System and method for supporting data transmission in wireless network

Abstract

Aspects of the present disclosure provide systems and methods for supporting data transmission in a wireless network to reduce reference signal overhead and power consumption at a user equipment (UE) and a base station (BS). According to some embodiments, a UE may perform at least one of channel state information (CSI) measurement or CSI measurement reporting when one or more conditions indicating that a perception-related event has occurred are satisfied during the UE performing perception. The UE may perform the CSI measurement or CSI calculation using one or more measurement resources configured at least for perception. The UE may perform the CSI measurement reporting on the BS according to the CSI measurement or the CSI calculation.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention generally relates to wireless communication, and more particularly, to systems and methods for supporting data transmission in wireless networks. Background Technology

[0002] In fifth-generation (5G) New Radio (NR) and later versions, the demand for radio resources, such as time and frequency resources, increases. With this increased demand for radio resources, the reuse of transmitted signals and existing signal measurements has been discussed where possible to achieve different functions. Reusing signals and previous signal measurements can help minimize the overhead of consumed time and frequency resources (or, as may be called, consumed radio resource overhead, consumed time and frequency overhead) and reduce the power consumption of the base station (BS) or user equipment (UE). For example, reused signals and previous signal measurements could be shared reference signal resources for sensing and communication (e.g., channel state information (CSI) - reference signal (RS) (CSI-RS)). Given the similarities and differences in signal measurement and processing between communication and sensing operations, shared signal resources are possible.

[0003] In 5G NR, attempts have been made to share reference signals for different purposes (e.g., communication across modules or processes). However, these attempts have limitations. For example, when a UE continuously tracks delay and Doppler parameters based on a configured, received, and / or indicated reference signal (e.g., a CSI-RS or tracking RS (TRS) for tracking), the BS cannot configure the reference signal for other communication purposes, such as CSI acquisition, CSI measurement, CSI measurement reporting, beam measurement, and / or beam measurement reporting. In other words, in 5G NR, sharing a single CSI-RS resource for multiple communication purposes is not permitted. Summary of the Invention

[0004] Various aspects of the present invention provide methods and apparatus for overcoming the aforementioned disadvantages, as well as specific systems and methods for supporting data transmission in wireless networks. The specific systems and methods shown in the present invention can reduce reference signal overhead in integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems, thereby reducing power consumption of devices such as base stations. The specific systems and methods shown in the present invention may result in lower-frequency CSI measurements and / or reporting at the user equipment (UE), thereby reducing the power consumption of the UE. For example, the UE may be triggered to perform at least one of fine-grained CSI measurements or reporting only when a sensing-related event is detected through low-power and low-complexity sensing operations.

[0005] According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for supporting data transmission in a wireless network is provided, the method comprising: when one or more conditions indicating that a sensing-related event has occurred are met during sensing operations performed by a user equipment (UE), the UE performs at least one of the following: performs channel state information (CSI) measurements using one or more configured measurement resources for sensing; or performs CSI measurement reporting to a base station (BS) based on the CSI measurements.

[0006] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the UE determining whether one or more conditions indicating that the perception-related event has occurred are met.

[0007] In some embodiments, the CSI measurement reporting includes: the UE generating a CSI report based on the CSI measurements on the one or more measurement resources; and the UE sending the CSI report to the BS.

[0008] In some embodiments, the CSI report includes at least one of the following: rank indicator (RI); channel quality indicator (CQI); precoding matrix indicator (PMI); or layer indicator (LI).

[0009] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the UE selecting one or more measurement resources from a plurality of measurement resources configured for at least sensing, the one or more measurement resources being selected for the CSI measurement.

[0010] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the UE receiving first configuration information identifying the plurality of measurement resources from the BS, wherein one or more measurement resources are selected from the plurality of measurement resources for the CSI measurement.

[0011] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the UE receiving second configuration information from the BS for selecting the one or more measurement resources, the UE selecting the one or more measurement resources according to the second configuration information.

[0012] In some embodiments, the second configuration information includes at least one of the following: information indicating a selection rule for selecting the one or more measurement resources for the CSI measurement; information indicating the one or more measurement resources that will be selected or assumed to be used for the CSI measurement; or information indicating one or more of the plurality of measurement resources that will be assumed to be interference when the UE selects the one or more measurement resources for the CSI measurement.

[0013] In some embodiments, the information indicating the selection rule includes at least one objective, which includes at least one of the following: maximizing the throughput of single-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmissions; or minimizing the power consumption of the UE under a specific minimum throughput requirement.

[0014] In some embodiments, the information indicating the selection rule is configured to the UE via UE-specific signaling, or configured for multiple UEs in a cell via broadcast signaling.

[0015] In some embodiments, the one or more conditions include at least one of the following: a change in a delay parameter measured from the one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a first threshold, the first threshold being stored at the UE or configured by the BS; a change in a Doppler parameter measured from the one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a second threshold, the second threshold being stored at the UE or configured by the BS; or a displacement of at least one sensed object is greater than or equal to a third threshold, the displacement being determined based on at least one of distance from the UE or the BS or angle from the UE or the BS, the third threshold being stored at the UE or configured by the BS.

[0016] In some embodiments, the displacement of the at least one sensed object is determined based on at least one of the angle of arrival (AoA) or the angle of departure (AoD), which is estimated based on measurements from at least one of the one or more measurement resources.

[0017] In some embodiments, the one or more measurement resources are also used for time and frequency tracking functions.

[0018] In some embodiments, at least one of the first threshold, the second threshold, and the third threshold is configured to the UE via UE-specific signaling, or configured to multiple UEs in a cell via broadcast signaling.

[0019] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the UE using a narrow receiving beam to receive the one or more measurement resources for sensing measurements.

[0020] In some embodiments, when the one or more measurement resources are selected for the CSI measurement, the method further includes: temporarily suspending the sensing measurement when the one or more conditions are met; after the temporary suspension, the UE uses a wide beam to receive the one or more measurement resources for performing at least one of the CSI measurement and the CSI measurement reporting; and after performing at least one of the CSI measurement or the CSI measurement reporting, using the one or more measurement resources to resume the sensing measurement.

[0021] In some embodiments, the UE performs CSI measurement reporting using CSI reports generated based on one or more virtual CSI reference signals (CSI-RS) antenna ports generated by reindexing antenna ports in one or more selected measurement resources.

[0022] In some embodiments, the CSI report generated based on the virtual CSI-RS antenna port includes the identifiers of one or more selected measurement resources.

[0023] In some embodiments, when the UE performs CSI measurement reporting based on the CSI measurement, the CSI measurement includes existing measurements obtained from one or more previous times from the one or more measurement resources.

[0024] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the UE receiving third configuration information defining the one or more conditions.

[0025] In some embodiments, the one or more measurement resources include at least one of the following: one or more primary synchronization signals (PSS); one or more secondary synchronization signals (SSS); a physical broadcast channel (PBCH); one or more demodulation reference signals (DMRS) for the PBCH; one or more sensing reference signals; or one or more sensing signals.

[0026] According to one aspect of the present invention, a user equipment (UE) for supporting data transmission in a wireless network is provided, the UE including a processor and a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions, which, when executed, cause the processor to perform a method consistent with the embodiments described above.

[0027] According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for supporting data transmission in a wireless network is provided, the method comprising: a base station (BS) receiving a channel state information (CSI) report from a user equipment (UE); the CSI report being generated based on CSI measurements on one or more measurement resources when one or more conditions indicating that a sensing-related event has occurred are met during sensing operations performed by the UE, the one or more measurement resources being configured at least for sensing purposes.

[0028] In some embodiments, the CSI report includes at least one of the following: rank indicator (RI); channel quality indicator (CQI); precoding matrix indicator (PMI); or layer indicator (LI).

[0029] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the BS sending to the UE first configuration information identifying at least a plurality of measurement resources configured for sensing, wherein the one or more measurement resources are selected from the plurality of measurement resources for the CSI measurement.

[0030] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the BS sending second configuration information to the UE for selecting the one or more measurement resources.

[0031] In some embodiments, the second configuration information includes at least one of the following: information indicating a selection rule for selecting the one or more measurement resources for the CSI measurement; information indicating the one or more measurement resources that will be selected or assumed to be used for the CSI measurement; or information indicating one or more of the plurality of measurement resources that will be assumed to be interference when the UE selects the one or more measurement resources for the CSI measurement.

[0032] In some embodiments, the information indicating the selection rule includes at least one objective, which includes at least one of the following: maximizing the throughput of single-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmissions; or minimizing the power consumption of the UE under a specific minimum throughput requirement.

[0033] In some embodiments, the information indicating the selection rule is configured to the UE via UE-specific signaling, or configured for multiple UEs in a cell via broadcast signaling.

[0034] In some embodiments, the one or more conditions include at least one of the following: a change in a delay parameter measured from the one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a first threshold, the first threshold being stored at the UE or configured by the BS; a change in a Doppler parameter measured from the one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a second threshold, the second threshold being stored at the UE or configured by the BS; or a displacement of at least one sensed object is greater than or equal to a third threshold, the displacement being determined based on at least one of distance from the UE or the BS or angle from the UE or the BS, the third threshold being stored at the UE or configured by the BS.

[0035] In some embodiments, the displacement of the at least one sensed object is determined based on at least one of the angle of arrival (AoA) or the angle of departure (AoD), which is estimated based on measurements from at least one of the one or more measurement resources.

[0036] In some embodiments, the one or more measurement resources are also used for time and frequency tracking functions.

[0037] In some embodiments, at least one of the first threshold, the second threshold, and the third threshold is configured to the UE via UE-specific signaling, or configured to multiple UEs in a cell via broadcast signaling.

[0038] In some embodiments, the CSI report received from the UE is a CSI report generated based on one or more virtual CSI reference signal (CSI-RS) antenna ports generated by reindexing the antenna ports in the one or more measurement resources selected for the CSI measurement.

[0039] In some embodiments, the CSI report generated based on the CSI-RS antenna port includes the identifier of the one or more measurement resources.

[0040] In some embodiments, the method further includes: the BS sending third configuration information defining the one or more conditions to the UE.

[0041] In some embodiments, the one or more measurement resources include at least one of the following: one or more primary synchronization signals (PSS); one or more secondary synchronization signals (SSS); a physical broadcast channel (PBCH); one or more demodulation reference signals (DMRS) for the PBCH; one or more sensing reference signals; or one or more sensing signals.

[0042] According to one aspect of the present invention, a base station (BS) for supporting data transmission in a wireless network is provided, the BS including a processor and a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions, which, when executed, cause the processor to perform a method consistent with the embodiments described above.

[0043] According to one aspect of the present invention, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided, the computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor of a device, enable the device to perform the method described above. Attached Figure Description

[0044] To gain a more complete understanding of this embodiment and its advantages, the following description, taken with reference to the accompanying drawings, will now be provided by way of example, wherein:

[0045] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a communication system that can be implemented in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0046] Figure 2 This is another schematic diagram of a communication system that can be implemented in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0047] Figure 3 This is a block diagram illustrating the units or modules of a device in which embodiments of the present invention may be implemented.

[0048] Figure 4 This is a block diagram illustrating the units or modules of a device in which embodiments of the present invention may be implemented.

[0049] Figure 5A Examples of signals and channels in the synchronization signal (SS) and physical broadcast channel (PBCH) blocks (SSB) of the time-frequency resources are shown.

[0050] Figure 5B An example of an SSB transmitted in multiple directions on a corresponding beam in space is shown.

[0051] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram illustrating a base station (BS) performing single static sensing and a user equipment (UE) performing dual static sensing in a wireless network.

[0052] Figure 7 An exemplary time-frequency resource is shown, comprising multiple sensing signals based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM).

[0053] Figure 8A An exemplary beamforming strategy for maximizing communication throughput is shown for BS and UE in a wireless network.

