Transform coding of video data for inter prediction

Abstract

Transform coding of video data for inter-prediction is disclosed, some operations associated with transform decoding may provide coding gain for intra-predicted coding blocks, but not for coding blocks predicted using certain inter-prediction tools or techniques. These operations may include, for example, multiple transform selection (MTS) and / or transform skipping, and inter prediction tools or techniques may include one or more of affine motion compensation, combined inter and intra prediction (CIIP), triangular partition mode (TPM), or geometric merge mode (GEO). Accordingly, systems, methods, and tools associated with multi-function video coding may be configured such that the foregoing operations associated with transform decoding may be disabled for a coded block predicted using one or more inter prediction tools or techniques described herein. Many benefits may be derived from disabling these operations, including, for example, reducing encoding time and / or signaling overhead.

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application of Chinese patent application No. 202080094008.2, filed on December 24, 2020, entitled “Transform Coding of Video Data for Inter-Frame Prediction”. The contents of the parent application are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0003] This application claims the benefit of European Patent Application No. 19306778.2, filed on December 30, 2019, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Background Art

[0004] Video coding systems and apparatus can be used to compress digital video signals, for example, to reduce the storage and / or transmission bandwidth required for such signals. Video coding can compress video data using intra-frame and / or inter-frame prediction techniques, transform techniques, quantization techniques, and the like. For certain types of coding units, some of these techniques may increase coding time and / or signaling overhead without providing significant coding gains. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Systems, methods, and tools associated with general video coding are described herein. A video coding apparatus as described herein may include a video encoder configured to determine a prediction residual for a coding block (e.g., a coding unit) using an inter-frame prediction technique. The video encoder may determine that the inter-frame prediction technique is within a set of inter-frame prediction techniques, and thus at least one operation associated with transform coding is to be disabled. Based on this determination, the video encoder may disable at least one operation associated with transform coding for the prediction residual of the coding block, and encode the prediction residual with the at least one operation associated with transform coding disabled. In an example, the at least one operation associated with transform coding to be disabled may include multiple transform selection (MTS). In an example, the at least one operation associated with transform coding to be disabled may include transform skipping (TrSkip). In an example, disabling MTS for the prediction residual of the coding block may include skipping rate-distortion search performance based on one or more candidate transforms for the coding block. In an example, the set of inter-frame prediction techniques that results in disabling MTS and / or TrSkip may include affine motion compensation, combined inter and intra prediction, triangle partitioning, and geometric merging.

[0006] A video encoding apparatus as described herein may include a video decoder configured to obtain video data including prediction residuals for a coding block (e.g., a coding unit). The video decoder may determine, based on the video data, that the prediction residuals included in the video data were determined using an inter-prediction technique, the inter-prediction technique being in a set of inter-prediction techniques, and thus at least one operation associated with transform coding is disabled. Based on this determination, the video decoder may decode the prediction residuals for the coding block with the at least one operation associated with transform coding disabled. In an example, the at least one operation associated with transform coding that is disabled may include multiple transform selection (MTS). In an example, the at least one operation associated with transform coding that is disabled may include transform skipping (TrSkip). In an example, decoding the prediction residuals for the coding block with MTS disabled may include skipping obtaining an MTS index from the video data. In an example, the set of inter-prediction techniques that results in MTS and / or TrSkip being disabled may include affine motion compensation, combined inter and intra prediction, triangle partitioning, and geometric merging. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary video encoder.

[0008] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary video decoder.

[0009] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system in which various aspects and examples are implemented.

[0010] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of affine motion compensation with two control points.

[0011] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of inter-frame prediction based on triangular partitions.

[0012] Figure 6A is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary communication system in which one or more disclosed examples may be implemented.

[0013] Figure 6B is shown in accordance with an example Figure 6A A system diagram of an exemplary wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) for use within a communication system is shown.

[0014] Figure 6C An example is shown in Figure 6A A system diagram illustrating an exemplary radio access network (RAN) and an exemplary core network (CN) for use within a communication system is shown.

[0015] Figure 6D It is shown that according to an example Figure 6A A system diagram of another exemplary RAN and another exemplary CN used in the communication system is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0016] Detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the present invention will now be given with reference to the accompanying drawings. Although this specification provides detailed examples of possible implementations, it should be noted that the details are intended to be illustrative and in no way limit the scope of the present application.

[0017] This application describes a number of aspects, including tools, features, examples, models, methods, etc. Many of these aspects are described in a specific manner and, at least to illustrate individual features, are often described in a manner that may sound restrictive. However, this is for clarity of description and does not limit the application or scope of these aspects. In fact, all different aspects can be combined and interchanged to provide further aspects. In addition, these aspects can also be combined and interchanged with aspects described in previous submissions.

[0018] The aspects described and contemplated in this patent application can be implemented in many different forms. Figures 1 to 6D Some examples can be provided, but others are contemplated, and Figure 1-6D The discussion of the present invention does not limit the breadth of specific implementations. At least one of these aspects generally relates to video encoding and decoding, and at least one other aspect generally relates to transmitting a generated or encoded bitstream. These and other aspects can be implemented as methods, apparatus, computer-readable storage media having stored thereon instructions for encoding or decoding video data according to any of the methods, and / or computer-readable storage media having stored thereon a bitstream generated according to any of the methods.

[0019] In this application, the terms "reconstruction" and "decoding" are used interchangeably, the terms "pixel" and "sample" are used interchangeably, and the terms "image," "picture," and "frame" are used interchangeably. Typically, but not necessarily, the term "reconstruction" is used on the encoding side, while "decoding" is used on the decoding side.

[0020] Various methods are described herein, and each method includes one or more steps or actions for implementing the method. Unless the correct operation method requires a specific order of steps or actions, the order and / or purpose of specific steps and / or actions can be modified or combined. In addition, in various examples, terms such as "first", "second" and the like can be used to modify elements, components, steps, operations, etc., such as "first decoding" and "second decoding". Unless specifically needed, the use of such terms does not imply the sequencing of the modification operations. Therefore, in this example, the first decoding does not need to be performed before the second decoding, and can, for example, occur before, during, or in an overlapping time period of the second decoding.

[0021] Various methods and other aspects described herein may be used to modify modules (eg, decoding modules) of the video encoder 100 and decoder 200, such as Figure 1 and Figure 2 Furthermore, aspects of the present invention are not limited to VVC or HEVC and may be applied, for example, to other standards and recommendations (whether pre-existing or developed in the future) and extensions of any such standards and recommendations (including VVC and HEVC). Unless otherwise specified or technically excluded, the aspects described in this application may be used alone or in combination.

[0022] Various values ​​are used in this application, for example, a sub-block size of 4×4, index values ​​ranging from 0 to 82, etc. The specific values ​​are for exemplary purposes, and the described aspects are not limited to these specific values.

[0023] Figure 1 An encoder 100 is shown. Variations of this encoder 100 are contemplated, but for clarity, the following describes the encoder 100 without describing all contemplated variations.

[0024] Before encoding, the video sequence may undergo pre-encoding processing (101), for example, applying a color transform to the input color picture (e.g., conversion from RGB 4:4:4 to YCbCr 4:2:0), or performing a remapping of the input picture components to obtain a signal distribution that is more resilient to compression (e.g., using histogram equalization of one of the color components). Metadata may be associated with the pre-processing and appended to the bitstream.

