Direct-current multi-stage composite voltage-adjustable protection device and control method thereof

Abstract

The invention provides a direct-current multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device and a control method thereof, and relates to the field of direct-current voltage protection devices. The direct-current multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device comprises a first-stage reverse connection prevention protection module, a second-stage reverse connection prevention protection module and a third-stage reverse connection prevention protection module, the input end of the sampling module is connected with the first output end of the first-stage anti-reverse-connection protection module, and the second end of the sampling module is connected with a ground wire; the input end of the main control module is connected with the sampling module; the first input end of the second-stage voltage protection module is connected with the second output end of the first-stage anti-reverse-connection protection module, the second input end of the second-stage voltage protection module is connected with the output end of the main control module, and the output end of the second-stage voltage protection module is connected with a power supply. The invention provides a direct-current multi-stage composite voltage-adjustable protection device and a control method thereof, and solves the technical problem of single protection function.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of DC voltage protection devices, and particularly to a DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device and its control method. Background Art

[0002] Currently, users of DC devices are non-professionals and are prone to connecting the power supply voltage in reverse or connecting an inappropriate power supply voltage to the DC device. If the DC device does not have a protection function, it may cause damage to the device and make it unable to be used normally.

[0003] In order to protect DC devices, general voltage protection devices have single reverse connection protection, overvoltage protection devices or undervoltage protection devices, but the protection functions of the three are single and cannot meet the protection requirements of existing devices. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present invention provides a DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device and its control method, which solves the technical problem of single protection function.

[0005] To solve the above technical problem, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows:

[0006] In a first aspect, a DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device includes:

[0007] A first-stage reverse connection protection module, whose input end is connected to a power supply;

[0008] A sampling module, whose input end is connected to the first output end of the first-stage reverse connection protection module, and the second end is connected to the ground wire;

[0009] A main control module, whose input end is connected to the sampling module;

[0010] A second-stage voltage protection module, whose first input end is connected to the second output end of the first-stage reverse connection protection module, the second input end is connected to the output end of the main control module, and the output end is connected to the power supply.

[0011] Further, the first-stage reverse connection protection module includes:

[0012] A first connector, connected to the power supply;

[0013] A second connector, connected to the ground wire;

[0014] A first P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor, whose drain D is connected to the first connector, the source S of the first P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor is connected to the power supply, the control pole G of the first P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor is connected to a fourth resistor, and the other end of the fourth resistor is connected to the ground wire;

[0015] The second P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor has its drain D connected to the first connector, its source S connected to the power supply, and its control gate G connected to the fourth resistor, with the other end of the fourth resistor connected to the ground wire.

[0016] Furthermore, the first P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor and the second P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor have the same structure and both have a body diode inside. The cathode of the body diode is connected to the drain D of the first P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor, and the anode of the body diode is connected to the source S of the first P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor.

[0017] Furthermore, the sampling module includes:

[0018] A digital potentiometer with one end connected to the power supply;

[0019] A fixed potentiometer with one end connected to the ground wire;

[0020] An intermediate node with its first end connected to the digital potentiometer, its second end connected to the fixed potentiometer, and its output end connected to the main control module;

[0021] In the usage state, the fixed potentiometer provides a reference voltage, the digital potentiometer adjusts the magnitude of the output voltage, and the intermediate node bears the voltage of the potentiometers to obtain a voltage signal.

[0022] Furthermore, the main control module is connected to a display module and a data input module;

[0023] The data input module is used to receive user input or external signals, and the data input module converts the received information into data adapted to the main control module;

[0024] The display module is connected to the output end of the main control module and is used to visually present the processing results and system status of the main control module.

[0025] Furthermore, the main control module includes:

[0026] A digital-to-analog converter ADC connected to the intermediate node;

[0027] A processing unit connected to the digital-to-analog converter ADC;

[0028] An electronic switch drive circuit with one end connected to the processing unit and the other end connected to the second-stage voltage protection module;

[0029] In the operating state, the digital converter ADC receives a voltage signal from the intermediate node, converts the voltage signal into a digital signal; the processing unit processes the digital signal from the digital converter ADC and performs calculations, compares the calculation result with the threshold value in the data input module, and outputs a control signal according to the comparison result; the electronic switch driving circuit receives the control signal and controls the switching state of the second-stage voltage protection module.

[0030] Furthermore, the second-stage voltage protection module includes:

[0031] A ninth resistor, one end of which is connected to the main control module and the other end is connected to the ground wire;

[0032] A sixth resistor, one end of which is connected to the main control module and the ninth resistor;

[0033] A first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor, with its drain D connected to the power supply, source S connected to the power supply, and control gate G connected to the sixth resistor;

[0034] A second N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor, with its drain D connected to the power supply, source S connected to the power supply, and control gate G connected to the sixth resistor.

[0035] Furthermore, the first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor and the second N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor have the same structure and each has a body diode inside. The anode of the body diode is connected to the drain D of the first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor, and the cathode of the body diode is connected to the source S of the first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor.

[0036] In a second aspect, a control method for a DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device includes:

[0037] Obtain the working principle, circuit structure, component parameters, and working environment parameters of the DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device to obtain working condition data;

[0038] According to the working condition data, operate the DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device under actual working conditions, and monitor and collect waveform data of voltage and current in real time to obtain experimental data;

[0039] Establish a simulation dynamic model based on the obtained experimental data;

[0040] Establish an adaptive controller structure based on the simulation dynamic model and experimental data;

[0041] Obtain a control signal according to the simulation dynamic model and adaptive controller parameters;

[0042] Control the on / off of the second-stage voltage protection module according to the control signal.

