Land pricking marker post device for forestry investigation and planning

Abstract

The invention discloses a ground-pricking marker post device for forestry investigation planning, which belongs to the technical field of planning measurement and comprises a marker post main body, the top end of the marker post main body is connected with an identification lamp, the bottom end of the marker post main body is provided with a plug, and an external thread is arranged outside the marker post main body. And the external thread is externally connected with an extension supporting mechanism arranged outside the marker post main body. According to the invention, the spiral disc, the moving disc, the guide blocks, the guide grooves, the inclined insertion rods and the inclined holes are adopted, in the process of inserting the four inclined insertion rods which are far away from each other into soil, the supporting range is effectively expanded, and the overall stability of the marker post is enhanced; by means of the design, the marker post is effectively prevented from being pulled out under the action of wind power, the wind resistance of the device is greatly improved, it is guaranteed that the marker post is rapidly and conveniently installed, and meanwhile the ideal stability under the complex environment such as the large wind power is achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of planning and surveying, and in particular relates to a pole-fixing device for forestry survey and planning. Background Art

[0002] Forest planning surveying poles are used to accurately locate and mark specific measurement points on site. They provide a scientific basis and accurate data for the management and planning of forestry resources. Data obtained through on-site measurement can be processed and analyzed using technologies such as GIS.

[0003] In current forestry surveys and planning, stakes are important measurement tools, and their stability and reliability are crucial to the accuracy of measurement results. However, existing stakes are typically secured by directly inserting the tip of the stake into the soil. This method maintains the stake's stability in low wind conditions, but in strong winds, the stake is prone to tilting or even being lifted by the wind. This not only greatly inconveniences field surveys and affects measurement efficiency, but can also lead to inaccurate measurement data, thus affecting the accuracy and scientific nature of forestry planning.

[0004] Based on this, the present invention designs a pole-fixing device for forestry survey and planning to solve the above problems. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to solve the problems in the above-mentioned background technology and to propose a pole-fixing device for forestry survey and planning.

[0006] In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

[0007] A marking pole device for forestry survey and planning includes a pole body, a marking light connected to the top of the pole body, a plug provided at the bottom of the pole body, an external thread provided on the outside of the pole body, an extension support mechanism provided on the outside of the pole body connected to the outside of the external thread, a floating control mechanism connected to the outside of the pole body, two movable bearing mechanisms connected below the floating control mechanism, the movable bearing mechanisms connected to the outside of the pole body, counterweight rings provided in the two movable bearing mechanisms, and a cleaning ring connected to the inner wall of the counterweight ring.

[0008] As a further description of the above technical solution:

[0009] A reflective tape is provided on the outside of the pole body, a friction tape is connected to the position of the outer surface of the pole body corresponding to the counterweight ring, and the counterweight ring and the cleaning ring are slidably connected outside the friction tape.

[0010] As a further description of the above technical solution:

[0011] There are seven counterweight rings, and the reflective belt is located between the friction belt and the extension support mechanism.

[0012] As a further description of the above technical solution:

[0013] The extension support mechanism includes a movable plate and a support plate fixedly connected to the outside of the benchmark body. Four inclined holes are opened on the support plate. An inclined rod is slidably connected in the inclined holes. The top of the inclined rod is fixedly connected to a guide block. The guide block is set to T-shaped.

[0014] As a further description of the above technical solution:

[0015] Four guide grooves are provided under the movable plate, the guide blocks are slidably connected to the inner walls of the guide grooves, a connecting groove is provided on the movable plate, the connecting groove is annular, and four guide connecting balls are slidably connected in the connecting groove.

[0016] As a further description of the above technical solution:

[0017] The four guide connection balls are commonly connected with a spiral disk, the spiral disk is threadedly connected to the outside of the external thread, anti-slip grooves are provided on the outside of the spiral disk, and the movable disk is slidably connected to the outside of the benchmark body.

[0018] As a further description of the above technical solution:

[0019] The floating control mechanism includes a slip ring slidably connected to the outside of the benchmark body, a vertical rod is connected to the slip ring, and a wing plate is fixedly connected to the top of the vertical rod. The wing plate is an inclined arc-shaped plate. The wing plate uses the buoyancy generated by the flowing air to drive the slip ring to move axially along the benchmark body.

