, a third spring 83 installed in the guide groove 82 and connected to the guide block 82, a lifting plate 84 connected to the other side of the guide block 82, and a pressing rod 85 connected to the bottom of the lifting plate 84. The lower arc-shaped ring 7 is installed on the lifting plate 84, and the top thereof is provided with an inclined surface adapted to the upper arc-shaped ring 7. The pressing rod 85 is a tapered block with a narrow lower part and a wide upper part.

[0103] When harvesting lettuce, an operator holds the lifting ring 9 with one hand and rotates the rotating shaft 61 with the other hand. When the rotating shaft 61 rotates, the two connecting ropes 62 are tightened, so that the connecting ropes 62 pull the two clamping plates 52 to open outwards. At this time, the second spring 54 is in a compressed state, and the two clamping plates 62 open outwards and wrap around the outside of the lettuce leaves. At the same time, when the upper arc-shaped ring 64 rotates with the rotating shaft 61, it squeezes the lower arc-shaped ring 7 by using two mutually cooperating inclined surfaces, and then the pressing rod 85 moves downwards to squeeze the two connecting plates 25, so that the first cutter 23 and the second cutter 24 are closed to cut off the bottom of the lettuce. Then, the rotating shaft 61 is rotated in the reverse direction, the upper arc-shaped ring 64 no longer squeezes the lower arc-shaped ring 7, the pressing rod 85 resets to open the first cutter 23 and the second cutter 24, and then the second spring 54 resets to make the two clamping plates 52 close inwards to clamp the cut lettuce. It is not necessary for the staff to squat for a long time to harvest lettuce, which is more labor-saving. At the same time, the harvested lettuce will not scatter everywhere, avoiding damage to the Morchella hyphae.

Claims

1. A method for co-cultivating Morchella esculenta and lettuce in a greenhouse, characterized in that, It includes the following steps: Step 1: Seed production; 1.1 Morchella seed production: Select strains that have been trial - planted locally and shown good performance. Make original seeds in mid - September and make cultivated seeds during the National Day holiday. The moisture content of the culture medium for both original seeds and cultivated seeds is 60% - 65%, the cultivation temperature is 16 - 19°C, and it takes about 12 - 16 days to cultivate the cultivated seeds; 1.2 Lettuce sowing: Before sowing lettuce, the seeds must be disinfected first. In late October, since the daily maximum temperature still reaches 30°C, low - temperature soaking and germination acceleration are still required, that is: soak the lettuce seeds in cold water for 5 - 6 hours, wrap them with gauze and put them in a 4°C refrigerator for 24 hours, then place them under the condition of 15 - 20°C for germination acceleration. When 80% of the seeds show radicles, they can be sown. Sow the germinated seeds in a plug tray with substrate, cover with 0.5 cm of fine soil. If there is sunlight, cover with a sunshade net to ensure that the seedbed is moist and shady. After the cotyledons unfold, the net can be removed. Water in the morning and evening as appropriate. During this period, thin out the seedlings and top - dress reasonably according to the seedling condition and seedling spacing to ensure that the seedlings are strong and have strong vitality; Step 2: Preparation of the planting land: Select a sandy loam land that is relatively shady, humid, well - drained, and has fertile and loose soil as the planting land, with a steel - frame greenhouse. The steel - frame greenhouse is 7 m wide and 3.5 m high. Each plot is about 70 cm wide, 30 cm high, and the ditch is 30 cm wide. Deep - plow the land and apply sufficient base fertilizer. The base fertilizer is mainly well - fermented farmyard manure such as chicken manure and sheep manure, or fully - fermented crushed straw can also be used as the base fertilizer. The soil preparation should meet the standards of loose soil and flat ground. Sprinkle a small amount of lime (100 kg / 667㎡) on the ground surface; Step 3: Morchella sowing: The sowing time is from November 10th to 25th every year. The amount of strains used is 300 bags / 667m2, and each bag contains about 1.30 kg of wet material. Before sowing, spray the surface of the planting land wet, and use the ditch - sowing or broadcasting method for sowing. When sowing, first put the strains into a basin, crush and pre - wet them. After sowing, use a rotary tiller to loosen the ditch, cover the ditch with soil 3 - 5 cm thick, spray thoroughly with water, and then cover with a black plastic film; Step 4: Placement of nutrient bags: 4.1 Nutrient bag production: The nutrient bag formula consists of wheat, corncob, gypsum, and lime in a ratio of 65:33:1:

1. Use a 17×33 cm polyethylene bag, and each bag contains about 1.1 kg of wet material. After bagging, use normal - pressure sterilization, keep it at 100°C for 12 - 15 hours to complete sterilization, and cool for later use; 4.2 Nutrient bag placement: Place the nutrient bags according to the growth of Morchella hyphae on the ridge surface, that is, place them when the surface hyphae grow significantly. The bag placement time is 6 - 10 days after sowing. At this time, obvious conidia appear on the ridge surface, and the ground surface is covered like white frost. The bag placement density is 2800 bags / 667m 2 , and the bag placement method is as follows: Make two cuts on the nutrient bag, place the cut surface of the nutrient bag horizontally on the soil surface, press it slightly, and continue to cover the film after placing the nutrient bags; Step 5: Lettuce planting: After the nutrient bags are placed for 3 - 5 days, start observing the mycelium's feeding situation of Morchella. If the mycelium's feeding situation is good, lettuce can be planted. When planting, avoid the nutrient bags and do not uncover the film. Select strong lettuce seedlings, use a bamboo stick to poke a 1.5 - 3 cm small hole in the film, the hole penetrates 3 - 4 cm into the soil, put the lettuce seedlings in, and slightly squeeze the soil around the seedlings. After planting, spray water uniformly once for 10 - 20 minutes. The planting density of lettuce seedlings is 4 - 6 plants / ㎡; Step 6: Management during the growth period: The time for planting lettuce is generally in early or mid-December, when the temperature drops significantly, and the maximum daily temperature generally does not exceed 20℃. Lettuce needs sufficient sunlight to grow, so the sunshade net on the top should be removed and replaced with white nylon film. However, ventilation should be maintained during the daytime when the temperature rises, and the temperature should not exceed 20℃. Ventilation should not be allowed at night and other low-temperature periods. During this period, the nylon apron around the greenhouse should not be damaged, and this situation can continue until the mushroom is stimulated; Check the soil moisture on the bed surface every 10-15 days (usually the moisture content is 15%-17%), drain or add water in time, and check the soil moisture more frequently after ventilation; Rats like to dig holes in planting areas, and mousetraps can be used to prevent rodent damage; snails and slugs like to eat Morchella mycelium, and the method of spreading 400 g of metaldehyde per 667 m 2 is used for prevention and control; Step 7: Cultivation of Morel Mushrooms: From the end of February to the beginning of March in the second year, when the "signal mushrooms" of Morchella appear on the bed surface, mushroom promotion management is carried out. The mushroom promotion method is: uncover the black film, spray a large amount of clean water to wash the mushroom bed, so as to achieve the purpose of cleaning the miscellaneous bacteria and stimulating reproductive growth. The water must be discharged in time, and scissors must be used when uncovering the film, and the lettuce should not be shaken; After mushroom induction, pay attention to opening and closing the sunshade net around the greenhouse within the first 5 days, adjust the temperature and humidity through ventilation, and pay attention to preventing frost damage and high temperature; but the nylon apron cannot be opened; Step 8: Management after mushroom incubation: After 3-5 days of mushroom incubation, the mycelium twists and turns into primordium. When the primordium grows to about 1mm, many small black spots appear on it. After 5-10 days, the small black spots turn into young mushrooms. After a large number of young mushrooms appear, water management is very important. The soil humidity in the shed should be maintained at about 16%-19%, and the air humidity should be maintained at 85%-90%. The specific method is: depending on the situation, dig 5-8cm thick water into the ground, add a small arch shed, cover the small arch shed with film at night, spray water into the air for 5 minutes, and remove the film during the day; When the highest daily temperature reaches 20℃, be especially careful and take cooling measures: remove the top film and add 1-2 layers of 6-needle shade nets on the top to ensure that the temperature inside the greenhouse is about 3-5℃ lower than that outside the greenhouse to maintain the normal growth of Morchella ascocarps. At the same time, this temperature is also suitable for the growth of lettuce to avoid premature bolting and flowering. When the mushrooms are growing, weaker scattered light is needed, and strong direct light cannot be irradiated. Strong direct light can promote the photosynthesis of lettuce. At this time, to meet the needs of morels, the sunshade net on the sunny side of the greenhouse should be covered well; During the growth of ascocarps, the nutrient bag can be removed or retained; Step 9: Harvesting mushrooms: After the primordium of Morchella appears, the ascocarps begin to mature after 15-20 days. Some grow alone, and some grow in clusters. The color changes from dark gray to light gray or brownish yellow. They can be harvested when the honeycomb depression on the surface of the cap is fully extended. Step 10: Harvest lettuce: In mid-to-late March, when the top of the main stem and the tip of the highest leaf are level, the lettuce can be harvested. At this time, the lettuce stems are fully grown, crisp and tender, with a strong aroma and excellent quality. If harvested too late, the lettuce will sprout and bloom, affecting the quality. When harvesting, use a knife to cut them instead of pulling them up.