[0043] Further, according to the simulation dynamic model and the adaptive controller parameters, a control signal is obtained, including:

[0044] According to the adaptive controller parameters, use the simulation dynamic model to monitor the input DC voltage signal and judge the polarity of the voltage signal to obtain a judgment result;

[0045] According to the judgment result, if the voltage polarity is correct, a signal is sent to trigger the conduction of the field effect transistor;

[0046] According to the judgment result, if the voltage polarity is reversed, a signal is sent to cut off the field effect transistor;

[0047] After the field effect transistor is turned on, sample the passing DC voltage to obtain a sampling signal;

[0048] Calculate the deviation according to the sampling signal and the set threshold to obtain a deviation value;

[0049] According to the deviation value, update the adaptive controller parameters to obtain a control signal.

[0050] The above scheme of the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects:

[0051] The above scheme of the present invention has a simple structure, reliable functions, intuitive operation of the second-level voltage adjustable protection module, wide application range. When the DC voltage polarity is correct, the on-off switch of the control circuit in the first-level reverse connection protection module presents a low resistance state in the circuit, and the DC power can pass through the reverse connection prevention module. When the DC voltage polarity is incorrect, the on-off switch of the control circuit in the first-level reverse connection protection module presents a high resistance state in the circuit, and the DC power is blocked by the on-off switch; after passing through the reverse connection prevention module, the sampling module will divide the voltage, and the divided signal is sent to the 12-bit ADC processing circuit of the main control module. After the analog-to-digital conversion of the divided signal, it is compared with the upper voltage limit and the lower voltage limit set by the user in the main control. When the input voltage is less than the user's voltage upper limit and greater than the user's set voltage upper limit, the switch of the second-level voltage protection module is turned on to supply power to the load normally, ensuring that the voltage obtained by the load is within its rated range and enabling the load to work stably. Description of the Drawings

[0052] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

[0053] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the first-level reverse connection protection module of the DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

[0054] Figure 3It is a schematic diagram of the second-stage voltage protection module of the DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device provided by the embodiment of the present invention.

[0055] Figure 4 It is a schematic diagram of the control method of the DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device provided by the embodiment of the present invention.

[0056] Reference numerals:

[0057] 1. First-stage reverse connection protection module; 2. Sampling module; 3. Main control module; 4. Second-stage voltage protection module; 11. First connector; 12. Second connector; 13. First P-channel enhancement-mode field effect transistor; 14. Second P-channel enhancement-mode field effect transistor; 15. Fourth resistor; 41. Ninth resistor; 42. Sixth resistor; 43. First N-channel enhancement-mode field effect transistor; 44. Second N-channel enhancement-mode field effect transistor. Detailed implementation manners

[0058] Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Although the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present disclosure can be implemented in various forms and should not be limited by the embodiments set forth herein. On the contrary, these embodiments are provided so that the present disclosure can be more thoroughly understood and the scope of the present disclosure can be completely conveyed to those skilled in the art.

[0059] As Figure 1 shown, an embodiment of the present invention provides a DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device, including:

[0060] A first-stage reverse connection protection module 1, whose input terminal is connected to a power supply;

[0061] A sampling module 2, whose input terminal is connected to the first output terminal of the first-stage reverse connection protection module 1, and the second terminal is connected to the ground wire;

[0062] A main control module 3, whose input terminal is connected to the sampling module 2;

[0063] A second-stage voltage protection module 4, whose first input terminal is connected to the second output terminal of the first-stage reverse connection protection module 1, the second input terminal is connected to the output terminal of the main control module 3, and the output terminal is connected to the power supply.

[0064] In the embodiment of the present invention, the first-level reverse connection protection module 1 prevents the positive and negative poles of the power supply from being connected reversely, avoiding equipment damage, and can automatically cut off the power supply when reverse connection is detected; the sampling module 2 can monitor the voltage output from the first-level reverse connection protection module 1 in real time and transmit the sampling data to the main control module 3; the main control module 3 makes decisions based on the data provided by the sampling module and controls subsequent voltage protection and regulation; the second-level voltage protection module 4, under the control of the main control module 3, further protects the voltage of the power supply to ensure that the output voltage is within a safe range; when in use, the power supply is connected to the input end of the first-level reverse connection protection module 1; the first-level reverse connection protection module 1 monitors the polarity of the input power supply. If normal polarity is detected, it allows current to pass through and outputs the voltage to the sampling module 2. If reverse connection is detected, it immediately cuts off the power supply output to protect the subsequent circuit from damage; the sampling module 2 is connected to the first output end of the first-level reverse connection protection module 1: converts the monitored voltage into a range suitable for processing by the main control module 3 through a voltage divider circuit; transmits the sampled voltage signal to the main control module 3; the main control module 3 receives the data transmitted by the sampling module 2: performs real-time analysis, determines whether the voltage is within a safe range, and generates corresponding control instructions according to the set threshold; the main control module 3 sends a control signal to the second-level voltage protection module 4:

[0065] If the voltage is normal, maintain the output state. If the voltage is abnormally overvoltage or undervoltage, send an instruction to cut off or adjust the power supply output to ensure the safety of the equipment; the second-level voltage protection module 4 responds according to the signal of the main control module 3: if it receives a cut-off signal, immediately disconnect the power supply output to prevent equipment damage. If voltage adjustment is required, adjust it to the set safe voltage output according to the instruction of the main control module; monitor the output voltage in real time to ensure that it is stable within the set value range: if the output voltage returns to the normal range, the main control module 3 will re-enable the power supply output, continue to monitor the voltage state, and repeat the above process if necessary; the DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device can realize the whole process from power supply access to voltage monitoring and protection, ensure the safety and reliable operation of electrical equipment under various working conditions, form an effective protection system, and prevent damage caused by abnormal voltage.