[0020] As a further description of the above technical solution:

[0021] Two guide sleeves are connected through the slip ring, a support rod is slidably connected in the guide sleeve, both ends of the support rod are connected to support plates, the support plates are fixedly connected to the outside of the benchmark body, an elastic component is provided on the outer sleeve of the support rod, the two ends of the elastic component are respectively fixedly connected to the guide sleeve and the support plate, and the movable bearing mechanism is connected under the slip ring.

[0022] As a further description of the above technical solution:

[0023] The movable bearing mechanism includes an extension rod and a moving rod. The extension rod is fixedly connected under the slip ring. The bottom end of the extension rod is fixedly connected to a squeezing ball. The top of the moving rod close to the benchmark body is connected to two contact blocks. The arc surface of the squeezing ball is slidably connected to the two contact blocks.

[0024] As a further description of the above technical solution:

[0025] The side of the moving rod close to the counterweight ring is connected to a receiving block, the lowermost counterweight ring is arranged on the receiving block, the side of the moving rod close to the counterweight ring is connected to an elastic telescopic rod, and the elastic telescopic rod is fixedly connected to the outside of the benchmark body.

[0026] In summary, due to the adoption of the above technical solution, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0027] 1. The present invention adopts a spiral disk, a movable disk, a guide block, a guide groove, an oblique rod and an oblique hole. When the spiral disk rotates, it moves downward by virtue of the thread action between the spiral disk and the external thread. At the same time, it maintains a stable connection with the movable disk through the guide connecting ball, ensuring the synchronization and accuracy of the movement. During the downward movement of the movable disk, the oblique rod is pressed by the guide groove, so that the oblique rod is obliquely inserted into the soil along the oblique hole. During the insertion of the four oblique rods away from each other into the soil, the support range is effectively expanded, and the overall stability of the benchmark is enhanced. Since the oblique rod is inserted obliquely instead of vertically, the soil on the upper side of the oblique rod exerts greater pressure on it. This design effectively prevents the benchmark from being pulled out under the action of wind, and greatly improves the wind resistance of the device. While ensuring the quick and convenient installation of the benchmark, the present invention achieves ideal stability in complex environments such as strong winds.

[0028] 2. In the present invention, the wing plate, support rod, guide sleeve, extrusion ball, contact block, bearing block and counterweight block are used. When encountering strong wind, the wind speed acts on the wing plate, prompting the wing plate and the slip ring to move in the vertical direction. This design cleverly utilizes the effect of wind force to achieve adaptive adjustment of the device. The movement of the slip ring drives the extension rod and the extrusion ball to move synchronously, and then squeezes the contact block, the moving rod and the bearing block. This interlocking movement mechanism ensures the coordinated work of various components of the device and improves the overall stability. As the bearing block separates from the counterweight ring, the counterweight ring and the cleaning ring slowly move under the action of the friction belt. It moves downward until the counterweight ring moves onto the spiral disk. This process effectively moves the overall center of gravity downward, further enhances the stability of the device, and reduces the risk of tilting. When the wind speed decreases, the elastic component controls the guide sleeve, slip ring and squeeze ball to reset, so that the bearing block moves back to the lower side of the counterweight ring to support the counterweight ring. This elastic reset function ensures that the device can quickly return to its initial stable state after the wind force changes. The present invention effectively utilizes the effect of wind force, realizes dynamic adjustment of the center of gravity, greatly improves the wind resistance of the device, and ensures measurement accuracy and reliability under complex wind conditions.