[0054] Figure 8B An exemplary beamforming strategy for improving sensing accuracy is shown for BS and UE in a wireless network.

[0055] Figure 9 Examples of different beamwidths that can be used for communication and sensing purposes in a wireless network according to embodiments of the present invention are shown.

[0056] Figure 10An example of a measurement resource configured for at least sensing purposes and transmitted from the BS to different directions in space is shown according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0057] Figure 11 An example of a configuration of at least a time-frequency grid-mapped measurement resource for sensing, according to an embodiment of the present invention, is shown.

[0058] Figure 12 This is an exemplary signal flow diagram of a BS and a UE performing a UE-initiated CSI update based on at least one or more configured measurement resources for sensing, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0059] Figure 13A and Figure 13B An example of performing a UE-initiated CSI update based on the perceived reflector displacement with the goal of minimizing UE power consumption is shown according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0060] Figure 14A and Figure 14B Examples of using narrow beams and wide beams according to the operation of the UE are shown according to embodiments of the present invention.

[0061] Figure 15 This is an exemplary signal flow diagram between the BS and the UE when the UE switches the received beam between sensing measurement and CSI measurement at the UE and the UE reports to the BS, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0062] Figure 16 Examples are shown of one or more measurement resources that will be selected or assumed to be signal components or one or more other measurement resources that will be assumed to be interference when performing CSI measurements and / or reporting, according to embodiments of the present invention.

[0063] Figure 17 This is a signal flow diagram of signaling between a BS and a UE according to an embodiment of the present invention, illustrating an exemplary process for supporting data transmission in a wireless network. Detailed Implementation

[0064] For illustrative purposes, specific exemplary embodiments are explained in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0065] The embodiments described herein illustrate information sufficient to practice the claimed subject matter and explain methods for practicing such subject matter. Upon reading the following description with reference to the accompanying drawings, those skilled in the art will understand the concepts of the claimed subject matter and recognize the application of these concepts not specifically mentioned herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications are within the scope of this invention and the appended claims.

[0066] Furthermore, it should be understood that any module, component, or device disclosing the executable instructions herein may include or otherwise access one or more non-transitory computer / processor-readable storage media for storing information, such as computer / processor-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and / or other data. A non-exhaustive list of examples of non-transitory computer / processor-readable storage media includes magnetic tape cassettes, magnetic tape, disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, optical discs (e.g., compact disc read-only memory, CD-ROM), digital video discs or digital versatile discs (i.e., DVDs), and Blu-ray discs. TM This includes volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media, random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, or other memory technologies implemented in any method or technique. Any such non-transitory computer / processor storage medium can be part of a device, or accessible by or connected to a device. Computer / processor-readable / executable instructions used to implement the applications or modules described herein can be stored in or otherwise preserved by such non-transitory computer / processor-readable storage media.

[0067] Various aspects of the present invention relate to UE-initiated CSI updates based on low-power-aware operation to reduce reference signal overhead and power consumption at the UE and BS, while overcoming the aforementioned limitations.

[0068] According to some embodiments, UE-initiated CSI updates can be performed using configured measurement resources at least for sensing. These measurement resources can be used for low-power and low-complexity sensing operations, which can be performed periodically by the UE. In some embodiments, when a sensing-related event is detected, the UE can select a subset of the configured measurement resources at least for sensing to perform CSI measurements and reporting, and / or can reuse existing sensing measurements to generate a CSI report. For example, the UE can generate a CSI report based on existing sensing measurements obtained from previous timings of the configured measurement resources at least for sensing. In some embodiments, when a sensing-related event is detected, the UE can temporarily suspend sensing measurements and perform CSI measurements and / or reporting based on the selected configured measurement resources at least for sensing. This may involve switching one or more receive beams between sensing measurements and CSI measurements or reporting at the UE. In some embodiments, the UE can perform CSI measurement reporting based on virtual CSI-RS resources reused from sensing measurement resources.

[0069] According to some embodiments, the BS can send certain information to the UE to support UE-initiated CSI updates. In one example, the BS can send configuration information indicating one or more conditions, which, when met, indicate that a perception-related event has occurred. When one or more conditions indicating a perception-related event have occurred are met, the UE can switch its receiving behavior from perception measurements to at least one of fine-grained CSI measurements or reports. In another example, the BS can send information indicating selection rules for selecting measurement resources (e.g., a configured subset of measurement resources for perception) for at least one of the CSI measurements or reports. In another example, the BS can send information indicating measurement resources that will be selected or assumed to be used for signal components in at least one of the CSI measurements or reports. In yet another example, the BS can send information indicating one or more other measurement resources (e.g., one or more measurement resources that will not be selected or assumed to be signal components and will be assumed to be interference) that will be assumed to be used for at least one of the CSI measurements or reports.

[0070] The following Figure 1 , Figure 2 and Figure 3 The context provides a network and devices that can be in the network and can implement various aspects of the present invention.

[0071] refer to Figure 1This figure is a non-limiting illustrative example, providing a simplified schematic diagram of a communication system. Communication system 100 includes a radio access network 120. Radio access network 120 can be a next-generation (e.g., sixth-generation, 6G, or later) radio access network, or a traditional (e.g., 5G, 4G, 3G, or 2G) radio access network. In radio access network 120, one or more electric devices (EDs) 110a to 120j (generally referred to as 110) can be interconnected with each other and can also, or alternatively, be connected to one or more network nodes (170a, 170b, generally referred to as 170). Core network 130 can be part of the communication system and can depend on or be independent of the radio access technology used in communication system 100. Furthermore, communication system 100 includes a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160.

[0072] Figure 2 An exemplary communication system 100, in which embodiments of the present invention can be implemented, is illustrated. Typically, system 100 enables multiple wireless or wired components to transmit data and other content. The purpose of system 100 may be to provide content (voice, data, video, text) via broadcast, narrowcast, user equipment to user equipment, etc. System 100 can operate efficiently by sharing resources such as bandwidth.

[0073] In this example, the communication system 100 includes electronic devices (EDs) 110a to 110c, radio access networks (RANs) 120a and 120b, a core network 130, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. Although Figure 2 A specific number of these components or elements are shown, but the system 100 may include any reasonable number of these components or elements.

[0074] EDs 110a to 110c are used for operation and / or communication in system 100. For example, EDs 110a to 110c are used for transmitting and / or receiving via a wireless communication channel. Each ED 110a to 110c represents any suitable end-user equipment for wireless operation and may include (or be referred to as) devices such as: user equipment / device (UE), wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), mobile station, mobile user unit, cellular telephone, station (STA), machine type communication (MTC) device, personal digital assistant (PDA), smartphone, laptop computer, computer, tablet computer, wireless sensor, or consumer electronic device.

[0075] Figure 2 An exemplary communication system 100, in which embodiments of the present invention can be implemented, is illustrated. Typically, the communication system 100 enables multiple wireless or wired components to transmit data and other content. The purpose of the communication system 100 may be to provide content (voice, data, video, text) via broadcast, multicast, unicast, user equipment to user equipment, etc. The communication system 100 can operate by sharing resources such as bandwidth.

[0076] In this example, the communication system 100 includes electronic devices (EDs) 110a to 110d, radio access networks (RANs) 120a to 120c, a core network 130, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. Although Figure 2 A specific number of these components or elements are shown, but the communication system 100 may include any reasonable number of these components or elements.

[0077] EDs 110a to 110d are used for operation and / or communication in communication system 100. For example, EDs 110a to 110d are used for transmitting and / or receiving via wireless or wired communication channels. Each ED 110a to 110d represents any suitable end-user equipment for wireless operation and may include (or be referred to as) devices such as: user equipment / device (UE), wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), mobile station, fixed or mobile subscriber unit, cellular telephone, station (STA), machine type communication (MTC) device, personal digital assistant (PDA), smartphone, laptop computer, computer, tablet computer, wireless sensor, or consumer electronic device.

[0078] exist Figure 2 In this configuration, RAN 120a and 120b include base stations 170a and 170b, respectively. Each base station 170a and 170b is used to establish a wireless connection with one or more of ED 110a to 110c to enable access to any other base stations 170a and 170b, core network 130, PSTN 140, Internet 150, and / or other networks 160. For example, base stations 170a and 170b may include (or may be) one or more of several known devices, such as a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node B, an evolved Node B (eNodeB), a home eNodeB, a gNodeB, a transmission and receive point (TRP), a site controller, an access point (AP), or a wireless router.

[0079] In some examples, one or more of base stations 170a and 170b may be ground-based base stations connected to the ground. For example, ground-based base stations may be mounted on buildings or towers. Alternatively, one or more of base stations 172 may be non-ground-based base stations not connected to the ground, or non-terrestrial TRPs (NT-TRPs). Flying base stations are an example of non-ground-based base stations. Flying base stations can be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by flying equipment. Non-limiting examples of flying equipment include airborne platforms (e.g., small airships or spacecraft), balloons, quadcopters, and other aircraft. In some implementations, flying base stations may be supported or carried by unmanned aerial systems (UAS) or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (e.g., drones or quadcopters). Flying base stations may be mobile or portable base stations that can be flexibly deployed in different locations to meet network requirements. Satellite base stations are another example of non-ground-based base stations. Satellite base stations can be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by satellites. Satellite base stations may also be referred to as orbital base stations.

[0080] Any ED 110a to 110d may be used alternatively or additionally for connection, access or communication with any other base station 170a and 170b, Internet 150, core network 130, PSTN 140, other network 160 or any combination thereof.

[0081] EDs 110a to 110d and base stations 170a, 170b, and 172 are examples of communication devices that can be used to implement some or all of the operations and / or embodiments described herein. Figure 2In the illustrated embodiment, base station 170a forms part of RAN 120a, which may include other base stations, base station controllers (BSCs), radio network controllers (RNCs), relay nodes, components, and / or devices. Any base station 170a and 170b can be a single component as shown, or multiple components distributed within the corresponding RAN. Similarly, base station 170b forms part of RAN 120b, which may include other base stations, components, and / or devices. Each base station 170a and 170b transmits and / or receives radio signals within a specific geographical area (sometimes referred to as a "cell" or "coverage area"). Cells may be further divided into cell sectors, and base stations 170a and 170b may, for example, employ multiple transceivers to provide services to multiple sectors. In some embodiments, there may be established picocells or femtocells supported by radio access technologies. In some embodiments, for example, multiple transceivers may be used for each cell using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology. The number of RANs 120a and 120b shown is merely exemplary. Any number of RANs can be considered when designing the communication system 100.

[0082] Base stations 170a, 170b, and 172 use radio frequency (RF), microwave, and infrared (IR) wireless communication links to communicate with one or more of ED 110a to 110c via one or more air interfaces 190a and 190c. Air interfaces 190a and 190c can utilize any suitable wireless access technology. For example, communication system 100 can implement one or more orthogonal or non-orthogonal channel access methods in air interfaces 190a and 190c, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), or single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA).

[0083] Base stations 170a, 170b, and 172 can implement Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) to establish air interfaces 190a and 190c using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). In this case, base stations 170a, 170b, and 172 can implement protocols such as High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), Evolved HSPA (HSPA+), and optionally High Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed ​​Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA). Alternatively, base stations 170a, 170b, and 172 can use LTE, LTE-A, and / or LTE-B to establish air interfaces 190a and 190c with Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA). Considering that communication system 100 can use multi-channel access operation, including those schemes mentioned above. Other wireless technologies used to implement the air interface include IEEE 802.11, 802.15, 802.16, CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, IS-2000, IS-95, IS-856, GSM, EDGE, and GERAN. Of course, other multiple access schemes and wireless protocols can also be used.