[0066] As Figure 1 and Figure 2 shown, the first-level reverse connection protection module 1 includes:

[0067] The first connector 11, connected to the power supply;

[0068] The second connector 12, connected to the ground wire;

[0069] The first P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 13 has its drain D connected to the first connector 11, its source S connected to the power supply, and its gate G connected to the fourth resistor 15, with the other end of the fourth resistor 15 connected to the ground wire;

[0070] The second P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 14 has its drain D connected to the first connector 11, its source S connected to the power supply, and its gate G connected to the fourth resistor 15, with the other end of the fourth resistor 15 connected to the ground wire.

[0071] In the embodiment of the present invention, the first-level reverse connection protection module is used to prevent damage to the circuit caused by the reverse connection of the positive and negative poles of the power supply. By controlling the on and off of the field effect transistor, it protects the safety of the subsequent circuit and ensures that the current only flows in the expected direction; it prevents equipment damage caused by reverse power connection by quickly disconnecting the power supply to protect the circuit components; in the case of correct wiring, it allows the current to flow normally to ensure the normal operation of the circuit; the first P-channel enhancement-mode field effect transistor 13 and the second P-channel enhancement-mode field effect transistor 14 act as power switches. When the field effect transistor works in the on state, the current flows from the source to the drain, thus realizing normal power supply. The low-impedance characteristic in the saturation conduction state makes it act like a closed mechanical switch in the circuit and can effectively transmit current; the control electrodes G of the first P-channel enhancement-mode field effect transistor 13 and the second P-channel enhancement-mode field effect transistor 14 are connected to the ground wire through resistors to form a negative voltage difference. When there is a sufficient negative voltage difference between the source and the control electrode, it enters the saturation conduction state and allows the current to flow. When the input voltage polarity is incorrect, the source voltage cannot generate a sufficient negative voltage difference, resulting in cutoff and forming a switch-off state to prevent the current from flowing; in use, the first-level reverse connection protection module accesses the power supply through the first connector 11 and accesses the ground wire through the second connector 12; the drains D of the first P-channel enhancement-mode field effect transistor 13 and the second P-channel enhancement-mode field effect transistor 14 are both connected to the first connector 11, and the sources S are connected to the power supply; the control electrodes G of the two field effect transistors are connected through the fourth resistor 15, and the other end of the fourth resistor is connected to the ground wire; when the power supply is correctly wired, the first P-channel field effect transistor 13 and the second P-channel field effect transistor 14 can conduct normally. At this time, the voltage received by the control electrode G is at a low potential, making the two field effect transistors in the "on" state, and the current can flow from the power supply to the subsequent circuit, and the module works normally; if the power supply is connected reversely, the polarities of the source S and the drain D of the first P-channel field effect transistor change, and the voltage of the control electrode G will become a high potential. At this time, due to the high potential, the field effect transistor is turned off, and the current cannot flow to the subsequent circuit, thus realizing the protection of the subsequent circuit and preventing potential damage; during the operation of the module, the fourth resistor 15 provides a reference voltage on the control electrode G. By adjusting the value of this resistor, the on and off states can be controlled to make the switching characteristics of the field effect transistor meet the design requirements and prevent the reverse flow of current to the circuit to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the circuit.

[0072] As Figure 1 and Figure 2 shown, the first P-channel enhancement-mode field effect transistor 13 and the second P-channel enhancement-mode field effect transistor 14 have the same structure and each has a body diode inside. The cathode of the body diode is connected to the drain D of the first P-channel enhancement-mode field effect transistor 13, and the anode of the body diode is connected to the source S of the first P-channel enhancement-mode field effect transistor 13.

[0073] In an embodiment of the present invention, both the first P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 13 and the second P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 14 are provided with body diodes, also known as built-in diodes. The cathode of the body diode is connected to the drain D of the first P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 13, and the anode of the body diode is connected to the source S of the first P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 13. The same structure also applies to the second P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 14, and both field-effect transistors have similar protection characteristics; the body diode can provide a path for reverse current under specific conditions. For example, in the case of reverse current or short circuit in the power supply or load, the body diode can conduct and allow the current to flow safely to the ground wire or the power supply; when the positive and negative poles of the power supply are reversed, such as in the case of a short circuit, the body diode will conduct to protect the power supply and the load, so that the current no longer flows into the circuit components that may be damaged, and by guiding the current to a safe path, further damage to the circuit is avoided; the body diode can play a role in balancing current and voltage at the moment of power switch switching or load change, reducing the instantaneous voltage fluctuation, improving the stability of the system, and reducing the potential danger caused by current impact; the body diode can suppress the frequent changes of current pump-down and reverse current, thereby reducing electrical noise and protecting the normal operation of other sensitive devices; when the polarity of the input DC voltage is correct, the body diode conducts, and the source obtains a positive voltage. The negative voltage difference formed through the control electrode causes the first P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 13 and the second P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 14 to be saturated and conduct, and the current flows smoothly, thereby supplying power to the load; when the polarity of the input DC voltage is incorrect, the body diode is cut off, and the first P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 13 and the second P-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 14 are cut off, and the phenomenon is similar to the disconnection of a mechanical switch, preventing the current from flowing and protecting the subsequent circuit from damage.

[0074] The sampling module 2 includes:

[0075] A digital potentiometer, one end of which is connected to the power supply;

[0076] A fixed potentiometer, one end of which is connected to the ground wire;

[0077] An intermediate node, the first end of which is connected to the digital potentiometer, the second end of which is connected to the fixed potentiometer, and the output end of which is connected to the main control module 3;

[0078] In the use state, the fixed potentiometer provides a reference voltage, the digital potentiometer adjusts the magnitude of the output voltage, and the intermediate node bears the voltage of the potentiometer to obtain a voltage signal.

