Soybean and corn strip-shaped composite planting strip deep scarification coupling precise irrigation planting method

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and relates to a soybean and corn strip-shaped composite planting strip deep scarification coupling precise irrigation planting method, which comprises the following steps: firstly, precisely breaking a plow pan through deep scarification, remolding a soil pore structure, remarkably improving the ventilation and water permeability of soil, and meanwhile, combining straw returning to the field, reducing water evaporation and increasing the content of organic matters in the soil; an ideal growth environment is created for crop roots, then moisture spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of soybean and corn planting belts are detected in real time through a soil moisture content sensor, the optimal irrigation water amount of each subarea is calculated according to the lowest threshold value of the soil moisture content, and accurate adaptation of the irrigation amount and the crop belts is achieved. According to the method, deep scarification of strips between corn rows and the whole-field wheat straw returning technology are matched, intelligent irrigation and agricultural measures are organically combined, the soil structure is optimized, soil moisture content monitoring is more accurate, soil moisture can be accurately regulated and controlled conveniently, the water utilization efficiency is improved, the yield of soybeans and corn is increased cooperatively, and the comprehensive benefits of composite planting are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and relates to a method for planting soybean-corn strip-shaped composite planting strips with deep loosening coupled with precise irrigation. Background Art

[0002] The soybean-corn strip intercropping model is a key initiative to increase the overall production capacity of grains and oilseeds. By fully utilizing natural resources such as light, heat, water, and fertilizer, this model achieves the goal of maintaining corn yields while also harvesting an additional soybean crop. It has been designated a key technology for grain and oilseed production and is being widely promoted nationwide. However, due to significant differences in growth cycles, water requirements, and root distribution between soybeans and corn, traditional, uniform field irrigation methods struggle to meet the individual water requirements of these crops under this intercropping model.

[0003] As the foundation for crop growth, soil carries out important functions such as nutrient supply, water storage, and root support. Healthy soil structure and good physical properties are the basis for achieving high and stable crop yields. However, traditional tillage methods have long been widely used in soybean and corn cultivation. Problems such as single rotary tillage leading to a shallower plow layer, upward movement of the plow bottom layer, and soil compaction are becoming increasingly prominent. These problems seriously hinder the infiltration, storage, and transmission of soil moisture, disrupt the water balance in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, and negatively impact crop root growth and water absorption.

[0004] How to break through the dual bottlenecks of water resources and soil quality and achieve a synergistic improvement in water use efficiency and yield in soybean-corn strip composite planting has become a major issue that needs to be urgently addressed in the agricultural field. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the problems of shallowing of the plow layer, upward movement of the plow bottom layer, soil compaction, large differences in crop water requirements, and low irrigation accuracy in the soybean-corn strip composite planting, the present invention proposes a soybean-corn strip composite planting strip deep loosening coupled with precise irrigation planting method. First, deep loosening accurately breaks the plow bottom layer, reshapes the soil pore structure, and significantly improves soil ventilation and water permeability. At the same time, combined with straw return to the field, it reduces water evaporation, increases soil organic matter content, and creates an ideal growth environment for crop roots. Then, a soil moisture sensor is used to detect the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of moisture in the soybean and corn planting belts in real time. The optimal irrigation water volume for each partition is calculated according to the minimum threshold of soil moisture, and the precise adaptation of irrigation volume to crop belt is achieved. The present invention is matched with corn inter-row strip deep loosening and full-field wheat straw return technology. Through the organic combination of intelligent irrigation and agronomic measures, the soil structure is optimized, the soil moisture monitoring is more accurate, and it is convenient to accurately control soil moisture, improve water use efficiency, achieve synergistic growth of soybean and corn yields, and enhance the comprehensive benefits of composite planting.

[0006] After research, the inventors found that the organic integration of intelligent irrigation technology and protective agronomic measures provides a new solution. By accurately monitoring soil moisture conditions and matching irrigation with crop water requirements, and combining deep loosening and straw return to field protective tillage methods to improve soil physical structure, soil water movement can be optimized and the crop's ability to absorb and utilize water can be enhanced, thereby achieving efficient and sustainable development of the composite planting system.