[0084] RANs 120a and 120b communicate with core network 130 to provide various services, such as voice, data, and other services, to EDs 110a through 110c. RANs 120a and 120b, and / or core network 130, can communicate directly or indirectly with one or more other RANs (not shown), which may or may not be directly served by core network 130, and may or may not use the same radio access technology as RANs 120a and / or RAN 120b. Core network 130 can also serve as a gateway access between (i) RANs 120a and 120b and / or EDs 110a through 110c and (ii) other networks (e.g., PSTN 140, Internet 150, and other networks 160).

[0085] EDs 110a to 110d communicate with each other via one or more sidelink (SL) air interfaces 190b and 190d using radio frequency (RF), microwave, infrared (IR), or other wireless communication links. The SL air interfaces 190b and 190d can utilize any suitable wireless access technology and can be substantially similar to or substantially different from the air interfaces 190a and 190c on which EDs 110a to 110c communicate with one or more of base stations 170a and 170b. For example, communication system 100 can implement one or more channel access methods in the SL air interfaces 190b and 190d, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), or single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA). In some embodiments, the SL air interface 180 may be implemented at least partially on unlicensed spectrum.

[0086] Furthermore, some or all of EDs 110a to 110d may include operations that communicate with different wireless networks via different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. The ED may communicate with a service provider or exchange (not shown) and the Internet 150 via a wired communication channel, rather than wirelessly (or also wirelessly). PSTN 140 may include a circuit-switched telephone network for providing plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 150 may include a network of computers and / or subnets (intranets) and incorporate protocols such as Internet Protocol (IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). EDs 110a to 110d may be multimode devices capable of operating according to multiple wireless access technologies and include multiple transceivers required to support multiple wireless access technologies.

[0087] In some embodiments, the signal is transmitted directly from the terrestrial BS to the UE, or directly from the UE to the terrestrial BS; in both cases, the signal is not reflected by the RIS. However, the signal may be reflected by obstacles and reflective sources such as buildings, walls, and furniture. In some embodiments, the signal is transmitted between the UE and a non-terrestrial BS (e.g., satellites, drones, and high-altitude platforms). In some embodiments, the signal is transmitted between a relay and the UE, between a relay and a BS, or between two relays. In some embodiments, the signal is transmitted between two UEs. In some embodiments, one or more RIS are used to reflect signals from a transmitter and a receiver, wherein either the transmitter or the receiver includes the UE, a terrestrial or non-terrestrial BS, and a repeater.

[0088] Figure 3 Another example of an ED 110 and network equipment including base stations 170a, 170b (at 170) and NT-TRP 172 is shown. The ED 110 is used to connect people, objects, machines, etc. The ED 110 can be widely used in various scenarios, such as cellular communication, device-to-device (D2D), vehicle-to-everything (V2X), peer-to-peer (P2P), machine-to-machine (M2M), machine-type communication (MTC), Internet of Things (IoT), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), industrial control, autonomous driving, telemedicine, smart grids, smart furniture, smart offices, smart wearables, smart transportation, smart cities, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, automated delivery and mobility, etc.

[0089] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end-user equipment for wireless operation and may include (or be referred to as) devices such as: user equipment / device (UE), wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), mobile station, fixed or mobile subscriber unit, cellular phone, station (STA), machine-type communication (MTC) device, personal digital assistant (PDA), smartphone, laptop, computer, tablet, wireless sensor, consumer electronics, smartbook, vehicle, automobile, truck, bus, train, or IoT device, industrial equipment, or devices within the aforementioned equipment (e.g., communication module, modem, or chip), etc. Next-generation ED 110s may be referred to using other terms. Base stations 170a and 170b are T-TRPs and will be referred to as T-TRP 170 below. Similarly, Figure 3 As shown, NT-TRP will be referred to as NT-TRP 172 below. Each ED 110 connected to T-TRP 170 and / or NT-TRP 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically started (i.e., established, activated, or enabled), shut down (i.e., released, deactivated, or disabled), and / or configured in response to one or more of connectivity availability and connectivity necessity.

[0090] ED 110 includes a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. Only one antenna 204 is shown in the figure. Alternatively, one, part, or all of the antennas may be panels. The transmitter 201 and receiver 203 may be integrated as a transceiver, etc. The transceiver is used to modulate data or other content for transmission through at least one antenna 204 or a network interface controller (NIC). The transceiver is also used to demodulate data or other content received through at least one antenna 204. Each transceiver includes any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or for processing signals received wirelessly or wiredly. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals.

[0091] ED 110 includes at least one memory 208. Memory 208 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by ED 110. For example, memory 208 may store software instructions or modules for implementing some or all of the functions and / or embodiments described herein and executed by one or more processing units 210. Each memory 208 includes any suitable one or more volatile and / or non-volatile storage and retrieval devices. Any suitable type of memory can be used, such as random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), hard disk, optical disk, subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital (SD) memory card, on-processor cache, etc.

[0092] ED 110 may also include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces (e.g., Figure 1 or Figure 2 (Wired interface of Internet 150 in the network). Input / output devices support interaction with users or other devices in the network. Each input / output device includes any structure suitable for providing or receiving information from the user, such as a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, or touchscreen, including network interface communication.

[0093] ED 110 also includes a processor 210 for performing operations related to: operations related to preparing uplink transmissions to NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170; operations related to processing downlink transmissions received from NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170; and operations related to processing sidelink transmissions to and from another ED 110. Processing operations related to preparing uplink transmissions may include operations such as encoding, modulation, transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing downlink transmissions may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulation, and decoding received symbols. According to an embodiment, downlink transmissions may be received by receiver 203 using receive beamforming, and processor 210 may extract signaling from the downlink transmissions (e.g., by detecting and / or decoding signaling). For example, the signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, processor 210 performs transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction indications (e.g., beam angle information (BAI)) received from T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, processor 210 may perform operations related to network access (e.g., initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as operations related to detecting synchronization sequences, decoding, and acquiring system information. In some embodiments, processor 210 may perform channel estimation using reference signals received from NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170.

[0094] Although not shown, processor 210 may be part of transmitter 201 and / or receiver 203. Although not shown, memory 208 may be part of processor 210.

[0095] The processor 210 and the processing components of the transmitter 201 and receiver 203 may be implemented by the same or different processors for executing instructions stored in memory (e.g., memory 208). Alternatively, some or all of the processing components of the processor 210 and the transmitter 201 and receiver 203 may be implemented using special-purpose circuitry such as a programmable field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a graphics processing unit (GPU), or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).

[0096] In some implementations, T-TRP 170 can be referred to by other names, such as base station, base transceiver station (BTS), wireless base station, network node, network device, network-side device, transmit / receive node, NodeB, evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB), home eNodeB, next-generation NodeB (gNB), transmission point (TP), site controller, access point (AP) or wireless router, relay station, remote radio head, ground node, ground network device, or ground base station, base band unit (BBU), remote radio unit (RRU), active antenna unit (AAU), remote radio head (RRH), central unit (CU), distributed unit (DU), location node, etc. T-TRP170 can be a macro BS, pico BS, relay node, host node, or a combination thereof. T-TRP 170 may refer to the aforementioned device or a component within the aforementioned device (e.g., a communication module, modem, or chip). Although the accompanying drawings and the accompanying description of examples and embodiments of the invention generally use the terms AP, BS, and AP or BS, it should be understood that such a device may be any of the types described above.

[0097] In some embodiments, the various parts of T-TRP 170 may be distributed. For example, some modules of T-TRP 170 may be located remotely from the device housing the antenna of T-TRP 170 and may be coupled to the device housing the antenna via a communication link (not shown), sometimes referred to as a fronthaul, such as the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI). Therefore, in some embodiments, the term "T-TRP 170" may also refer to modules on the network side that perform processing operations such as ED 110 location determination, resource allocation (scheduling), message generation, and encoding / decoding; these modules are not necessarily part of the device housing the antenna of T-TRP 170. These modules may also be coupled to other T-TRPs. In some embodiments, T-TRP 170 may actually be multiple T-TRPs operating together to serve ED 110 through cooperative multicast or similar methods.

[0098] T-TRP 170 includes at least one transmitter 252 and at least one receiver 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only one antenna 256 is shown in the figure. Alternatively, one, part or all of the antennas may be panels. The transmitter 252 and receiver 254 may be integrated as a transceiver. T-TRP 170 also includes a processor 260 for performing operations related to: preparing downlink transmissions to be transmitted to ED 110, processing uplink transmissions received from ED 110, preparing backhaul transmissions to be transmitted to NT-TRP 172, and processing transmissions received from NT-TRP 172 via backhaul. Processing operations related to preparing downlink or backhaul transmissions may include operations such as encoding, modulation, precoding (e.g., multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) precoding), transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulation, and decoding received symbols. Processor 260 can also perform operations related to network access (e.g., initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as generating the contents of a synchronization signal block (SSB), generating system information, etc. In some embodiments, processor 260 also generates beam direction indications, such as BAI, that scheduler 253 can schedule for transmission. Processor 260 can perform other network-side processing operations described herein, such as determining the location of ED 110, determining the location for deploying NT-TRP 172, etc. In some embodiments, processor 260 can generate signaling to configure one or more parameters of ED 110 and / or one or more parameters of NT-TRP 172, etc. Any signaling generated by processor 260 is transmitted by transmitter 252. Note that "signaling" as used herein may also be referred to as control signaling. Dynamic signaling can be transmitted in control channels such as the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), while static or semi-static higher-layer signaling can be included in data packets, which are transmitted in data channels such as the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH).

[0099] Scheduler 253 may be coupled to processor 260. Scheduler 253 may be included within or operate separately from T-TRP 170, which schedules uplink, downlink, and / or backlink transmissions, including issuing scheduling authorizations and / or configuring schedule-free (“configuration authorization”) resources. T-TRP 170 also includes memory 258 for storing information and data. Memory 258 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by T-TRP 170. For example, memory 258 may store software instructions or modules for implementing some or all of the functions and / or embodiments described herein and executed by processor 260.

[0100] Although not shown, processor 260 may be part of transmitter 252 and / or receiver 254. Furthermore, although not shown, processor 260 may implement scheduler 253. Although not shown, memory 258 may be part of processor 260.

[0101] The processing components of processor 260, scheduler 253, transmitter 252, and receiver 254 may be implemented by the same or different processors for executing instructions stored in memory (e.g., memory 258). Alternatively, some or all of the processing components of processor 260, scheduler 253, transmitter 252, and receiver 254 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry such as FPGA, GPU, or ASIC.

[0102] Although the NT-TRP 172 is shown as a drone only as an example, the NT-TRP 172 can be implemented in any suitable non-terrestrial form. Furthermore, in some implementations, the NT-TRP 172 may be referred to by other names, such as a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, or a non-terrestrial base station. The NT-TRP 172 includes a transmitter 272 and a receiver 274 coupled to one or more antennas 280. Only one antenna 280 is shown in the figure. Alternatively, one, part, or all of the antennas may be panels. The transmitter 272 and receiver 274 may be integrated as a transceiver. The NT-TRP 172 also includes a processor 276 for performing operations related to: preparing downlink transmissions to be sent to ED 110, processing uplink transmissions received from ED 110, preparing return transmissions to be sent to T-TRP 170, and processing transmissions received from T-TRP 170 via return. Processing operations related to preparing downlink or backhaul transmissions may include operations such as encoding, modulation, precoding (e.g., MIMO precoding), transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing receive transmissions in the uplink or backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulation, and decoding of receive symbols. In some embodiments, processor 276 performs transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (e.g., BAI) received from T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, processor 276 may generate signaling to configure one or more parameters of ED 110. In some embodiments, NT-TRP 172 implements physical layer processing but does not implement higher-level functions such as medium access control (MAC) or radio link control (RLC) layer functions. Since this is merely an example, more generally, NT-TRP 172 may implement higher-level functions in addition to physical layer processing.