[0079] In an embodiment of the present invention, the sampling module 2 is used to measure and adjust a voltage signal and transmit it to the main control module 3; the fixed potentiometer provides a stable reference voltage for the module by grounding one end; the digital potentiometer controls the voltage at the intermediate node by adjusting its resistance value, thereby adjusting the magnitude of the output voltage; the intermediate node carries the voltage signal generated by the potentiometer and outputs it to the main control module 3 within an appropriate voltage range for further processing and analysis; when the sampling module is powered on, the digital potentiometer receives a voltage from the power supply, while the fixed potentiometer obtains a stable reference voltage from the ground wire, providing the necessary operating conditions for the sampling module; the fixed potentiometer generates a definite reference voltage through its terminal connected to the ground wire, providing a reference for subsequent voltage regulation; the main control module utilizes the adjustment function of the digital potentiometer to modify its internal resistance value, and the change of the digital potentiometer causes the output voltage of the intermediate node to change, thereby achieving the regulation of the required voltage. When the digital potentiometer is adjusted, the voltage division ratio of the intermediate node voltage will change, thereby affecting the final output voltage; in the working state, the voltage at the intermediate node will change according to the reference voltage of the fixed potentiometer and the change of the digital potentiometer. At this time, the intermediate node carries the regulated voltage signal; the voltage signal will be output to the main control module 3 for further control, monitoring or digital processing; through the stable reference voltage and flexible output regulation, this module can provide an accurate voltage signal for the main control system, ensuring that the system can quickly respond and adapt to different working conditions during operation.

[0080] The main control module 3 is connected to a display module and a data input module;

[0081] The data input module is used to receive user input or external signals, and the data input module converts the received information into data adapted to the main control module 3;

[0082] The display module is connected to the output end of the main control module 3 and is used to visually present the processing results and system status of the main control module 3.

[0083] In an embodiment of the present invention, the main control module 3 is responsible for data processing, user interaction, and visual display of the system state. Through the data input module, the main control module can obtain user input and external signals. The main control module analyzes and processes the input data, calculates relevant results or executes corresponding control tasks, and transmits the calculation results and system state information to the display module for visual display to the user. The main control module 3 is connected to the data input module through a data input interface to receive user input or external signals. The output end of the main control module is connected to the display module to display the processed results and state information. The data input module receives input from the user, and the data input module converts and adapts the received information to meet the input requirements of the main control module 3. The data input module converts the received input signal into a data format that the main control module can process, including digitized analog signals and calibrated input values. The main control module 3 receives and processes the sorted data. According to the processing results, the main control module can generate corresponding control signals to adjust the settings of the sampling module 2. After completing the data information processing, the main control module sorts and transmits the results or system state information to the display module. The display module receives the output data from the main control module and visually displays the results to the user.

[0084] The main control module 3 includes:

[0085] A digital-to-analog converter ADC, connected to the intermediate node;

[0086] A processing unit, connected to the digital-to-analog converter ADC;

[0087] An electronic switch drive circuit, with one end connected to the processing unit and the other end connected to the second-stage voltage protection module 4;

[0088] In the working state, the digital-to-analog converter ADC receives the voltage signal from the intermediate node and converts the voltage signal into a digital signal. The processing unit processes the digital signal from the digital-to-analog converter ADC and performs calculations, compares the calculation results with the threshold value in the data input module, and outputs a control signal according to the comparison results. The electronic switch drive circuit receives the control signal and controls the switch state of the second-stage voltage protection module 4.

[0089] In an embodiment of the present invention, the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) converts the voltage signal from the intermediate node into a digital signal; the processing unit analyzes and processes the digital signal and compares it with a preset threshold; a control signal is generated according to the comparison result to control the electronic switch driving circuit, thereby adjusting the switching state of the second-stage voltage protection module 4; the ADC is connected to the intermediate node to receive the voltage signal from the sampling module 2; the processing unit is connected to the ADC and is responsible for receiving and processing the converted digital signal; the electronic switch driving circuit is connected to the processing unit, and the other end is connected to the second-stage voltage protection module 4 to control its switching state; in the normal operating state, the intermediate node outputs a signal representing the current voltage; the ADC periodically samples this voltage signal from the intermediate node to ensure that the latest data is obtained; the ADC converts the sampled analog voltage signal into a digital signal, quantifies and encodes the signal so that the voltage value can be represented in numerical form; the processing unit receives the digital signal from the ADC and performs average value calculation and fluctuation analysis; the processing unit then compares the calculation result with the preset threshold in the data input module to determine whether the current voltage state is within the safe range; according to the comparison result, the processing unit determines whether measures need to be taken. If the voltage exceeds the threshold, the processing unit generates a control signal; the electronic switch driving circuit receives the control signal from the processing unit and controls the switching state of the second-stage voltage protection module 4 connected thereto according to the state of the signal.

[0090] As Figures 1 to 4 shown, the second-stage voltage protection module 4 includes:

[0091] A ninth resistor 41, one end of which is connected to the main control module 3 and the other end is connected to the ground wire;

[0092] A sixth resistor 42, one end of which is connected to the main control module 3 and the ninth resistor 41;

[0093] A first N-channel enhancement-mode field effect transistor 43, with its drain D connected to the power supply, its source S connected to the power supply, and its gate G connected to the sixth resistor 42;

[0094] A second N-channel enhancement-mode field effect transistor 44, with its drain D connected to the power supply, its source S connected to the power supply, and its gate G connected to the sixth resistor 42.