[0007] Based on this, the specific technical solutions of this application are as follows: A method for planting soybean and corn strips in a composite planting pattern by deep loosening coupled with precise irrigation, the specific steps of which are as follows: (1) After wheat harvest, use a straw baler to bundle the wheat straw in an orderly manner and store it in a centralized manner, and evenly spread 10-30 kg of formula fertilizer per mu to ensure that the fertilizer is evenly distributed in the field. After the fertilizer is spread, use a deep tiller equipped with a navigation system to accurately locate the position of the corn strip and perform deep tillage in strips, with a deep tillage depth of 30-40 cm. After the deep tillage is completed, the entire amount of wheat straw that was previously baled and stored is directly and evenly covered on the surface of the entire field. Finally, a rotary tiller is used to prepare the land so that the compound fertilizer and straw are integrated into the tillage layer soil. (2) After tillage is completed, soybeans and corn are sown simultaneously. A planter equipped with a navigation system is used to achieve precise positioning, thereby accurately dividing the boundaries of the soybean and corn planting zones and determining the spatial distribution of each zone. (3) Soil moisture sensors are deployed in each zone to collect real-time soil moisture and soil temperature data in the 0-40 cm soil layer; (4) Based on the differentiated water requirements of soybeans during the pod-setting and grain-filling stages, and corn during the tasseling and silking stages, and combined with the data collected in step (3), the current irrigation water requirement for each sub-area is calculated using the following formula: Irrigation water volume = irrigated land area × (field holding × critical point - field holding × minimum threshold) × soil depth In the formula, the irrigated land area (m 2 ) is the area of ​​the corn belt or soybean belt; field holding (%) is the field water holding capacity, measured by the indoor ring knife method; critical point (%) and minimum threshold (%) correspond to the minimum soil moisture threshold and supplementary irrigation critical point of the corn belt and soybean belt, respectively, as shown in Table 1; soil depth is 0.4 m; (5) Using the technology of joint control of evenly distributed multi-channel sprinklers and solenoid valves, according to the irrigation water volume calculated in step (4), by controlling the switch and opening time of the solenoid valve, the water volume and water spraying time of the evenly distributed multi-channel sprinklers are adjusted to achieve precise irrigation in each zone; (6) During the irrigation process, the soil moisture data is monitored in real time. When the soil moisture content reaches the set critical point for supplementary irrigation, the solenoid valve is closed and irrigation is stopped.

[0008] On the basis of the above scheme, the formula fertilizer in step (1) is preferably selected from compound fertilizer 12-18-16 or other similar formula slow-release fertilizers; the deep loosening machine manufacturer is Yuncheng County Gongli Co., Ltd., the machine model is ZS-180, the loosening depth range is 25-40 cm, and the deep loosening depth used is preferably 35 cm.

[0009] Based on the above solution, the preferred seeder used in step (2) is a soybean and corn dense planting and controlled fertilization seeder produced by Nonghaha Machinery Group Co., Ltd. (Hebei), with a machine model of 2BFYD-2 / 4.

[0010] The soybean and corn planting ratios used are as follows: soybean strips are configured with 4-6 rows, 30 cm row spacing, and 9-11.5 cm plant spacing; corn strips are set with 2-3 rows, 40-50 cm row spacing, and 11-13.5 cm plant spacing; the distance between soybean strips and corn strips is 70 cm; among them, the soybean variety used is "Qihuang 34" and the corn variety used is "Denghai 605".

[0011] On the basis of the above scheme, the soil moisture sensor in step (3) has a multi-layer soil data acquisition function, which can measure the water content and temperature data of four different depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm, and 30-40 cm in real time. As long as the physical and chemical properties and moisture distribution of the soil of the target plot are highly uniform, a single sensor can achieve representative monitoring of the soil moisture in the area. Therefore, three soil moisture sensors are set, which are distributed in the geometric center of the soybean belt, corn belt and belt (such as Figure 1 ), used to detect the soil moisture conditions of the soybean belt, the corn belt and the belts respectively.