[0103] The NT-TRP 172 also includes a memory 278 for storing information and data. Although not shown, a processor 276 may be part of the transmitter 272 and / or the receiver 274. Although not shown, the memory 278 may be part of the processor 276.

[0104] The processing components of processor 276, transmitter 272, and receiver 274 may be implemented by one or more processors, each or the same, for executing instructions stored in memory (e.g., memory 278). Alternatively, some or all of the processing components of processor 276, transmitter 272, and receiver 274 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry such as a programmable FPGA, GPU, or ASIC. In some embodiments, NT-TRP 172 may actually be multiple NT-TRPs operating together to serve ED 110 via cooperative multicast or similar methods.

[0105] T-TRP 170, NT-TRP 172 and / or ED 110 may include other components, but these components are omitted for clarity.

[0106] One or more steps of the exemplary methods provided in this document can be derived from... Figure 3 The corresponding unit or module provided will be executed. Figure 3 Units or modules in devices such as ED 110, T-TRP 170, or NT-TRP 172 are illustrated. For example, signals can be transmitted by a transmitting unit or transmitting module. Signals can be received by a receiving unit or receiving module. Signals can be processed by a processing unit or processing module. Other steps can be performed by an artificial intelligence (AI) module or a machine learning (ML) module. The corresponding units or modules can be implemented using hardware, one or more components or devices executing software, or a combination thereof. For example, one or more of these units or modules can be integrated circuits, such as a programmed FPGA, GPU, or ASIC. It should be understood that if these modules are implemented using software executed by a processor, etc., then these modules can be retrieved by the processor, wholly or partially, individually or collectively, for processing, in one or more instances, and these modules themselves can include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.

[0107] Further details regarding ED 110, T-TRP 170, and NT-TRP 172 are known to those skilled in the art. Therefore, these details are omitted herein.

[0108] One or more steps of the exemplary methods provided in this document can be derived from... Figure 4 The corresponding unit or module provided will be executed. Figure 4Units or modules in devices such as ED 110, T-TRP 170, or NT-TRP 172 are illustrated. For example, signals can be transmitted by a transmitting unit or transmitting module. Signals can be received by a receiving unit or receiving module. Signals can be processed by a processing unit or processing module. Other steps can be performed by an artificial intelligence (AI) module or a machine learning (ML) module. The corresponding units or modules can be implemented using hardware, one or more components or devices executing software, or a combination thereof. For example, one or more of these units or modules can be integrated circuits, such as a programmed FPGA, GPU, or ASIC. It should be understood that if these modules are implemented using software executed by a processor, etc., then these modules can be retrieved by the processor, wholly or partially, individually or collectively, for processing, in one or more instances, and these modules themselves can include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.

[0109] Further details regarding ED 110, T-TRP 170, and NT-TRP 172 are known to those skilled in the art. Therefore, these details are omitted herein.

[0110] The number of new devices for future wireless networks is likely to grow exponentially, with increasingly diverse functionalities. Furthermore, many new applications and use cases may emerge in future wireless networks that did not exist in 5G, and there may be more diverse quality of service requirements. This will bring new key performance indicators (KPIs) to future wireless networks (e.g., 6G networks), which will be extremely challenging. Therefore, sensing technologies and AI technologies, especially deep learning (ML), are being introduced into the telecommunications field to improve system performance and efficiency.

[0111] AI / ML technology applications involve communication at both the physical layer and the media access control (MAC) layer. At the physical layer, AI / ML communication can be used to optimize component design and improve algorithm performance, such as in channel coding, channel modeling, channel estimation, channel decoding, modulation, demodulation, MIMO, waveform analysis, multiple access, PHY unit parameter optimization and updating, beamforming and tracking, sensing, and localization. At the MAC layer, AI / ML communication can leverage AI / ML capabilities to learn, predict, and make decisions to solve complex optimization problems using better strategies and optimal solutions. This includes optimizing MAC functions such as intelligent TRP management, intelligent beam management, intelligent channel resource allocation, intelligent power control, intelligent spectrum utilization, intelligent modulation and coding schemes (MCS), intelligent hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) strategies, and intelligent transmit / receive (Tx / Rx) mode adaptation.

[0112] AI / ML architectures typically consist of multiple nodes, which can be organized in either a centralized or distributed manner. Both modes can be deployed in access networks, core networks, edge computing systems, or third-party networks. Centralized training and computing architectures may be subject to significant communication overhead and strict user data privacy constraints. Distributed training and computing architectures include several frameworks, such as distributed machine learning and federated learning. AI / ML architectures include intelligent controllers, which can act as single or multiple agents, depending on joint or individual optimization. New protocols and signaling mechanisms are needed to enable the execution of corresponding interface links with customized parameters to meet specific requirements, while simultaneously minimizing signaling overhead and maximizing overall system spectral efficiency through customized AI technologies.

[0113] Further terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks can enable a range of new services and applications, such as Earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, automated delivery, and mobility. Terrestrial-based and non-terrestrial-based sensing can provide intelligent context-aware networks to enhance the user experience. For example, terrestrial-based and non-terrestrial-based sensing may involve opportunities for positioning and sensing applications based on a new set of features and service capabilities. Applications such as THz imaging and spectroscopy have the potential to provide continuous, real-time physiological information for future digital health technologies through dynamic, non-invasive, and contactless measurements. Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) methods can not only enable advanced cross-reality (XR) applications but also enhance navigation for autonomous objects such as vehicles and drones. Furthermore, in both terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks, measured channel data, as well as sensing and positioning data, can be obtained through high bandwidth, new spectrum, dense networks, and more light-of-sight (LOS) links. Based on this data, a wireless environment map can be drawn using AI / ML methods, where channel information is linked to its corresponding location or environmental information, to provide enhanced physical layer design based on this map.

[0114] A sensing coordinator is a node in the network that assists in sensing operations. These nodes can be dedicated standalone nodes for sensing operations or other nodes (e.g., TRP 170, ED 110, or core network nodes) that perform sensing operations in parallel with communication transmissions. New protocols and signaling mechanisms are needed to enable the execution of corresponding interface links with customized parameters to meet specific requirements, while minimizing signaling overhead and maximizing overall system spectral efficiency.

[0115] AI / ML and sensing methods are data-intensive. To incorporate AI / ML and sensing into wireless communications, increasingly more data needs to be collected, stored, and exchanged. The characteristics of wireless data extend considerably across multiple dimensions, such as from sub-6 GHz, millimeter to terahertz carrier frequencies, from spatial, outdoor to indoor scenes, and from text, voice to video. The collection, processing, and use of this data are carried out within a unified framework or different frameworks.

[0116] Some embodiments in this document refer to control information. Control information may sometimes be alternatively referred to as control signaling or signaling. In some cases, for example, control information may be dynamically transmitted in the physical layer of a control channel, such as in the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), or physical downlink control channel (PDCCH). Examples of dynamically indicated control information are messages sent in physical layer control signaling, such as uplink control information (UCI) sent in the PUCCH or PUSCH, or downlink control information (DCI) sent in the PDCCH. Dynamic indication may be an indication at a lower layer (e.g., physical layer / layer 1 signaling) rather than at a higher layer (e.g., rather than radio resource control (RRC) signaling or medium access control (MAC) control element (CE)). Semi-static indication may be an indication in semi-static signaling. Semi-static signaling as used in this document may refer to non-dynamic signaling, such as higher-layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling) and / or MAC CE. Dynamic signaling as used in this document may refer to dynamic signaling, such as physical layer control signaling transmitted in the physical layer, such as DCI transmitted in PDCCH or UCI transmitted in PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0117] In fifth-generation (5G) New Radio (NR), a synchronization signal (SS) and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) block (SSB) are used. An SSB can include multiple signals and channels, such as... Figure 5A As shown. Reference Figure 5AThe SSB 532, which can be transmitted in a portion of the time-frequency resource 530, may include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), a physical broadcast channel (PBCH), and a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for the PBCH (which may be referred to as PBCH-DMRS). Although Figure 5A It is not explicitly shown, but more SSBs may be transmitted on other parts of time and frequency resources 510 and 520, and each of these SSBs may include one or more of PSS, SSS, PBCH and PBCH-DMRS in a manner similar to SSB 532.

[0118] SSBs can be used for a variety of functions in various communication processes and states. For example, during initial access, one or more SSBs can be used to implement one or more functions, such as broadcasting system information, coarse beam alignment, and coarse time and frequency synchronization. Similarly, during radio resource control (RRC) connection mode, one or more SSBs can be used to implement other functions, such as radio link monitoring, continuous beam tracking, resynchronization, and inter-cell mobility (e.g., detecting SSBs from neighboring base stations (BS)).

[0119] A cell may contain multiple SSBs (e.g., 8 SSBs for 3.5 GHz). These multiple SSBs can transmit on different beams, which can be pointed in different directions for cell coverage, such as... Figure 5B As shown. Figure 5B The diagram shows a base station (BS) 501 transmitting three BS beams 515, 525, and 535. BS beams 515, 525, and 535 can be used for transmission. Figure 5A The time-frequency resources shown are 510, 520, and 530. According to... Figure 5A and Figure 5B Three SSBs can be transmitted on three BS beams 515, 525, and 535, pointing in different directions for cell coverage. In other words, multiple SSBs can be transmitted in different directions in space via different BS beams. Assume the SSBs can be used as follows... Figure 5A The time and frequency resources consumed may increase with the increase of the number of SSBs and associated beams, as shown in the different time and frequency resources.

[0120] In sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks, there are multiple ways to achieve integrated sensing and communication (ISAC).

[0121] In 5G NR, such as Figure 5A The current structure of SSBs (e.g., SSB 532) may be bandwidth-limited and distributed across multiple orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols. On the other hand, in 6G networks, the structure of SSBs can be extended to allow such communication signals to be reused for sensing purposes. For example, SSB transmissions can be reused by the BS for single static sensing (where the same device transmits and receives sensing signals), and can be reused by the UE for dual static sensing (where a first device transmits sensing signals and a second device receives sensing signals), such as... Figure 6 As shown. Figure 6 A portion of a network 600 including a BS 601 and a UE 602 is shown. The BS 601 is shown transmitting a signal 610 (e.g., an SSB) and receiving an echo signal 612. The echo signal 612 can be reflected from an unknown object 603. Upon receiving the echo signal 612, the BS 601 may be able to identify at least one of the presence or location of the object 603. The BS 601 can determine various characteristics of the object 603 from the received echo signal 612. After the object 603 redirection signal 610, the UE 602 may receive a redirected signal 615. Upon receiving signal 615, the UE 602 can determine various characteristics of the object 603. Since the UE 602 can know when and how the BS 601 transmits signal 610 (i.e., beam direction), the UE 602 can determine various characteristics of the object 603. The UE 602 can make such determinations by measuring the power and transmission delay of the received signal 615. Therefore, UE 602 can identify whether object 603 exists, where object 603 is located, and what features object 603 has. In this way, BS 601 can use signal 610 (e.g., SSB) for single static sensing, and UE 602 can use the same signal for dual static sensing.

[0122] Another approach to implementing ISAC may involve using dedicated sensing signals. In 6G networks, one or more dedicated sensing signals can be used to improve sensing accuracy. The transmission of dedicated sensing signals (or dedicated resources configured for sensing) can be expected to be periodic in terms of accumulated power (energy), improved sensing accuracy, and the time-varying nature of detection. Dedicated sensing signals can be transmitted in a beam-scanning manner, similar to how multi-beam SSBs are transmitted for communication purposes.