[0095] In the embodiment of the present invention, the second-stage voltage protection module 4 is used to protect the device from overvoltage and transient voltage. It checks the input voltage status through resistors and field-effect transistors, and adjusts the switching state of the circuit in real time according to the control signal from the main control module 3 to protect the subsequent circuit or device. When a dangerous voltage is detected, it cuts off the power supply or limits the voltage in a timely manner to ensure the safety of the circuit. One port of the ninth resistor 41 is connected to the main control module 3, and the other port is connected to the ground wire to form a reference voltage. One end of the sixth resistor 42 is connected between the main control module 3 and the ninth resistor 41 to stabilize the voltage distribution. The first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 43 and the second N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 44 are respectively connected to the drain D and source S of the power supply, and their control terminals G are connected to the sixth resistor 42. When the main control module 3 outputs a control signal and links it to the sixth resistor 42, the current formed by the ninth resistor 41 is shunted into the sixth resistor 42 to generate a control voltage, which determines the on or off state of the first and second N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistors. The main control module 3 forwards the control signal to the sixth resistor 42 according to the signal processing result, thereby affecting the state of the field-effect transistor. If the control signal indicates that the voltage is within the safe range, the first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 43 and the second N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 44 will remain in the on state, and the power supply will supply power normally. If the monitored voltage exceeds the set threshold, the main control module 3 will generate a signal to lower the voltage of the sixth resistor 42, causing the first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 43 and the second N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 44 to turn off, cutting off the power supply to the subsequent circuit or device. At this time, the current cannot pass through the field-effect transistor to achieve the protection purpose. After the voltage returns to the normal range, the main control module 3 will send a recovery signal to activate the sixth resistor 42, causing the first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 43 and the second N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 44 to conduct again, and the power supply can be restored to ensure the continuity and stability of the system. The on and off states of the field-effect transistor are intelligently adjusted to provide overvoltage protection and ensure the safe operation of the system and equipment.

[0096] As Figures 1 to 4 shown, the first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 43 and the second N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 44 have the same structure and each has a body diode inside. The anode of the body diode is connected to the drain D of the first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 43, and the cathode of the body diode is connected to the source S of the first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 43.

[0097] In an embodiment of the present invention, the first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 43 and the second N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 44 have the same structure, and both internally have a body diode. The anode of the body diode is connected to the drain D of the first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 43, and the cathode is connected to the source S of the first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 43. The N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor can conduct electricity in the forward direction and can effectively amplify current during normal operation. The body diode enables the two field-effect transistors to provide a path under reverse voltage or high-voltage impact conditions, avoiding damage caused by excessive reverse current. The connection of the body diode can prevent the device from being damaged under high-voltage conditions. Through the body diode, the field-effect transistor can protect the circuit under abnormal conditions and enhance the overall reliability of the system. Under normal working conditions, when the power supply voltage is within the safe range, the main control module 3 outputs a control signal to make the sixth resistor 42 provide an appropriate control voltage, and the two N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistors are turned on. At this time, current can smoothly flow from the power supply through these field-effect transistors to the load to provide power support. In this case, the current direction flowing through the first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 43 and the second N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 44 is from the drain D to the source S.

[0098] When an overvoltage situation occurs or a reverse current surges into the circuit, the body diode immediately comes into play. If the voltage exceeds the normal working range, the anode of the body diode is connected to the drain D, and the cathode is connected to the source S, forming a path for the reverse current to pass through the body diode rather than through the field-effect transistor, which can effectively prevent the field-effect transistor from being damaged or burned. The characteristics of the body diode ensure that even when the field-effect transistor is turned off, it can provide a necessary current path to protect the subsequent circuit. When the overvoltage problem is solved and the system returns to the normal voltage, the main control module 3 will send a signal to control the sixth resistor 42, making the first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 43 and the second N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor 44 resume conduction. At this time, the module resumes normal operation to ensure the continuous and stable power input.

[0099] An embodiment of the present invention also provides a control method for a DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device, including:

[0100] Step 11, obtaining the working principle, circuit structure, component parameters, and working environment parameters of the DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device to obtain working condition data;

[0101] Step 12, according to the working condition data, operating the DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device under actual working conditions, and real-time monitoring and collecting waveform data of voltage and current to obtain experimental data;

[0102] Step 13, establishing a simulation dynamic model according to the obtained experimental data;

[0103] Step 14: Establish an adaptive controller structure based on the simulation dynamic model and experimental data;

[0104] Step 15: Obtain a control signal according to the simulation dynamic model and the parameters of the adaptive controller;

[0105] Step 16: Control the on / off of the second-stage voltage protection module according to the control signal.

[0106] In the embodiment of the present invention, by obtaining the working condition data, the operation state of the DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device can be monitored in real time; by establishing a simulation dynamic model and an adaptive controller, the system can perform dynamic adjustment according to the actual working environment and conditions to improve the flexibility and reliability of voltage protection; the control signal controls the on / off of the second-stage voltage protection module, which improves the response speed of voltage protection and ensures that the device can be powered off and cut off in time when a voltage anomaly occurs to protect the safety of the device; according to the obtained working condition data, the DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device is started and operated in the actual environment, and relevant experimental data such as the working voltage range and load change are recorded during actual operation to provide basic data for subsequent model establishment; using the obtained experimental data, a dynamic model of the voltage protection device is established to simulate voltage fluctuations and their response characteristics under different conditions; based on the simulation dynamic model, an adaptive controller is designed so that it can automatically adjust the response logic to voltage changes, and the controller can continuously optimize the control strategy according to real-time data feedback to adapt to environmental changes and load fluctuations; the parameters of the simulation dynamic model and the adaptive controller are used to input real-time working condition data to generate a control signal; according to the generated control signal, the on and off of the second-stage voltage protection module are controlled. When an overvoltage or abnormal state occurs, the power supply is disconnected to cut off the power supply to the load to prevent device damage. If the voltage returns to a safe value, the controller instructs the protection module to conduct again to restore the normal power supply state.