[0029] 3. In the present invention, reflective tape and a cleaning ring are adopted. The cleaning ring moves downward synchronously with the downward sliding of the counterweight ring. During this process, the cleaning ring automatically wipes and cleans the reflective tape on the surface of the benchmark body. This design cleverly utilizes the motion mechanism of the device to realize intelligent cleaning of the reflective tape. When the wind speed is fast, the action of the wind not only prompts the cleaning ring to move downward, but also forms a synergistic effect with the wiping action, making the wiping and cleaning effect more ideal. The wind-coordinated wiping design greatly improves the cleaning efficiency of the reflective tape. Through automatic wiping and cleaning, the present invention can continuously ensure the cleanliness of the reflective tape surface, thereby ensuring the stability and durability of the reflective effect, which is of great significance to improving the visibility and recognition of the measuring benchmark. The cleanliness of the reflective tape directly affects the reflective performance of the measuring benchmark, and thus affects the measurement accuracy. The intelligent cleaning mechanism of the present invention effectively ensures the cleanliness of the reflective tape, providing more accurate measurement data for forestry surveys and planning. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0030] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of a pole-fixing device for forestry survey and planning proposed by the present invention;

[0031] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the extension support mechanism of the anchoring pole device for forestry survey and planning proposed by the present invention;

[0032] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional separation structure of the extension support mechanism of the anchoring pole device for forestry survey and planning proposed by the present invention;

[0033] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the upward-looking three-dimensional separation structure of the extended support mechanism of the anchoring pole device for forestry survey and planning proposed by the present invention;

[0034] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional cross-sectional structure of the extension support mechanism of the anchoring pole device for forestry survey and planning proposed by the present invention;

[0035] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of a counterweight ring of a pole-fixing device for forestry survey and planning proposed by the present invention;

[0036] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional cross-sectional structure of a counterweight ring of a pole-fixing device for forestry survey and planning proposed by the present invention;

[0037] Figure 8 The invention proposes a kind of marking device for forestry survey and planning Figure 7 A schematic diagram of the enlarged structure of part A;

[0038] Figure 9This is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of a floating control mechanism of a anchoring pole device for forestry survey and planning proposed by the present invention;

[0039] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the movable supporting mechanism of the anchoring pole device for forestry survey and planning proposed by the present invention.

[0040] Legend:

[0041] 1. Marking pole body; 2. Marking light; 3. Plug; 4. Extended support mechanism; 4001. Support plate; 4002. Oblique hole; 4003. Oblique insertion rod; 4004. Guide block; 4005. Moving plate; 4006. Guide groove; 4007. Connecting slide groove; 4008. Guide connecting ball; 4009. Spiral disk; 4010. Anti-slip groove; 5. External thread; 6. Reflective tape; 7. Floating control mechanism; 71. Slip ring; 72. Vertical rod; 73. Wing plate; 74. Guide sleeve; 75. Support rod; 76. Support plate; 77. Elastic component; 8. Movable bearing mechanism; 81. Extension rod; 82. Moving rod; 83. Receiver block; 84. Contact block; 85. Extrusion ball; 86. Elastic telescopic rod; 9. Counterweight ring; 10. Cleaning ring; 11. Friction belt. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0042] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making any creative efforts shall fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0043] Please see the attached Figure 1 -Attached Figure 10 The present invention provides a technical solution: a marking pole device for forestry survey and planning, comprising a pole body 1, a marking light 2 connected to the top of the pole body 1, a plug 3 provided at the bottom end of the pole body 1, an external thread 5 provided on the outside of the pole body 1, an extension support mechanism 4 provided on the outside of the pole body 1 connected to the outside of the external thread 5, a floating control mechanism 7 connected to the outside of the pole body 1, two movable bearing mechanisms 8 connected below the floating control mechanism 7, the movable bearing mechanisms 8 connected to the outside of the pole body 1, a counterweight ring 9 provided inside the two movable bearing mechanisms 8, and a cleaning ring 10 connected to the inner wall of the counterweight ring 9.

[0044] Specifically, such as Figure 1 and Figure 7-8 As shown, a reflective tape 6 is provided on the outside of the pole body 1 , and a friction tape 11 is connected to the position of the outer surface of the pole body 1 corresponding to the counterweight ring 9 , and the counterweight ring 9 and the cleaning ring 10 are slidably connected to the outside of the friction tape 11 .