[0123] Another way to implement ISAC might involve using OFDM waveforms for sensing purposes, such as... Figure 7 As shown. Figure 7 A portion of the time-frequency resources, including OFDM-based sensing signals 710, 720, 730, 740, and 750, is shown. Figure 7 In time slot 700, there are 14 OFDM symbols, each with 12 resource units. The first and second OFDM symbols (starting from the leftmost) carry sensing signal 710, the fourth and fifth OFDM symbols carry sensing signal 720, the seventh and eighth OFDM symbols carry sensing signal 730, the tenth and eleventh OFDM symbols carry sensing signal 740, and the thirteenth and fourteenth OFDM symbols carry sensing signal 750. Figure 7 In the example, not all resource units in the OFDM signal are used for the sensing signal. Assuming the communication signal uses an OFDM waveform, using an OFDM waveform to carry the sensing signal (thus using the same signal format) can reduce sensing signal overhead and financial costs by using a shared transceiver architecture (i.e., the same transceiver architecture used for both communication and sensing signals).

[0124] In terms of signal transmission and reception, as well as signal measurement, network devices (e.g., BS, UE) can operate differently for communication and sensing purposes. For communication purposes, the goal might be to maximize the data rate, which may require a higher signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and the use of more multi-input multi-output (MIMO) layers. In this case, the transmitter and receiver may attempt to collect energy (e.g., receive signals) from multiple reflectors and consider multiple different combinations of transmit and receive beams. Figure 8AAn example of beam selection for multiple reflecting objects is illustrated. BS 801 and UE 802 can transmit and receive on beams 810a, 810b, 820a, and 820b for communication purposes. BS 801 and UE 802 can harvest energy from two reflecting objects 803 and consider different combinations of beams 810a, 810b, 820a, and 820b to determine the optimal combination of transmit and receive beam pairs for communication between BS 801 and UE 802. After testing several different combinations, BS 801 and UE 802 can determine that beams 810a and 810b are the optimal combination to maximize data transmission rate, and communication can be performed using the selected beam pair. The beam selection process may initially be exhaustive to determine the optimal beam pair; subsequently, adjacent beams may be prioritized for smooth transitions, as it is meaningful to check adjacent beams when the performance of the initially selected beam degrades. For example, BS 801 and UE 802 may initially select beams 810a and 810b for communication. When UE 802 moves to the right, BS 801 and UE 802 may select beams 820a and 820b for subsequent communication. This is likely because the performance of the initially selected beams 810a and 810b decreases as UE 802 moves to the right.

[0125] For communication purposes, one of the goals of the beam selection process can be to maximize the data transmission rate. Therefore, transceivers (e.g., BS 801, UE 802) may not be particularly interested in the exact components of the reflected object and may have beam pairs with low reception quality (e.g., Figure 8A The beamforming in the 820a and 820b may not be very useful. Other objectives can be considered to operate the beam selection process, which may include reducing communication latency, improving communication reliability (e.g., ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC)), and increasing the number of supported connections with limited time-frequency resources (e.g., massive machine-type communication (mMTC)).

[0126] For sensing purposes, beam selection objectives may include at least one of the following: confirming the presence of one or more potential objects, distinguishing different objects, calculating the position of an object, estimating the shape of an object, or identifying the displacement of an object. For example, such as Figure 8BAs shown, BS 801 and UE 802 can select one UE beam from a set of UE beams 830b, 830c and 830d. ​​When the UE beam is regarded as a beam pair with BS beam 830a, the UE beam can most accurately and effectively confirm the existence of objects 804, 805 and 806 and distinguish objects 804, 805 and 806 from each other.

[0127] For sensing purposes, different sensing applications may have different goals and requirements regarding sensing accuracy, and the associated sensing complexity and latency may also differ. For example, the localization of robots in a smart factory and the localization of high-speed vehicles may require high-precision localization and tracking, while urban mapping and environmental image reconstruction may require simultaneous image processing, mapping, and localization. In another example, performing a coarse angle estimate of an object for sensing purposes may be computationally simpler than performing a fine CSI derivation for communication purposes.

[0128] For sensing purposes, periodic beam searches of the surrounding environment may be necessary to identify changes in the environment and / or the movement of sensing devices. Periodic beam searches can also be used to identify or sense specific target objects in a particular direction and / or location.

[0129] Unlike for communication purposes, beam pairs with low reception quality may still be the target of sensing purposes. For example, periodic reception on beam pairs with low reception quality may be useful because measurements on those periodically received beam pairs can be accumulated and used to confirm the absence of an object (e.g., if the UE does not receive a signal in a beam direction for a certain duration, it can be assumed that there is no object in that beam direction).

[0130] Figure 9 This illustrates how different beamwidths can be used for communication and sensing purposes. Examples of different beamwidths are shown in the form of beams 910, 912, 914, 920, 922, 924, 930, 932, 934, 940, 942, and 944. For example, for communication operations, objectives related to capacity, coverage, robustness, smoothness, latency, and / or connection density may be prioritized. Accordingly, beams 910, 912, and 914 for communication can employ wide beamwidths. On the other hand, for sensing operations, objectives related to sensing resolution, latency, accuracy, and / or confidence may be prioritized. Accordingly, beams 920, 922, 924, 930, 932, 934, 940, 942, and 944 for sensing can employ narrow beamwidths.

[0131] Various aspects of the present invention can provide systems and methods for supporting data transmission in wireless networks. According to some embodiments, a reference signal and / or signal measurement can be shared between sensing and communication operations. This signal measurement can be performed based on the shared reference signal.

[0132] Some aspects of the present invention enable and maximize the reuse of sensed signals and / or signal measurements. In some embodiments, beam-scanned sensed signals (e.g., sensed signals transmitted in a beam-scan manner) and previous signal measurements (e.g., obtained from previous timings of configured measurement resources for at least sensing) can be reused for communication purposes, such as CSI acquisition and time-frequency tracking (e.g., delay or Doppler estimation). In some embodiments, beam-scanned sensed signals may be included in one or more configured measurement resources for at least sensing. By reusing sensed signals and / or signal measurements, resource utilization efficiency can be significantly improved, and power consumption of one or both the BS and UE can be reduced.

[0133] Various aspects of this invention relate to UE-initiated CSI updates based on low-power sensing operations. According to some embodiments, the UE can periodically perform low-power and low-complexity sensing operations. When the UE detects a sensing-related event that may affect CSI used for communication operations (e.g., a change in sensing results exceeding a certain threshold), the UE can initiate at least one of a CSI measurement or a CSI measurement report to the BS. In other words, when one or more conditions indicating that a sensing-related event has occurred are met during UE sensing operations, the UE can initiate at least one of a CSI measurement or a CSI measurement report to the BS. The CSI measurement (or predicted CSI) can be performed on one or more measurement resources (e.g., sensing signals) configured for at least sensing. The CSI measurement report can be performed based on the most recent measurement performed using one or more of the configured measurement resources for at least sensing.

[0134] Figure 10 An example of a measurement resource, configured for at least sensing purposes and transmitted from the BS (Browser's Point) to different directions (i.e., azimuth and elevation) in space, is shown according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 10 As shown, the BS can transmit at least 0 to 31 configured measurement resources for sensing in a beam scanning manner. Although Figure 10 The diagram shows 32 measurement resources transmitted by the BS, but those skilled in the art will readily understand that the BS can transmit fewer or more than 32 measurement resources. Each of measurement resources 0 to 31 can be transmitted spatially in a corresponding direction. These measurement resources 0 to 31 can collectively cover a desired angular range with respect to elevation (altitude) and azimuth. Regarding the energy transmitted into space, the at least sensing measurement resources 0 to 31 configured can partially overlap each other, such as... Figure 10As shown. In some embodiments, measurement resources 0 to 31 may collide around the half-power beamwidth (HPBW) boundary of the corresponding BS beam.

[0135] Figure 11 An example of measurement resources configured and mapped onto a time-frequency grid for at least sensing purposes according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. The configured measurement resources 0 to 31 for at least sensing purposes can be mapped onto the time-frequency grid in a time-domain multiplexed (TDM) and / or frequency-domain multiplexed (FDM) manner. Measurement resources 0 to 31 can be, for example, periodically transmitted by a BS, such as... Figure 11 As shown. Figure 11 The measurement resources 0 to 31 in the data can, for example, correspond to... Figure 10 The measurement resources in the range are 0 to 31, making Figure 10 The beam in the signal transmits measurement resources on the corresponding time-frequency resources.

[0136] In some embodiments, measurement resources 0 to 31 may be synchronization and sensing signal block (SSSB) resources, which may include one or more primary synchronization signals (PSS), one or more secondary synchronization signals (SSS), a physical broadcast channel (PBCH), one or more demodulation reference signals (DMRS) for the PBCH (or may also be referred to as PBCH-DMRS), one or more sensing reference signals, and one or more sensing signals. The one or more sensing signals may have a wider bandwidth than the PSS, SSS, PBCH, and / or PBCH-DMRS included in the SSSB resources.

[0137] Each of the SSSB resources may include one or more antenna ports. In some cases where the SSSB resource includes multiple antenna ports, each antenna port may correspond to a polarization direction relative to a reference plane, such as a vertical or horizontal polarization direction relative to the Earth's surface. In other cases where the SSSB resource includes multiple antenna ports, each antenna port may correspond to a polarization direction relative to a reference direction, such as a -45-degree or +45-degree tilted polarization direction relative to the direction of gravity. In some other cases where the SSSB resource includes multiple antenna ports, each antenna port may correspond to one or more base station antennas in a polarization direction (e.g., a vertical or horizontal polarization direction relative to the Earth's surface, a -45-degree or +45-degree tilted polarization direction relative to the direction of gravity, or one of two polarization directions offset by approximately 90 degrees in the polarization plane).

[0138] Figure 12 This is an exemplary signal flow diagram 1200 between BS1201 and UE1202 for performing a UE-initiated CSI update based on at least one or more measurement resources configured for sensing, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0139] BS1201 can perform single static sensing in step 1210, and UE 1202 can perform dual static sensing in step 1220, for example, in a combination similar to the above. Figure 6 As shown. Single static sensing and dual static sensing can be performed using one or more measurement resources configured for sensing. Steps 1210 and 1220 can occur simultaneously. In step 1210, one or more single static sensing measurements may be present, and in step 1220, one or more dual static sensing measurements may be present.

[0140] When BS1201 and UE 1202 perform single static sensing and dual static sensing operations respectively, sensing-related events may occur in step 1230. UE 1202 can detect sensing-related events.

[0141] When a sensing-related event occurs, UE 1202 can initiate a CSI update based on one or more measurement resources configured for sensing. As described above, in at least some embodiments, the configured measurement resources for sensing can be periodically transmitted from BS 1201 in a beam-scan manner. When a sensing-related event occurs and is detected, UE 1202 can use the configured measurement resources for sensing to perform at least one of fine CSI measurement or fine CSI measurement reporting in step 1240.

[0142] In some embodiments, a perception-related event may be considered to have occurred when one or more conditions are met. UE1202 may receive configuration information defining one or more conditions, for example, from BS1201 or another device, which, when met, indicate that a perception-related event has occurred. In some embodiments, the configuration information defining such conditions may be predetermined and / or stored at UE1202.

[0143] In some embodiments, one or more conditions indicating that a perception-related event has occurred may be related to a change in at least one of a delay parameter or a Doppler parameter. For example, a condition indicating that a perception-related event has occurred may be considered met when a change in a delay parameter measured from at least configured measurement resources used for sensing is greater than a first threshold. The first threshold may be predetermined and / or stored at UE 1202, or configured by BS 1201. In another example, a condition indicating that a perception-related event has occurred may be considered met when a change in a Doppler parameter measured from at least configured measurement resources used for sensing is greater than a second threshold. The second threshold may be predetermined and / or stored at UE 1202, or configured by BS 1201.