[0107] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, step 11 of obtaining the working principle, circuit structure, component parameters, and working environment parameters of the DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device to obtain working condition data may include: analyzing the working principle, circuit structure, and component characteristics of the DC voltage protection device, including the conduction and cut-off conditions and voltage drop characteristics of, for example, P-channel enhancement mode field effect transistors, and the expected working environment; selecting appropriate components according to circuit requirements, including: in this embodiment, the fixed resistor has a resistance value of 47K with an error of one-thousandth, the resistance value of the digital potentiometer is 20K, and there are 1024 levels, and the resistance value can be adjusted by the main control module, and the maximum value at the ADC input end of the main control is 3.3V; according to the component parameters and working environment information, record the working condition data of each component, such as the rated working voltage, current, and power consumption of each component, the influence of temperature and humidity on electrical performance, and the specific threshold values and response time settings of each protection function.

[0108] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, for the above step 12, according to the working condition data, operating the DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device under the actual working conditions, and real-time monitoring and collecting the waveform data of voltage and current to obtain experimental data, which may include: using the DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device and connecting it to the power supply and the load to ensure that the voltage sensor and the current sensor are correctly connected to the corresponding positions; preparing a data acquisition card to obtain the voltage and current signal waveforms in real time; turning on the DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device and setting it under the set working conditions, where the input voltage and the load can be adjusted; adjusting the voltage and current protection thresholds as needed to ensure that the protection device responds normally according to the working conditions; starting the data acquisition program to real-time monitor the voltage and current waveforms of the system, recording and storing the voltage and current values at each sampling moment, and generating a waveform diagram; using the data analysis tool MATLAB to analyze the collected voltage and current waveforms to obtain the analysis results; extracting the maximum value, minimum value, average value, and root mean square (RMS) from the waveform data according to the analysis results; receiving the time-domain signal data of continuous sampling, where the time-domain signal data represents the real-time measurement values of voltage or current; performing window function processing on the time-domain signal data to obtain the processed data; decomposing the time-domain signal into a combination of sine waves and cosine waves of different frequencies according to the processed data; extracting the amplitude information of each frequency component from the combination of sine waves and cosine waves of different frequencies; corresponding the amplitude information to the frequency axis to form a spectrogram, that is, a graphical representation of the amplitude varying with frequency; the frequency axis represents the frequency range from 0 to half of the sampling frequency (according to the Nyquist theorem), and each point corresponds to a frequency component in the FFT output; observing the spectrogram, identifying the main frequency components, and analyzing the peaks and valleys in the spectrogram, which represent the periodic components, harmonics, or noise in the signal; evaluating the frequency characteristics of the signal, such as the signal bandwidth, frequency resolution, etc., according to the shape and distribution of the spectrogram; outputting the calculated spectrogram data and the analysis results to an appropriate interface or storage medium.

[0109] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, for the above step 13, according to the obtained experimental data, establishing a simulation dynamic model may include:

[0110] Preprocessing the experimental data to obtain preprocessed data;

[0111] Extract the key features from the preprocessed data, specifically including: For voltage and current data, traverse the entire dataset to find the maximum value in the data, which is the peak value. The peak value represents the highest point that the voltage or current reaches during that period; traverse the voltage and current data to find the minimum value in the data, which is the trough value. The trough value indicates the lowest point that the voltage or current drops to during that period; calculate the average value of the voltage and current data. First, add up all the data points and then divide by the total number of data points to obtain the average value. The average value reflects the average level of the voltage or current during that period; first calculate the square of each data point, then add up all the squared values, divide by the total number of data points, and finally take the square root to obtain the effective value. The effective value reflects the energy or power of the signal.

[0112] Based on the working principle, characteristics, and key features of the DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device, establish a simulation dynamic model of the DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device, specifically including:

[0113] Through the built-in voltage sensor, continuously monitor the voltage value in the circuit; the sensor converts the detected voltage signal into an electrical signal that can be processed by the machine; compare the real-time voltage signal with a preset voltage threshold to determine whether there is a voltage abnormality; when a voltage abnormality (such as overvoltage, undervoltage) is detected, the control logic circuit will receive the abnormality signal; the control logic circuit decides whether to trigger a protection action based on the abnormality type and the preset protection strategy. If protection needs to be triggered, a control signal will be sent to the switch component to quickly cut off or adjust the circuit to protect the load and equipment.

[0114] The voltage sensor continuously monitors the line voltage and converts the physical quantity into an electrical signal; the controller receives the real-time voltage signal from the voltage sensor. The voltage signal is an electrical signal in analog or digital form, reflecting the current voltage state in the line; the controller is equipped with an analog-to-digital converter (if it is an analog signal) to convert the analog signal into a digital signal; filter and denoise the received signal; the controller compares the processed voltage signal with the internally preset voltage thresholds, including overvoltage threshold, undervoltage threshold, etc., which are used to define the normal operating range of the voltage; analyze the change trend of the voltage signal, such as detecting a sudden increase or decrease in voltage, to predict possible abnormalities; based on the results of the data analysis, the controller determines whether the current voltage state is normal. If the voltage exceeds the preset threshold range, it is regarded as an abnormal state; according to the judgment result, the controller generates corresponding control instructions, including cutting off the circuit, adjusting the voltage level, issuing an alarm, etc.; the controller sends the generated control instructions to the switch component. After receiving the instructions, the switch component will quickly execute the corresponding actions, such as cutting off the abnormal circuit or adjusting the voltage to a safe range.

