Techniques for continuous beam scanning for integrated lens antennas

Abstract

Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communication are described. A user equipment (UE) may send a first measurement report to a network entity, the first measurement report including a set of beam measurement results corresponding to a set of beams in a beam codebook. The network entity may then perform the weighted measurement calculation set to determine a first serving beam that is different from each beam in the set of beams in the existing beam codebook. The network entity may then send a first serving beam indication that commands the UE to begin monitoring the first serving beam. The UE may then send a second measurement report to the network entity comprising a second set of beam measurements, the second set of beam measurements comprising measurements for the first serving beam. The network entity and the UE may then communicate via the first serving beam based on the measurement for the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

Description

[0001] Cross-references

[0002] This patent application claims priority to U.S. patent application No. 18 / 181,287 filed by Shaked on March 9, 2023, entitled “TECHNIQUES FOR CONTINUOUS BEAM SCANNING FOR INTEGRATED LENS ANTENNAS,” which is assigned to the assignee of this application and is expressly incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] The following relates to wireless communications, including techniques for continuous beam scanning for integrated lens antennas. Background Art

[0004] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content, such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These systems may be able to support communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems (e.g., long term evolution (LTE) systems, improved LTE (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems) and fifth generation (5G) systems (which may be referred to as new radio (NR) systems). These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple access communication system may include one or more base stations, each of which supports wireless communication for a communication device (which may be referred to as a user equipment (UE)). Summary of the Invention

[0005] The described techniques relate to improved methods, systems, devices, and apparatuses for supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for integrated lens antennas. For example, the described techniques may support the use of lens antennas or other antennas capable of continuous beam scanning to generate directional (e.g., narrow) beams for performing continuous beam tracking. A network entity may generate a set of discrete beams from a beam codebook and may send the beams to a user equipment (UE), which may perform measurements on the set of beams. The UE may send a measurement report including measurement results corresponding to the set of discrete beams to the network entity. Using the received measurement results, the network entity may calculate the boresight angle of a new beam (e.g., a beam that may exceed a threshold received power at the UE (e.g., maximize the received power at the UE)) based on a weighted combination of the discrete beams and one or more refinement (e.g., optimization) processes. The network entity may then add the new beam to the beam codebook for the UE and may command the UE to begin using the new beam via a serving beam indication. The UE may then continue to perform beam measurements on the beams in the beam codebook, including the serving beam, and may send a measurement report to the network entity. The network entity can then use ongoing measurement reports from the UE to determine whether to retain the new beam in the beam codebook or remove the new beam from the beam codebook. For example, the network entity can determine, based on the beam measurement results, that the quality or received power of the new beam has fallen below a threshold, or that the new beam has been in use for a duration exceeding a threshold. The network entity can then remove the beam from the beam codebook and calculate another new beam for the UE to use for subsequent communications.

[0006] A method for wireless communication at a network entity is described. The method may include: transmitting a set of synchronization signals via a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook; receiving a first measurement report based on the set of synchronization signals, the first measurement report indicating a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook; transmitting a first serving beam indication, the first serving beam indication including instructions for monitoring a first serving beam that is different from each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook used to transmit the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based on the first set of beam measurements indicated by the first measurement report; receiving a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams and indicating at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam; and transmitting one or more messages via the first serving beam based on the at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

[0007] An apparatus for wireless communication at a network entity is described. The apparatus may include: a processor; a memory coupled to the processor; and instructions stored in the memory. The instructions may be executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: transmit a set of synchronization signals via a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook; receive a first measurement report based on the set of synchronization signals, the first measurement report indicating a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook; transmit a first serving beam indication, the first serving beam indication including instructions for monitoring a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook for transmitting the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based on the first beam measurement set indicated by the first measurement report; receive a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams and indicating at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam; and transmit one or more messages via the first serving beam based on the at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

[0008] Another apparatus for wireless communication at a network entity is described. The apparatus may include: means for transmitting a set of synchronization signals via a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook; means for receiving a first measurement report based on the set of synchronization signals, the first measurement report indicating a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook; means for transmitting a first serving beam indication, the first serving beam indication including instructions to monitor a first serving beam that is different from each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook for transmitting the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based on the first set of beam measurements indicated by the first measurement report; means for receiving a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams and indicating at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam; and means for transmitting one or more messages via the first serving beam based on the at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

[0009] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a network entity is described. The code may include instructions executable by a processor to: transmit a set of synchronization signals via a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook; receive a first measurement report based on the set of synchronization signals, the first measurement report indicating a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook; transmit a first serving beam indication, the first serving beam indication including instructions for monitoring a first serving beam that is different from each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook used to transmit the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based on the first set of beam measurements indicated by the first measurement report; receive a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams and indicating at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam; and transmit one or more messages via the first serving beam based on the at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

[0010] Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for performing a weighted sum of the first set of beam measurements corresponding to each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook, wherein the first serving beam may be associated with a beam direction that may be based on the weighted sum.

[0011] Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for: generating a beam index associated with the first service beam based on the first set of beam measurements, the beam index being different from a set of beam indices for the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook; and sending an indication of the beam codebook including the beam index associated with the first service beam.

[0012] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, receiving the second measurement report indicating the second set of beam measurement results may include operations, features, units, or instructions for the following steps: receiving one or more corresponding received power measurement results for each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook and the first serving beam.

[0013] Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for the following steps: generating, for the beam codebook, a beam index associated with a second service beam based on removing the first service beam from the beam codebook; and sending a second service beam indication, the second service beam indication including instructions for monitoring the second service beam, where the second service beam may be different from each beam in the set of the plurality of beams in the beam codebook and the first service beam.

[0014] Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for generating the first service beam by routing an input signal to at least two antenna elements of the network entity; and using the at least two antenna elements to send the first service beam in a direction that may be based on the first beam measurement result set of the first measurement report.

[0015] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, means, or instructions for separating the input signal into two input signals having different respective input powers at each of the at least two antenna elements.

[0016] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, means, or instructions for applying one or more beam weights to each of the at least two antenna elements.

[0017] Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for generating the first service beam based on one or more beam coefficients, an input signal at the network entity, a radiation pattern of each of the multiple beams, angles of one or more side lobes associated with the radiation pattern, or any combination thereof.

[0018] Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for the following steps: applying a selection algorithm to a set of multiple beam weight coefficients included in the first beam measurement result set to determine a set of beam weight coefficients associated with the first service beam; and sending the first service beam based on a signal energy that can be based on the set of beam weight coefficients.

[0019] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the selection algorithm includes a gradient descent algorithm.

[0020] Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for determining the direction of the first service beam based on: a machine learning model, a parabolic interpolation of the first beam measurement set, a high-order interpolation of the first beam measurement set, one or more optimization processes, or any combination thereof.

[0021] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the threshold includes a receive power threshold, a duration threshold, a beam selection threshold, or any combination thereof.

[0022] A method for wireless communication at a UE is described. The method may include: receiving a set of synchronization signals via a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook; sending a first measurement report based on the set of synchronization signals, the first measurement report including a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook; receiving a first serving beam indication, the first serving beam indication including instructions for monitoring a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook for transmitting the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based on the first set of beam measurements indicated by the first measurement report; sending a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams and at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam; and transmitting one or more messages via the first serving beam based on the at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

[0023] An apparatus for wireless communication at a user equipment terminal (UE) is described. The apparatus may include: a processor; a memory coupled to the processor; and instructions stored in the memory. The instructions may be executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: receive a set of synchronization signals via a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook; send a first measurement report based on the set of synchronization signals, the first measurement report including a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook; receive a first serving beam indication, the first serving beam indication including instructions for monitoring a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook for transmitting the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based on the first beam measurement set indicated by the first measurement report; send a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams and at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam; and transmit one or more messages via the first serving beam based on the at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

[0024] Another apparatus for wireless communication at a UE is described. The apparatus may include: means for receiving a set of synchronization signals via a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook; means for sending a first measurement report based on the set of synchronization signals, the first measurement report including a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook; means for receiving a first serving beam indication, the first serving beam indication including instructions to monitor a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook for sending the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based on the first set of beam measurements indicated by the first measurement report; means for sending a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams and at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam; and means for transmitting one or more messages via the first serving beam based on the at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

[0025] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a UE is described. The code may include instructions executable by a processor to: receive a set of synchronization signals via a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook; send a first measurement report based on the set of synchronization signals, the first measurement report including a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook; receive a first serving beam indication, the first serving beam indication including instructions for monitoring a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook used to send the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based on the first set of beam measurements indicated by the first measurement report; send a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams and at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam; and transmit one or more messages via the first serving beam based on the at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

[0026] Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for the following steps: receiving the first service beam, where the first service beam may be based on a weighted sum of the first beam measurement result set corresponding to each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook.

[0027] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, receiving the first serving beam indication may include operations, features, units, or instructions for the following steps: receiving an indication of the beam codebook including a beam index associated with the first serving beam based on the first set of beam measurement results, the beam index being different from a set of beam indices for the set of the plurality of beams in the beam codebook.

[0028] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, sending the second measurement report indicating the second set of beam measurement results may include operations, features, units, or instructions for the following steps: sending one or more corresponding received power measurement results for each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook and the first serving beam.

[0029] Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, units, or instructions for the following steps: based on the first service beam failing to meet the threshold, receiving an indication of a beam index associated with a second service beam that may be different from the first service beam; and receiving a second service beam indication, the second service beam indication including instructions for monitoring the second service beam, the second service beam may be different from each beam in the set of the plurality of beams in the beam codebook and the first service beam.

[0030] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the threshold includes a receive power threshold, a duration threshold, a beam selection threshold, or any combination thereof. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0031] Figure 1 and 2

[0014] An example of a wireless communication system supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0032] Figure 3 An example of a lens antenna system diagram supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0033] Figure 4 An example of a process flow supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0034] Figure 5 and Figure 6 A block diagram of a device supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0035] Figure 7 A block diagram of a communication manager supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna is shown, in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0036] Figure 8 A schematic diagram of a system including a device supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna is shown in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0037] Figure 9 and Figure 10 A block diagram of a device supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0038] Figure 11 A block diagram of a communication manager supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna is shown, in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0039] Figure 12 A schematic diagram of a system including a device supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna is shown in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0040] Figures 13 to 15 A flow chart illustrating a method of supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0041] Some advanced wireless communication systems operating using ultra-high frequency communications (such as 6th generation (6G) sub-THz communications) can achieve wide bandwidths and relatively high carrier frequencies to support high system throughput, low latency, high traffic density, and increased spectral energy, relative to systems operating at relatively lower frequencies. To compensate for the increased path loss due to the high carrier frequency, wireless devices can increase gain using narrow beams generated using various beamforming techniques. For example, one technique can employ the use of lens antennas to generate directional beams with high accuracy and efficiently across a range of beam directions (e.g., analog beam scanning). In some cases, a lens antenna can use a collection of radiating elements behind a lens to generate a predefined beam grid, where a beam corresponds to one element of the array whose direction is based on the focal point of the lens. However, in some implementations, the beams generated by the lens antennas can be so narrow that even relatively small adjustments or movements of a receiver (such as a user equipment (UE)) can result in power loss and quality of service (QoS) degradation. Therefore, network entities operating with lens antennas may implement various techniques to allow for more continuous beam tracking and increased coverage and beam steering accuracy.

[0042] In some implementations, the lens antenna capability may be extended from discrete beam scanning to continuous (e.g., "analog") beam scanning. More specifically, the UE may measure the received power of various discrete beams transmitted by a network entity, and the UE may send a measurement report to the network entity including a set of measurement results for the discrete beams. Using the received measurement results, the network entity may then calculate the boresight angle of a new beam (e.g., a beam that will maximize the received power at the UE) based on a weighted combination of the discrete beams and one or more optimization or refinement processes. The network entity may then temporarily add the new beam to the beam codebook for the UE and may command the UE to begin using the new beam as a serving beam. The network entity may then generate a beam via more than one antenna element, which are simultaneously activated to form a beam that is in the direction of the UE and transmitted via the lens antenna. The UE may then continue to perform beam measurements on the beams in the beam codebook including the serving beam, and may send a measurement report to the network entity.

[0043] The network entity can use ongoing measurement reports from the UE to determine whether to retain the new beam in the beam codebook or remove the new beam from the beam codebook. For example, the network entity can determine, based on the beam measurement results, that the quality or received power of the new beam has fallen below a threshold, or that the new beam has been in use for a duration exceeding a threshold. The network entity can then remove the beam from the beam codebook and calculate a new optimal beam for use by the UE. For example, the network entity can use the beam measurement results provided by the UE to perform an optimization process to find an optimized beam direction for transmitting the new optimal beam.