[0144] One or more measurement resources configured for at least sensing can also be used to implement one or more other functions, such as time and / or frequency tracking functions. For example, when no CSI-RS or tracking RS (TRS) is configured for tracking, the measurement resources can be used not only for sensing but also for one or both of the time and frequency tracking functions. When measurement resources are associated with a large time and / or frequency span, the BS1201 can configure the measurement resources in such a way that the large time and / or frequency span can be used to implement time and / or frequency tracking functions and / or dual static sensing at the UE 1202.

[0145] In some embodiments, one or more conditions indicating that a perception-related event has occurred may be related to the displacement of at least one sensed object. For example, when the displacement of at least one sensed object is greater than a third threshold, the conditions indicating that a perception-related event has occurred may be considered satisfied. The third threshold may be predetermined and / or stored at UE 1202, or configured by BS 1201.

[0146] The displacement of the sensed object can be determined based on at least one of the following: distance from UE 1202 or BS 1201, angle from UE 1202 or BS 1201, or a range of the aforementioned distance or angle. In some embodiments, the displacement of the sensed object can be determined based on at least one of the angle of arrival (AoA) or angle of departure (AoD) estimated from at least one of the measurement resources. For example, when the difference between the sensed AoA or AoD and the AoA or AoD carried in the latest CSI report or location report is greater than or equal to a certain threshold (e.g., the third threshold mentioned above), the conditions indicating that a sense-related event has occurred can be considered met.

[0147] The displacement of the sensed object can be related to data transmission scheduling. For example, when the relative displacement detected by the sensed reflector may be large enough to affect the CSI used by BS1201 for data transmission scheduling (e.g., rank, modulation and coding scheme (MCS), precoder, codeword-to-layer mapping) that can be performed by BS1201 against UE 1202, the displacement of the sensed object can be considered to be greater than a third threshold.

[0148] In some embodiments, a perception-related event can be considered to have occurred when one or more related conditions are met once (e.g., a single instance). In some embodiments, a perception-related event can be considered to have occurred when a series of multiple related conditions are met, or when one or more related conditions are met due to an event chain, or when one or more related conditions are met sequentially multiple times.

[0149] In some embodiments, at least one of the first threshold, second threshold, or third threshold discussed above or elsewhere in this invention may be cell-specific or UE-specific. In one example, one or more of the first threshold, second threshold, or third threshold may be used for UE 1202 via UE-specific signaling, or may be configured for multiple UEs in a cell via broadcast signaling. In some embodiments, the multiple UEs may include UE 1202.

[0150] According to some embodiments, the UE (e.g., UE 1202) can select one or more measurement resources configured for at least sensing from a plurality of measurement resources (e.g., from a larger set of measurement resources). In other words, the selected measurement resources are a subset of the plurality of measurement resources. Measurement resources can be selected for one or both of CSI measurements and reporting.

[0151] For the selection of measurement resources, the UE can receive configuration information for selecting measurement resources (i.e., configuration information for measurement resource selection) from, for example, the BS (e.g., BS1201). The UE can select measurement resources based on this configuration information for measurement resource selection.

[0152] In some embodiments, configuration information for measurement resource selection may include information indicating the selection rules to be used when selecting (at least for sensing) one or more measurement resources for CSI measurement and / or reporting. Measurement resource selection rules may include at least one objective.

[0153] In some embodiments, this objective may include maximizing the throughput of single-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmissions. In this case, the UE may attempt to optimize its own beamforming and / or precoding to include the use of multiple reflectors, thereby achieving high rank and / or high channel quality as indicated in the channel quality indicator (CQI). This may be similar to the behavior of the UE when generating CSI reports. It should be noted that in some embodiments, the UE may not include as many reflectors as possible, as including multiple reflectors may lead to increased interference, resulting in reduced rank and / or channel quality.

[0154] In some embodiments, the objective may include minimizing the power consumption of the UE under a specific minimum throughput requirement. For example, the power consumption of the UE may be reduced by decreasing the processing complexity at the UE. In this case, the UE may attempt to select and / or report at least one of a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) or a beam with minimum path loss. Furthermore, the downlink signal-to-noise ratio (DL SNR), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), reference signal received power (RSRP), and / or channel quality indicator (CQI) of the PMI or the beam with minimum path loss may be greater than a certain threshold predetermined or configured by the BS.

[0155] In some embodiments, measurement resource selection rules can be configured for a UE or a cell. In one example, information indicating the measurement resource selection rules can be used by the UE via UE-specific signaling or by broadcast signaling for multiple UEs (including the UE) in a cell.

[0156] Figure 13A and Figure 13B An example is shown of performing a UE-initiated CSI update based on the sensed reflector displacement, with the goal of minimizing UE power consumption, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 13A and Figure 13B In this configuration, BS1301 can transmit a first signal toward a first object 1303 via a first beam 1310a. The first object 1303 redirects the first signal toward UE 1302, and UE 1302 receives the redirected first signal via beam 1310b. Similarly, BS1301 can transmit a second signal toward a second object 1304 via a second beam 1320a. The second object 1304 redirects the second signal toward UE 1302, and UE 1302 receives the redirected second signal via beam 1320b.

[0157] exist Figure 13A In this configuration, beam pairs 1310a and 1310b associated with the first object 1303 can provide a DL SINR greater than or equal to a threshold configured by the BS, and the corresponding path loss of beam pairs 1310a and 1310b can be lower than the corresponding path loss of beam pairs 1320a and 1320b associated with the second object 1304. UE 1302 can identify this by sensing operations or by sensing measurements on beams 1310b and 1320b. Assuming the objective of measurement resource selection is to minimize the power consumption of UE 1302, UE 1302 can generate a CSI report based solely on the measurement resources associated with beams 1310a and / or 1310b. In other words, the measurement resources associated with beams 1320a and / or 1320b can be disregarded when generating the CSI report.

[0158] exist Figure 13B In, with Figure 13AIn contrast, the first object 1303 and the second object 1304 are shown moving in the upward direction in the figure. Due to this movement of the first object 1303 and the second object 1304, the beam pairs 1320a and 1320b associated with the second object 1304 can provide a DL SINR greater than or equal to the threshold configured by the BS, and the corresponding path loss of the beam pairs 1320a and 1320b can be lower than the corresponding path loss of the beam pairs 1310a and 1310b associated with the first object 1303. The UE 1302 can identify this by sensing operations or sensing measurements on beams 1310b and 1320b. Assuming that the objective of measurement resource selection is to minimize the power consumption of the UE 1302, the UE 1302 can generate a CSI report based solely on the measurement resources associated with beams 1320a and / or 1320b. In other words, the measurement resources associated with beams 1310a and / or 1310b can be disregarded when generating the CSI report.

[0159] As described above or elsewhere in this invention, when a perception-related event is detected (e.g., when one or more conditions indicating that a perception-related event has occurred are met), the UE can select one or more configured measurement resources (at least for perception) from a plurality of configured measurement resources (a larger set of measurement resources). The UE can select measurement resources when the corresponding CSI can produce a higher rank sum and / or throughput. For this purpose, in some embodiments, the UE can select measurement resources according to measurement resource selection rules discussed above or elsewhere in this invention. In some embodiments, the UE can autonomously select measurement resources.

[0160] In some embodiments, such as when beamforming is not performed at the UE or the UE is able to receive multiple beams, the UE can generate a CSI report based on one or more existing measurements obtained from one or more previous timings of at least one configured measurement resource for sensing. The UE can combine one or more existing measurements to generate the CSI report. By using existing measurements, the UE can perform CSI measurements based on subsequent timings of the selected measurement resources without waiting for them. In other words, no latency or minimal latency can be expected for further CSI measurements and reporting.

[0161] In some embodiments, when at least one or more measurement resources configured for sensing are selected for CSI calculation, and the UE may be performing beamforming but unable to receive multiple beams simultaneously, the UE may receive and / or measure the measurement resources in different ways, for example, depending on the operation. Figure 14A and Figure 14B An example is shown in the figure. Figure 14A and Figure 14BA portion of a network is shown, comprising a base station 1401 capable of transmitting on multiple transmit beams 1410a and 1410b and a UE 1402 capable of receiving on wide or narrow beams, as described below.

[0162] exist Figure 14A In this context, UE 1402 utilizes narrow receiving beams 1420a and 1420b to receive measurement resources for sensing measurements. Narrow receiving beams 1420a and 1420b can be employed to achieve higher accuracy in detecting the first object 1403 and the second object 1404 during sensing measurements. On the other hand, in... Figure 14B In this context, UE 1402 can utilize the wide receive beam 1430 to receive measurement resources for CSI measurements, thereby receiving multiple transmit beams 1410a and 1410b from BS 1401 to obtain higher rank during CSI measurements.

[0163] Figure 15 This is an exemplary signal flow diagram 1500 between BS 1501 and UE 1502 when switching the receive beam between sensing measurement and CSI measurement and reporting at UE 1502 according to an embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that... Figure 15 Select one or more measurement resources configured for sensing.

[0164] In step 1510, BS1501 can perform single static sensing, and UE 1502 can perform dual static sensing, for example, with Figure 6 and / or Figure 14A Or in a similar manner as shown elsewhere in this invention. Single static sensing and dual static sensing can be performed using one or more measurement resources configured for sensing.

[0165] When BS1501 and UE 1502 perform single static sensing and dual static sensing operations respectively, sensing-related events may occur. In step 1520, UE 1502 can detect sensing-related events. Sensing-related events can be considered as events used to initiate CSI updates.

[0166] When a perception-related event is detected, in step 1530, UE 1502 may temporarily suspend perception measurements. Prior to the temporary suspension, UE 1502 may have selected measurement resources from a plurality of measurement resources (a larger set of measurement resources) configured for at least perception purposes. The selected measurement resources may be configured at least for perception purposes, as the selected measurement resources are a subset of the plurality of measurement resources. One or more measurement resources may be selected for CSI measurement or CSI calculation. In some embodiments, UE 1502 may perform beamforming, but cannot receive multiple beams simultaneously.

[0167] After temporarily suspending sensing measurements, in step 1540, UE 1502 can, for example, utilize a wide beam to receive selected measurement resources from BS 1501 to perform at least one of CSI measurements or CSI measurement reporting. In this way, UE 1502 can shift its operational focus or objective (e.g., regarding beam reception, measurement, and / or processing modes) from optimizing sensing accuracy to maximizing communication throughput. UE 1502 can... Figure 14B Alternatively, a wide beam may be used to receive the selected measurement resources in a manner similar to that shown elsewhere in this invention.

[0168] In step 1550, UE 1502 may perform at least one of CSI measurement or CSI measurement reporting. UE 1502 may generate a CSI report and / or send the CSI report to BS 1501 based on measurement resources utilizing wide-beam reception.

[0169] After performing at least one of CSI measurements or CSI measurement reporting, in step 1560, UE 1502 may resume sensing measurements of the selected measurement resource. The UE may perform sensing measurements periodically. In some embodiments, the UE may resume sensing measurements after waiting for a specific amount of time following CSI measurements and / or CSI measurement reporting. This waiting time may be predetermined or configured by BS1501.

[0170] As described above or elsewhere in this invention, the UE can use one or more measurement resources configured for at least sensing to initiate CSI measurements or CSI calculations, and perform CSI measurement reporting based on the CSI measurements. In some embodiments, the UE can use virtual CSI-RS resources reused from one or more measurement resources configured for at least sensing to perform CSI measurement reporting.

[0171] Within a larger set of measurement resources configured for at least one purpose of sensing, the UE can select a smaller number of measurement resources or a subset thereof for CSI measurements. Accordingly, the UE can report the identifier of the selected measurement resources to the BS. In some embodiments, a combined index can be used to identify the selected measurement resources to reduce signaling overhead. For example, the UE can generate a CSI report based on one or more virtual CSI reference signal (CSI-RS) antenna ports. Virtual CSI-RS antenna ports can be generated by re-indexing the antenna ports in the selected measurement resources.