[0025] In an encoder 100, a picture is encoded by encoder elements as described below. The picture to be encoded is partitioned (102) and processed in units such as CUs. Each unit is encoded, for example, using intra mode or inter mode. When a unit is encoded in intra mode, it performs intra prediction (160). In inter mode, motion estimation (175) and compensation (170) are performed. The encoder decides (105) which of intra mode or inter mode to use for encoding the unit and indicates the intra / inter decision by, for example, a prediction mode flag. The prediction residual is calculated, for example, by subtracting (110) the predicted block from the original image block.

[0026] The prediction residual is then transformed (125) and quantized (130). The quantized transform coefficients, along with motion vectors and other syntax elements, are entropy encoded (145) to output a bitstream. The encoder can skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the untransformed residual signal. The encoder can bypass both the transform and quantization, i.e., encode the residual directly without applying the transform or quantization process.

[0027] The encoder decodes the coded block to provide a reference for further prediction. The quantized transform coefficients are dequantized (140) and inverse transformed (150) to decode the prediction residual. The decoded prediction residual and the prediction block are combined (155) to reconstruct the image block. A loop filter (165) is applied to the reconstructed image to perform, for example, deblocking / SAO (sample adaptive offset) filtering to reduce coding artifacts. The filtered image is stored in a reference picture buffer (180).

[0028] Figure 2 1 shows a block diagram of a video decoder 200. In the decoder 200, the bitstream is decoded by the decoder elements as described below. The video decoder 200 generally performs the same operations as described above. Figure 1 The encoding process is the reverse of the decoding process. The encoder 100 typically also performs video decoding as part of encoding the video data.

[0029] Specifically, the input to the decoder includes a video bitstream, which may be generated by the video encoder 100. The bitstream is first entropy decoded (230) to obtain transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other encoded information. Picture partition information indicates how the picture is partitioned. Thus, the decoder can divide (235) the picture according to the decoded picture partition information. The transform coefficients are dequantized (240) and inverse transformed (250) to decode the prediction residual. The decoded prediction residual and the prediction block are combined (255) to reconstruct the image block. The prediction block can be obtained (270) from intra-frame prediction (260) or motion compensated prediction (i.e., inter-frame prediction) (275). A loop filter (265) is applied to the reconstructed image. The filtered image is stored in a reference picture buffer (280).

[0030] The decoded picture may also undergo post-decoding processing (285), such as an inverse color transform (e.g., a transform from YCbCr 4:2:0 to RGB 4:4:4) or performing an inverse remapping of the remapping process performed in the pre-encoding process (101). The post-decoding processing may use metadata derived in the pre-encoding process and signaled in the bitstream.

[0031] Figure 3 A block diagram of an example of a system in which various aspects and examples are implemented is shown. System 300 may be embodied as a device including the various components described below and configured to perform one or more aspects described in this document. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, various electronic devices such as personal computers, laptop computers, smart phones, tablet computers, digital multimedia set-top boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, connected home appliances, and servers. The elements of system 300 may be embodied individually or in combination in a single integrated circuit (IC), multiple ICs, and / or discrete components. For example, in at least one example, the processing and encoder / decoder elements of system 300 are distributed across multiple ICs and / or discrete components. In various examples, system 300 is communicatively coupled to one or more other systems or other electronic devices via, for example, a communication bus or through dedicated input ports and / or output ports. In various examples, system 300 is configured to implement one or more of the aspects described in this document.

[0032] The system 300 includes at least one processor 310 configured to execute instructions loaded therein to implement, for example, the various aspects described in this document. The processor 310 may include embedded memory, input / output interfaces, and various other circuits known in the art. The system 300 includes at least one memory 320 (e.g., a volatile memory device and / or a non-volatile memory device). The system 300 includes a storage device 340, which may include non-volatile memory and / or volatile memory, including but not limited to electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), random access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), flash memory, a magnetic disk drive, and / or an optical disk drive. As non-limiting examples, the storage device 340 may include an internal storage device, an attached storage device (including removable and non-removable storage devices), and / or a network-accessible storage device.

[0033] System 300 includes an encoder / decoder module 350, which is configured to process data to provide encoded or decoded video, for example, and may include its own processor and memory. Encoder / decoder module 350 represents a module that may be included in a device to perform encoding and / or decoding functions. As is well known, a device may include one or both of an encoding module and a decoding module. Furthermore, encoder / decoder module 350 may be implemented as a separate component of system 300, or may be incorporated into processor 310 as a combination of hardware and software known to those skilled in the art.

[0034] Program code to be loaded onto the processor 310 or the encoder / decoder 350 to perform various aspects described herein may be stored in the storage device 340 and subsequently loaded onto the memory 320 for execution by the processor 310. According to various examples, one or more of the processor 310, the memory 320, the storage device 340, and the encoder / decoder module 350 may store one or more of various items during execution of the processes described herein. Such stored items may include, but are not limited to, input video, decoded video or partially decoded video, bitstreams, matrices, variables, and intermediate or final results of processing equations, formulas, operations, and operational logic.

[0035] In some examples, memory internal to the processor 310 and / or encoder / decoder module 350 is used to store instructions and provide working memory for processing required during encoding or decoding. However, in other examples, memory external to the processing device (e.g., the processing device may be the processor 310 or the encoder / decoder module 350) is used for one or more of these functions. The external memory may be memory 320 and / or storage device 340, such as dynamic volatile memory and / or non-volatile flash memory. In several examples, the external non-volatile flash memory is used to store, for example, an operating system for a television. In at least one example, fast external dynamic volatile memory, such as RAM, is used as working memory for video encoding and decoding operations, such as MPEG-2 (MPEG stands for Moving Picture Experts Group, MPEG-2 is also known as ISO / IEC 13818, and 13818-1 is also known as H.222, 13818-2 is also known as H.262), HEVC (HEVC stands for High Efficiency Video Coding, also known as H.265 and MPEG-H Part 2), or VVC (Versatile Video Coding).

[0036] Inputs to the elements of system 300 may be provided through various input devices as shown in block 360. Such input devices include, but are not limited to: (i) a radio frequency (RF) section that receives an RF signal transmitted over the air, for example, by a broadcaster; (ii) a component (COMP) input terminal (or a set of COMP input terminals); (iii) a universal serial bus (USB) input terminal; and / or (iv) a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) input terminal. Figure 3 Other examples not shown include composite video.

[0037] In various examples, the input device of block 360 has associated corresponding input processing elements as known in the art. For example, the RF part may be associated with elements suitable for the following: (i) selecting the desired frequency (also referred to as selecting a signal, or limiting the signal band to a frequency band), (ii) down-converting the selected signal, (iii) again band-limiting to a narrower frequency band to select a signal band that (for example) may be referred to as a channel in some examples, (iv) demodulating the down-converted and band-limited signal, (v) performing error correction, and (vi) demultiplexing to select the desired packet stream. Various examples of the RF part include one or more elements for performing these functions, such as a frequency selector, a signal selector, a band limiter, a channel selector, a filter, a down-converter, a demodulator, an error corrector, and a demultiplexer. The RF part may include a tuner that performs various of these functions, including, for example, down-converting a received signal to a lower frequency (for example, an intermediate frequency or a near-baseband frequency) or to baseband. In a set-top box example, the RF part and its associated input processing element receive the RF signal transmitted by wired (for example, cable) medium, and by filtering, down-conversion and filtering to the desired frequency band again to perform frequency selection.Various examples rearrange the order of above-mentioned (and other) elements, remove some elements in these elements, and / or add other elements that perform similar or different functions.Adding element can comprise and insert element between existing element, for example, insert amplifier and analog to digital converter.In various examples, the RF part comprises antenna.