[0044] Aspects of the present disclosure are first described in the context of wireless communication systems. Aspects of the present disclosure are further illustrated and described with reference to lens antenna devices, process flows, various device diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts involving techniques for continuous beam scanning for integrated lens antennas.

[0045] Figure 1 An example of a wireless communication system 100 supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The wireless communication system 100 may include one or more network entities 105, one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating according to other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0046] The network entities 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area to form the wireless communication system 100 and may include devices of different forms or with different capabilities. In various examples, the network entities 105 may be referred to as network elements, mobility elements, radio access network (RAN) nodes, or network devices, among other terms. In some examples, the network entities 105 and the UEs 115 may communicate wirelessly via one or more communication links 125 (e.g., radio frequency (RF) access links). For example, the network entities 105 may support a coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographic coverage area) within which the UEs 115 and the network entities 105 may establish one or more communication links 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographic area within which the network entities 105 and the UEs 115 may support transmitting signals according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs).

[0047] UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout the coverage area 110 of the wireless communication system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary, mobile, or both at different times. UEs 115 may be devices of different forms or with different capabilities. Figure 1 Some example UEs 115 are shown in FIG. The UEs 115 described herein may be capable of supporting communications with various types of devices, such as other UEs 115 or network entities 105, such as Figure 1 shown.

[0048] As described herein, a node of the wireless communication system 100 (which may be referred to as a network node or wireless node) may be a network entity 105 (e.g., any network entity described herein), a UE 115 (e.g., any UE described herein), a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, one or more components, or another suitable processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, the node may be a UE 115. As another example, the node may be a network entity 105. As another example, a first node may be configured to communicate with a second node or a third node. In one aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a network entity 105. In other aspects of this example, the first node, the second node, and the third node may be different relative to these examples. Similarly, references to UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, etc. may include disclosure of UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, etc. as nodes. For example, disclosure that UE 115 is configured to receive information from network entity 105 also discloses that the first node is configured to receive information from the second node.

[0049] In some examples, the network entities 105 can communicate with the core network 130, with each other, or with both. For example, the network entities 105 can communicate with the core network 130 via one or more backhaul communication links 120 (e.g., according to S1, N2, N3, or other interface protocols). In some examples, the network entities 105 can communicate with each other directly (e.g., directly between the network entities 105) or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 130) via the backhaul communication links 120 (e.g., according to X2, Xn, or other interface protocols). In some examples, the network entities 105 can communicate with each other via mid-haul communication links 162 (e.g., according to a mid-haul interface protocol) or front-haul communication links 168 (e.g., according to a front-haul interface protocol), or any combination thereof. The backhaul communication links 120, mid-haul communication links 162, or front-haul communication links 168 can be or include one or more wired links (e.g., electrical links, fiber optic links), one or more wireless links (e.g., radio links, wireless optical links), and other examples or various combinations thereof. UE 115 may communicate with core network 130 via communication link 155 .

[0050] One or more of the network entities 105 described herein may include or may be referred to as a base station 140 (e.g., a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an NR base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a Node B, an evolved Node B (eNB), a next-generation Node B, or a gigabit Node B (any of which may be referred to as a gNB), a 5G NB, a next-generation eNB (ng-eNB), a Home Node B, a Home evolved Node B, or other suitable terminology). In some examples, the network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may be implemented in a converged (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture that may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single network entity 105 (e.g., a single RAN node, such as a base station 140).

[0051] In some examples, the network entity 105 can be implemented in a disaggregated architecture (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture) that can be configured to utilize protocol stacks that are physically or logically distributed across two or more network entities 105, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance), or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN)). For example, the network entity 105 can include one or more of the following: a central unit (CU) 160, a distributed unit (DU) 165, a radio unit (RU) 170, a RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 175 (e.g., a near real-time RIC (near RT RIC), a non-real-time RIC (non-RT RIC)), a service management and orchestration (SMO) 180 system, or any combination thereof. The RU 170 can also be referred to as a radio head, an intelligent radio head, a remote radio head (RRH), a remote radio unit (RRU), or a transmit receive point (TRP). One or more components of the network entity 105 in the disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entity 105 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations). In some examples, one or more network entities 105 of the disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., virtual CU (VCU), virtual DU (VDU), virtual RU (VRU)).

[0052] The split of functionality between CU 160, DU 165, and RU 170 is flexible and can support different functionality depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, and any combination thereof) are performed at CU 160, DU 165, or RU 170. For example, a functional split of the protocol stack can be employed between CU 160 and DU 165 such that CU 160 can support one or more layers of the protocol stack and DU 165 can support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some examples, CU 160 can host upper protocol layer (e.g., Layer 3 (L3), Layer 2 (L2)) functionality and signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC), Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)). The CU 160 may be connected to one or more DUs 165 or RUs 170, and the one or more DUs 165 or RUs 170 may host lower protocol layer functionality and signaling, such as Layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer), and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU 160. Additionally or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between the DU 165 and the RU 170, such that the DU 165 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU 170 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU 165 may support one or more different cells (e.g., via one or more RUs 170). In some cases, the functional split between the CU 160 and the DU 165 or between the DU 165 and the RU 170 can be within the protocol layer (e.g., some functions of the protocol layer can be performed by one of the CU 160, DU 165, or RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU 160, DU 165, or RU 170). The CU 160 can be further functionally split into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. The CU 160 can be connected to one or more DUs 165 via mid-range communication links 162 (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u), and the DU 165 can be connected to one or more RUs 170 via front-haul communication links 168 (e.g., open front-haul (FH) interface). In some examples, mid-range communication link 162 or front-range communication link 168 may be implemented according to interfaces (eg, channels) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities 105 communicating via such communication links.

[0053] In a wireless communication system (e.g., wireless communication system 100), the infrastructure and spectrum resources for radio access can support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, thereby providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to the core network 130). In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more network entities 105 (e.g., IAB nodes 104) can be partially controlled by each other. One or more IAB nodes 104 can be referred to as a donor entity or IAB donor. One or more DUs 165 or one or more RUs 170 can be partially controlled by one or more CUs 160 associated with a donor network entity 105 (e.g., a donor base station 140). One or more donor network entities 105 (e.g., IAB donors) can communicate with one or more additional network entities 105 (e.g., IAB nodes 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication links 120). The IAB node 104 may include an IAB mobile terminal (IAB-MT) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by the DU 165 of the coupled IAB donor. The IAB-MT may include an independent set of antennas for relaying communications with the UE 115, or may share the same antennas of the IAB node 104 (e.g., the same antennas of the RU 170) for access via the DU 165 of the IAB node 104 (e.g., referred to as a virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT)). In some examples, the IAB node 104 may include a DU 165 that supports communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB node 104, UE 115) within a relay chain or access network (e.g., downstream). In such cases, one or more components of the decomposed RAN architecture (e.g., one or more IAB nodes 104 or components of the IAB node 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.

[0054] For example, an access network (AN) or RAN may include communications between an access node (e.g., an IAB donor), an IAB node 104, and one or more UEs 115. The IAB donor may facilitate connectivity between the core network 130 and the AN (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130). In other words, the IAB donor may refer to a RAN node that has a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130. The IAB donor may include a CU 160 and at least one DU 165 (e.g., and a RU 170), in which case the CU 160 may communicate with the core network 130 via an interface (e.g., a backhaul link). The IAB donor and the IAB node 104 may communicate via the F1 interface according to a protocol that defines signaling messages (e.g., the F1 AP protocol). Additionally or alternatively, the CU 160 may communicate with the core network via an interface (which may be an example of a portion of a backhaul link) and may communicate with other CUs 160 (e.g., CUs 160 associated with alternative IAB donors) via an Xn-C interface (which may be an example of a portion of a backhaul link).

[0055] An IAB node 104 may refer to a RAN node that provides IAB functionality (e.g., access and wireless self-backhaul capabilities for UE 115). A DU 165 may act as a distributed scheduling node for child nodes associated with the IAB node 104, and an IAB-MT may act as a scheduled node for a parent node associated with the IAB node 104. In other words, an IAB donor may be referred to as a parent node that communicates with one or more child nodes (e.g., an IAB donor may relay transmissions for a UE through one or more other IAB nodes 104). Additionally or alternatively, depending on the relay chain or configuration of the AN, an IAB node 104 may also be referred to as a parent node or child node of other IAB nodes. Thus, an IAB-MT entity of an IAB node 104 may provide a Uu interface for child IAB nodes 104 to receive signaling from the parent IAB node 104, and a DU interface (e.g., DU 165) may provide a Uu interface for the parent IAB node 104 to signal to the child IAB nodes 104 or UE 115.

[0056] For example, IAB node 104 can be referred to as a parent node that supports communications for child IAB nodes, or as a child IAB node associated with an IAB donor, or both. The IAB donor can include a CU 160 having a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130 (e.g., backhaul communication link 120) and can act as a parent node for IAB node 104. For example, the DU 165 of the IAB donor can relay transmissions to UE 115 via IAB node 104, or can directly signal transmissions to UE 115, or both. The CU 160 of the IAB donor can signal communication link establishment to the IAB node 104 via the F1 interface, and the IAB node 104 can schedule transmissions (e.g., transmissions relayed from the IAB donor to the UE 115) via the DU 165. That is, data can be relayed to and from the IAB node 104 via signaling over the NR Uu interface of the MT to the IAB node 104. Communications with the IAB node 104 may be scheduled by the DU 165 of the IAB donor, and communications with the IAB node 104 may be scheduled by the DU 165 of the IAB node 104 .

[0057] Where the techniques described herein are applied in the context of a disaggregated RAN architecture, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured to support the techniques described herein for continuous antenna scanning for an integrated lens antenna. For example, some operations described as being performed by a UE 115 or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may additionally or alternatively be performed by one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., an IAB node 104, a DU 165, a CU 160, a RU 170, a RIC 175, a SMO 180).

[0058] UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other appropriate terminology, where a "device" may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. UE 115 may also include or may be referred to as a personal electronic device, such as a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some examples, UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or a machine type communication (MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in various items such as appliances, or vehicles, meters, and among other examples.

[0059] The UE 115 described herein may be capable of communicating with various types of devices, such as other UEs 115, which may sometimes act as relays, as well as network entities 105 and network devices (including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, among other examples), such as Figure 1 shown.

[0060] The UE 115 and the network entity 105 can wirelessly communicate with each other via one or more communication links 125 (e.g., access links) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term "carrier" can refer to a collection of RF spectrum resources with a defined physical layer structure for supporting the communication link 125. For example, a carrier used for the communication link 125 can include a portion of an RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP)) that operates according to one or more physical layer channels for a given radio access technology (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR). Each physical layer channel can carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information), control signaling to coordinate operations for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communication system 100 can support communications with the UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. Depending on the carrier aggregation configuration, the UE 115 can be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers. Carrier aggregation can be used with both frequency division duplex (FDD) component carriers and time division duplex (TDD) component carriers. Communication between the network entity 105 and other devices may refer to communication between a device and any portion (e.g., entity, sub-entity) of the network entity 105. For example, when referring to the network entity 105, the terms "sending," "receiving," or "communicating" may refer to any portion of the network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, CU 160, DU 165, RU 170) of the RAN communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities 105).

[0061] The signal waveform transmitted via the carrier may be composed of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multicarrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM)). In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element may refer to a resource of one symbol period (e.g., the duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, in which case the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The number of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both), such that a relatively high number of resource elements and a relatively high order modulation scheme may correspond to relatively high rate communications. Wireless communication resources may refer to a combination of RF spectrum resources, time resources, and spatial resources (e.g., spatial layers, beams), and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity used for communications with UE 115.

[0062] The basic time unit (which may be referred to as T s =1 / (Δf max ·N f ) seconds sampling period, for which Δf max It can indicate the supported subcarrier spacing, and N f The time interval for the network entity 105 or the UE 115 may be expressed as a multiple of a supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. The time intervals of the communication resources may be organized according to radio frames, each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms)). Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023).

[0063] Each frame may include a plurality of consecutively numbered subframes or time slots, and each subframe or time slot may have the same duration. In some examples, the frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a number of time slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable number of time slots, and the number of time slots may depend on the subcarrier spacing. Each time slot may include a number of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of a cyclic prefix added in front of each symbol period). In some wireless communication systems 100, the time slots may be further divided into a plurality of mini-slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., N f The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or the operating frequency band.

[0064] A subframe, slot, mini-slot, or symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communication system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI). In some examples, the TTI duration (e.g., the number of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communication system 100 may be dynamically selected (e.g., in the form of bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs)).