[0172] Specifically, when multiple antenna ports exist in each selected measurement resource, the UE can use the selected measurement resource to generate a CSI report, assuming that the antenna ports in the selected measurement resource are reindexed as virtual CSI-RS ports. In some embodiments, reindexing the antenna ports in the selected measurement resource may include: reindexing the antenna ports by starting with the lowest antenna port of the measurement resource with the lowest index, and mapping the antenna ports of the measurement resource to virtual CSI-RS antenna ports from 0 to N by first incrementing the antenna port index within each measurement resource and then moving to the next measurement resource with the next lowest index.

[0173] An example of mapping the antenna ports of the selected measurement resources to virtual CSI-RS ports is shown in Table 1 below. In the example in Table 1, for each of the selected measurement resources #9 and #21, two antenna ports can exist (i.e., port #0, port #1). Measurement resources #9 and #21 can be configured from at least a plurality of measurement resources used for sensing (e.g., Figure 10 and Figure 11 The measurement resources #0 to #31 shown are selected. The UE can generate a CSI report based on the selected measurement resources #9 and #21, assuming that the antenna ports in each selected measurement resource are reindexed as virtual CSI-RS ports, as shown in Table 1. The antenna ports can be reindexed such that the antenna port index within measurement resource #9 is increased first, and then the antenna port index is increased to the antenna port index of measurement resource #21. In other words, the antenna port index within the measurement resource can be increased first, and then the measurement resource index can be increased. In some embodiments, the index can start from the measurement resource with the lowest index (i.e., measurement resource #9 in the example of Table 1). The lowest antenna port of the measurement resource with the lowest index (i.e., antenna port #0 of measurement resource #9 in Table 1) can be mapped to virtual CSI-RS port #0.

[0174] Table 1 - Mapping the antenna ports of the selected measurement resources to virtual CSI-RS ports

[0175] Configured measurement resources for at least sensing Virtual CSI-RS Port Measurement Resource #9 – Antenna Port #0 CSI-RS port #0 Measurement Resource #9 – Antenna Port #1 CSI-RS port #1 Measurement Resource #21 – Antenna Port #0 CSI-RS port #2 Measurement Resource #21 – Antenna Port #1 CSI-RS port #3

[0176] As described above or elsewhere in this invention, the selected antenna port for measurement can be reindexed as a virtual CSI-RS port. The UE can generate a CSI report based on the reindexed virtual CSI-RS port. The generated CSI report may include at least one of a rank indicator (RI), a channel quality indicator (CQI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), or a layer indicator (LI).

[0177] In some embodiments, CSI measurements and / or reports may be triggered by low-power and low-complexity awareness, and CSI reports may be generated as shown above or elsewhere in this invention. CSI reports may be carried in pre-configured unlicensed uplink (UL) resources to reduce latency.

[0178] As described above or elsewhere in this invention, the UE can select one or more measurement resources configured for sensing from a plurality of measurement resources. In some embodiments, to facilitate UE-initiated CSI measurements and / or reporting, the BS can send configuration information to the UE that will be used to select measurement resources. The UE can select measurement resources based on the configuration information received from the BS. The selected measurement resources can be used for CSI measurements and / or reporting.

[0179] In some embodiments, the configuration information for measurement resource selection may include information that limits or indicates which measurement resources will be selected or assumed to be signal components. In other words, the BS may instruct the UE to select which measurement resources (i.e., a subset of measurement resources) from a plurality of measurement resources when performing CSI measurements and / or CSI measurement reporting. In some embodiments, the configuration information for measurement resource selection may include information indicating one or more other measurement resources that will be assumed to be interference when the UE selects measurement resources (e.g., one or more measurement resources that will not be selected or assumed to be signal components and will be assumed to be interference). In other words, the BS may instruct the UE which measurement resources can be assumed to be interference when performing one or both of CSI measurements and CSI measurement reporting (e.g., CQI reporting). Using the configuration information for measurement resource selection provided by the BS, more efficient multi-user pairing can be achieved for UE-initiated CSI measurements and / or reporting as illustrated in this invention.

[0180] Figure 16 Examples are shown illustrating one or more measurement resources that will be selected or assumed to be signal components or one or more other measurement resources that will be assumed to be interference when performing CSI measurements and / or reporting CSI measurements, according to embodiments of the present invention. Figure 16 As shown, BS1601 can send indications of multiple measurement resources 1610 to UE 1602, which can be sent towards UE 1602. BS1601 can also send configuration information to UE 1602, which UE 1602 can use to select a subset of one or more measurement resources 1611 from the multiple measurement resources 1610 for at least one of CSI measurement or CSI measurement reporting. In some embodiments, the configuration information may include information indicating measurement resources 1611 that will be selected or assumed to be used for at least one of CSI measurement or CSI measurement reporting. In some embodiments, the configuration information may include information indicating other measurement resources 1612 that will be assumed to be interfering when UE 1602 selects measurement resources 1611 for at least one of CSI measurement or CSI measurement reporting.

[0181] Figure 17 This is a signal flow diagram of the signaling between BS1701 and UE1702 according to an embodiment of the present invention, illustrating an exemplary process 1700 for supporting data transmission in a wireless network.

[0182] The exemplary process 1700 includes steps 1710, 1720, 1730, 1740, 1750, and 1755. Some of these steps may be optional. It should be understood that in some embodiments, the order of one or more steps 1710, 1720, 1730, and 1740 may be changed.

[0183] refer to Figure 17 In step 1710, UE 1702 can receive at least one of the first configuration information, the second configuration information, and the third configuration information from BS 1701.

[0184] The first configuration information may identify at least a plurality of measurement resources configured for sensing, and in step 1740, one or more measurement resources are selected from the plurality of measurement resources for CSI measurement. The plurality of measurement resources may be or may include the measurement resources to be received in step 1730.

[0185] The second configuration information can be used to select one or more measurement resources from a plurality of measurement resources, as shown in step 1740 below. The second configuration information may include at least one of the following: (i) information indicating selection rules for selecting one or more measurement resources for CSI measurement; (ii) information indicating one or more measurement resources that will be selected or assumed to be used for CSI measurement of signal components; or (iii) information indicating one or more of the plurality of measurement resources that will be assumed to be interference when UE 1702 selects one or more measurement resources for CSI measurement. In some embodiments, the information indicating the selection rules may include at least one objective, which includes at least one of the following: (i) maximizing the throughput of single-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmissions; or (ii) minimizing the power consumption of UE 1702 under a specific minimum throughput requirement. In some embodiments, the information indicating the selection rules may be used for UE 1702 via UE-specific signaling, or may be used for multiple UEs in a cell via broadcast signaling. In some embodiments, the multiple UEs may include UE 1702.

[0186] The third configuration information can define one or more conditions related to a perception-related event, and whether one or more conditions have occurred to satisfy the perception-related event. For example, the third configuration information may include one or more of the type of perception-related event or threshold information about parameters (i.e., delay, displacement, or ultrasonic information), such that when a threshold defined by the threshold information is exceeded, a perception-related event is considered to have occurred.

[0187] In step 1720, UE 1702 may determine whether one or more conditions indicating that a perception-related event has occurred are met. In some embodiments, the one or more conditions indicating that a perception-related event has occurred may include at least one of the following: (i) a change in a delay parameter measured from one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a first threshold; (ii) a change in a Doppler parameter measured from one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a second threshold; or (iii) a displacement of at least one sensed object is greater than or equal to a third threshold, the displacement being determined based on at least one of the distance to UE 1702 or BS 1701 or the angle to the UE or BS. In some embodiments, the displacement of at least one sensed object may be determined based on at least one of the estimated angle of arrival (AoA) or angle of departure (AoD) from at least one measurement resource selected in step 1740. In some embodiments, at least one of the first, second, and third thresholds may be used for UE 1702 via UE-specific signaling or may be configured for multiple UEs in a cell via broadcast signaling. In some embodiments, the multiple UEs may include UE 1702.

[0188] In some embodiments, one or more of the first threshold, the second threshold, and the third threshold may be stored at UE1702. In some embodiments, one or more of the first threshold, the second threshold, and the third threshold may be configured by BS1701 and received from BS1701 at step 1710.

[0189] In step 1730, BS1701 may send at least a plurality of measurement resources configured for sensing to UE 1702. In some embodiments, UE 1702 may use a narrow receive beam to receive the plurality of measurement resources for sensing measurements. In some embodiments, the plurality of measurement resources may be sent periodically by BS1701.

[0190] In step 1740, UE 1702 can select one or more measurement resources from a plurality of measurement resources. UE 1702 can select one or more measurement resources for performing CSI measurements. In some embodiments, UE 1702 can select one or more measurement resources based on the second configuration information received in step 1710.

[0191] As described above, the one or more measurement resources selected in step 1740 can be configured at least for sensing purposes. In some embodiments, the one or more measurement resources selected in step 1740 can also be used for time and frequency tracking functions.

[0192] In some embodiments, the one or more measurements selected in step 1740 and / or the multiple measurement resources received in step 1730 may include one or more primary synchronization signals (PSS), one or more secondary synchronization signals (SSS), a physical broadcast channel (PBCH), one or more demodulation reference signals (DMRS) for the PBCH, one or more sensing reference signals, or one or more sensing signals.

[0193] When one or more conditions indicating that a sensing-related event has occurred are met during UE 1702's sensing operations, UE 1702 may perform at least one of steps 1750 or 1755. In step 1750, UE 1702 may perform channel state information (CSI) measurements using one or more measurement resources configured for sensing. In step 1755, UE 1702 may perform CSI measurement reporting to BS1701 based on the CSI measurements. In some embodiments, the CSI measurement reporting may include: (i) UE 1702 generating a CSI report based on measurements on one or more measurement resources; (ii) UE 1702 sending the CSI report to BS1701. In some embodiments, the CSI report may include at least one of the following: rank indicator (RI), channel quality indicator (CQI), precoding matrix indicator (PMI), or layer indicator (LI).

[0194] In some embodiments, the UE may not need to perform CSI measurement 1750 immediately before CSI report 1755; therefore, the UE relies on previously performed measurements when reporting CSI report 1755.

[0195] In some embodiments, when one or more measurement resources are selected for CSI measurement in step 1740, UE 1701 may perform the following operations before and after steps 1750 and 1755: When one or more conditions indicating that a perception-related event has occurred are met, UE 1702 may temporarily suspend perception measurement before steps 1750 and 1755. After the temporary suspension, UE 1702 may utilize a wide beam to receive one or more measurement resources for performing at least one of CSI measurement (step 1750) or CSI measurement reporting (step 1755). After performing at least one of CSI measurement (step 1750) or CSI measurement reporting (step 1755), the UE may resume perception measurement of the one or more measurement resources.

[0196] In some embodiments, UE 1702 may perform CSI measurement reporting in step 1755 using a CSI report generated based on one or more virtual CSI reference signal (CSI-RS) antenna ports generated by reindexing antenna ports in one or more measurement resources. The CSI report generated based on the virtual CSI-RS antenna ports may include identifiers of the one or more measurement resources selected for CSI measurements. In some embodiments, reindexing the antenna ports in the one or more measurement resources selected for CSI measurements may include: reindexing the antenna ports starting from the lowest antenna port of the measurement resource with the lowest index, and mapping the antenna ports of the measurement resources to virtual CSI-RS antenna ports from 0 to N by first incrementing the antenna port index within each measurement resource and then moving to the next measurement resource with the next lowest index (e.g., if the measurement resource with the lowest index is being processed now, the next measurement resource is the measurement resource with the second lowest index).

[0197] In some embodiments, when UE 1702 performs CSI measurement reporting in step 1755, it does so based on existing sensed measurement results obtained from one or more previous times from one or more measurement resources.