[0012] On the basis of the above scheme, the water demand pattern described in step (4) should be combined with the water demand characteristics of soybeans and corn at different growth stages. The reference values ​​are shown in Table 1 to ensure that the irrigation strategy is accurately matched with the actual water demand and effectively improve the efficiency of water resource utilization.

[0013] Table 1 Minimum soil moisture thresholds for soybeans and corn Based on the above scheme, the opening time of the solenoid valve in step (5) is obtained by calculating the irrigation water volume. The soil moisture storage capacity is calculated based on the soil moisture sensor, and the required water volume for replenishing the soil moisture critical point in Table 1 is obtained. The irrigation volume of each area is accurately monitored through the zone water meter, and the solenoid valve is used to control the opening and closing of the irrigation system until the predetermined irrigation volume is reached.

[0014] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: (1) The present invention performs deep loosening on the corn strip before sowing to break up the plow bottom layer, thereby significantly increasing the soil porosity and making it easier for irrigation water to penetrate into the deep soil layer, thus creating water storage space. At the same time, the present invention combines the whole field with straw cover and then tillage to reduce water evaporation and increase the content of soil organic matter. On the one hand, it solves the problem that the 0-40 cm surface layer is easily exposed and dried, and the soil moisture sensor frequently triggers irrigation, resulting in waste of deep water storage and repeated water replenishment in the shallow layer. On the other hand, it solves the problem that traditional shallow tillage operations cause frequent structural obstacles in the soil plow layer, upward movement of the plow bottom layer, and compaction of the soil, thereby accelerating the infiltration and migration of soil moisture and avoiding the situation where the soil moisture data shows that the 0-40 cm surface layer is moist but the deep layer is dry, which makes the crops susceptible to drought and reduced yields. (2) The present invention breaks through the limitations of the traditional single irrigation mode and relies on the technology of evenly distributed multi-channel sprinklers and electromagnetic valve joint control to achieve differentiated irrigation for soybean and corn planting belts. The soil moisture distribution in time and space is monitored in real time by soil moisture sensors, and the optimal irrigation water volume for each zone is accurately calculated, so that the fluctuation range of soil moisture content in soybean and corn planting areas is narrowed to the ideal range, effectively avoiding growth restriction caused by insufficient local irrigation or water resource waste caused by excessive irrigation. (3) This planting method can significantly improve the benefits of compound planting. Compared with traditional tillage, rain-fed farming, and fixed irrigation methods, soybean yields can be increased by 2%-10%, and corn yields can be increased by 5%-20%, effectively ensuring the high yield of two crops under the compound planting model. (4) The present invention improves water use efficiency. By dynamically responding to soil moisture conditions and precisely controlling irrigation, water use efficiency is increased by 10%-15%, reducing ineffective evaporation and deep seepage losses, and providing a practical solution for efficient water conservation for composite planting in water-scarce areas. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the precise irrigation method for soybean and corn strip composite planting according to the present invention; Figure 2 Schematic diagram of soybean and corn distribution in the soybean and corn strip composite planting strip deep loosening coupled precision irrigation experiment of the embodiment of the present invention and the comparative example. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0016] The following will further illustrate this invention with reference to specific implementation examples. The following implementation examples are intended only to provide a complete and clear explanation of the invention. The examples described are only partial implementation examples of the invention and do not constitute all implementation examples. All other implementation examples created based on this invention are within the scope of protection of this invention.

[0017] The experiment was conducted in 2023 at the Agricultural Experiment Station of Shandong Agricultural University (36°10′19″N, 117°09′03″E), which is located in a temperate continental monsoon climate zone with an average annual temperature of 12.9°C and an average annual precipitation of 697 mm. The average soil bulk density was 1.56 g / cm 3 The field capacity is 37.4% by volume. Precipitation during the 2023 soybean and corn growing season was 681.8 mm. The primary initial soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium in the 0-20 cm soil layer were 10.4 g / kg, 1.4 g / kg, 21.6 mg / kg, and 136 mg / kg, respectively.