[0038] In addition, the USB and / or HDMI terminals may include corresponding interface processors for connecting the system 300 to other electronic devices across the USB and / or HDMI connections. It should be understood that various aspects of input processing (e.g., Reed-Solomon error correction) may be implemented, for example, within a separate input processing IC or within the processor 310, as desired. Similarly, aspects of USB or HDMI interface processing may be implemented, for example, within a separate interface IC or within the processor 310, as desired. The demodulated stream, error-corrected stream, and demultiplexed stream are provided to various processing elements, including, for example, the processor 310 and the encoder / decoder 350, which operate in conjunction with memory and storage elements to process the data streams as needed for presentation on an output device.

[0039] The various components of system 300 may be disposed within an integrated housing. Within the integrated housing, the various components may be interconnected and data transmitted between the components using a suitable connection arrangement 370 (e.g., an internal bus known in the art, including an inter-IC (I2C) bus, wiring, and a printed circuit board).

[0040] System 300 includes a communication interface 380 capable of communicating with other devices via a communication channel 382. Communication interface 380 may include, but is not limited to, a transceiver configured to transmit and receive data over communication channel 382. Communication interface 380 may include, but is not limited to, a modem or a network card, and communication channel 382 may be implemented, for example, within a wired and / or wireless medium.

[0041] In various examples, a wireless network (such as a Wi-Fi network), for example, IEEE 802.11 (IEEE refers to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), is used to stream data or otherwise provide it to the system 300. The Wi-Fi signals of these examples are received by a communication channel 382 and a communication interface 380 suitable for Wi-Fi communication. The communication channel 382 of these examples is typically connected to an access point or router that provides access to an external network including the Internet to allow streaming applications and other cross-top communications. Other examples use a set-top box to provide streaming data to the system 300, which delivers data via the HDMI connection of the input box 360. Some further examples use the RF connection of the input box 360 to provide streaming data to the system 300. As described above, various examples provide data in a non-streaming manner. In addition, various examples use wireless networks other than Wi-Fi, such as cellular networks or Bluetooth networks.

[0042] System 300 can provide output signals to various output devices, including a display 392, speakers 394, and other peripheral devices 396. Various examples of display 392 include, for example, one or more of a touch screen display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, a curved display, and / or a foldable display. Display 392 can be used in a television, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a cell phone (mobile phone), or other device. Display 392 can also be integrated with other components (e.g., as in a smartphone) or be separate (e.g., an external monitor for a laptop computer). In various examples, other peripheral devices 396 include one or more of a stand-alone digital video disc (or digital versatile disc) (DVR, for both terms), a disc player, a stereo system, and / or a lighting system. Various examples use one or more peripheral devices 396 that provide functionality based on the output of system 300. For example, a disc player performs the function of playing the output of system 300.

[0043] In various examples, control signals are transmitted between the system 300 and the display 392, speaker 394, or other peripheral devices 396 using signaling such as AV.Link, Consumer Electronics Control (CEC), or other communication protocols that enable device-to-device control with or without user intervention. Output devices can be communicatively coupled to the system 300 via dedicated connections through respective interfaces 330, 332, and 334. Alternatively, the output devices can be connected to the system 300 via the communication interface 380 using a communication channel 382. The display 392 and speaker 394 can be integrated into a single unit with other components of the system 300 in an electronic device, such as a television. In various examples, the display interface 330 includes a display driver, such as a timing controller (TCon) chip.

[0044] Alternatively, for example, if the RF portion of input 370 is part of a separate set-top box, the display 392 and speaker 394 may be separate from one or more of the other components. In various examples where the display 392 and speaker 394 are external components, the output signals may be provided via dedicated output connections, including, for example, an HDMI port, a USB port, or a COMP output.

[0045] These examples may be executed by computer software implemented by processor 310 or by hardware or a combination of hardware and software. As a non-limiting example, these examples may be implemented by one or more integrated circuits. As a non-limiting example, memory 320 may be of any type suitable for the technical environment and may be implemented using any appropriate data storage technology, such as optical memory devices, magnetic memory devices, semiconductor-based memory devices, fixed memory, and removable memory. As a non-limiting example, processor 310 may be of any type suitable for the technical environment and may include one or more of a microprocessor, a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, and a processor based on a multi-core architecture.

[0046] Various implementations involve decoding. As used herein, "decoding" can encompass, for example, all or part of the processes performed on a received coded sequence to produce a final output suitable for display. In various examples, such processes include one or more of the processes typically performed by a decoder, such as entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transforms, and differential decoding. In various examples, such processes also include or alternatively include processes performed by the decoder of various implementations described herein, such as receiving a multiple transform selection (MTS) index.

[0047] As another example, in one example, "decoding" refers only to entropy decoding, in another example, "decoding" refers only to differential decoding, and in another example, "decoding" refers to a combination of entropy decoding and differential decoding. Whether the phrase "decoding process" specifically refers to a subset of operations or broadly refers to a broader decoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific description and is believed to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0048] Various implementations involve encoding. In a manner similar to the discussion above regarding "decoding," "encoding," as used in this application, can encompass, for example, all or part of the processes performed on an input video sequence to produce an encoded bitstream. In various examples, such processes include one or more of the processes typically performed by an encoder, such as partitioning, differential encoding, transforms, quantization, and entropy encoding. In various examples, such processes also include or alternatively include processes performed by the encoder of the various implementations described in this application, such as determining whether MTS and / or transform skipping is to be disabled for a coding unit.

[0049] As another example, in one example, "decoding" refers only to entropy decoding, in another example, "decoding" refers only to differential decoding, and in another example, "decoding" refers to a combination of differential decoding and entropy decoding. Whether the phrase "encoding process" specifically refers to a subset of operations or broadly refers to a broader encoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific description and is believed to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0050] Note that the syntax elements used herein, such as inter_affine_flag, ciip_flag, MergeTriangleFlag, wedge_merge_mode, etc., are descriptive terms and therefore do not preclude the use of other syntax element names.

[0051] When the figures are presented as flow charts, it should be understood that they also provide block diagrams of the corresponding apparatus. Similarly, when the figures are presented as block diagrams, it should be understood that they also provide flow charts of the corresponding methods / processes.

[0052] Various examples relate to rate-distortion optimization. Specifically, during the encoding process, a balance or trade-off between rate and distortion is often considered, often within computational complexity constraints. Rate-distortion optimization is often formulated as minimizing a rate-distortion function, which is a weighted sum of rate and distortion. There are different approaches to solving the rate-distortion optimization problem. For example, these approaches may be based on extensive testing of all coding options (including all considered modes or coding parameter values) and a complete evaluation of their coding costs and the associated distortion of the reconstructed signal after encoding and decoding. Faster approaches can also be used to reduce coding complexity, particularly by calculating approximate distortions based on predictions or prediction residuals rather than reconstructed residuals. A hybrid of these two approaches may also be used, such as by using approximate distortions for only some of the possible coding options and full distortions for others. Other approaches only evaluate a subset of the possible coding options. More generally, many methods employ any of a variety of techniques to perform optimization, but optimization does not necessarily involve a complete evaluation of both coding costs and associated distortions.

[0053] The specific implementations and aspects described herein can be implemented in, for example, a method or process, an apparatus, a software program, a data stream, or a signal. Even if discussed only in the context of a single form of specific implementation (e.g., discussed only as a method), the specific implementation of the features discussed can also be implemented in other forms (e.g., an apparatus or program). The apparatus can be implemented in, for example, appropriate hardware, software, and firmware. The method can be implemented in, for example, a processor, which generally refers to a processing device, including, for example, a computer, a microprocessor, an integrated circuit, or a programmable logic device. The processor also includes communication equipment, such as, for example, a computer, a mobile phone, a portable / personal digital assistant ("PDA"), and other equipment that facilitates information communication between end users.