[0065] Physical channels may be multiplexed for communication using a carrier according to various techniques. For example, physical control channels and physical data channels may be multiplexed for signaling via a downlink carrier using one or more of a time division multiplexing (TDM) technique, a frequency division multiplexing (FDM) technique, or a hybrid TDM-FDM technique. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET)) for a physical control channel may be defined by a set of symbol periods and may extend across a system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of a carrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configured for a set of UEs 115. For example, one or more of UEs 115 may monitor or search a control region for control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or more control channel candidates at one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. The aggregation level for a control channel candidate may refer to the number of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs)) associated with coding information for a control information format having a given payload size. The search space sets may include a common search space set configured for transmitting control information to multiple UEs 115 and a UE-specific search space set for transmitting control information to a specific UE 115 .

[0066] In some examples, network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140, RUs 170) can be mobile and, therefore, provide communication coverage for mobile coverage areas 110. In some examples, different coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies can overlap, but the different coverage areas 110 can be supported by the same network entity 105. In some other examples, overlapping coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies can be supported by different network entities 105. The wireless communication system 100 can include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of network entities 105 use the same or different radio access technologies to provide coverage for respective coverage areas 110.

[0067] The wireless communication system 100 can be configured to support ultra-reliable communication or low-latency communication, or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communication system 100 can be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC). The UE 115 can be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communication can include private communication or group communication and can be supported by one or more services (such as push-to-talk, video or data). Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions can include prioritization of services, and such services can be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency and ultra-reliable low-latency can be used interchangeably in this article.

[0068] In some examples, a UE 115 can be configured to support direct communication with other UEs 115 via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link 135 (e.g., according to a peer-to-peer (P2P), D2D, or sidelink protocol). In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of a group performing D2D communication can be within a coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, a RU 170), and the network entity 105 can support aspects of such D2D communication configured by the network entity 105 (e.g., scheduled by the network entity 105). In some examples, one or more UEs 115 in such a group can be outside the coverage area 110 of the network entity 105 or can otherwise be unable or not configured to receive transmissions from the network entity 105. In some examples, each group of UEs 115 communicating via D2D communication can support a one-to-many (1:M) system, in which each UE 115 transmits to each of the other UEs 115 in the group. In some examples, network entity 105 may facilitate scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In some other examples, D2D communications may be performed between UEs 115 without involving network entity 105.

[0069] The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC), which may include at least one control plane entity (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), an access and mobility management function (AMF)) that manages access and mobility, and at least one user plane entity (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), a packet data network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or a user plane function (UPF)) that routes packets to or interconnects with an external network. The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for UEs 115 served by network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140) associated with the core network 130. User IP packets may be transmitted through the user plane entity, which may provide IP address allocation and other functions. The user plane entity may be connected to an IP service 150 for one or more network operators. IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), or packet-switched streaming services.

[0070] The wireless communication system 100 can operate using one or more frequency bands, which can be in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz). Typically, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is referred to as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves can be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features (which can be referred to as clusters), but the waves can penetrate structures sufficiently for macro cells to provide service to UEs 115 located indoors. Communication using UHF waves can be associated with smaller antennas and shorter distances (e.g., less than 100 kilometers) compared to communication using the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portions of the spectrum below 300 MHz.

[0071] The wireless communication system 100 may also operate using the super high frequency (SHF) region of the spectrum, which may be in the range of 3 GHz to 30 GHz (also known as the centimeter band), or using the extremely high frequency (EHF) region of the spectrum (e.g., from 30 GHz to 300 GHz), also known as the millimeter band. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may support millimeter wave (mmW) communications between the UE 115 and the network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, RU 170), and the EHF antennas of the corresponding devices may be smaller and more closely spaced than UHF antennas. In some examples, such techniques may facilitate the use of antenna arrays within the device. However, the propagation of EHF transmissions may suffer from even greater attenuation and shorter distances than SHF or UHF transmissions. The techniques disclosed herein may be employed across transmissions using one or more different frequency regions, and the designated use of frequency bands across these frequency regions may vary by country or regulatory agency.

[0072] The wireless communication system 100 can utilize both licensed and unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communication system 100 can employ license assisted access (LAA), LTE unlicensed (LTE-U) radio access technology, or NR technology using an unlicensed band (such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band). When operating using an unlicensed RF spectrum band, devices (such as the network entity 105 and the UE 115) can employ carrier sensing for conflict detection and avoidance. In some examples, operations using the unlicensed band can be based on a carrier aggregation configuration of component carriers in combination with operations using a licensed band (e.g., LAA). Operations in the unlicensed spectrum can include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, among other examples.

[0073] A network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, a RU 170) or a UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas that may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming. The antennas of the network entity 105 or the UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels that may support MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly such as an antenna tower. In some examples, the antennas or antenna arrays associated with the network entity 105 may be located at different geographical locations. The network entity 105 may include an antenna array having a set of rows and columns of antenna ports that the network entity 105 may use to support beamforming for communications with the UE 115. Similarly, the UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally or alternatively, the antenna panels may support RF beamforming for signals transmitted via the antenna ports.

[0074] The network entity 105 or UE 115 can use MIMO communication to exploit multipath signal propagation and improve spectral efficiency by sending or receiving multiple signals via different spatial layers. Such techniques may be referred to as spatial multiplexing. For example, a transmitting device may send multiple signals via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Similarly, a receiving device may receive multiple signals via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Each of the multiple signals may be referred to as a separate spatial stream and may carry information associated with the same data stream (e.g., the same codeword) or different data streams (e.g., different codewords). Different spatial layers may be associated with different antenna ports for channel measurement and reporting. MIMO techniques include single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO) (for which multiple spatial layers are sent to the same receiving device) and multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) (for which multiple spatial layers are sent to multiple devices).

[0075] Beamforming (which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception) is a signal processing technique that can be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., a network entity 105, a UE 115) to form or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming can be achieved by combining signals transmitted via antenna elements of an antenna array so that some signals propagating along a particular orientation relative to the antenna array experience constructive interference, while other signals experience destructive interference. Adjustments to signals transmitted via antenna elements can include the transmitting device or the receiving device applying an amplitude offset, a phase offset, or both to the signals carried by the antenna elements associated with the device. Adjustments associated with each of the antenna elements can be defined by a set of beamforming weights associated with a particular orientation (e.g., relative to the antenna array of the transmitting device or the receiving device, or relative to some other orientation).

[0076] The network entity 105 or the UE 115 may use beam scanning techniques as part of a beamforming operation. For example, the network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, RU 170) may use multiple antennas or antenna arrays (e.g., antenna panels) to perform beamforming operations for directional communication with the UE 115. The network entity 105 may transmit some signals (e.g., synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) multiple times along different directions. For example, the network entity 105 may transmit signals according to different sets of beamforming weights associated with different transmission directions. The transmissions along different beam directions may be used (e.g., by a transmitting device (such as the network entity 105) or by a receiving device (such as the UE 115)) to identify a beam direction for subsequent transmission or reception by the network entity 105.

[0077] A transmitting device (e.g., transmitting network entity 105, transmitting UE 115) may transmit some signals (e.g., data signals associated with a particular receiving device (e.g., receiving network entity 105 or receiving UE 115)) along a single beam direction (e.g., a direction associated with the receiving device). In some examples, the beam direction associated with the transmission along the single beam direction may be determined based on signals transmitted along one or more beam directions. For example, UE 115 may receive one or more of the signals transmitted along different directions by network entity 105 and may report to network entity 105 an indication of the signal received by UE 115 having the highest signal quality or otherwise acceptable signal quality.

[0078] In some examples, transmissions by a device (e.g., by network entity 105 or UE 115) may be performed using multiple beam directions, and the device may use a combination of digital precoding or beamforming to generate a combined beam for transmission (e.g., from network entity 105 to UE 115). UE 115 may report feedback indicating precoding weights used for one or more beam directions, and the feedback may correspond to a configured set of beams across the system bandwidth or one or more subbands. Network entity 105 may send reference signals (e.g., cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS)) that may be precoded or not precoded. UE 115 may provide feedback for beam selection, which may be a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) or codebook-based feedback (e.g., a multi-panel type codebook, a linear combination type codebook, a port selection type codebook). Although these techniques are described with reference to signals sent along one or more directions by a network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, RU 170), UE 115 may employ similar techniques to send signals multiple times along different directions (e.g., for identifying beam directions for subsequent transmission or reception by UE 115) or to send signals along a single direction (e.g., for sending data to a receiving device).

[0079] When receiving various signals (such as synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) from a receiving device (e.g., network entity 105), the receiving device (e.g., UE 115) can perform reception operations according to multiple reception configurations (e.g., directional listening). For example, the receiving device can perform reception according to multiple reception directions by receiving via different antenna subarrays, by processing received signals according to different antenna subarrays, by receiving according to different sets of receive beamforming weights applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array (e.g., different sets of directional listening weights), or by processing received signals according to different sets of receive beamforming weights applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array (any of the above operations may be referred to as "listening" according to different reception configurations or reception directions). In some examples, the receiving device can use a single reception configuration to receive along a single beam direction (e.g., when receiving data signals). A single receive configuration may be aligned along a beam direction determined based on listening according to different receive configuration directions (e.g., a beam direction determined to have the highest signal strength, highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), or otherwise acceptable signal quality based on listening according to multiple beam directions).

[0080] Some advanced wireless communication systems operating using ultra-high frequency communications (such as 6G sub-THz communications) may experience increased path loss due to the high carrier frequency. To increase gain, wireless devices can use narrow beams, which are generated using various different beamforming techniques. For example, one technique can employ the use of a lens antenna (e.g., at the network entity 105) to generate a directional narrow beam with high accuracy. A lens antenna can use a collection of radiating elements behind a lens to generate a predefined beam grid, where a beam corresponds to an element of the array and the direction of the element can be determined based on the lens focus. However, in some implementations, the beam generated by the lens antenna may be so narrow that even relatively small adjustments or movements of the receiving UE 115 may result in significant power loss and QoS degradation. Therefore, network entities operating using lens antennas can implement various techniques to allow for more continuous beam tracking and increased coverage.

[0081] UE 115 may measure the received power of the various discrete beams transmitted by network entity 105, and UE 115 may send a measurement report including a set of measurement results for the discrete beams to network entity 105. Using the received measurement results, network entity 105 may then calculate the boresight angle of a new beam (e.g., a beam that will maximize the received power at UE 115) based on a weighted combination of the discrete beams and one or more optimization processes. Network entity 105 may then temporarily add the new beam to the beam codebook for UE 115 and may command UE 115 to begin using the new beam as a serving beam. UE 115 may then continue to perform beam measurements on the beams in the beam codebook, including the serving beam, and may send measurement reports to network entity 105.

[0082] The network entity 105 may then use ongoing measurement reports from the UE 115 to determine whether to retain the new beam in the beam codebook or remove the new beam from the beam codebook. For example, the network entity 105 may determine based on the beam measurement results that the quality or received power of the new beam has fallen below a threshold, or that the new beam has been in use for a duration exceeding a threshold. The network entity 105 may then remove the beam from the beam codebook and calculate a new optimal beam for use by the UE 115.

[0083] Figure 2 An example of a wireless communication system 200 that supports techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. For example, the wireless communication system 200 can support communications between a network entity 105-a and a UE 115-a, each of which can be referenced. Figure 1Examples of corresponding devices described. In some implementations, the network entity 105-a may support lens antennas for efficient and accurate beamforming.

[0084] The wireless communication system 200 can support communications using high carrier frequencies and relatively wide system bandwidths (e.g., sub-THz systems), each of which can correspondingly support high system throughput, low latency, high traffic density, increased spectral energy, and relatively high gain relative to systems operating at relatively lower frequencies. However, to compensate for the increased path loss due to high carrier frequencies (e.g., frequencies exceeding 140 GHz), antenna radiation can be relatively narrow, thereby producing narrow beams to support high gain communications. Due to the high spatial separation between the narrow beams, the use of such narrow beams in high frequency systems can reduce interference between users. However, in some cases, to prevent "dead spots" or areas of lack of coverage, the device can use a fine grid or antenna array to produce narrow beams that can radiate in each angular spatial location of the UE 115-a with relatively low power loss.

[0085] To support efficient beamforming in high-frequency systems (e.g., sub-THz systems), a device can implement a power-efficient lens antenna (e.g., lens antenna array, integrated lens antenna) instead of or in addition to a phased antenna array. For example, a dielectric lens antenna (such as lens antenna 205) can produce a multi-beam radiation pattern in a wide-angle area. Compared to a phased array, the lens antenna 205 can avoid the use of multiple RF chains per antenna element (e.g., via phase shifters, power amplifiers (PAs), or low-noise amplifiers (LNAs)), which can reduce excessive power consumption. Instead, the lens antenna 205 can use a predefined beam grid formed by placing a collection of radiating elements behind a lens. Each such radiating element can then generate a beam in a specific direction and can be turned on and off by a beam manager.