[0045] The friction belt 11 will increase the friction between the counterweight ring 9, so that after the counterweight ring 9 loses the bottom obstruction, the counterweight ring 9 slowly moves downward. After the counterweight ring 9 moves downward, the center of gravity of the whole will move downward, making the overall stability more ideal. In the process of sliding downward, the cleaning ring 10 will wipe and clean the surface of the reflective tape 6, which plays a certain role in cleaning and keeping it clean.

[0046] Specifically, such as Figure 1 and Figure 7 As shown, there are seven counterweight rings 9 , and the reflective tape 6 is located between the friction tape 11 and the extension support mechanism 4 .

[0047] Specifically, such as Figure 2-5 As shown, the extension support mechanism 4 includes a movable plate 4005 and a support plate 4001 fixedly connected to the outside of the benchmark body 1, and four inclined holes 4002 are opened on the support plate 4001. An inclined rod 4003 is slidably connected in the inclined hole 4002, and a guide block 4004 is fixedly connected to the top of the inclined rod 4003, and the guide block 4004 is set to be T-shaped.

[0048] Four guide grooves 4006 are provided under the movable plate 4005, and the guide blocks 4004 are slidably connected to the inner walls of the guide grooves 4006. A connecting groove 4007 is provided on the movable plate 4005, and the connecting groove 4007 is set as a ring. Four guide connecting balls 4008 are slidably connected in the connecting groove 4007.

[0049] The four guide connection balls 4008 are commonly connected to a spiral disk 4009 , which is threadedly connected to the outside of the external thread 5 . The outside of the spiral disk 4009 is provided with anti-slip grooves 4010 , and the movable disk 4005 is slidably connected to the outside of the benchmark body 1 .

[0050] As the spiral disk 4009 rotates, it moves downward by utilizing the thread action between it and the external thread 5. The spiral disk 4009 rotates and maintains connection with the movable disk 4005 through the guide connecting ball 4008. At the same time, the guide connecting ball 4008 drives the movable disk 4005 to move downward. As the movable disk 4005 moves, it presses the oblique insertion rod 4003 to move through the guide groove 4006. The oblique insertion rod 4003 moves downward along the oblique hole 4002. The oblique insertion rod 4003 is inserted obliquely into the soil. The four oblique insertion rods 4003 moving away from each other will expand their support range during the process of being inserted into the soil. The process of oblique insertion into the soil makes its stability more ideal.

[0051] Specifically, such as Figure 7-9 As shown, the floating control mechanism 7 includes a slip ring 71 slidably connected to the outside of the benchmark body 1, a vertical rod 72 is connected to the slip ring 71, and a wing plate 73 is fixedly connected to the top of the vertical rod 72. The wing plate 73 is an arc-shaped plate arranged at an angle. The wing plate 73 uses the buoyancy generated by the flowing air to drive the slip ring 71 to move axially along the benchmark body 1.

[0052] Two guide sleeves 74 are connected through the slip ring 71, and a support rod 75 is slidably connected inside the guide sleeve 74. Both ends of the support rod 75 are connected to support plates 76, and the support plates 76 are fixedly connected to the outside of the benchmark body 1. An elastic component 77 is provided on the outer sleeve of the support rod 75, and the two ends of the elastic component 77 are fixedly connected to the guide sleeve 74 and the support plate 76 respectively. The movable bearing mechanism 8 is connected under the slip ring 71.

[0053] When the wind is strong, the faster wind speed acts on the wing plate 73, which controls the wing plate 73 and the slip ring 71 to move in the vertical direction. The guide sleeve 74 and the support rod 75 limit the position, which ensures that the slip ring 71 and the wing plate 73 can move stably within a certain range. The elastic component 77 can control the slip ring 71 to return to its original position after the wind weakens.

[0054] Specifically, such as Figure 9-10 As shown, the movable supporting mechanism 8 includes an extension rod 81 and a moving rod 82. The extension rod 81 is fixedly connected under the slip ring 71. The bottom end of the extension rod 81 is fixedly connected to a squeezing ball 85. The top of the moving rod 82 close to the side of the benchmark body 1 is connected to two contact blocks 84. The arc surface of the squeezing ball 85 is slidably connected to the two contact blocks 84.