[0018] Example 1 A method for planting soybean-corn strips in combination with deep loosening and precision irrigation is provided, and the specific steps are as follows: (1) After wheat harvest, use a straw baler to bundle the wheat straw in an orderly manner and store it in a centralized manner, and evenly spread 20 kg of compound fertilizer per mu, with the ratio of N-P2O5-K2O being 12-18-16, to ensure that the fertilizer is evenly distributed in the field. After the fertilizer is spread, use a deep tiller equipped with a navigation system to accurately locate the position of the corn strip and perform strip deep tillage, with a deep tillage depth of 30-40 cm. After the deep tillage is completed, use a rotary tiller to prepare the land so that the compound fertilizer is integrated with the tillage layer soil. Finally, the straw that was previously baled and stored is re-covered on the surface; (2) After the tillage is completed, soybeans and corn are sown at the same time. A planter with a navigation system is used to achieve precise positioning, so as to accurately divide the boundaries of the soybean planting belt and the corn planting belt, and determine the spatial distribution of each zone. The soybean and corn varieties are Qihuang 34 and Denghai 605 respectively. In the soybean and corn strip composite planting area, the boundaries of the soybean planting belt and the corn planting belt are divided, and the spatial distribution of each zone is determined, such as Figure 2 As shown, the soybean strip is configured as 4 rows with a row spacing of 30 cm and a plant spacing of 11 cm, and the corn strip is configured as 2 rows with a row spacing of 40 cm and a plant spacing of 11 cm. The spacing between the soybean strip and the corn strip is 70 cm; (3) Three soil moisture sensors were installed in the soybean and corn planting belts and between the belts. Since the soil physical and chemical properties and moisture distribution of the target plots are uniform, one sensor is installed in each plot to achieve representative monitoring of the soil moisture in the area. They are distributed in the geometric centers of the soybean belt, corn belt and between the belts (e.g. Figure 1 As shown in the figure), real-time collection of water content and temperature data of four different soil layers at depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm, and 30-40 cm is performed; (4) Based on the water demand patterns of soybeans and corn at different growth stages, the reference values ​​are shown in Table 1. Combined with the data collected in step (3), calculate the current irrigation water required for each sub-area; Table 1 Minimum soil moisture thresholds for soybeans and corn (5) Using the technology of joint control of evenly distributed multi-way sprinklers and solenoid valves, according to the irrigation water volume calculated in step (4), by controlling the switch and opening time of the solenoid valve, the water spraying volume and spraying time of the evenly distributed multi-way sprinklers are adjusted to achieve precise irrigation in each zone; (6) During the irrigation process, the soil moisture data was monitored in real time. When the soil moisture content in each area reached the critical point of soil moisture replenishment in Table 1, the solenoid valve was closed and irrigation was stopped.

[0019] Comparative Example 1 The method of Example 1 was used as a group of deep loosening coupled with precision irrigation planting methods for soybean and corn strip composite planting; soybean and corn were planted using traditional tillage and irrigation methods as Comparative Example 1. Except that the tillage method was rotary tillage and the irrigation method was rain-fed, the rest of the treatments were the same as in the example.

[0020] Comparative Example 2 The method of Example 1 was used as a group of strip-type composite planting methods for soybean and corn, deep loosening coupled with precision irrigation; soybean and corn were planted using conventional tillage and irrigation methods as Comparative Example 2. The tillage method was rotary tillage, and the irrigation method was a fixed irrigation amount of 45 mm during the tasseling and silking stages and the grain filling stage, respectively. The remaining treatments were the same as in Example 1.

[0021] Test data calculation and analysis: The volumetric soil moisture content was measured during the soybean sowing, pod-setting, grain-filling, and maturity periods, and during the corn sowing, jointing, tasseling, and harvest periods, and the soil water storage capacity and farmland evapotranspiration were calculated: In formula (1), is the volumetric moisture content of a soil layer (%); is the thickness of the soil layer (mm); and i is the soil layer (1, 2, 3, ..., 12).