2. The method for co-cultivating Morchella esculenta and lettuce in a greenhouse according to claim 1, wherein: Suitable for any type of greenhouse.

3. A method for co-cultivating Morchella esculenta and lettuce in a greenhouse according to claim 2, characterized in that: The original culture medium in step 1 is composed of wheat: rice husk: gypsum: lime, with a specific gravity of 88:10:1:1, and can be used in about 20 days.

4. A method for co-cultivating Morchella esculenta and lettuce in a greenhouse according to claim 3, characterized in that: The composition of the cultivated species culture medium in the first step is: wheat: corncob: gypsum: lime, and the specific proportion is 75:23:1:

1.

5. A method for co-cultivating Morchella esculenta and lettuce in a greenhouse according to claim 4, characterized in that: In the second step, the planting land should be selected from plots where no herbicides or sterilizers have been used.

6. A method for co-cultivating Morchella esculenta and lettuce in a greenhouse according to claim 5, characterized in that: In the sixth step, the growth period management and the management after mushroom primordium induction are mainly focused on Morchella.

7. A method for co-cultivating Morchella esculenta and lettuce in a greenhouse according to claim 6, characterized in that: In the tenth step, a special tool for harvesting lettuce is applied. The special tool includes an outer mounting cover (1) with an opening on one side, a cutting assembly (2) installed inside the outer mounting cover (1), a top plate (3) installed on the outer mounting cover (1), a control assembly (6) rotatably connected to the top plate (3), a handle (4) installed on the control assembly (6), an upper limit component (5) installed on the outer mounting cover (1), a control assembly (6) rotatably connected to the inner mounting tube (4) for controlling the closing or opening of the upper limit component (5), a transmission assembly (8) slidably connected to the outer mounting cover (1) and fitting against the inner side of the cutting assembly (2), a lower arc ring (7) installed on the transmission assembly (8), and a lifting ring (9) installed on the outer mounting cover (1). When the control assembly (6) rotates, it will control the opening and closing of the upper limit component (5) and simultaneously squeeze the lower arc ring (7), so that the lower arc ring (7) squeezes the transmission assembly (8) to control the opening and closing of the cutting assembly (2) and cut off the bottom of the lettuce.

8. A special tool for harvesting lettuce according to claim 7, characterized in that, The cutting assembly (2) includes a bottom plate (21) installed inside the outer mounting cover (1), a column (22) installed on the bottom plate (21), a first cutter (23) and a second cutter (24) hinged to the column (22), a connecting plate (25) installed on the first cutter (23) and the second cutter (24), and a first spring (26) connecting the two connecting plates (25); The upper limit component (5) includes a side plate (51) installed on the inner mounting tube (4), a clamping plate (52) hinged to the side plate (51), a fixing plate (53) installed on the side plate (51), and a second spring (54) connecting the clamping plate (52) and the fixing plate (53).

9. The special tool for harvesting lettuce according to claim 8, characterized in that, The control assembly (6) includes a rotating shaft (61) rotatably connected to the top plate (3) and two connecting ropes (62) wound around the rotating shaft (61). The winding directions of the two connecting ropes (62) on the rotating shaft (61) are opposite, and the two connecting ropes (62) sequentially pass through the fixing plate (53) and the second spring (54) and are fixedly connected to the clamping plate (52); The control assembly (6) further includes a bottom plate (63) installed at the bottom of the rotating shaft (61) and an upper arc ring (64) installed on the bottom plate (63). The bottom of the upper arc ring (64) is inclined, and the rotating shaft (61) passes through the side plate (51) and is rotatably connected thereto.

10. The special tool for harvesting lettuce according to claim 9, characterized in that, The transmission assembly (8) includes a guide groove (81) formed on the inner wall of the outer mounting cover (1), a guide block (82) slidably connected in the guide groove (82), a third spring (83) installed in the guide groove (82) and connected to the guide block (82), a lifting plate (84) connected to the other side of the guide block (82), and a pressing rod (85) connected to the bottom of the lifting plate (84). The lower arc-shaped ring (7) is installed on the lifting plate (84), and the top thereof is provided with an inclined surface adapted to the upper arc-shaped ring (7). The pressing rod (85) is a tapered block with a narrow bottom and a wide top.

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