[0086] However, in some implementations, the beam generated by the lens antenna 205 may be so narrow (e.g., having a beamwidth of 2-4 degrees) that even relatively small adjustments (e.g., + / - 2 degrees) or movement of the receiver from boresight (e.g., 0 degrees center) may result in significant power loss (e.g., up to 6 dB power loss in receive SNR). Accordingly, a device such as the network entity 105-a may implement a variety of different techniques to enable more continuous or similar beam tracking and scanning using the lens antenna 205. For example, one technique may implement hybrid digital-analog manipulation to support continuous beam scanning, rather than scanning using a non-continuous (e.g., discrete) quantized grid of radiation angles.

[0087] In such a technique, the lens antenna capability may be extended from discrete beam scanning to continuous (e.g., “analog”) beam scanning. For example, the UE 115-a may measure the received power of various discrete beams transmitted from the network entity 105-a and may send a measurement report to the network entity 105-a that includes a set of various beam measurement results corresponding to the discrete beams. The network entity 105-a may then calculate the boresight angle of a new beam 210 (e.g., the “best” beam or the beam that will maximize the received power at the UE 115-a) based on a weighted combination of the discrete beams. The network entity 105-a may then temporarily add the new beam 210 to the beam codebook for the UE 115-a and may send an instruction to the UE 115-a to begin monitoring the new beam 210. The network entity 105-a may then remove the new beam 210 when a beam management decision switches the UE 115-a to a different beam. For example, the network entity 105-a may continue to collect beam measurement results from the UE 115-a, including measurement results for the new beam 210, and once the new beam 210 has a received power that falls below a threshold, or once the new beam is in use for a duration that exceeds a threshold, the network entity 105-a may remove the new beam 210.

[0088] The network entity 105-a may use the beam measurement results provided by the UE 115-a to perform an optimization process to find a new or optimized beam direction to transmit the new beam 210. For example, the network entity 105-a may perform calculations of the boresight angle of the new beam 210 using one or more beam prediction artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning models, using one or more interpolation models (e.g., parabolic interpolation of receiver beam powers or any other high-order interpolation), or a combination thereof. The network entity 105-a may then generate a beam via at least two antenna elements that are simultaneously activated to form a beam in the direction of the UE 115-a. The UE 115-a and the network entity 105-a may repeat the beam optimization and beam measurement process for the new beam direction and may add and remove various optimized beams from the beam codebook based on the UE measurement reports.

[0089] To form a new beam 210 in the direction of the UE 115-a using a continuous beam scanning technique, the network entity 105-a may transmit multiple beams using a gain and phase combination of the multiple beams to generate an equivalent new beam having a peak in the direction of the UE 115-a. For example, the network entity 105-a may activate multiple (e.g., more than one) antenna elements and route the input signal to the multiple antenna elements to generate the new beam 210. This beam combining may reduce losses experienced using a phased antenna array.

[0090] Additionally or alternatively, the continuous beam scanning technique may improve signal quality at times when the UE 115-a is positioned at an angle corresponding to an edge of the beamwidth or at times when UE mobility (e.g., movement of the UE 115-a) affects signal quality. For example, in the case of discrete beams, even relatively small movement of the UE 115-a may reduce the SNR by as much as 3-6 dB because the movement of the UE 115-a may be away from the center of the beamwidth. For example, where the beamwidth is +- 2 degrees and the link distance is 200 m, a movement of the UE 115-a + / - 7 m may result in a 3-6 dB SNR drop, which may degrade the QoS for the UE 115-a. By transmitting beams using a combination of gain and phase using the continuous beam scanning technique described herein, such QoS degradation may be avoided because the UE 115-a may be located at or near the center of the beam when the new beam is generated, added to the codebook, and used for communication. Additionally or alternatively, the sidelobes of the new beam may be reduced relative to the discrete beam, which may reduce interference to adjacent or nearby beams simultaneously serving other UEs.

[0091] Figure 3 An example of a lens antenna system diagram 300 supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. For example, the lens antenna 305 may be implemented at or by a network entity 105 as described herein, which may communicate with a UE 115-b, which may be an example of a UE 115 as described herein.

[0092] The lens antenna 305 can be represented by a lens antenna system diagram 300. The lens antenna 305 can include one or more antenna elements 310, each of which can radiate in a different beam direction (e.g., beam direction 315-a and beam direction 315-b). Figure 2 The RF back end 320 (behind the lens antenna in the lens antenna 305) can route the input signal to the one or more antenna elements 310 via one or more components (e.g., circuits, mixers, beam weighting functions). Once the input signal is routed to the one or more antenna elements 310, it can be radiated in the corresponding beam direction. In some implementations, the routing switching capability can be extended to route the input signal to one or more antenna elements 310 (e.g., simultaneously), which can improve the efficiency of the beamforming and can also increase the relative number of directions that beams can be radiated from the lens antenna 305. Additionally or alternatively, the transmission power of the power actuators associated with the one or more antenna elements 310 that are activated can be controlled by the beam management unit in a digital transmission (e.g., rather than being controlled relative to a fixed power P).

[0093] The lens antenna 305 can support activating more than one antenna element at the same time to form a beam in the direction of the UE. For example, two antenna elements can be activated at the same time to form a beam. In such an example, the input signal can be fed to a routing switch, which can act as a one-to-many splitter, such that the routing switch splits the signal into two or more channels to feed the signal to two or more antenna elements. In addition, two associated active power actuators can support using different corresponding powers (e.g., P1, P2, up to P n ) to transmit the separated signals such that P1+P2 equals the total power P. In this case, the total power of the separated signals may comply with the equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) constraint for the newly formed beam 325.

[0094] In some examples, the location of UE 115-b may be outside the boresight of the integrated lens antenna (e.g., the location of UE 115-b may fall outside the point of maximum beamforming gain), which may result in link budget loss and reduced QoS. For example, if the beam grid is designed with many antenna elements such that the beams overlap by -3dB, the link budget loss may be as high as 3dB. In other examples, if the beam grid is designed with a lower number of antenna elements, the beams may overlap at a lower radiation level (e.g., -6dB), which may result in link budget loss of up to 6dB. For example, the location of UE 115-b may fall outside the point of maximum beamforming gain in multiple beams (e.g., -6dB). n (θ)), which may cause UE 115-b to experience degraded QoS. In such a case, the lens antenna can implement different techniques to generate a new beam at any angle to more accurately steer the boresight to the location of UE 115-b.

[0095] To generate a new beam with a boresight aimed at the location of UE 115-b (which in some examples is not aligned with the beam generated by the discrete grid), lens antenna 305 may activate one or more antenna elements 310, where each of the one or more antenna elements 310 has an applied weight w i By applying corresponding weights to the antenna elements, the side lobes of each beam can contribute to the total cumulative energy of the newly formed beam 325. The gain and phase of the coefficients can be applied in the RF domain by reducing the power actuator power (e.g., gain) and using a phase shifter (e.g., phase). Then, the signal z generated by synthesizing the n beams can be expressed as:

[0096]

[0097] Where x is the input signal, P is the total power of the signal, and w iis the corresponding beam weight, and U i (θ i ) is at an angle θ i The radiation pattern of the i-th beam is, where θ i is the radiation pattern U observed by UE 115-b i (θ i ). Combining a larger number of beams (e.g., a higher n) may increase the link budget (e.g., by a fraction of a dB), and the network entity may determine the number of beams to use. For example, a relatively high n may increase directional accuracy, but may increase power consumption due to the increased number of antenna elements.

[0098] To increase the total signal energy when the different beam paths to UE 115-b are coherently summed, the network entity may perform optimization or maximization of the signal energy, for example, using the following equation:

[0099]

[0100] Then, to find the coefficient w corresponding to the optimized signal energy i The network entity can implement a gradient descent algorithm (e.g., a gradient steepest descent algorithm) which can be given as the following equation:

[0101]

[0102] where l represents the steepest descent iteration and the constraint can be applied So that the total transmit power is preserved, and the EIRP is also preserved.

[0103] In the coefficient of determination w i When , the network entity can calculate the gradient used to update the beam coefficient. The network entity can calculate the gradient as follows:

[0104]

[0105] The calculated gradient can then be used to update the rule as:

[0106]

[0107] This is then followed by a normalization step for the beam weights (with an insignificant guess about uniform beam weights among the n beams to be weighted):

[0108]

[0109] Where, for each i=1-n, Then, the maximum value on the contour can be equal to Once the network entity determines the optimal or maximum beam weighting coefficient for the new beam, the network entity may transmit the new beam in the direction of UE 115-b. In some examples, the optimized beam weighting coefficient for the optimized beam may have reduced sidelobes, which may reduce beam interference to other UEs served by adjacent beams.

[0110] Figure 4 An example of a process flow 400 supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. Process flow 400 illustrates a process for optimizing or refining a serving beam direction using a lens antenna array at a network entity 105-b, which may be an example of a network entity 105 as described herein. The network entity 105-b may communicate with a UE 115-c, which may be an example of a UE 115 as described herein.

[0111] In the following description of process flow 400, the operations may be performed in a different order than shown, or other operations may be added or removed from process flow 400. For example, some operations may also be omitted from process flow 400, may be performed in a different order or at a different time, or other operations may be added to process flow 400. Although network entity 105-b and UE 115-c are shown as performing the operations of process flow 400, some aspects of some operations may also be performed by one or more other wireless or network devices.

[0112] At 405, the network entity 105-b may transmit the SSB via different beams transmitted in different directions. The SSB may be part of a set of SSBs corresponding to different beams included in a beam codebook.

[0113] At 410 , the UE 115 - c may perform various beam measurements on the SSB and may send a measurement report to the network entity 105 - b , which may include the measured power per beam.

[0114] At 415, the network entity 105-b may calculate a new beam direction (e.g., an optimized beam with a boresight pointing toward the UE 115-c) based on the weighted sum of the existing beams. For example, the network entity 105-b may calculate a weighted sum of the beam weights corresponding to the beams sent in 405, and the new beam direction may be based on the calculated weighted sum.

[0115] At 420, the network entity 105-b may add the new beam as a temporary beam to the beam codebook associated with the UE 115-c. The network entity 105-b may assign a beam index (e.g., INDX) to the new beam, which may be used to identify the new beam. The beam index may be associated with the first serving beam and may be different from the set of beam indices used for other beams in the beam codebook.

[0116] At 425, the network entity 105-b may send a message to the UE 115-c that instructs the UE 115-c to begin receiving communications on the new beam INDX as the serving beam. In some examples, the message may be a first serving beam indication that includes an instruction to monitor the INDX beam as a serving beam that is different from each of the other beams in the beam codebook.

[0117] In some examples, network entity 105 - b may generate a new service beam by routing an input signal to at least two antenna elements of a lens antenna and then transmitting the service beam in a direction based on the beam measurement report. In such an example, the input signal may be separated into two input signals having different respective input powers and different respective beam weights at each antenna element.

[0118] In some examples, the network entity 105-b may generate a new service beam using one or more beam coefficients, an input signal at the network entity, a radiation pattern for each of the beams in a beam codebook, an angle of one or more side lobes associated with the radiation pattern, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the network entity 105-b may also apply a selection algorithm (e.g., a gradient descent algorithm) to the beam weight coefficients included in the first set of beam measurements to determine an optimized set of beam weight measurements for the new service beam. Additionally or alternatively, the network entity 105-b may also be capable of implementing one or more machine learning models, parabolic interpolation models, high-order interpolation models, one or more optimization processes, or any combination thereof to determine the direction of the new service beam.

[0119] At 430 , the UE 115 - c may receive data over the new beam INDX and may continue to measure the SSB including beam power on the serving beam and other beams in the beam codebook.

[0120] At 435 , the UE 115 - c may report the measured power per beam (eg, in a second measurement report) that includes the new beam INDX and other beams included in the beam codebook.

[0121] At 440, if the calculations performed by the network entity 105-b indicate that the newly added beam INDX has a QoS below a threshold (e.g., the INDX beam has been used for a time exceeding a threshold or the new beam INDX has not been used for a threshold period of time, or if the measured power of the new beam INDX is below a threshold), the network entity 105-b may remove the INDX beam from the beam codebook. In some examples, the network entity 105-b may repeat the beam optimization process to identify a new serving beam to add to the codebook.

[0122] In some examples, network entity 105-b may use the measurement results included in the second measurement report to calculate the direction of the second new beam. For example, network entity 105-b may use a weighted sum of the measurement results of the beams provided in the second measurement report to calculate the direction of the second new beam.