[0022] For intercropping, weighted planar soil water storage (WPSWS) is used to describe the soil moisture distribution in the XOZ two-dimensional plane. The calculation formula is as follows: In formula (2), and are the widths of soybean and corn rows, respectively (in the case of monoculture, the width of the non-existent crop row is zero); H is the depth of the soil layer, H = 100 cm; is the average soil moisture content of soybean and corn rows (cm 3 / cm3 ); In formula (3), ET is evapotranspiration (mm); I is the irrigation amount during the summer maize growth period; P is the rainfall during the summer maize growth period (mm), which was provided by the meteorological station of the experimental station; D is deep seepage (mm); W is the groundwater recharge of the experimental site (mm). Since the groundwater level in this experiment was greater than 5 m, W was ignored; R is the surface runoff (mm); ΔS is the change in soil water storage in the 0–120 cm soil layer, measured before sowing and at harvest of the jade bean system.

[0023] Soybeans and corn were harvested manually at maturity. 1m2 of soybeans were selected from each experimental area. 2 Yields were measured in randomly selected areas with double rows of 4 m in width. After threshing, yields were converted to kernels containing 14% moisture. This yield was then converted to GR-corrected yield, a method used to convert soybean and corn yields under intercropping conditions. One kilogram of soybean seed is equivalent to 1.989 kilograms of glucose requirement, and one kilogram of corn kernels is equivalent to 1.364 kilograms of glucose requirement.

[0024] Calculate the water use efficiency of soybean and corn based on yield and evapotranspiration: In formula (4), WUE is the water use efficiency of soybeans and corn (kg / ha / mm); GR-corrected yield is the glucose requirement-corrected yield of soybeans and corn (kg / ha); ET is the evapotranspiration of soybeans and corn during the growing period (mm).

[0025] The test results are shown in Table 2: Table 2 Yield and water use efficiency of soybean and corn in comparative examples As shown in Table 2, both soybean and corn showed higher yield and water use efficiency when treated with the zoned precision strip deep loosening coupled irrigation technology of the present invention. In terms of yield, Example 1 had a soybean yield of 1172.5 kg / ha, Comparative Example 1 had a yield of 1066.3 kg / ha, and Comparative Example 2 had a yield of 1142.7 kg / ha. Example 1 was approximately 10.0% and 2.6% higher than Comparative Examples 1 and 2, respectively. Example 1 had a corn yield of 10053.7 kg / ha, Comparative Example 1 had a yield of 8697.0 kg / ha, and Comparative Example 2 had a yield of 9342.2 kg / ha. Example 1 was approximately 15.6% and 7.6% higher than Comparative Examples 1 and 2, respectively.

[0026] In terms of glucose requirement-corrected yield, Example 1 (16045.3 kg / ha) was approximately 14.7% and 6.9% higher than Comparative Example 1 (13983.5 kg / ha) and Comparative Example 2 (15015.6 kg / ha).

[0027] In terms of water use efficiency: Example 1 (41.2 kg / ha / mm) is approximately 13.2% and 11.9% higher than Comparative Example 1 (36.4 kg / ha / mm) and Comparative Example 2 (36.8 kg / ha / mm), respectively.

[0028] Analysis of the data in Table 2 shows that the strip-deep tillage coupled with precision irrigation planting methods provided by the present invention can significantly improve yield and water use efficiency compared to traditional rotary tillage combined with rain-fed crops and rotary tillage combined with a fixed irrigation rate. Precisely regulating water supply through strip-deep tillage coupled with precision irrigation allows crops to more fully utilize water resources for growth and development. In an era of increasingly scarce water resources, this efficient water utilization model is crucial for ensuring sustainable agricultural development.

[0029] The above embodiments illustrate and describe the basic principles, product features, and advantages of the method of the present invention. The present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. Various changes and improvements may be made to the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention, all of which are required to be included in the scope of protection.