[0055] The side of the moving rod 82 close to the counterweight ring 9 is connected to a receiving block 83, and the lowermost counterweight ring 9 is arranged on the receiving block 83. The side of the moving rod 82 close to the counterweight ring 9 is connected to an elastic telescopic rod 86, and the elastic telescopic rod 86 is fixedly connected to the outside of the benchmark body 1.

[0056] The elastic telescopic rod 86 can ensure that the moving rod 82 and the receiving block 83 can move stably in the horizontal direction, so that the receiving block 83 can move stably away from and close to the benchmark body 1. The slip ring 71 drives the extension rod 81 and the squeezing ball 85 to move. When the squeezing ball 85 moves, it will squeeze the contact block 84, the moving rod 82 and the receiving block 83 to move. After the receiving block 83 is separated from the counterweight ring 9, the counterweight ring 9 and the cleaning ring 10 move down along the friction belt 11. After the squeezing ball 85 is reset, the elastic force of the elastic telescopic rod 86 can control the moving rod 82 and the receiving block 83 to reset, so that the receiving block 83 blocks the counterweight ring 9. The arc surface of the squeezing ball 85 can squeeze the contact block 84 to move horizontally when it moves.

[0057] Working principle, when using:

[0058] When conducting ground planning survey, directly hold the benchmark body 1 and insert the plug 3 into the soil, then control the spiral disk 4009 to rotate. While the spiral disk 4009 rotates, it moves downward by virtue of the thread action between the spiral disk 4009 and the external thread 5. The spiral disk 4009 rotates and maintains connection with the movable disk 4005 through the guide connecting ball 4008. At the same time, the guide connecting ball 4008 drives the movable disk 4005 to move downward. While the movable disk 4005 moves, it presses the oblique insertion rod 4003 to move through the guide groove 4006. The oblique insertion rod 4003 moves downward along the oblique hole 4002 and is obliquely inserted into the soil. The four oblique insertion rods 4003 moving away from each other will expand their support range during the process of being inserted into the soil. After the four oblique insertion rods 4003 are obliquely inserted into the soil, since they are not inserted vertically, the soil on the upper side of the oblique insertion rods 4003 exerts greater pressure on the oblique insertion rods 4003 and the benchmark body 1, and the pole will not be pulled out by wind, and the stability is more ideal.

[0059] When encountering a strong wind, the faster wind speed acts on the wing plate 73, which will control the wing plate 73 and the slip ring 71 to move in the vertical direction. The slip ring 71 drives the extension rod 81 and the squeezing ball 85 to move. When the squeezing ball 85 moves, it squeezes the contact block 84, the moving rod 82 and the receiving block 83 to move. After the receiving block 83 is separated from the counterweight ring 9, the counterweight ring 9 and the cleaning ring 10 will move down along the friction belt 11. During the downward movement of the cleaning ring 10, the reflective tape 6 on the surface of the benchmark body 1 will be wiped and cleaned. The weight ring 9 moves onto the spiral disk 4009. Due to the friction between the friction belt 11 and the weight ring 9, the weight ring 9 will slowly move downward. After the wind speed decreases, the elastic component 77 controls the guide sleeve 74, the slip ring 71 and the extrusion ball 85 to reset, so that the receiving block 83 is reset and moved to the lower side of the weight ring 9 to receive the weight ring 9. The downward movement of the weight ring 9 will move the center of gravity of the whole body downward, making the whole body more stable, reducing the chance of it tilting, and ensuring that the reflective tape 6 is in a clean state.

[0060] The above description is only a preferred specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any technician familiar with the technical field, within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, who makes equivalent replacements or changes based on the technical solution and inventive concept of the present invention, should be covered by the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A marking device for forestry survey and planning, comprising a marking body (1), characterized in that: The top of the pole body (1) is connected to a marking light (2), the bottom of the pole body (1) is provided with a plug (3), the pole body (1) is provided with an external thread (5), the external thread (5) is externally connected to an extension support mechanism (4) provided outside the pole body (1), the pole body (1) is externally connected to a floating control mechanism (7), the floating control mechanism (7) is connected below two movable bearing mechanisms (8), the movable bearing mechanisms (8) are connected to the outside of the pole body (1), the two movable bearing mechanisms (8) are provided with a counterweight ring (9), and the inner wall of the counterweight ring (9) is connected to a cleaning ring (10).