[0115] Based on the working principle of the device and the observed dynamic characteristics, it is assumed that the transfer function is in the first-order form; using the experimental data, the parameters K and T of the first-order transfer function are estimated by the least squares method;

[0116] Select a set of experimental data containing different voltage anomalies for fitting the transfer function model; divide the data into a training set and a validation set, where the training set is used for fitting the model and the validation set is used for evaluating the model performance; use the first-order and second-order transfer function forms to fit the training set data respectively; use the genetic algorithm to determine the optimal parameters of each order transfer function;

[0117] Use the validation set data to evaluate the fitting degree and prediction accuracy of different order transfer function models, and compare each model; determine the output voltage signal of the voltage sensor (reflecting the actual line voltage); and the output variable, where the output variable is the state of the switch component (on or off or the adjusted voltage value).

[0118] According to the determined order, substitute the input and output variables into the first-order inertia link to obtain a preliminary model framework;

[0119] Verify the preliminary model framework, compare the difference between the output data of the preliminary model framework and the actual measured values to obtain an evaluation result;

[0120] According to the evaluation result, optimize the preliminary model framework to obtain a simulation dynamic model.

[0121] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, step 15 above, obtaining a control signal according to the simulation dynamic model and the adaptive controller parameters, may include:

[0122] Step 151, according to the adaptive controller parameters, use the simulation dynamic model to monitor the input DC voltage signal and judge the polarity of the voltage signal to obtain a judgment result, where the calculation formula for judging the polarity of the voltage signal is:

[0123]

[0124] where Polarity represents the polarity of the voltage signal, V(t) represents the measured voltage signal value at time t; +1 represents that the polarity of the voltage signal is positive, and when V(t)>0, the function returns +1 indicating that the signal is of positive polarity; -1 represents that the polarity of the voltage signal is negative, and when V(t)<0, the function returns -1 indicating that the signal is of negative polarity; 0 represents that the polarity of the voltage signal is zero, and when V(t)=0, the function returns 0 indicating that the signal has no polarity, that is, the voltage is zero;

[0125] Step 152, according to the judgment result, if the voltage polarity is correct, send a signal to trigger the conduction of the field effect transistor; if the voltage polarity is reversed, send a signal to cut off the field effect transistor;

[0126] Step 153: After the field-effect transistor is turned on, sample the passing DC voltage to obtain a sampling signal;

[0127] Step 154: Calculate the deviation based on the sampling signal and a set threshold value to obtain a deviation value, including: calculating the deviation based on the sampling signal and the set threshold value to obtain a deviation value e(t k );

[0128]

[0129] where e(t k ) is the deviation value; α is the weight of the difference between the current time sampling value and the threshold value; β is the influence coefficient of the weighted average of the past n sampling values; V sample is the sampling voltage; V threshold is the threshold voltage; w i is the weight of the historical sampling point V sample (t k-i ) for each i from 1 to n; γ is the weight of the square term of the most recent sampling value, used to increase the sensitivity of the model to extreme values V sample (t k-1 ) 2 is the square of the sampling voltage at the previous time point.

[0130] Step 155: Update the adaptive controller parameters according to the deviation value to obtain a control signal, where updating the adaptive controller parameters is specifically as follows:

[0131] At each sampling time point k, the gain vector update formula is:

[0132]

[0133] where K(k) is the gain vector; k is the time point, φ(k) is the regression vector at time point k, including the input signal, output signal, and their derivatives; P(k - 1) is the value of the error covariance matrix at time point k - 1; λ is the regularization parameter used to prevent overfitting; φ(k) T is the transpose of the regression vector; T represents the transpose operation;

[0134] The parameter update formula is:

[0135] θ(k) = θ(k - 1) + K(k)[y(k) - φ(k) T θ(k - 1)],

[0136] Among them, θ(k) is the gain vector at time point k; θ(k - 1) is the gain vector at time point k - 1; K(k) is the gain vector; y(k) is the actual output data at time point k, φ(k) T θ(k - 1) is the predicted output data;

[0137] The error covariance matrix update formula is:

[0138]

[0139] Among them, P(k) is the value of the error covariance matrix at time point k, λ is the regularization parameter, P(k - 1) is the value of the error covariance matrix at time point k - 1, K(k) is the gain vector, φ(k) T is the transpose of the regression vector; T represents the transpose operation;

[0140] According to the updated parameter θ(k), calculate the control signal u(k):

[0141] u(k) = -θ(k) T φ(k),

[0142] Among them, u(k) is the control signal; θ(k) is the gain vector at time point k; T represents the transpose operation; φ(k) is the regression vector at time point k;

[0143] Finally, apply the calculated control signal u(k) to the control system to adjust the system to transition to the desired state.

[0144] Judge the voltage polarity in real time and intelligently adjust the controller parameters according to the feedback information, so as to achieve stable voltage protection and control functions. It combines dynamic models, real-time monitoring and adaptive control technologies to ensure the flexibility and reliability of the system under different working conditions.

[0145] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, step 16 above, controlling the on / off of the second-stage voltage protection module according to the control signal, may include: when the polarity of the DC input voltage is correct, the body diode of the field effect transistor conducts, and when the voltage polarity is incorrect, the body diode of the field effect transistor cuts off; after the body diode conducts, a positive voltage will be obtained at the source of the field effect transistor, the control gate of the field effect transistor is grounded through a resistor, and a negative voltage difference will be generated between the gate and the source of the field effect transistor. This negative voltage difference will cause the field effect transistor to conduct saturatedly. The saturated conduction resistance value of the field effect transistor is in the mΩ level, which can be basically equivalent to the on state of a mechanical switch; when the polarity of the DC input voltage is incorrect, the above-mentioned conduction conditions of the field effect transistor cannot be satisfied, the field effect transistor cuts off, and the resistance value between the source and the drain of the super-effect transistor is close to infinity, which can be basically equivalent to the off state of a mechanical switch.