[0123] Figure 5 A block diagram 500 is shown of a device 505 that supports techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 505 may be an example of aspects of the network entity 105 as described herein. The device 505 may include a receiver 510, a transmitter 515, and a communication manager 520. The device 505 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0124] Receiver 510 may provide means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack), such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units). The information may be passed to other components of device 505. In some examples, receiver 510 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, receiver 510 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, optical) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.

[0125] The transmitter 515 may provide a means for outputting (e.g., sending, providing, conveying, transmitting) information generated by other components of the device 505. For example, the transmitter 515 may output information associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack), such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units). In some examples, the transmitter 515 may support outputting information by sending signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, the transmitter 515 may support outputting information by sending signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, optical fiber) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the transmitter 515 and the receiver 510 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include a modem or be coupled to a modem.

[0126] The communication manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations thereof, or various components thereof, may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna as described herein. For example, the communication manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations thereof, or components thereof, may support methods for performing one or more of the functions described herein.

[0127] In some examples, the communication manager 520, the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof can be implemented in hardware (e.g., in a communication management circuit). The hardware can include a processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting means for performing the functions described in this disclosure. In some examples, a processor and a memory coupled to the processor can be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by executing instructions stored in the memory by the processor).

[0128] Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the communication manager 520, receiver 510, transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code executed by a processor (e.g., as communication management software or firmware). If implemented in code executed by a processor, the functionality of the communication manager 520, receiver 510, transmitter 515, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, DSP, CPU, ASIC, FPGA, microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., units configured or otherwise supporting the functions described in this disclosure).

[0129] In some examples, the communication manager 520 can be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receive, obtain, monitor, output, transmit) using or otherwise cooperating with the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or both. For example, the communication manager 520 can receive information from the receiver 510, send information to the transmitter 515, or integrate with the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, or both in combination to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0130] According to examples disclosed herein, a communication manager 520 may support wireless communications at a network entity. For example, the communication manager 520 may be configured to or otherwise support means for transmitting a set of synchronization signals via a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook. The communication manager 520 may be configured to or otherwise support means for receiving a first measurement report indicating a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook based on the set of synchronization signals. The communication manager 520 may be configured to or otherwise support means for transmitting a first serving beam indication, the first serving beam indication including instructions to monitor a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook for transmitting the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based on the first beam measurement set indicated by the first measurement report. The communication manager 520 may be configured to or otherwise support means for receiving a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams and indicating at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam. The communication manager 520 may be configured or otherwise support means for transmitting one or more messages via the first serving beam based on at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

[0131] By including or configuring the communication manager 520 according to the examples as described herein, the device 505 (e.g., a processor that controls the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, the communication manager 520, or a combination thereof or is otherwise coupled with the receiver 510, the transmitter 515, the communication manager 520, or a combination thereof) can support techniques for more efficient utilization of communication resources, increased beam steering accuracy and directional accuracy, increased QoS, and increased link budget.

[0132] Figure 6A block diagram 600 is shown of a device 605 supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 605 may be an example of aspects of the device 505 or the network entity 105 as described herein. The device 605 may include a receiver 610, a transmitter 615, and a communication manager 620. The device 605 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0133] Receiver 610 may provide means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack), such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units). The information may be passed to other components of device 605. In some examples, receiver 610 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, receiver 610 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, optical) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.

[0134] The transmitter 615 may provide a means for outputting (e.g., sending, providing, conveying, transmitting) information generated by other components of the device 605. For example, the transmitter 615 may output information associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack), such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units). In some examples, the transmitter 615 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, the transmitter 615 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, optical fiber) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the transmitter 615 and the receiver 610 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include a modem or be coupled to a modem.

[0135] Device 605 or its various components can be examples of means for performing various aspects of the techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna as described herein. For example, communication manager 620 can include beamforming component 625, measurement report analysis component 630, beam monitoring indication component 635, or any combination thereof. Communication manager 620 can be an example of various aspects of communication manager 520 as described herein. In some examples, communication manager 620 or its various components can be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receive, obtain, monitor, output, transmit) using or otherwise cooperating with receiver 610, transmitter 615, or both. For example, communication manager 620 can receive information from receiver 610, send information to transmitter 615, or be integrated with receiver 610, transmitter 615, or both in combination to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0136] According to examples as disclosed herein, a communication manager 620 can support wireless communications at a network entity. A beamforming component 625 can be configured to or otherwise support means for transmitting a set of synchronization signals via a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook. A measurement report analysis component 630 can be configured to or otherwise support means for receiving a first measurement report indicating a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook based on the set of synchronization signals. A beam monitoring indication component 635 can be configured to or otherwise support means for transmitting a first serving beam indication, the first serving beam indication including instructions for monitoring a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook for transmitting the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based on the first set of beam measurements indicated by the first measurement report. The measurement report analysis component 630 may be configured to or otherwise support means for receiving a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams and indicating at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam. The beamforming component 625 may be configured to or otherwise support means for transmitting one or more messages via the first serving beam based on the at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

[0137] Figure 7A block diagram 700 is shown of a communication manager 720 that supports techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communication manager 720 can be an example of aspects of the communication manager 520, the communication manager 620, or both, as described herein. The communication manager 720 or its various components can be examples of means for performing various aspects of the techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna as described herein. For example, the communication manager 720 can include a beamforming component 725, a measurement report analysis component 730, a beam monitoring indication component 735, a beam direction determination component 740, a beam codebook manager 745, a selection algorithm application component 750, a signal separator 755, or any combination thereof. Each of these components can communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via one or more buses), which may include communication within a protocol layer of a protocol stack, communication associated with a logical channel of the protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of the protocol stack, within a device, component, or virtualized component associated with the network entity 105, between devices, components, or virtualized components associated with the network entity 105), or any combination thereof.

[0138] According to examples as disclosed herein, a communication manager 720 can support wireless communications at a network entity. A beamforming component 725 can be configured to or otherwise support means for transmitting a set of synchronization signals via a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook. A measurement report analysis component 730 can be configured to or otherwise support means for receiving a first measurement report indicating a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook based on the set of synchronization signals. A beam monitoring indication component 735 can be configured to or otherwise support means for transmitting a first serving beam indication, the first serving beam indication including instructions for monitoring a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook for transmitting the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based on the first set of beam measurements indicated by the first measurement report. In some examples, the measurement report analysis component 730 can be configured to or otherwise support means for receiving a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams and indicating at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam. In some examples, the beamforming component 725 can be configured to or otherwise support means for transmitting one or more messages via the first serving beam based on the at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

[0139] In some examples, the beam direction determination component 740 can be configured as or otherwise support a unit for performing a weighted sum of a first set of beam measurement results corresponding to each beam in a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook, wherein the first serving beam is associated with a beam direction based on the weighted sum.

[0140] In some examples, the beam codebook manager 745 can be configured to or otherwise support means for generating a beam index associated with the first serving beam based on the first set of beam measurements, the beam index being different from a set of beam indices for the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook. In some examples, the beam codebook manager 745 can be configured to or otherwise support means for sending an indication of the beam codebook including the beam index associated with the first serving beam.

[0141] In some examples, to support receiving a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurement results, the measurement report analysis component 730 can be configured as or otherwise support a unit for receiving one or more corresponding received power measurement results for each beam in a set of multiple beams in the beam codebook and the first serving beam.

[0142] In some examples, the beam codebook manager 745 can be configured to or otherwise support means for generating a beam index associated with the second serving beam for the beam codebook based on removing the first serving beam from the beam codebook. In some examples, the beam codebook manager 745 can be configured to or otherwise support means for sending a second serving beam indication, the second serving beam indication including instructions to monitor a second serving beam, the second serving beam being different from each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook and the first serving beam.

[0143] In some examples, beamforming component 725 can be configured to or otherwise support means for generating a first serving beam by routing an input signal to at least two antenna elements of a network entity. In some examples, beamforming component 725 can be configured to or otherwise support means for transmitting the first serving beam in a direction based on a first set of beam measurements of a first measurement report using at least two antenna elements.

[0144] In some examples, signal splitter 755 can be configured as or otherwise support means for splitting an input signal into two input signals having different respective input powers at each of at least two antenna elements.

[0145] In some examples, beamforming component 725 can be configured as or otherwise support means for applying one or more beam weights to each of at least two antenna elements.

[0146] In some examples, the beamforming component 725 can be configured as or otherwise support means for generating a first service beam based on: one or more beam coefficients, an input signal at a network entity, a radiation pattern of each beam in a set of multiple beams, angles of one or more side lobes associated with the radiation pattern, or any combination thereof.

[0147] In some examples, selection algorithm application component 750 can be configured or otherwise support means for applying a selection algorithm to a plurality of sets of beam weight coefficients included in the first set of beam measurements to determine a set of beam weight coefficients associated with the first serving beam. In some examples, beamforming component 725 can be configured or otherwise support means for transmitting the first serving beam based on signal energy based on the set of beam weight coefficients.

[0148] In some examples, the selection algorithm includes a gradient descent algorithm.

[0149] In some examples, the beam direction determination component 740 can be configured as or otherwise support a unit for determining the direction of the first service beam based on: a machine learning model, a parabolic interpolation of the first beam measurement result set, a high-order interpolation of the first beam measurement result set, one or more optimization processes, or any combination thereof.

[0150] In some examples, the threshold includes a receive power threshold, a duration threshold, a beam selection threshold, or any combination thereof.

[0151] Figure 8 A schematic diagram of a system 800 including a device 805 supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The device 805 may be an example of, or include components of, a device 505, a device 605, or a network entity 105 as described herein. The device 805 may communicate with one or more network entities 105, one or more UEs 115, or any combination thereof, which may include communication via one or more wired interfaces, via one or more wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. The device 805 may include components that support output and receipt of communications, such as a communication manager 820, a transceiver 810, an antenna 815, a memory 825, code 830, and a processor 835. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 840).

[0152] As described herein, the transceiver 810 can support bidirectional communication via a wired link, a wireless link, or both as described herein. In some examples, the transceiver 810 may include a wired transceiver and may communicate bidirectionally with another wired transceiver. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the transceiver 810 may include a wireless transceiver and may communicate bidirectionally with another wireless transceiver. In some examples, the device 805 may include one or more antennas 815, which may be capable of sending or receiving wireless transmissions (e.g., concurrently). The transceiver 810 may also include a modem for modulating a signal, providing a modulated signal for transmission (e.g., via one or more antennas 815, via a wired transmitter), receiving a modulated signal (e.g., from one or more antennas 815, from a wired receiver), and demodulating the signal. In some implementations, the transceiver 810 may include one or more interfaces, such as one or more interfaces coupled to one or more antennas 815 configured to support various receive or obtain operations, or one or more interfaces coupled to one or more antennas 815 configured to support various transmit or output operations, or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 810 may include or be configured to be coupled to one or more processors or memory components operable to perform or support operations based on received or obtained information or signals, or to generate information or other signals for transmission or other output, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 810, or the transceiver 810 and one or more antennas 815, or the transceiver 810 and one or more antennas 815 and one or more processors or memory components (e.g., processor 835, memory 825, or both) may be included in a chip or chip assembly installed in the device 805. In some examples, the transceiver may be operable to support communication via one or more communication links (eg, communication link 125 , backhaul communication link 120 , mid-range communication link 162 , fronthaul communication link 168 ).

[0153] The memory 825 may include RAM and ROM. The memory 825 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code 830, which includes instructions that, when executed by the processor 835, cause the device 805 to perform the various functions described herein. The code 830 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium (such as system memory or other types of memory). In some cases, the code 830 may not be directly executable by the processor 835, but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform the functions described herein. In some cases, among other things, the memory 825 may also contain a BIOS that may control basic hardware or software operations, such as interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0154] The processor 835 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA, a microcontroller, a programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, the processor 835 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, the memory controller may be integrated into the processor 835. The processor 835 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., memory 825) to cause the device 805 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna). For example, the device 805 or a component of the device 805 may include the processor 835 and the memory 825 coupled to the processor 835, the processor 835 and the memory 825 being configured to perform the various functions described herein. The processor 835 may be an example of a cloud computing platform (e.g., one or more physical nodes and supporting software, such as an operating system, a virtual machine, or a container instance) that may host functions (e.g., by executing code 830) to perform the functions of the device 805. The processor 835 can be any one or more suitable processors capable of executing scripts or instructions of one or more software programs stored in the device 805 (such as in the memory 825). In some implementations, the processor 835 can be a component of a processing system. A processing system can generally refer to a system or a series of machines or components that receive inputs and process the inputs to produce an output set (the output set can be passed to other systems or components such as the device 805). For example, the processing system of the device 805 can refer to a system that includes various other components or subcomponents of the device 805 (such as the processor 835, or the transceiver 810, or the communication manager 820, or other components or combinations of components of the device 805). The processing system of the device 805 can be docked with other components of the device 805 and can process information (such as input or signals) received from other components, or output information to other components. For example, a chip or modem of the device 805 can include a processing system and one or more interfaces for outputting information or obtaining information or both. The one or more interfaces may be implemented as or otherwise include a first interface configured to output information and a second interface configured to obtain information, or the same interface configured to output information and obtain information, among other implementations. In some implementations, the one or more interfaces may refer to an interface between a processing system of a chip or modem and a transmitter, such that the device 805 can transmit information output from the chip or modem. Additionally or alternatively, in some implementations, the one or more interfaces may refer to an interface between a processing system of a chip or modem and a receiver, such that the device 805 can obtain information or signal input, and the information can be passed to the processing system.Those skilled in the art will readily recognize that the first interface may also obtain information or signal input, and the second interface may also output information or signal output.