[0198] As described above and elsewhere in this invention, the UE can periodically perform sensing measurements and perform CSI measurements and reporting when a sensing-related event occurs. It should be noted that those skilled in the art will readily understand that possible extensions can be made on the BS side to trigger the UE to perform non-periodic CSI measurements and reporting when a sensing-related event occurs and is detected by single static sensing on the BS side. Similar to UE-initiated CSI updates described above or elsewhere in this invention, in some embodiments, one or more conditions indicating that a sensing-related event has occurred can be considered satisfied when the change in delay parameters and / or Doppler parameters measured from measurement resources or other signals transmitted from the BS is greater than or equal to certain thresholds. In some embodiments, one or more conditions indicating that a sensing-related event has occurred can be considered satisfied when the displacement of at least one sensed object is greater than or equal to a certain threshold, wherein the displacement of the sensed object can be determined based on the distance from the UE or BS, the angle from the UE or BS, or a range of the aforementioned distances or angles. To reduce reference signal overhead, BS-triggered aperiodic CSI measurements can reuse at least the measurement resources configured for sensing, and the identifier (e.g., index) of the selected measurement resources can be indicated to the UE via downlink control information (DCI), medium access control (MAC) control element (CE), or radio resource control (RRC) signaling.

[0199] Examples of devices (e.g., UE, BS) for performing the various methods described herein are also disclosed.

[0200] For example, the device may include memory for storing processor-executable instructions, and a processor for executing the processor-executable instructions. When the processor executes the processor-executable instructions, it may cause the processor to perform, for example, the actions described herein. Figure 17 Method steps for one or more devices in the described apparatus. For example, a processor may enable the device to communicate over an air interface in an operating mode by implementing operations consistent with that operating mode, such as performing necessary measurements and generating content from those measurements (as configured for the operating mode), preparing uplink transmissions and processing downlink transmissions (e.g., encoding, decoding, etc.), and configuring and / or instructing transmission / reception on the RF chain and antenna.

[0201] It should be noted that the expression "at least one of A or B" used in this document is interchangeable with the expression "A and / or B". This refers to a list in which you can choose either A or B, or both A and B. Similarly, the expression "at least one of A, B, or C" used in this document is interchangeable with "A and / or B and / or C" or "A, B, and / or C". This refers to a list in which you can choose: A or B or C, or A and B, or A and C, or B and C, or all of A, B, and C. The same principle applies to longer lists with the same format.

[0202] It should be understood that one or more steps in the methods of the embodiments provided herein can be performed by corresponding units or modules. For example, a signal can be transmitted by a transmitting unit or transmitting module. A signal can be received by a receiving unit or receiving module. A signal can be processed by a processing unit or processing module. The corresponding units / modules can be hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, one or more of these units / modules can be integrated circuits, such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). It should be understood that if these modules are software, they can be retrieved by a processor, in whole or in part, individually or collectively, for processing, or in single or multiple instances as needed, and these modules themselves can include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.

[0203] Although combinations of features are shown in the illustrated embodiments, not all features need to be combined to achieve the advantages of the various embodiments of the invention. In other words, a system or method designed according to one embodiment of the invention does not necessarily include all features or portions shown schematically in any of the figures. Furthermore, selected features of one exemplary embodiment may be combined with selected features of other exemplary embodiments.

[0204] Although the invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this specification is not intended to be limiting. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon reference to this specification. Therefore, the appended claims are intended to cover any such modifications or embodiments.

Claims

1. A method for supporting data transmission in a wireless network, characterized in that, The method includes: When one or more conditions indicating that a sensing-related event has occurred are met during user equipment (UE) sensing operations, the UE performs at least one of the following: Channel state information (CSI) measurements are performed using at least one or more configured measurement resources for sensing; or The base station (BS) performs CSI measurement reporting based on the CSI measurements.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method further includes: The UE determines whether one or more conditions indicating that the perception-related event has occurred are met.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The CSI measurement reporting includes: The UE generates a CSI report based on the CSI measurements on the one or more measurement resources; The UE sends the CSI report to the BS.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that, The CSI report includes at least one of the following: Rank Indicator (RI); Channel Quality Indicator (CQI); Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI); or Layer Indicator (LI).

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, The method further includes: The UE selects one or more measurement resources from a plurality of measurement resources configured for at least sensing purposes, the one or more measurement resources being selected for the CSI measurement.

6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The method further includes: The UE receives first configuration information from the BS that identifies the plurality of measurement resources, wherein one or more measurement resources are selected from the plurality of measurement resources for the CSI measurement.

7. The method according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that, The method further includes: The UE receives second configuration information from the BS for selecting one or more measurement resources, and the UE selects one or more measurement resources according to the second configuration information.

8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that, The second configuration information includes at least one of the following: Information indicating the selection rules for selecting the one or more measurement resources for the CSI measurement; Information indicating the one or more measurement resources that will be selected or assumed to be used for the CSI measurement; or Information indicating one or more of the plurality of measurement resources that will be assumed to be interfering when the UE selects the one or more measurement resources for the CSI measurement.

9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that, The information indicating the selection rule includes at least one objective, which includes at least one of the following: Maximize the throughput of single-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission; or Minimize the power consumption of the UE under a specific minimum throughput requirement.

10. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that, The information indicating the selection rule is configured to the UE via UE-specific signaling, or configured for multiple UEs in a cell via broadcast signaling.

11. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that, The one or more conditions include at least one of the following: The change in the delay parameter measured from the one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a first threshold, which is stored at the UE or configured by the BS; The change in the Doppler parameter measured from the one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a second threshold, which is stored at the UE or configured by the BS; or The displacement of at least one sensed object is greater than or equal to a third threshold, the displacement being determined based on at least one of the distance to the UE or the BS or the angle to the UE or the BS, the third threshold being stored at the UE or configured by the BS.

12. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that, The displacement of the at least one sensed object is determined based on at least one of the angle of arrival (AoA) or the angle of departure (AoD), which is estimated based on measurements from at least one of the one or more measurement resources.

13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that, The one or more measurement resources are also used for time and frequency tracking functions.

14. The method according to any one of claims 11 to 13, characterized in that, At least one of the first threshold, the second threshold, and the third threshold is configured to the UE via UE-specific signaling, or configured for multiple UEs in a cell via broadcast signaling.

15. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that, The method further includes: The UE uses a narrow receive beam to receive the one or more measurement resources for sensing measurements.

16. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that, When one or more measurement resources are selected for the CSI measurement, the method further includes: When one or more of the conditions are met, the sensing measurement is temporarily suspended; Following the temporary pause, the UE utilizes a wide beam to receive the one or more measurement resources for performing at least one of the CSI measurements and the CSI measurement reporting; After performing at least one of the CSI measurements or the CSI measurement reporting, the one or more measurement resources are used to recover the sensed measurements.

17. The method according to any one of claims 5 to 10 or any one of claims 11 to 16, which are dependent on any one of claims 5 to 10, characterized in that, The UE performs CSI measurement reporting using a CSI report generated based on one or more virtual CSI reference signal (CSI-RS) antenna ports generated by reindexing antenna ports in one or more selected measurement resources.

18. The method according to claim 17, characterized in that, The CSI report generated based on the virtual CSI-RS antenna port includes the identifiers of one or more selected measurement resources.

19. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that, When the UE performs the CSI measurement reporting based on the CSI measurement, the CSI measurement includes existing measurements obtained from one or more previous times from the one or more measurement resources.

20. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 19, characterized in that, The method further includes: The UE receives third configuration information that defines one or more of the conditions.

21. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that, The one or more measurement resources include at least one of the following: One or more master synchronization signals (PSS); One or more secondary synchronization signals (SSS); Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH); One or more demodulation reference signals (DMRS) are used for PBCH; One or more sensing reference signals; or One or more sensing signals.

22. A user equipment (UE), characterized in that, The UE includes: processor; A computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions, which, when executed, cause the processor to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 21.

23. A method for supporting data transmission in a wireless network, characterized in that, The method includes: The base station (BS) receives Channel State Information (CSI) reports from the user equipment (UE); The CSI report is generated based on CSI measurements on one or more measurement resources when one or more conditions indicating that a perception-related event has occurred are met during the UE's perception process. The one or more measurement resources are configured at least for sensing purposes.

24. The method according to claim 23, characterized in that, The CSI report includes at least one of the following: Rank Indicator (RI); Channel Quality Indicator (CQI); Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI); or Layer Indicator (LI).

25. The method according to claim 23 or 24, characterized in that, The method further includes: The BS sends first configuration information to the UE, identifying at least a plurality of measurement resources configured for sensing, wherein the one or more measurement resources are selected from the plurality of measurement resources for the CSI measurement.

26. The method according to any one of claims 23 to 25, characterized in that, The method further includes: The BS sends second configuration information to the UE for selecting one or more measurement resources.

27. The method according to claim 26, characterized in that, The second configuration information includes at least one of the following: Information indicating the selection rules for selecting the one or more measurement resources for the CSI measurement; Information indicating the one or more measurement resources that will be selected or assumed to be used for the CSI measurement; or Information indicating one or more of the plurality of measurement resources that will be assumed to be interfering when the UE selects the one or more measurement resources for the CSI measurement.

28. The method according to claim 27, characterized in that, The information indicating the selection rule includes at least one objective, which includes at least one of the following: Maximize the throughput of single-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission; or Minimize the power consumption of the UE under a specific minimum throughput requirement.

29. The method according to claim 28, characterized in that, The information indicating the selection rule is configured to the UE via UE-specific signaling, or configured for multiple UEs in a cell via broadcast signaling.

30. The method according to any one of claims 23 to 29, characterized in that, The one or more conditions include at least one of the following: The change in the delay parameter measured from the one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a first threshold, which is stored at the UE or configured by the BS; The change in the Doppler parameter measured from the one or more measurement resources is greater than or equal to a second threshold, which is stored at the UE or configured by the BS; or The displacement of at least one sensed object is greater than or equal to a third threshold, the displacement being determined based on at least one of the distance to the UE or the BS or the angle to the UE or the BS, the third threshold being stored at the UE or configured by the BS.

31. The method according to claim 30, characterized in that, The displacement of the at least one sensed object is determined based on at least one of the angle of arrival (AoA) or the angle of departure (AoD), which is estimated based on measurements from at least one of the one or more measurement resources.

32. The method according to any one of claims 23 to 31, characterized in that, The one or more measurement resources are also used for time and frequency tracking functions.

33. The method according to claims 30 to 32, characterized in that, At least one of the first threshold, the second threshold, and the third threshold is configured to the UE via UE-specific signaling, or configured for multiple UEs in a cell via broadcast signaling.

34. The method according to any one of claims 23 to 33, characterized in that, The CSI report received from the UE is a CSI report generated based on one or more virtual CSI reference signal (CSI-RS) antenna ports generated by reindexing the antenna ports in the one or more measurement resources selected for the CSI measurement.

35. The method according to claim 34, characterized in that, The CSI report generated based on the CSI-RS antenna port includes the identifiers of the one or more measurement resources.

36. The method according to any one of claims 23 to 35, characterized in that, The method further includes: The BS sends third configuration information to the UE defining one or more conditions.

37. The method according to any one of claims 23 to 36, characterized in that, The one or more measurement resources include at least one of the following: One or more master synchronization signals (PSS); One or more secondary synchronization signals (SSS); Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH); One or more demodulation reference signals (DMRS) are used for PBCH; One or more sensing reference signals; or One or more sensing signals.

38. A base station (BS), characterized in that, The BS includes: processor; A computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to perform the method according to any one of claims 23 to 37.

39. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that, The computer-readable storage medium stores instructions that, when executed by a processor of the device, enable the device to perform any one of claims 1 to 21 and 23 to 37.

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