[0146] The above are the preferred embodiments of the present invention. It should be noted that for those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the principle of the present invention, several improvements and refinements can be made, and these improvements and refinements should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device, characterized in that, Including: The first - stage reverse - connection protection module (1), whose input terminal is connected to the power supply; The sampling module (2), whose input terminal is connected to the first output terminal of the first - stage reverse - connection protection module (1), and the second terminal is connected to the ground wire; The main control module (3), whose input terminal is connected to the sampling module (2); The second - stage voltage protection module (4), whose first input terminal is connected to the second output terminal of the first - stage reverse - connection protection module (1), the second input terminal is connected to the output terminal of the main control module (3), and the output terminal is connected to the power supply.

2. The DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device according to claim 1, characterized in that The first - stage reverse - connection protection module (1) includes: The first connector (11), connected to the power supply; The second connector (12), connected to the ground wire; The first P - channel enhancement - mode field - effect transistor (13), whose drain D is connected to the first connector (11), the source S of the first P - channel enhancement - mode field - effect transistor (13) is connected to the power supply, the gate G of the first P - channel enhancement - mode field - effect transistor (13) is connected to the fourth resistor (15), and the other end of the fourth resistor (15) is connected to the ground wire; The second P - channel enhancement - mode field - effect transistor (14), whose drain D is connected to the first connector (11), the source S of the second P - channel enhancement - mode field - effect transistor (14) is connected to the power supply, the gate G of the second P - channel enhancement - mode field - effect transistor (14) is connected to the fourth resistor (15), and the other end of the fourth resistor (15) is connected to the ground wire.

3. The DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device according to claim 2, characterized in that, The first P - channel enhancement - mode field - effect transistor (13) and the second P - channel enhancement - mode field - effect transistor (14) have the same structure and each has a body diode inside. The cathode of the body diode is connected to the drain D of the first P - channel enhancement - mode field - effect transistor (13), and the anode of the body diode is connected to the source S of the first P - channel enhancement - mode field - effect transistor (13).

4. The DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device according to claim 3, characterized in that, The sampling module (2) includes: A digital potentiometer, one end of which is connected to the power supply; A fixed potentiometer, one end of which is connected to the ground wire; An intermediate node, the first end of which is connected to the digital potentiometer, the second end of which is connected to the fixed potentiometer, and the output end is connected to the main control module (3); In the working state, the fixed potentiometer provides a reference voltage, the digital potentiometer adjusts the magnitude of the output voltage, and the intermediate node bears the voltage of the potentiometers to obtain a voltage signal.

5. The DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device according to claim 4, characterized in that, The main control module (3) is connected to a display module and a data input module; The data input module is used to receive user input or external signals, and the data input module converts the received information into data adapted to the main control module (3); The display module, connected to the output terminal of the main control module (3), is used to visually present the processing result and system status of the main control module (3).

6. The DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device according to claim 5, characterized in that, The main control module (3) includes: A digital converter ADC, connected to the intermediate node; A processing unit, connected to the digital converter ADC; An electronic - switch driving circuit, one end of which is connected to the processing unit and the other end is connected to the second - stage voltage protection module (4); In the operating state, the digital converter ADC receives the voltage signal from the intermediate node, converts the voltage signal into a digital signal; the processing unit processes the digital signal from the digital converter ADC and performs calculations, compares the calculation result with the threshold value in the data input module, and outputs a control signal according to the comparison result; the electronic switch driving circuit receives the control signal and controls the switching state of the second-stage voltage protection module (4).

7. The DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device according to claim 6, characterized in that, The second-stage voltage protection module (4) includes: A ninth resistor (41), one end of which is connected to the main control module (3), and the other end is connected to the ground wire; A sixth resistor (42), one end of which is connected to the main control module (3) and the ninth resistor (41); A first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor (43), with the drain D connected to the power supply, the source S connected to the power supply, and the control electrode G connected to the sixth resistor (42); A second N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor (44), with the drain D connected to the power supply, the source S connected to the power supply, and the control electrode G connected to the sixth resistor (42).

8. The DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device according to claim 7, characterized in that, The first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor (43) and the second N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor (44) have the same structure and each has a body diode inside. The anode of the body diode is connected to the drain D of the first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor (43), and the cathode of the body diode is connected to the source S of the first N-channel enhancement-mode field-effect transistor (43).

9. A control method for a DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that, Including: Obtain the working principle, circuit structure, component parameters, and working environment parameters of the DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device to obtain working condition data; According to the working condition data, operate the DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device under the actual working conditions, and monitor and collect the waveform data of voltage and current in real time to obtain experimental data; Establish a simulation dynamic model according to the obtained experimental data; Establish an adaptive controller structure according to the simulation dynamic model and experimental data; Obtain a control signal according to the simulation dynamic model and adaptive controller parameters; Control the on / off of the second-stage voltage protection module according to the control signal.

10. The control method of the DC multi-stage composite voltage adjustable protection device according to claim 9, characterized in that, Obtain a control signal according to the simulation dynamic model and adaptive controller parameters, including: According to the adaptive controller parameters, use the simulation dynamic model to monitor the input DC voltage signal and judge the polarity of the voltage signal to obtain a judgment result; According to the judgment result, if the voltage polarity is correct, send a signal to trigger the conduction of the field-effect transistor; According to the judgment result, if the voltage polarity is reversed, send a signal to cut off the field-effect transistor; After the field-effect transistor is turned on, sample the passing DC voltage to obtain a sampling signal; Calculate the deviation according to the sampling signal and the set threshold value to obtain a deviation value; Update the adaptive controller parameters according to the deviation value to obtain a control signal.

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