[0155] In some examples, bus 840 can support communications for protocol layers (e.g., within a protocol layer) of a protocol stack. In some examples, bus 840 can support communications associated with logical channels of a protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of a protocol stack), which can include communications performed within components of device 805 or between different components of device 805 that may be co-located or located in different locations (e.g., where device 805 can refer to a system where one or more of communication manager 820, transceiver 810, memory 825, code 830, and processor 835 can be located in one of the different components or divided between the different components).

[0156] In some examples, the communication manager 820 can manage aspects of communications with the core network 130 (e.g., via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links). For example, the communication manager 820 can manage the transmission of data communications for client devices, such as one or more UEs 115. In some examples, the communication manager 820 can manage communications with other network entities 105 and can include a controller or scheduler for coordinating with other network entities 105 to control communications with the UEs 115. In some examples, the communication manager 820 can support an X2 interface within an LTE / LTE-A wireless communication network technology to provide communications between network entities 105.

[0157] According to examples disclosed herein, the communication manager 820 may support wireless communications at a network entity. For example, the communication manager 820 may be configured to or otherwise support means for transmitting a set of synchronization signals via a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook. The communication manager 820 may be configured to or otherwise support means for receiving a first measurement report indicating a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook based on the set of synchronization signals. The communication manager 820 may be configured to or otherwise support means for transmitting a first serving beam indication, the first serving beam indication including instructions to monitor a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook for transmitting the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based on the first beam measurement set indicated by the first measurement report. The communication manager 820 may be configured to or otherwise support means for receiving a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams and indicating at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam. The communication manager 820 may be configured or otherwise support means for transmitting one or more messages via the first serving beam based on at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

[0158] By including or configuring the communication manager 820 according to the examples described herein, the device 805 can support techniques for improved communication reliability, reduced latency, an improved user experience related to increased QoS and beam accuracy, more efficient utilization of communication resources, improved coordination between devices, increased link budget, increased beam steering accuracy, and increased received power.

[0159] In some examples, the communication manager 820 can be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receive, obtain, monitor, output, transmit) using or in cooperation with the transceiver 810, one or more antennas 815 (e.g., where applicable), or any combination thereof. Although the communication manager 820 is shown as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communication manager 820 can be supported or performed by the transceiver 810, the processor 835, the memory 825, the code 830, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 830 can include instructions executable by the processor 835 to cause the device 805 to perform various aspects of the techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna as described herein, or the processor 835 and the memory 825 can be otherwise configured to perform or support such operations.

[0160] Figure 9 A block diagram 900 is shown of a device 905 that supports techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 905 may be an example of aspects of a UE 115 as described herein. The device 905 may include a receiver 910, a transmitter 915, and a communication manager 920. The device 905 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0161] The receiver 910 may provide a means for receiving information (such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof) associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to techniques for continuous beam scanning for integrated lens antennas). The information may be communicated to other components of the device 905. The receiver 910 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of multiple antennas.

[0162] The transmitter 915 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 905. For example, the transmitter 915 may transmit information (such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof) associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to techniques for continuous beam scanning for integrated lens antennas). In some examples, the transmitter 915 may be co-located with the receiver 910 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 915 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of multiple antennas.

[0163] The communication manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations thereof, or various components thereof, may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna as described herein. For example, the communication manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations thereof, or components thereof, may support methods for performing one or more of the functions described herein.

[0164] In some examples, the communication manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof can be implemented in hardware (e.g., in a communication management circuit). The hardware can include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a central processing unit (CPU), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof that is configured as or otherwise supports means for performing the functions described in this disclosure. In some examples, the processor and a memory coupled to the processor can be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by executing instructions stored in the memory by the processor).

[0165] Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, the communication manager 920, receiver 910, transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code executed by a processor (e.g., as communication management software or firmware). If implemented in code executed by a processor, the functionality of the communication manager 920, receiver 910, transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, DSP, CPU, ASIC, FPGA, microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., units configured or otherwise supporting the functions described in this disclosure).

[0166] In some examples, the communication manager 920 can be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receive, obtain, monitor, output, transmit) using or otherwise cooperating with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or both. For example, the communication manager 920 can receive information from the receiver 910, send information to the transmitter 915, or integrate with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or both in combination to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0167] According to examples disclosed herein, the communication manager 920 may support wireless communications at a UE. For example, the communication manager 920 may be configured to or otherwise support means for receiving a set of synchronization signals via a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook. The communication manager 920 may be configured to or otherwise support means for sending a first measurement report based on the set of synchronization signals, the first measurement report including a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook. The communication manager 920 may be configured to or otherwise support means for receiving a first serving beam indication, the first serving beam indication including instructions to monitor a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook for transmitting the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based on the first set of beam measurements indicated by the first measurement report. The communication manager 920 may be configured to or otherwise support means for sending a second measurement report, the second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams and at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam. Communications manager 920 may be configured or otherwise support means for transmitting one or more messages via the first serving beam based on at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

[0168] By including or configuring the communication manager 920 according to the examples described herein, the device 905 (e.g., a processor that controls the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, the communication manager 920, or a combination thereof or is otherwise coupled with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, the communication manager 920, or a combination thereof) can support techniques for more efficient utilization of communication resources, increased beam steering accuracy and directional accuracy, increased QoS, and increased link budget.

[0169] Figure 10 A block diagram 1000 is shown of a device 1005 that supports techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1005 may be an example of aspects of the device 905 or UE 115 as described herein. The device 1005 may include a receiver 1010, a transmitter 1015, and a communication manager 1020. The device 1005 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0170] The receiver 1010 may provide a means for receiving information (such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof) associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to techniques for continuous beam scanning for integrated lens antennas). The information may be communicated to other components of the device 1005. The receiver 1010 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of multiple antennas.

[0171] The transmitter 1015 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 1005. For example, the transmitter 1015 may transmit information (such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof) associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to techniques for continuous beam scanning for integrated lens antennas). In some examples, the transmitter 1015 may be co-located with the receiver 1010 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 1015 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of multiple antennas.

[0172] Device 1005 or its various components can be examples of means for performing various aspects of the techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna as described herein. For example, communications manager 1020 can include an SSB measurement component 1025, a measurement reporting component 1030, a beam monitoring component 1035, a beamforming component 1040, or any combination thereof. Communications manager 1020 can be an example of aspects of communications manager 920 as described herein. In some examples, communications manager 1020 or its various components can be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receive, obtain, monitor, output, transmit) using or otherwise in cooperation with receiver 1010, transmitter 1015, or both. For example, communications manager 1020 can receive information from receiver 1010, transmit information to transmitter 1015, or integrate with receiver 1010, transmitter 1015, or a combination thereof to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0173] According to examples as disclosed herein, a communication manager 1020 can support wireless communications at a UE. An SSB measurement component 1025 can be configured to or otherwise support means for receiving a set of synchronization signals via a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook. A measurement reporting component 1030 can be configured to or otherwise support means for sending a first measurement report based on the set of synchronization signals, the first measurement report including a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook. A beam monitoring component 1035 can be configured to or otherwise support means for receiving a first serving beam indication, the first serving beam indication including instructions for monitoring a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook for transmitting the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based on the first set of beam measurements indicated by the first measurement report. The measurement reporting component 1030 may be configured to or otherwise support means for sending a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams and at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam. The beamforming component 1040 may be configured to or otherwise support means for transmitting one or more messages via the first serving beam based on the at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

[0174] Figure 11A block diagram 1100 of a communication manager 1120 supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The communication manager 1120 can be an example of aspects of the communication manager 920, the communication manager 1020, or both, as described herein. The communication manager 1120 or its various components can be examples of means for performing various aspects of the techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna as described herein. For example, the communication manager 1120 can include an SSB measurement component 1125, a measurement reporting component 1130, a beam monitoring component 1135, a beamforming component 1140, a beam codebook manager 1145, or any combination thereof. Each of these components can communicate with each other, directly or indirectly (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0175] According to examples as disclosed herein, a communication manager 1120 can support wireless communications at a UE. An SSB measurement component 1125 can be configured to or otherwise support means for receiving a set of synchronization signals via a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook. A measurement reporting component 1130 can be configured to or otherwise support means for sending a first measurement report based on the set of synchronization signals, the first measurement report including a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook. A beam monitoring component 1135 can be configured to or otherwise support means for receiving a first serving beam indication, the first serving beam indication including instructions for monitoring a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook for transmitting the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based on the first set of beam measurements indicated by the first measurement report. In some examples, measurement reporting component 1130 can be configured to or otherwise support means for sending a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to a set of multiple beams and at least one beam measurement associated with a first serving beam. Beamforming component 1140 can be configured to or otherwise support means for transmitting one or more messages via the first serving beam based on at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

[0176] In some examples, the beam monitoring component 1135 can be configured as or otherwise support means for receiving a first service beam based on a weighted sum of a first set of beam measurement results corresponding to each beam in a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook.

[0177] In some examples, to support receiving a first serving beam indication, the beam codebook manager 1145 may be configured as or otherwise support a unit for receiving an indication of a beam codebook including a beam index associated with a first serving beam based on a first set of beam measurement results, the beam index being different from a set of beam indices for a set of multiple beams in the beam codebook.

[0178] In some examples, to support sending a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurement results, the measurement reporting component 1130 can be configured as or otherwise support a unit for sending one or more corresponding received power measurement results for each beam in a set of multiple beams in the beam codebook and the first serving beam.

[0179] In some examples, the beam codebook manager 1145 can be configured to or otherwise support means for receiving an indication of a beam index associated with a second serving beam different from the first serving beam based on the first serving beam failing to meet a threshold. In some examples, the beam codebook manager 1145 can be configured to or otherwise support means for receiving a second serving beam indication including instructions to monitor a second serving beam different from the first serving beam and each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook.

[0180] In some examples, the threshold includes a receive power threshold, a duration threshold, a beam selection threshold, or any combination thereof.

[0181] Figure 12 A schematic diagram of a system 1200 including a device 1205 supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The device 1205 may be an example of, or include components of, a device 905, a device 1005, or a UE 115 as described herein. The device 1205 may communicate (e.g., wirelessly) with one or more network entities 105, one or more UEs 115, or any combination thereof. The device 1205 may include components for two-way voice and data communications, including components for sending and receiving communications, such as a communication manager 1220, an input / output (I / O) controller 1210, a transceiver 1215, an antenna 1225, a memory 1230, code 1235, and a processor 1240. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1245).

[0182] I / O controller 1210 can manage input and output signals for device 1205. I / O controller 1210 can also manage peripheral devices that are not integrated into device 1205. In some cases, I / O controller 1210 can represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral device. In some cases, I / O controller 1210 can utilize a computer such as 1205. In some cases, the I / O controller 1210 may be implemented as part of a processor (such as the processor 1240). In some cases, a user may interact with the device 1205 via the I / O controller 1210 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 1210.

[0183] In some cases, the device 1205 may include a single antenna 1225. However, in some other cases, the device 1205 may have more than one antenna 1225, which may be capable of simultaneously transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 1215 may communicate bidirectionally via one or more antennas 1225, wired, or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 1215 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bidirectionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1215 may also include a modem for modulating packets, providing the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1225 for transmission, and demodulating packets received from the one or more antennas 1225. The transceiver 1215, or the transceiver 1215 and one or more antennas 1225, may be examples of a transmitter 915, a transmitter 1015, a receiver 910, a receiver 1010, or any combination thereof, or components thereof, as described herein.