[0054] References to "one example" or "an example" or "one implementation" or "an implementation" and other variations thereof mean that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, etc. described in connection with the example is included in at least one example. Thus, appearances of the phrases "in one example" or "in an example" or "in one implementation" or "in an implementation" and any other variations thereof in various places throughout this application are not necessarily all referring to the same example.

[0055] Additionally, this application may refer to “determining” various information. Determining information may include, for example, one or more of estimating information, calculating information, predicting information, or retrieving information from a memory.

[0056] Furthermore, this application may refer to "accessing" various information. Accessing information may include, for example, one or more of receiving information, retrieving information (e.g., from a memory), storing information, moving information, copying information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0057] Additionally, this application may refer to "receiving" various information. Like "accessing," receiving is intended to be a broad term. Receiving information can include, for example, one or more of accessing information or retrieving information (e.g., from a memory). Furthermore, "receiving" generally involves, in one way or another, an operation such as storing information, processing information, transmitting information, moving information, copying information, erasing information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0058] Furthermore, this application may refer to "obtaining" various pieces of information. As with "accessing" or "receiving," obtaining is intended to be a broad term. Obtaining information may include, for example, one or more of receiving information, deriving information (e.g., by computing and / or extracting), acquiring information, obtaining information, capturing information, accessing information, or retrieving information (e.g., from a memory). Furthermore, "obtaining" generally involves, in one way or another, participating in operations such as, for example, storing information, processing information, transmitting information, moving information, copying information, erasing information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0059] It should be understood that, for example, in the case of "A / B," "A and / or B," and "at least one of A and B," the use of any of the following " / ," "and / or," and "at least one of" is intended to encompass selecting only the first-listed option (A), or only the second-listed option (B), or both options (A and B). As a further example, in the case of "A, B, and / or C" and "at least one of A, B, and C," such phrases are intended to encompass selecting only the first-listed option (A), or only the second-listed option (B), or only the third-listed option (C), or only the first-listed option and the second-listed option (A and B), or only the first-listed option and the third-listed option (A and C), or only the second-listed option and the third-listed option (B and C), or all three options (A, B, and C). As will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in this and related arts, this can be extended to as many items as listed.

[0060] Furthermore, as used herein, the term "signaling" means (among other things) indicating something to a corresponding decoder. For example, in some examples, an encoder signals whether a particular prediction technique is to be applied to a coding unit. Thus, in one example, the same parameters are used on both the encoder and decoder sides. Thus, for example, the encoder may transmit specific parameters to the decoder (explicit signaling) so that the decoder can use the same specific parameters. Conversely, if the decoder already has specific parameters and others, signaling may be used without transmitting them (implicit signaling) to simply allow the decoder to know and select the specific parameters. By avoiding the transmission of any actual function, bit savings are achieved in various examples. It should be understood that signaling can be implemented in various ways. For example, in various examples, information is signaled to the corresponding decoder using one or more syntax elements, flags, etc. Although the verb form of the word "signal" is mentioned above, the word "signal" may also be used as a noun in this article.

[0061] It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that a specific implementation may generate various signals formatted to carry, for example, storable or transmittable information. The information may include, for example, instructions for executing a method or data generated by one of the specific implementations. For example, a signal may be formatted to carry a bit stream of the example. Such a signal may be formatted, for example, as an electromagnetic wave (e.g., using a radio frequency portion of the spectrum) or a baseband signal. Formatting may include, for example, encoding a data stream and modulating a carrier with the encoded data stream. The information carried by the signal may be, for example, analog or digital information. It is known that the signal may be transmitted over a variety of different wired or wireless links. The signal may be stored on a processor-readable medium.

[0062] A video processing system or device, such as a video encoder as described herein, may be configured to predict coding blocks (e.g., coding units) using one or more inter-frame prediction techniques or tools. These inter-frame prediction techniques may include, for example, affine motion compensation, combined inter- and intra-frame coding (CIIP), triangle partition mode (TPM), and / or geometric merge mode (GEO). The video encoding device may use these prediction techniques to achieve various coding gains. For example, using affine motion compensation, the video encoding device may achieve motion compensation beyond translational motion. In an example implementation of affine motion compensation, the video encoding device may, for example, assign motion vectors to sub-blocks of size 4×4 (e.g., to each sub-block of size 4×4) based on an affine motion field based on 4×4 sub-blocks. The video encoding device may calculate the motion field based on one or more (e.g., two or three) control point motion vectors (CPMVs). Figure 1An example of affine motion compensation with two control points A and B (e.g., located at the upper left and upper right corners, respectively) is shown. As shown, the video encoding device can divide the 16×16 coding block into 4×4 sub-blocks and apply motion compensation to one or more sub-blocks in the sub-blocks (e.g., to each 4×4 sub-block) using corresponding motion vectors associated with the sub-blocks. These motion vectors can be determined (e.g., derived, calculated, etc.) based on the control points A and B shown in the figure. The video encoding device can refine the results of the affine motion compensation based on optical flow (e.g., using one or more prediction refinements with optical flow (PROF) techniques).

[0063] A video encoding device may indicate whether affine motion compensation is applied to a coding block (e.g., a coding unit or CU), for example, by including an inter-frame affine indication (e.g., such as inter_affine_flag) in the video bitstream. A video encoding device may indicate multiple CPMVs (e.g., two or three CPMVs) for a coding block (e.g., a CU), for example, by including an affine type indication (e.g., such as cu_affine_type_flag) in the video bitstream. The use of two CPMVs for a coding block (e.g., if two CPMVs are used to calculate a sub-block-based motion field) may correspond to a 4-parameter affine motion field for the coding block (e.g., a 4-parameter affine motion field may be calculated for the coding block). The use of three CPMVs for a coding block (e.g., if three CPMVs are used to calculate a sub-block-based motion field) may correspond to a 6-parameter affine motion field for the coding block (e.g., a 6-parameter affine motion field may be calculated for the coding block). Example syntax associated with affine motion compensation may be as follows:

[0064] Table 1 Example coding syntax associated with affine motion compensation

[0065]

[0066]

[0067] The video encoding device can perform combined inter-frame prediction and intra-frame prediction (CIIP) for a coding block (e.g., a CU). In an example, CIIP can be enabled for encoding a coding block in merge mode, where the coding block may include at least 64 luma samples. The width and / or height of such a coding block may be less than 128 luma samples. The video encoding device can determine the inter-frame prediction signal (e.g., R in CIIP mode) in the CIIP mode, for example, using the same inter-frame prediction technique that can be applied in merge mode. inter ). The video encoding apparatus may determine an intra prediction signal (eg, R intra). The prediction signals determined from inter-frame prediction and intra-frame prediction can be combined, for example, by weighted averaging, where the value of the applied weight can depend on the coding mode of one or more neighboring blocks of the current coding block (e.g., the current CU), such as the top and left neighboring blocks of the current coding block.