Claims

1. A method for planting soybean and corn strips in a complex manner by deep loosening coupled with precise irrigation, characterized in that: The steps include: (1) After wheat harvest, use a straw baler to bundle the wheat straw in an orderly manner and store it in a centralized manner, and evenly spread 10-30 kg of formula fertilizer per mu to ensure that the fertilizer is evenly distributed in the field. After the fertilizer is spread, use a deep tiller equipped with a navigation system to accurately locate the position of the corn strip and perform deep tillage in strips, with a deep tillage depth of 30-40 cm. After the deep tillage is completed, the entire amount of wheat straw that was previously baled and stored is directly and evenly covered on the surface of the entire field. Finally, a rotary tiller is used to prepare the land so that the compound fertilizer and straw are integrated into the tillage layer soil. (2) After tillage is completed, soybeans and corn are sown simultaneously. A planter equipped with a navigation system is used to achieve precise positioning, thereby accurately dividing the boundaries of the soybean and corn planting zones and determining the spatial distribution of each zone. (3) Soil moisture sensors are deployed in each zone to collect real-time soil moisture and soil temperature data in the 0-40 cm soil layer; (4) Based on the differentiated water requirements of soybeans during the pod-setting and grain-filling stages, and corn during the tasseling and silking stages, and combined with the data collected in step (3), the current irrigation water requirement for each sub-area is calculated using the following formula: Irrigation water volume = irrigated land area × (field holding × critical point - field holding × minimum threshold) × soil depth Where, the irrigated area is the area of ​​the corn belt or soybean belt, m 2 Field holding capacity is measured by the indoor ring knife method; the critical point and the lowest threshold correspond to the lowest soil moisture threshold and the supplementary irrigation critical point in the corn belt and soybean belt, respectively; the soil depth is 0.4 m; (5) Using the technology of joint control of evenly distributed multi-channel sprinklers and solenoid valves, according to the irrigation water volume calculated in step (4), by controlling the switch and opening time of the solenoid valve, the water volume and water spraying time of the evenly distributed multi-channel sprinklers are adjusted to achieve precise irrigation in each zone; (6) During the irrigation process, the soil moisture data is monitored in real time. When the soil moisture content reaches the set critical point for supplementary irrigation, the solenoid valve is closed to stop irrigation.

2. The soybean-corn strip-shaped composite planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (1), the soil loosening depth of the deep loosening machine ranges from 25 to 40 cm, and the deep loosening depth used is 35 cm.

3. The soybean-corn strip-shaped composite planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (1), the formula fertilizer in step (1) is selected from compound fertilizer 12-18-16 or other similar formula slow-release fertilizers.

4. The soybean-corn strip-shaped composite planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The soybean and corn planting ratios used in step (2) are as follows: the soybean strips are configured with 4-6 rows, 30 cm row spacing, and 9-11.5 cm plant spacing; the corn strips are configured with 2-3 rows, 40-50 cm row spacing, and 11-13.5 cm plant spacing; the spacing between the soybean strips and the corn strips is 70 cm; among them, the soybean variety is "Qihuang 34" and the corn variety is "Denghai 605".

5. The soybean-corn strip-shaped composite planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The soil moisture sensor described in step (3) has a multi-layer soil data acquisition function and can perform real-time measurement of the water content and temperature data of four soil layers at different depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm, and 30-40 cm. When the soil physical and chemical properties and moisture distribution of the test site are highly uniform, three soil moisture sensors are provided, which are respectively distributed in the geometric centers of the soybean belt, the corn belt, and the belts.

6. The soybean-corn strip-shaped composite planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The water demand pattern described in step (4) should be combined with the water demand characteristics of soybeans and corn at different growth stages to ensure that the irrigation strategy is accurately matched with the actual water demand.

7. The soybean-corn strip-shaped composite planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (5), the opening time of the solenoid valve is obtained by calculating the irrigation water volume, and the soil water storage volume is calculated according to the soil moisture sensor, thereby obtaining the required water volume for replenishing the soil moisture critical point. The irrigation volume of each area is accurately monitored through the zoned water meter, and the solenoid valve is used to control the opening and closing of the irrigation system until the predetermined irrigation volume is reached.

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