[0184] Memory 1230 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). Memory 1230 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code 1235, which includes instructions that, when executed by processor 1240, cause device 1205 to perform the various functions described herein. Code 1235 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium (such as system memory or other types of memory). In some cases, code 1235 may not be directly executable by processor 1240, but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform the functions described herein. In some cases, memory 1230 may also contain, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS), which may control basic hardware or software operations, such as interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0185] The processor 1240 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof). In some cases, the processor 1240 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, the memory controller may be integrated into the processor 1240. The processor 1240 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., memory 1230) to cause the device 1205 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna). For example, the device 1205 or a component of the device 1205 may include a processor 1240 and a memory 1230 coupled to the processor 1240, the processor 1240 and the memory 1230 being configured to perform the various functions described herein.

[0186] According to the examples disclosed herein, the communication manager 1220 may support wireless communication at a UE. For example, the communication manager 1220 may be configured to or otherwise support means for receiving a set of synchronization signals via a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook. The communication manager 1220 may be configured to or otherwise support means for sending a first measurement report based on the set of synchronization signals, the first measurement report including a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook. The communication manager 1220 may be configured to or otherwise support means for receiving a first serving beam indication, the first serving beam indication including instructions for monitoring a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in the set of multiple beams in the beam codebook for transmitting the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based on the first set of beam measurements indicated by the first measurement report. The communication manager 1220 may be configured to or otherwise support means for sending a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurement results corresponding to the set of multiple beams and at least one beam measurement result associated with the first serving beam. The communication manager 1220 may be configured to or otherwise support means for transmitting one or more messages via the first serving beam based on the at least one beam measurement result associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

[0187] By including or configuring the communication manager 1220 according to the examples described herein, the device 1205 can support techniques for improved communication reliability, reduced latency, an improved user experience related to increased QoS and beam accuracy, more efficient utilization of communication resources, improved coordination between devices, increased link budget, increased beam steering accuracy, and increased received power.

[0188] In some examples, the communication manager 1220 can be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receive, monitor, transmit) using or in cooperation with the transceiver 1215, one or more antennas 1225, or any combination thereof. Although the communication manager 1220 is shown as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communication manager 1220 can be supported or performed by the processor 1240, the memory 1230, the code 1235, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 1235 can include instructions executable by the processor 1240 to cause the device 1205 to perform various aspects of the techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna as described herein, or the processor 1240 and the memory 1230 can be otherwise configured to perform or support such operations.

[0189] Figure 13 A flow chart illustrating a method 1300 for supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The operations of the method 1300 may be implemented by a network entity or component thereof as described herein, for example, by a network entity as described with reference to FIG. Figures 1 to 8 In some examples, the network entity may execute an instruction set to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described functions. Additionally or alternatively, the network entity may use dedicated hardware to perform various aspects of the described functions.

[0190] At 1305, the method may include transmitting a set of synchronization signals via a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook. The operations of 1305 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1305 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The beamforming component 725 described above is performed.

[0191] At 1310, the method may include receiving a first measurement report based on a synchronization signal set, the first measurement report indicating a first set of beam measurement results corresponding to a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook. The operations of 1310 may be performed according to examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1310 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7The measurement report analysis component 730 described above is performed.

[0192] At 1315, the method may include: sending a first serving beam indication, the first serving beam indication including instructions for monitoring a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in a set of a plurality of beams used to transmit a set of synchronization signals in a beam codebook, wherein the first serving beam is based on a first beam measurement result set indicated by a first measurement report. The operations of 1315 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1315 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The beam monitoring instructions component 735 is described to perform.

[0193] At 1320, the method may include receiving a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to a set of multiple beams and indicating at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam. The operations of 1320 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1320 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The measurement report analysis component 730 described above is performed.

[0194] At 1325, the method may include transmitting one or more messages via the first serving beam based on at least one beam measurement result associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold. The operations of 1325 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1325 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The beamforming component 725 described above is performed.

[0195] Figure 14 A flow chart illustrating a method 1400 for supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The operations of the method 1400 may be implemented by a network entity or component thereof as described herein, for example, by a network entity as described with reference to FIG. Figures 1 to 8 In some examples, the network entity may execute an instruction set to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described functions. Additionally or alternatively, the network entity may use dedicated hardware to perform various aspects of the described functions.

[0196] At 1405, the method may include transmitting a set of synchronization signals via a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook. The operations of 1405 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1405 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The beamforming component 725 described above is performed.

[0197] At 1410, the method may include receiving a first measurement report based on a synchronization signal set, the first measurement report indicating a first set of beam measurement results corresponding to a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook. The operations of 1410 may be performed according to examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1410 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The measurement report analysis component 730 described above is performed.

[0198] At 1415, the method may include performing a weighted sum of a first set of beam measurements corresponding to each beam in a set of a plurality of beams in a beam codebook, wherein a first serving beam is associated with a beam direction based on the weighted sum. The operations of 1415 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1415 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The beam direction determination component 740 described above is performed.

[0199] At 1420, the method may include: sending a first serving beam indication, the first serving beam indication including instructions for monitoring a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in a set of a plurality of beams used to transmit a set of synchronization signals in a beam codebook, wherein the first serving beam is based on a first beam measurement result set indicated by a first measurement report. The operations of 1420 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1420 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The beam monitoring instructions component 735 is described to perform.

[0200] At 1425, the method may include receiving a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to the set of multiple beams and indicating at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam. The operations of 1425 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1425 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The measurement report analysis component 730 described above is performed.

[0201] At 1430, the method may include transmitting one or more messages via the first serving beam based on at least one beam measurement result associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold. The operations of 1430 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1430 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The beamforming component 725 described above is performed.

[0202] Figure 15A flow chart illustrating a method 1500 for supporting techniques for continuous beam scanning for an integrated lens antenna according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The operations of the method 1500 may be implemented by a UE or components thereof as described herein, for example, by a UE as described with reference to FIG. Figures 1 to 4 and Figures 9 to 12 The described functions may be performed by the UE 115. In some examples, the UE may execute an instruction set to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions. Additionally or alternatively, the UE may use dedicated hardware to perform various aspects of the described functions.

[0203] At 1505, the method may include receiving a set of synchronization signals via a set of multiple beams in a beam codebook. The operations of 1505 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1505 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 11 The SSB measurement component 1125 described above is performed.

[0204] At 1510, the method may include: sending a first measurement report based on the synchronization signal set, the first measurement report including a first set of beam measurement results corresponding to a set of multiple beams in the beam codebook. The operations of 1510 may be performed according to the examples disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1510 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 11 The measurement reporting component 1130 described above is performed.

[0205] At 1515, the method may include receiving a first serving beam indication, the first serving beam indication including instructions for monitoring a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in a set of a plurality of beams for transmitting a set of synchronization signals in a beam codebook, wherein the first serving beam is based on a first beam measurement result set indicated by a first measurement report. The operations of 1515 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1515 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 11 The beam monitoring component 1135 described is performed.

[0206] At 1520, the method may include sending a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to a set of multiple beams and at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam. The operations of 1520 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1520 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 11 The measurement reporting component 1130 described above is performed.

[0207] At 1525, the method may include transmitting one or more messages via the first serving beam based on at least one beam measurement result associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold. The operations of 1525 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1525 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 11 The beamforming component 1140 described above is performed.

[0208] The following provides an overview of various aspects of the disclosure:

[0209] Aspect 1: A method for wireless communication at a network entity, comprising: sending a synchronization signal set via multiple beams in a beam codebook; receiving a first measurement report based at least in part on the synchronization signal set, the first measurement report indicating a first beam measurement result set corresponding to the multiple beams in the beam codebook; sending a first service beam indication, the first service beam indication including instructions for monitoring a first service beam, the first service beam being different from each of the multiple beams in the beam codebook for sending the synchronization signal set, wherein the first service beam is based at least in part on the first beam measurement result set indicated by the first measurement report; receiving a second measurement report indicating a second beam measurement result set corresponding to the multiple beams and indicating at least one beam measurement result associated with the first service beam; and transmitting one or more messages via the first service beam based at least in part on the at least one beam measurement result associated with the first service beam satisfying a threshold.

[0210] Aspect 2: The method according to aspect 1 also includes: performing a weighted sum of the first beam measurement result set corresponding to each of the multiple beams in the beam codebook, wherein the first service beam is associated with a beam direction based at least in part on the weighted sum.

[0211] Aspect 3: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 2 further includes: generating a beam index associated with the first service beam based at least in part on the first beam measurement result set, the beam index being different from the beam index set used for the multiple beams in the beam codebook; and sending an indication of the beam codebook including the beam index associated with the first service beam.

[0212] Aspect 4: A method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 3, wherein receiving the second measurement report indicating the second beam measurement result set includes: receiving one or more corresponding received power measurement results for each of the multiple beams in the beam codebook and the first service beam.

[0213] Aspect 5: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 4 further includes: generating, for the beam codebook, a beam index associated with a second service beam based at least in part on removing the first service beam from the beam codebook; and sending a second service beam indication, the second service beam indication including an instruction for monitoring the second service beam, the second service beam being different from each of the multiple beams in the beam codebook and the first service beam.

[0214] Aspect 6: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 5 further includes: generating the first service beam by routing an input signal to at least two antenna elements of the network entity; and using the at least two antenna elements to send the first service beam in the direction of the first beam measurement result set based at least in part on the first measurement report.

[0215] Aspect 7: The method according to aspect 6, further comprising: separating the input signal into two input signals having different respective input powers at each of the at least two antenna elements.

[0216] Aspect 8: The method according to any one of aspects 6 to 7, further comprising: applying one or more beam weights to each of the at least two antenna elements.

[0217] Aspect 9: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 8 further includes: generating the first service beam at least in part based on: one or more beam coefficients, an input signal at the network entity, a radiation pattern of each of the multiple beams, an angle of one or more side lobes associated with the radiation pattern, or any combination thereof.

[0218] Aspect 10: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 9 further includes: applying a selection algorithm to multiple beam weight coefficients included in the first beam measurement result set to determine a set of beam weight coefficients associated with the first service beam; and sending the first service beam based on a signal energy at least partially based on the set of beam weight coefficients.

[0219] Aspect 11: The method according to Aspect 10, wherein the selection algorithm comprises a gradient descent algorithm.

[0220] Aspect 12: The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 11 also includes: determining the direction of the first service beam based at least in part on: a machine learning model, a parabolic interpolation of the first beam measurement result set, a high-order interpolation of the first beam measurement result set, one or more optimization processes, or any combination thereof.

[0221] Aspect 13: The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 12, wherein the threshold comprises a reception power threshold, a duration threshold, a beam selection threshold, or any combination thereof.

[0222] Aspect 14: A method for wireless communication at a UE, comprising: receiving a set of synchronization signals via multiple beams in a beam codebook; sending a first measurement report based at least in part on the synchronization signal set, the first measurement report including a first set of beam measurement results corresponding to the multiple beams in the beam codebook; receiving a first service beam indication, the first service beam indication including instructions for monitoring a first service beam, the first service beam being different from each of the multiple beams in the beam codebook for sending the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first service beam is based at least in part on the first beam measurement result set indicated by the first measurement report; sending a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurement results corresponding to the multiple beams and at least one beam measurement result associated with the first service beam; and transmitting one or more messages via the first service beam based at least in part on the at least one beam measurement result associated with the first service beam satisfying a threshold.

[0223] Aspect 15: The method according to aspect 14 also includes: receiving the first service beam, the first service beam being based at least in part on a weighted sum of the first beam measurement result set corresponding to each of the multiple beams in the beam codebook.

[0224] Aspect 16: A method according to any one of Aspects 14 to 15, wherein receiving the first service beam indication further comprises: receiving an indication of the beam codebook including a beam index associated with the first service beam based at least in part on the first beam measurement result set, the beam index being different from the beam index set used for the multiple beams in the beam codebook.

[0225] Aspect 17: A method according to any one of Aspects 14 to 16, wherein sending the second measurement report indicating the second beam measurement result set includes: sending one or more corresponding received power measurement results for each of the multiple beams in the beam codebook and the first service beam.

[0226] Aspect 18: The method according to any one of Aspects 14 to 17 further includes: receiving an indication of a beam index associated with a second service beam different from the first service beam, at least in part based on the failure of the first service beam to meet the threshold; and receiving a second service beam indication, the second service beam indication including instructions for monitoring the second service beam, the second service beam being different from each of the multiple beams in the beam codebook and the first service beam.

[0227] Aspect 19: The method according to any one of aspects 14 to 18, wherein the threshold comprises a reception power threshold, a duration threshold, a beam selection threshold, or any combination thereof.

[0228] Aspect 20: An apparatus for wireless communication at a network entity, comprising: a processor; a memory coupled to the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform a method according to any one of aspects 1 to 13.

[0229] Aspect 21: An apparatus for wireless communication at a network entity, comprising: at least one unit for performing the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 13.

[0230] Aspect 22: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a network entity, the code comprising instructions executable by a processor to perform the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 13.