[0068] For example, a video encoding device may indicate whether CIIP is applied to a coding block (e.g., a CU) by including a CIIP indication (e.g., such as ciip_flag) in the video bitstream (e.g., an indication with a value of 1 may indicate that CIIP is applied). A CIIP indication may be provided (e.g., signaled in the video bitstream) if one or more (e.g., all) of the following conditions are met for the coding block. For example, if the prediction mode for the coding block is inter prediction, a CIIP indication may be signaled and / or received. If the inter prediction mode for the coding block includes merge mode, a CIIP indication may be signaled and / or received. If intra block copying is not applied to the coding block, a CIIP indication may be signaled and / or received. If merging of sub-blocks is not applied to the coding block, a CIIP indication may be signaled and / or received. If merging with motion vector differences (MMVD) is not applied to the coding block, a CIIP indication may be signaled and / or received. If the merge flag is zero, a CIIP indication may be signaled and / or received. If the coding block width (e.g., cbWidth) associated with the coding block is less than a threshold value (e.g., 128), a CIIP indication may be signaled and / or received. If the coding block height (e.g., cbHeight) associated with the coding block is less than 128, a CIIP indication may be signaled and / or received. If the coding block width associated with the coding block multiplied by the coding block height associated with the coding block (e.g., cbWidth*cbHeight) is greater than or equal to a threshold value (e.g., 64), a CIIP indication may be signaled and / or received. If the triangular partitioning mode is not applied to the coding block, a CIIP indication may be signaled and / or received.

[0069] As described herein, MMVD may be a mode in which a video encoding device may signal differential motion with a specific value, and merge mode may be a mode in which a video encoding device may not signal motion vectors. MMVD may result in higher motion accuracy. If triangle partitioning mode is not activated, the CIIP indication may be inferred to have a value indicating that CIIP is used if one or more of the conditions described herein (e.g., all of the above conditions) are met.

[0070] Table 2 below illustrates an example syntax for signaling CIIP, for example at the CU level or coding block level.

[0071] Table 2 Example syntax associated with CIIP

[0072]

[0073]

[0074] The video encoding device can be configured to encode a coding block (e.g., a CU) using a triangle partitioning mode (TPM). For example, the video encoding device can use TPM for coding blocks (e.g., inter-frame predicted coding blocks) of a specific size (e.g., 8×8 or larger). When using TPM, the video encoding device can divide the coding block (e.g., evenly) into one or more (e.g., two) triangle partitions. The video encoding device can indicate whether to perform diagonal or anti-diagonal partitioning, for example, by including a triangle partitioning partition direction indication in the video bitstream. Figure 5 An example of inter prediction based on triangular partitioning is shown. The left figure shows a diagonal partitioning of a coding block, and the right figure shows an anti-diagonal partitioning of a coding block. Each of the partitions resulting from the diagonal or anti-diagonal partitioning can be associated with a motion vector (e.g., one motion vector) and / or a reference picture index.

[0075] Table 3 below shows an example encoding syntax associated with the TPM.

[0076] Table 3 Example syntax associated with TPM

[0077]

[0078]

[0079] The video encoding device may be configured to encode a coding block (e.g., a CU) using a geometric merge mode (GEO). GEO may be associated with inter-frame prediction (e.g., GEO may be an inter-frame prediction technique or tool). GEO may be an extension of TPM, where the partitioning may extend from being diagonal or anti-diagonal to being at one or more angles and / or one or more displacements from a partition boundary relative to the middle of the coding block.

[0080] Table 4 below shows an example coding syntax associated with GEO, which may also be referred to by other names, such as wedge merge mode. The enabling / disabling of GEO may be indicated by flags such as wedge_merge_mode, MergeGpmFlag, etc.

[0081] Table 4 Example syntax associated with GEO

[0082]

[0083]

[0084] The video encoding device can be configured to signal the use of GEO at the coding block or CU level, for example, by including a partition index, such as wedge_partition_idx, in the video bitstream. The value of such an index can be in the range of, for example, 0 to 82. The angle and / or direction of the partition can be determined based on the index.

[0085] A video encoding device such as a video encoder as described herein may be configured to enable one or more operations associated with transform coding for a first set of coding techniques or tools (e.g., intra-frame prediction techniques or tools) and disable one or more operations associated with transform coding for a second set of coding techniques or coding modes (e.g., inter-frame prediction techniques or tools). These disabled (or to be disabled) transform coding related operations may include, for example, multiple transform selection (MTS), transform skipping (TrSkip), and the like. MTS may include testing different transform types (e.g., for coding blocks or CUs) and selecting the one that provides the best rate-distortion performance (e.g., horizontal transform, vertical transform, etc.). TrSkip may include skipping one or more transform-related operations in the encoder and decoder. For example, if TrSkip is applied, pixel domain data may not be converted to the transform domain at the encoder, and the transform domain data may not be transformed back to the pixel domain at the decoder.

[0086] In an example, a video encoding device, such as the video encoder described herein, may be configured to apply MTS to an intra-predicted coding block (e.g., an intra-predicted CU) because, for example, residuals from intra-prediction may have a spatially smooth distribution, and MTS may provide a meaningful coding gain (e.g., 1%) for such intra-predicted coding blocks. In an example, if the video encoding device determines that the coding block is encoded (e.g., predicted) using one or more inter-prediction techniques that are within a predetermined set of inter-prediction techniques for which MTS is to be disabled, then the video encoding device, such as the video encoder described herein, may be configured to disable MTS for the coding block (e.g., a CU). Such a predetermined set of inter-prediction techniques may include, for example, affine motion compensation, CIIP, TPM, and / or GEO. In these cases, an example reason for disabling MTS may be that residuals predicted using discontinuous inter-prediction techniques (e.g., affine motion compensation, TPM, etc.) may not have a spatially smooth distribution, and MTS may not provide a significant coding gain (e.g., the gain may only be approximately 0.2%) for such inter-predicted coding blocks. The video encoding device can be configured to disable MTS for affine motion compensation, CIIP, TPM, GEO and / or a combination thereof. When MTS is disabled, the video encoding device can skip performing rate-distortion (RD) search on one or more candidate transform types with minimal impact on coding gain.

[0087] In an example, if one or more of affine motion compensation, CIIP, TPM, or GEO is used to encode a coding block (e.g., a CU), a video encoding device, such as a video encoder as described herein, may not encode (e.g., signal) an MTS index in a video bitstream. The video encoding device may use a separable transform pair, such as (DCT2, DCT2) for the coding block, where DCT2 may refer to a 2D distributed cosine transform.

[0088] A video encoding device, such as a video decoder described herein, may determine whether to attempt to process (e.g., receive and / or decode) an MTS index (e.g., from a video bitstream) for a current coding block (e.g., a current CU), the determination being based at least in part on whether the coding block was encoded (e.g., predicted) using one or more inter-frame prediction techniques that are in a predetermined set of inter-frame prediction techniques and for which MTS is to be disabled. Such a predetermined set of inter-frame techniques may include, for example, affine motion compensation, CIIP, TPM, and / or GEO. If the video encoding device determines that one or more of affine motion compensation, CIIP, TPM, or GEO is used to encode the current coding block, the video encoding device may skip processing (e.g., skip attempting to receive or extract) an MTS index (e.g., from a video bitstream) and may decode the coding block with MTS disabled.

[0089] Table 5 below shows example syntax associated with disabling MTS for affine motion compensation, CIIP, TPM, and / or combinations thereof.

[0090] Table 5 Example syntax associated with disabling MTS

[0091]

[0092] Table 6 below shows example syntax associated with disabling MTS for affine motion compensation, CIIP, GEO, and / or a combination thereof. Various prediction techniques or modes may also be referred to by other names and / or enabled / disabled via one or more flags. For example, GEO may also be referred to as wedge merge mode and may be enabled / disabled by flags such as wedge_merge_mode, MergeGpmFlag, etc.