2. The device for anchoring a pole for forestry survey and planning according to claim 1, characterized in that: A reflective tape (6) is provided on the outside of the pole body (1); a friction tape (11) is connected to the position of the outer surface of the pole body (1) corresponding to the counterweight ring (9); and the counterweight ring (9) and the cleaning ring (10) are slidably connected outside the friction tape (11).

3. The device for anchoring a pole for forestry survey and planning according to claim 2, characterized in that: The number of the counterweight rings (9) is seven, and the reflective belt (6) is located between the friction belt (11) and the extension support mechanism (4).

4. The device for anchoring a pole for forestry survey and planning according to claim 1, characterized in that: The extension support mechanism (4) comprises a movable plate (4005) and a support plate (4001) fixedly connected to the outside of the pole body (1); the support plate (4001) is provided with four inclined holes (4002); an inclined insertion rod (4003) is slidably connected in the inclined holes (4002); a guide block (4004) is fixedly connected to the top end of the inclined insertion rod (4003); and the guide block (4004) is set to be T-shaped.

5. The device for anchoring a pole for forestry survey and planning according to claim 4, characterized in that: Four guide grooves (4006) are provided under the movable disk (4005), and the guide block (4004) is slidably connected to the inner wall of the guide groove (4006). A connecting groove (4007) is provided on the movable disk (4005), and the connecting groove (4007) is set to be annular. Four guide connecting balls (4008) are slidably connected in the connecting groove (4007).

6. The device for anchoring a pole for forestry survey and planning according to claim 5, characterized in that: The four guide connection balls (4008) are commonly connected to a spiral disk (4009), the spiral disk (4009) is threadedly connected to the outside of the external thread (5), and the spiral disk (4009) is provided with anti-slip grooves (4010) on the outside. The movable disk (4005) is slidably connected to the outside of the benchmark body (1).

7. The device for anchoring a pole for forestry survey and planning according to claim 1, characterized in that: The floating control mechanism (7) comprises a slip ring (71) slidably connected to the outside of the pole body (1); a vertical rod (72) is connected to the slip ring (71); a wing plate (73) is fixedly connected to the top of the vertical rod (72); the wing plate (73) is an arc-shaped plate arranged obliquely; the wing plate (73) drives the slip ring (71) to move axially along the pole body (1) by utilizing the buoyancy generated by the flowing air.

8. The device for anchoring a pole for forestry survey and planning according to claim 7, characterized in that: Two guide sleeves (74) are connected through the slip ring (71), a support rod (75) is slidably connected in the guide sleeve (74), both ends of the support rod (75) are connected to support plates (76), the support plates (76) are fixedly connected to the outside of the benchmark body (1), an elastic component (77) is provided on the outer sleeve of the support rod (75), and the two ends of the elastic component (77) are fixedly connected to the guide sleeve (74) and the support plate (76), respectively. The movable bearing mechanism (8) is connected under the slip ring (71).

9. The device for anchoring a pole for forestry survey and planning according to claim 8, characterized in that: The movable bearing mechanism (8) comprises an extension rod (81) and a moving rod (82), wherein the extension rod (81) is fixedly connected to the bottom of the slip ring (71), a squeezing ball (85) is fixedly connected to the bottom end of the extension rod (81), and two contact blocks (84) are connected to the top of the moving rod (82) on the side close to the benchmark body (1), and the arc surface of the squeezing ball (85) is slidably connected to the two contact blocks (84).

10. The anchoring pole device for forestry survey and planning according to claim 9, characterized in that: The side of the moving rod (82) close to the counterweight ring (9) is connected to a receiving block (83), the lowermost counterweight ring (9) is arranged on the receiving block (83), and the side of the moving rod (82) close to the counterweight ring (9) is connected to an elastic telescopic rod (86), and the elastic telescopic rod (86) is fixedly connected to the outside of the benchmark body (1).

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