[0231] Aspect 23: An apparatus for wireless communication at a UE, comprising: a processor; a memory coupled to the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform a method according to any one of aspects 14 to 19.

[0232] Aspect 24: An apparatus for wireless communication at a UE, comprising at least one unit for performing the method according to any one of aspects 14 to 19.

[0233] Aspect 25: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a UE, the code comprising instructions executable by a processor to perform the method according to any one of aspects 14 to 19.

[0234] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations, and that the operations and steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified, and that other implementations are possible. Furthermore, aspects of two or more of the methods may be combined.

[0235] Although aspects of LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR systems may be described for example purposes, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR terminology may be used throughout much of the description, the techniques described herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the techniques described may be applicable to various other wireless communication systems, such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, and other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0236] The information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and methods. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips mentioned throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0237] The various illustrative blocks and components described in conjunction with the disclosure herein may be implemented or executed using a general purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, a combination of one or more microprocessors and a DSP core, or any other such configuration).

[0238] The functions described herein may be implemented using hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented using software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium or transmitted using the same. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of this disclosure and the appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, the functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or a combination of any of these. Features that implement the functions may also be physically located at various locations, including being distributed so that parts of the functions are implemented at different physical locations.

[0239] Computer-readable medium includes both non-transitory computer storage medium and communication medium, and communication medium includes any medium that promotes the transmission of computer program from one location to another location.Non-transitory storage medium can be any available medium that can be accessed by general-purpose computer or special-purpose computer.By way of example and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable medium can include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, compact disc (CD) ROM or other optical disc storage, disk storage or other magnetic storage device or can be used for carrying or storing desired program code unit and any other non-transitory medium that can be accessed by general-purpose or special-purpose computer or general or special-purpose processor in the form of instruction or data structure.In addition, any connection is suitably referred to as computer-readable medium.For example, if software is to be sent from website, server or other remote source using coaxial cable, optical fiber cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL) or wireless technology such as infrared, radio and microwave, then coaxial cable, optical fiber cable, twisted pair, DSL or wireless technology such as infrared, radio and microwave are included in the definition of computer-readable medium. As used herein, disks and optical discs include CDs, laser discs, optical discs, digital versatile discs (DVDs), floppy disks, and Blu-ray discs. Disks can copy data magnetically, while optical discs can copy data optically using lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0240] As used herein (including in the claims), "or" as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items ending with a phrase such as "at least one of" or "one or more of") indicates an inclusive list, so that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). In addition, as used herein, the phrase "based on" should not be interpreted as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step described as "based on condition A" can be based on both condition A and condition B without departing from the scope of this disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase "based on" should be interpreted in the same manner as the phrase "based at least in part on". As described herein, the term "set of elements" or similar phrases may be understood to mean "a set of one or more elements."

[0241] The terms "determine" or "determining" include a wide variety of actions, and thus, "determining" may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure), ascertaining, etc. Furthermore, "determining" may include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data stored in a memory), etc. Furthermore, "determining" may include resolving, obtaining, selecting, choosing, establishing, and other such similar actions.

[0242] In the accompanying drawings, similar components or features may have the same reference number. In addition, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference number with a dash and a second reference number to distinguish between similar components. If only the first reference number is used in the specification, the description applies to any one of the similar components having the same first reference number, regardless of the second reference number or other subsequent reference numbers.

[0243] The descriptions set forth herein in conjunction with the accompanying drawings describe example configurations and do not represent all examples that can be implemented or within the scope of the claims. The term "example" as used herein means "serving as an example, instance, or illustration," rather than "preferred" or "having advantages over other examples." The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. However, these techniques can be implemented without these specific details. In some cases, known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.

[0244] The description herein is provided to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to implement or use the present disclosure. Various modifications to the present disclosure will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, and the overall principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the present disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein, but is intended to be applied to the widest possible extent consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. An apparatus for wireless communication at a network entity, comprising: processor; a memory coupled to the processor; as well as One or more instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the following operations based at least in part on the one or more instructions: transmitting a set of synchronization signals via a plurality of beams in a beam codebook; receiving a first measurement report based at least in part on the set of synchronization signals, the first measurement report indicating a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the plurality of beams in the beam codebook; transmitting a first serving beam indication including an instruction to monitor a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in the beam codebook used to transmit the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based at least in part on the first beam measurement result set indicated by the first measurement report; receiving a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to the plurality of beams and indicating at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam; and One or more messages are transmitted via the first serving beam based at least in part on the at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

2. The device according to claim 1, wherein The one or more instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the following operations based at least in part on the one or more instructions: A weighted sum of the first set of beam measurements corresponding to each of the plurality of beams in the beam codebook is performed, wherein the first serving beam is associated with a beam direction based at least in part on the weighted sum.

3. The device according to claim 1, wherein The one or more instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the following operations based at least in part on the one or more instructions: generating a beam index associated with the first serving beam based at least in part on the first set of beam measurements, the beam index being different from a set of beam indices used for the plurality of beams in the beam codebook; as well as An indication of the beam codebook including the beam index associated with the first serving beam is sent.

4. The device according to claim 1, wherein The one or more instructions for receiving the second measurement report indicating the second set of beam measurements are executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the following operations based at least in part on the one or more instructions: One or more corresponding received power measurements are received for each of the plurality of beams in the beam codebook and the first serving beam.

5. The device according to claim 1, wherein The one or more instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the following operations based at least in part on the one or more instructions: generating, for the beam codebook, a beam index associated with a second serving beam based at least in part on removing the first serving beam from the beam codebook; as well as A second serving beam indication including an instruction to monitor the second serving beam is sent, the second serving beam being different from each of the plurality of beams in the beam codebook and the first serving beam.

6. The device according to claim 1, wherein The one or more instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the following operations based at least in part on the one or more instructions: generating the first service beam by routing an input signal to at least two antenna elements of the network entity; as well as The first serving beam is transmitted using the at least two antenna elements in a direction based at least in part on the first set of beam measurements of the first measurement report.

7. The device according to claim 6, wherein The one or more instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the following operations based at least in part on the one or more instructions: The input signal is split into two input signals having different respective input powers at each of the at least two antenna elements.

8. The device according to claim 6, wherein The one or more instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the following operations based at least in part on the one or more instructions: One or more beam weights are applied to each of the at least two antenna elements.

9. The device according to claim 1, wherein The one or more instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the following operations based at least in part on the one or more instructions: The first service beam is generated based at least in part on: one or more beam coefficients, an input signal at the network entity, a radiation pattern of each of the plurality of beams, angles of one or more side lobes associated with the radiation pattern, or any combination thereof.

10. The device according to claim 1, wherein The one or more instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the following operations based at least in part on the one or more instructions: applying a selection algorithm to a plurality of beam weight coefficients included in the first set of beam measurements to determine a set of beam weight coefficients associated with the first serving beam; as well as The first serving beam is transmitted based on a signal energy based at least in part on the set of beam weight coefficients.

11. The device according to claim 10, wherein The selection algorithm includes a gradient descent algorithm.

12. The device according to claim 1, wherein The instructions may also be executed by the processor to cause the device to perform the following operations: A direction is applied to the first serving beam based at least in part on: a machine learning model, a parabolic interpolation of the first beam measurement set, a high-order interpolation of the first beam measurement set, one or more optimization processes, or any combination thereof.

13. The device according to claim 1, wherein The threshold includes a reception power threshold, a duration threshold, a beam selection threshold, or any combination thereof.

14. An apparatus for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE), comprising: processor; a memory coupled to the processor; as well as One or more instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the following operations based at least in part on the one or more instructions: receiving a set of synchronization signals via a plurality of beams in a beam codebook; sending a first measurement report based at least in part on the set of synchronization signals, the first measurement report comprising a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the plurality of beams in the beam codebook; receiving a first serving beam indication comprising an instruction to monitor a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in the beam codebook used to transmit the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based at least in part on the first beam measurement result set indicated by the first measurement report; sending a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurement results corresponding to the plurality of beams and at least one beam measurement result associated with the first serving beam; as well as One or more messages are transmitted via the first serving beam based at least in part on the at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

15. The device according to claim 14, wherein The one or more instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the following operations based at least in part on the one or more instructions: The first serving beam is received, the first serving beam being based at least in part on a weighted sum of the first set of beam measurements corresponding to each of the plurality of beams in the beam codebook.

16. The device according to claim 14, wherein The one or more instructions for receiving the first serving beam indication are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the following operations based at least in part on the one or more instructions: An indication of the beam codebook is received that includes a beam index associated with the first serving beam based at least in part on the first set of beam measurements, the beam index being different from a set of beam indices used for the plurality of beams in the beam codebook.

17. The device according to claim 14, wherein The one or more instructions for sending the second measurement report indicating the second set of beam measurements may be executed by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the following operations based at least in part on the one or more instructions: One or more corresponding received power measurements for each of the plurality of beams in the beam codebook and the first serving beam are transmitted.

18. The device according to claim 14, wherein The one or more instructions are further executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the following operations based at least in part on the one or more instructions: receiving an indication of a beam index associated with a second serving beam different from the first serving beam based at least in part on a failure of the first serving beam to satisfy the threshold; as well as A second serving beam indication including an instruction to monitor the second serving beam is received, the second serving beam being different from each of the plurality of beams in the beam codebook and the first serving beam.

19. The device according to claim 14, wherein The threshold includes a reception power threshold, a duration threshold, a beam selection threshold, or any combination thereof.

20. A method for wireless communication at a network entity, comprising: transmitting a set of synchronization signals via a plurality of beams in a beam codebook; receiving a first measurement report based at least in part on the set of synchronization signals, the first measurement report indicating a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the plurality of beams in the beam codebook; transmitting a first serving beam indication including an instruction to monitor a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in the beam codebook used to transmit the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based at least in part on the first beam measurement result set indicated by the first measurement report; receiving a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurements corresponding to the plurality of beams and indicating at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam; and One or more messages are transmitted via the first serving beam based at least in part on the at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

21. The method according to claim 20, further comprising: A weighted sum of the first set of beam measurements corresponding to each of the plurality of beams in the beam codebook is performed, wherein the first serving beam is associated with a beam direction based at least in part on the weighted sum.

22. The method according to claim 20, further comprising: generating a beam index associated with the first serving beam based at least in part on the first set of beam measurements, the beam index being different from a set of beam indices used for the plurality of beams in the beam codebook; as well as An indication of the beam codebook including the beam index associated with the first serving beam is sent.

23. The method according to claim 20, wherein Receiving the second measurement report indicating the second beam measurement result set includes: One or more corresponding received power measurements are received for each of the plurality of beams in the beam codebook and the first serving beam.

24. The method of claim 20, further comprising: generating, for the beam codebook, a beam index associated with a second serving beam based at least in part on removing the first serving beam from the beam codebook; as well as A second serving beam indication including an instruction to monitor the second serving beam is sent, the second serving beam being different from each of the plurality of beams in the beam codebook and the first serving beam.

25. The method of claim 20, further comprising: generating the first service beam by routing an input signal to at least two antenna elements of the network entity; as well as The first serving beam is transmitted using the at least two antenna elements in a direction based at least in part on the first set of beam measurements of the first measurement report.

26. The method according to claim 25, further comprising: The input signal is split into two input signals having different respective input powers at each of the at least two antenna elements.

27. The method of claim 25, further comprising: One or more beam weights are applied to each of the at least two antenna elements.

28. The method of claim 20, further comprising: The first service beam is generated based at least in part on: one or more beam coefficients, an input signal at the network entity, a radiation pattern of each of the plurality of beams, angles of one or more side lobes associated with the radiation pattern, or any combination thereof.

29. The method of claim 20, further comprising: applying a selection algorithm to a plurality of beam weight coefficients included in the first set of beam measurements to determine a set of beam weight coefficients associated with the first serving beam; as well as The first serving beam is transmitted based on a signal energy based at least in part on the set of beam weight coefficients.

30. A method for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving a set of synchronization signals via a plurality of beams in a beam codebook; sending a first measurement report based at least in part on the set of synchronization signals, the first measurement report comprising a first set of beam measurements corresponding to the plurality of beams in the beam codebook; receiving a first serving beam indication comprising an instruction to monitor a first serving beam, the first serving beam being different from each beam in the beam codebook used to transmit the set of synchronization signals, wherein the first serving beam is based at least in part on the first beam measurement result set indicated by the first measurement report; sending a second measurement report indicating a second set of beam measurement results corresponding to the plurality of beams and at least one beam measurement result associated with the first serving beam; as well as One or more messages are transmitted via the first serving beam based at least in part on the at least one beam measurement associated with the first serving beam satisfying a threshold.

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