[0093] Table 6 Example syntax associated with disabling MTS

[0094]

[0095] In an example, a video encoding device, such as the video encoders described herein, can be configured to disable MTS for a subset of affine motion compensation, CIIP, TPM, or GEO (e.g., rather than disabling MTS for all of these modes). A flag can be used to indicate that MTS is disabled for one or a combination of affine motion compensation, CIIP, TPM, or GEO. For example, a single flag (e.g., rather than multiple flags) can be used to indicate that MTS is disabled for only GEO, only CIIP, only TPM, only CIIP and GEO, only CIIP and TPM, only TPM and GEO, etc.

[0096] A video encoding device, such as the video encoder described herein, can be configured to disable transform skipping (TrSkip) for a coding block (e.g., a CU) if the coding block is predicted using one or more inter prediction techniques that are in a predetermined set of inter prediction techniques and therefore TrSkip will be disabled. Such a predetermined set of inter techniques may include, for example, affine motion compensation, CIIP, TPM, and / or GEO. The video encoding device can be configured to disable TrSkip for affine motion compensation, CIIP, TPM, GEO, and / or a combination thereof. In these cases, an example reason for disabling TrSkip may be that using TrSkip in combination with the aforementioned inter prediction tools may not provide sufficient coding gain given the encoding time involved.

[0097] If one or more of affine motion compensation, CIIP, TPM, and / or GEO is used to encode a coding block (e.g., a CU), a video encoding device, such as a video encoder as described herein, may not encode (e.g., signal) a TrSkip indication in a video bitstream. On the receiving side, a video encoding device, such as a video decoder as described herein, may determine whether to process (e.g., receive and / or decode) a TrSkip indication for a current coding block, the determination being based at least in part on whether one or more of affine motion compensation, CIIP, TPM, and / or GEO is used to encode the current coding block. If one or more of affine motion compensation, CIIP, TPM, and / or GEO is used to encode the current coding block, the video encoding device may skip receiving (e.g., extracting) a TrSkip indication (e.g., from a video bitstream) and decode the coding block with TrSkip disabled.

[0098] Table 7 below shows example syntax associated with disabling TrSkip for affine motion compensation, CIIP, TPM, and / or a combination.

[0099] Table 7 Example syntax associated with disabling TrSkip

[0100]

[0101] Table 8 below shows example syntax associated with disabling transform skipping for affine motion compensation, CIIP, GEO, and / or combinations thereof. Various prediction techniques or modes may also be referred to by other names and / or enabled / disabled via one or more flags. For example, GEO may also be referred to as wedge merge mode and may be enabled / disabled by flags such as wedge_merge_mode, MergeGpmFlag, etc.

[0102] Table 8 Example syntax associated with disabling TrSkip

[0103]

[0104] In an example, a video encoding device, such as the video encoders described herein, can be configured to disable TrSkip for a subset of affine motion compensation, CIIP, TPM, and / or GEO (e.g., rather than disabling TrSkip for all of these modes). A flag can be used to indicate that TrSkip is disabled for one or a combination of affine motion compensation, CIIP, TPM, or GEO. For example, a single flag (e.g., rather than multiple flags) can be used to indicate that TrSkip is disabled for only GEO, only CIIP, only TPM, CIIP and GEO, CIIP and TPM, TPM and GEO, etc.

[0105] Figure 6A1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary communication system 1200 in which one or more disclosed examples may be implemented. Communication system 1200 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. Communication system 1200 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content by sharing system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, communication system 1200 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tailing unique word DFT-spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), etc.

[0106] like Figure 6A As shown, the communication system 1200 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 1202a, 1202b, 1202c, 1202d, RAN 1204 / 1213, CN 1206 / 1215, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 1208, the Internet 1210, and other networks 1212. However, it will be appreciated that the disclosed examples contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c, 1202d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c, 1202d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, medical equipment and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial equipment and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in industrial and / or automated process chain environments), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on a commercial and / or industrial wireless network, etc. Any of the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c, and 1202d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0107] The communication system 1200 may also include a base station 1214a and / or a base station 1214b. Each of the base stations 1214a and 1214b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c, and 1202d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CNs 1206 and 1215, the Internet 1210, and / or other networks 1212. By way of example, the base stations 1214a and 1214b may be base transceiver stations (BTSs), NodeBs, eNodeBs, Home NodeBs, Home eNodeBs, gNBs, NR NodeBs, site controllers, access points (APs), wireless routers, and the like. While the base stations 1214a and 1214b are each depicted as a single element, it should be understood that the base stations 1214a and 1214b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0108] Base station 1214a may be part of RAN 1204 / 1213, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. Base station 1214a and / or base station 1214b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as cells (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide wireless service coverage to a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 1214a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one example, base station 1214a may include three transceivers, one for each sector of the cell. In one example, base station 1214a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0109] The base stations 1214a and 1214b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c, and 1202d over an air interface 1216, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 1216 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0110] More specifically, as noted above, the communication system 1200 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 1214a in the RAN 1204 / 1213 and the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may utilize Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish the air interface 1215 / 1216 / 1217. WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0111] In an example, the base station 1214a and the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 1216 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0112] In an example, the base station 1214a and the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c may implement a radio technology such as NR radio access, which may establish the air interface 1216 using New Radio (NR).

[0113] In an example, the base station 1214a and the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 1214a and the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c may implement both LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example, using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface used by the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0114] In other examples, the base station 1214a and the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), GSM Enhanced Data rates for Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0115] Figure 6A The base station 1214b in may be, for example, a wireless router, a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or an access point, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a road, and the like. In one example, the base station 1214b and the WTRUs 1202c, 1202d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an example, the base station 1214b and the WTRUs 1202c, 1202d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another example, the base station 1214b and the WTRUs 1202c, 1202d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a microcell base station or a femtocell base station. As Figure 6A As shown, base station 1214b may have a direct connection to the Internet 1210. Therefore, base station 1214b may not need to access the Internet 1210 via CN 1206 / 1215.

[0116] The RAN 1204 / 1213 may be in communication with the CN 1206 / 1215, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c, 1202d. Data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, delay requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 1206 / 1215 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform advanced security functions, such as user authentication. Although not described in Figure 6AAlthough not shown in the figure, it will be appreciated that the RAN 1204 / 1213 and / or the CN 1206 / 1215 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 1204 / 1213 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 1204 / 1213, which may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 1206 / 1215 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) that employs GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0117] The CN 1206 / 1215 may also act as a gateway for the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c, 1202d to access the PSTN 1208, the Internet 1210, and / or other networks 1212. The PSTN 1208 may include a circuit-switched telephone network that provides plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 1210 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) from the TCP / IP internet protocol suite. The networks 1212 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 1212 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 1204 / 1213 or a different RAT.

[0118] Some or all of the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c, 1202d in the communication system 1200 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c, 1202d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). Figure 6A The illustrated WTRU 1202c may be configured to communicate with the base station 1214a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 1214b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0119] Figure 6B is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary WTRU 1202. Figure 6BAs shown, the WTRU 1202 may include, among other things, a processor 1218, a transceiver 1220, a transmit / receive element 1222, a speaker / microphone 1224, a keypad 1226, a display / touchpad 1228, non-removable memory 1230, removable memory 1232, a power supply 1234, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 1236, and / or other peripherals 1238. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 1202 may include any subcombination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with the example.

[0120] The processor 1218 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 1218 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functions that enable the WTRU 1202 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 1218 may be coupled to the transceiver 1220, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 1222. Although Figure 6B The processor 1218 and transceiver 1220 are depicted as separate components, but it is understood that the processor 1218 and transceiver 1220 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0121] The transmit / receive element 1222 may be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 1214a) over the air interface 1216. For example, in one example, the transmit / receive element 1222 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In an example, the transmit / receive element 1222 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive, for example, IR, UV, or visible light signals. In yet another example, the transmit / receive element 1222 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It should be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 1222 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0122] Although the transmit / receive element 1222 Figure 6B Although depicted as a single element in FIG1202 , the WTRU 1202 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 1222. More specifically, the WTRU 1202 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one example, the WTRU 1202 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 1222 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 1216.

[0123] The transceiver 1220 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 1222 and demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 1222. As noted above, the WTRU 1202 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 1220 may include multiple transceivers to enable the WTRU 1202 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0124] The processor 1218 of the WTRU 1202 may be coupled to and may receive user input data from a speaker / microphone 1224, a keypad 1226, and / or a display / touchpad 1228 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 1218 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 1224, the keypad 1226, and / or the display / touchpad 1228. Furthermore, the processor 1218 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as non-removable memory 1230 and / or removable memory 1232. The non-removable memory 1230 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 1232 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, or the like. In other examples, the processor 1218 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 1202, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0125] The processor 1218 may receive power from the power source 1234 and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 1202. The power source 1234 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 1202. For example, the power source 1234 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0126] The processor 1218 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 1236, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 1202. In addition to or in lieu of the information from the GPS chipset 1236, the WTRU 1202 may receive location information from a base station (e.g., base stations 1214a, 1214b) over the air interface 1216 and / or determine its location based on the times at which signals are received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that, while remaining consistent with the example, the WTRU 1202 may acquire location information using any suitable location-determination method.

[0127] The processor 1218 may also be coupled to other peripherals 1238, which may include one or more software modules and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 1238 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, etc. The peripherals 1238 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0128] The WTRU 1202 may include a full-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and / or substantially eliminate self-interference via hardware (e.g., a choke) or via signal processing performed by a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 1218). In one example, the WTRU 1202 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0129] Figure 6C12 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 1204 and the CN 1206 according to an example. As noted above, the RAN 1204 may employ E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c over the air interface 1216. The RAN 1204 may also be in communication with the CN 1206.

[0130] The RAN 1204 may include eNode-Bs 1260a, 1260b, and 1260c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 1204 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with the example. The eNode-Bs 1260a, 1260b, and 1260c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, and 1202c over the air interface 1216. In one example, the eNode-Bs 1260a, 1260b, and 1260c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 1260a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 1202a.

[0131] Each of the eNodeBs 1260a, 1260b, 1260c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 6C As shown, eNode-Bs 1260a, 1260b, 1260c may communicate with one another via an X2 interface.

[0132] Figure 6C The illustrated CN 1206 may include a mobility management entity (MME) 1262, a serving gateway (SGW) 1264, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 1266. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 1206, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0133] The MME 1262 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 1260a, 1260b, 1260c in the RAN 1204 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 1262 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c, and the like. The MME 1262 may also provide control plane functions for switching between the RAN 1204 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0134] The SGW 1264 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 1260a, 1260b, 1260c in the RAN 1204 via an S1 interface. The SGW 1264 may generally route and forward user data packets to and from the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c. The SGW 1264 may also perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-eNode-B handovers, triggering paging when downlink data is available for the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c, managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c, and the like.

[0135] The SGW 1264 may be connected to the PGW 1266, which may provide the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 1210, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c and IP-enabled devices.

[0136] The CN 1206 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 1206 may provide the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 1208, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 1206 may include, or may be in communication with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 1206 and the PSTN 1208. In addition, the CN 1206 may provide the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c with access to other networks 1212, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0137] Even though the WTRU 6A to 6D Although described as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative examples, such a terminal may use (eg, temporarily or permanently) a wired communication interface with a communication network.

[0138] In a representative example, the other network 1212 may be a WLAN.

[0139] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access to or an interface with a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic to and / or out of the BSS. Traffic originating from outside the BSS and destined for a STA may reach through the AP and be delivered to the STA. Traffic originating from a STA and destined for a destination outside the BSS may be sent to the AP for delivery to the destination. Traffic between STAs within a BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where a source STA may send traffic to the AP, and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) a source and destination STA using direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative examples, DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs (eg, all STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad-hoc" communication mode.

[0140] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP may transmit beacons on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative examples, carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. With CSMA / CA, STAs (e.g., each STA) (including the AP) may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected by a particular STA and / or determined to be busy, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit in a given BSS at any given time.

[0141] High throughput (HT) STAs may communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, via a primary 20 MHz channel in combination with adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0142] Very high throughput (VHT) STAs can support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining eight contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels (this may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration). For the 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, the data can pass through a segment parser that can separate the data into two streams. Each stream can be individually processed using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and time domain processing. These streams can be mapped to two 80 MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiving STA's receiver, the operations described above for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the medium access control (MAC).

[0143] 802.11af and 802.11ah support operating modes below 1 GHz. The channel operating bandwidth and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative example, 802.11ah may support meter type control / machine type communication, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support for) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0144] WLAN systems that support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include a channel that can be designated as a primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA (that supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode) from among all STAs operating in the BSS. In the example of 802.11ah, for a STA (e.g., an MTC-type device) that supports (e.g., only) 1 MHz mode, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because a STA (that only supports 1 MHz operating mode) is transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency band may be considered busy, even if most of the frequency band remains idle and potentially available.

[0145] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz, depending on the country code.

[0146] Figure 6D 12 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 1213 and the CN 1215 according to an example. As noted above, the RAN 1213 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c over the air interface 1216. The RAN 1213 may also be in communication with the CN 1215.

[0147] The RAN 1213 may include gNBs 1280a, 1280b, and 1280c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 1213 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with the example. The gNBs 1280a, 1280b, and 1280c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, and 1202c over the air interface 1216. In one example, the gNBs 1280a, 1280b, and 1280c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 1280a and 1280b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 1280a, 1280b, and 1280c. Thus, gNB 1280a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from WTRU 1202a. In an example, gNBs 1280a, 1280b, and 1280c may implement carrier aggregation techniques. For example, gNB 1280a may transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU 1202a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an example, gNBs 1280a, 1280b, and 1280c may implement coordinated multi-point (CoMP) techniques. For example, WTRU 1202a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 1280a and gNB 1280b (and / or gNB 1280c).

[0148] The WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c may communicate with the gNBs 1280a, 1280b, 1280c using transmissions associated with scalable parameter sets. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c may communicate with the gNBs 1280a, 1280b, 1280c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying numbers of OFDM symbols and / or varying absolute time lengths).

[0149] The gNBs 1280a, 1280b, 1280c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c may communicate with the gNBs 1280a, 1280b, 1280c without accessing other RANs (e.g., such as the eNodeBs 1260a, 1260b, 1260c). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c may utilize one or more of the gNBs 1280a, 1280b, 1280c as mobility anchor points. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c may communicate with the gNBs 1280a, 1280b, 1280c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c may communicate or connect with the gNBs 1280a, 1280b, 1280c while also communicating or connecting with other RANs, such as the eNode-Bs 1260a, 1260b, 1260c. For example, the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 1280a, 1280b, 1280c and one or more eNode-Bs 1260a, 1260b, 1260c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the eNode-Bs 1260a, 1260b, 1260c may serve as mobility anchors for the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c and the gNBs 1280a, 1280b, 1280c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c.

[0150] Each of the gNBs 1280a, 1280b, 1280c may be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards a user plane function (UPF) 1284a, 1284b, routing of control plane information towards an access and mobility management function (AMF) 1282a, 1282b, etc. Figure 6D As shown, gNB1280a, 1280b, and 1280c can communicate with each other through the Xn interface.

[0151] Figure 6DThe illustrated CN 1215 may include at least one AMF 1282a, 1282b, at least one UPF 1284a, 1284b, at least one session management function (SMF) 1283a, 1283b, and possibly a data network (DN) 1285a, 1285b. While each of the aforementioned elements is depicted as part of the CN 1215, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0152] The AMF 1282a, 1282b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 1280a, 1280b, 1280c via the N2 interface in the RAN 1213 and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 1282a, 1282b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 1283a, 1283b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. The AMF 1282a, 1282b may use network slicing to customize CN support for the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c based on the type of services used by the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on Ultra Reliable Low Latency (URLLC) access, services relying on Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) access, services for Machine Type Communication (MTC) access, etc. The AMF 1282 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 1213 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0153] The SMFs 1283a and 1283b can connect to the AMFs 1282a and 1282b in the CN 1215 via the N11 interface. The SMFs 1283a and 1283b can also connect to the UPFs 1284a and 1284b in the CN 1215 via the N4 interface. The SMFs 1283a and 1283b can select and control the UPFs 1284a and 1284b and configure traffic routing through the UPFs 1284a and 1284b. The SMFs 1283a and 1283b can perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, and providing downlink data notifications. PDU session types can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, and so on.

[0154] The UPFs 1284a, 1284b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 1280a, 1280b, 1280c in the RAN 1213 via the N3 interface. These gNBs may provide the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 1210, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c and IP-enabled devices. The UPFs 1284, 1284b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0155] The CN 1215 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 1215 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 1215 and the PSTN 1208. Additionally, the CN 1215 may provide the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c with access to other networks 1212, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one example, the WTRUs 1202a, 1202b, 1202c may connect to local data networks (DNs) 1285a, 1285b through UPFs 1284a, 1284b via the N3 interface to the UPFs 1284a, 1284b and the N6 interface between the UPFs 1284a, 1284b and the local data networks (DNs) 1285a, 1285b.

[0156] Given that 6A to 6D as well as 6A to 6D

[00125] As described herein, one or more or all of the functions described herein with reference to one or more of the following may be performed by one or more emulated devices (not shown): WTRUs 1202a-d, base stations 1214a-b, eNodeBs 1260a-c, MMEs 1262, SGWs 1264, PGWs 1266, gNBs 1280a-c, AMFs 1282a-b, UPFs 1284a-b, SMFs 1283a-b, DNs 1285a-b, and / or any other devices described herein. An emulated device may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, an emulated device may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0157] The emulation device may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and / or in a carrier network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform one or more or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform one or more or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may use over-the-air wireless communications to perform testing.

[0158] The one or more emulated devices can perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulated device can be used in a test scenario in a test lab and / or in a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network to enable testing of one or more components. The one or more emulated devices can be test devices. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (e.g., which can include one or more antennas) can be used by the emulated device to transmit and / or receive data.

[0159] Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that each feature or element may be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated into a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted via a wired or wireless connection) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as built-in hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and optical media (such as CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs)). A processor associated with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

1. A video decoding device, comprising: A processor configured to: Obtaining video data, wherein the video data includes a prediction residual of a coding block; Based on the video data, determining whether the prediction residual is obtained using an affine motion compensation mode, a combined inter-frame and intra-frame prediction mode, a triangle partitioning mode, or a geometric merging mode; as well as Based on determining that the prediction residual is obtained using the affine motion compensation mode, the combined inter-frame and intra-frame prediction mode, the triangular partition mode, or the geometric merge mode, the prediction residual of the coding block is decoded when transform skipping is disabled for the coding block.

2. The video decoding device according to claim 1, wherein based on determining that the prediction residual is obtained using the inter-frame prediction technology but not in the affine motion compensation mode, the combined inter-frame and intra-frame prediction mode, the triangle partition mode, or the geometric merge mode, the processor is further configured to decode the prediction residual of the coding block when transform skipping is enabled for the coding block.

3. The video decoding apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the processor being configured to decode the prediction residual of the coding block when transform skipping is disabled for the coding block comprises: The processor is configured to disable transform skipping for the coding block in both a horizontal direction and a vertical direction.

4. The video decoding apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the processor being configured to disable transform skipping of the coding block in both the horizontal direction and the vertical direction comprises: The processor is configured to transform the prediction residual of the coding block from a pixel domain to a transform domain in both the horizontal direction and the vertical direction.

5. The video decoding apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the processor being configured to decode the prediction residual of the coding block when transform skipping is disabled comprises: The processor is configured to skip extracting from the video data an indication of whether transform skipping is disabled for the coding block.

6. The video decoding device according to claim 1, wherein based on the determination that the prediction residual of the coding block is obtained using the affine motion compensation mode, the combined inter-frame and intra-frame prediction mode, the triangle partition mode, or the geometric merging mode, the processor is configured to decode the prediction residual of the coding block while also disabling multi-transform selection (MTS) for the coding block.

7. The video decoding apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the processor being configured to decode the prediction residual of the coding block when MTS is also disabled for the coding block comprises: The processor is configured to skip extracting the MTS index of the coding block from the video data.

8. A video decoding method, comprising: Acquiring video data, wherein the video data includes a prediction residual of a coding block; Based on the video data, determining whether the prediction residual is obtained using an affine motion compensation mode, a combined inter-frame and intra-frame prediction mode, a triangle partitioning mode, or a geometric merging mode; and Based on determining that the prediction residual is obtained using the affine motion compensation mode, the combined inter-frame and intra-frame prediction mode, the triangular partition mode, or the geometric merge mode, the prediction residual of the coding block is decoded when transform skipping is disabled for the coding block.

9. The video decoding method according to claim 8, further comprising: Based on determining that the prediction residual of the coding block is obtained using inter-frame prediction technology rather than in the affine motion compensation mode, the combined inter-frame and intra-frame prediction mode, the triangle partition mode or the geometric merge mode, the prediction residual of the coding block is decoded when transform skipping is enabled for the coding block.

10. The video decoding method according to claim 8, wherein decoding the prediction residual of the coding block when transform skipping is disabled for the coding block comprises: Transform skipping is disabled for the coding block in both horizontal and vertical directions.

11. The video decoding method according to claim 10, wherein disabling transform skipping of the coding block in both the horizontal direction and the vertical direction comprises: The prediction residual of the coding block is transformed from a pixel domain to a transform domain in both the horizontal direction and the vertical direction.

12. The video decoding method according to claim 8, wherein: Based on determining that the prediction residual of the coding block is obtained using the affine motion compensation mode, the combined inter-frame and intra-frame prediction mode, the triangular partition mode or the geometric merge mode, the prediction residual of the coding block is decoded while multi-transform selection MTS is also disabled for the coding block.

13. A video encoding apparatus, comprising: A processor configured to: Obtain the prediction residual of the coding block; as well as The prediction residual of the coding block is encoded under the condition that the prediction residual is obtained using affine motion compensation mode, combined inter-frame and intra-frame prediction mode, triangle partition mode or geometric merge mode, and the prediction residual of the coding block is disabled in both horizontal and vertical directions.

14. The video encoding device according to claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to encode the prediction residual of the coding block using an inter-frame prediction technology but not obtained in the affine motion compensation mode, the combined inter-frame and intra-frame prediction mode, the triangle partition mode, or the geometric merge mode.

15. The video encoding device according to claim 13, wherein, under the condition that the prediction residual of the coding block is obtained using the affine motion compensation mode, the combined inter-frame and intra-frame prediction mode, the triangle partition mode or the geometric merging mode, the processor is configured to encode the prediction residual of the coding block while also disabling multi-transform selection (MTS) for the coding block.

Images