A high-stability, low-power ocean surface fixed-point observation buoy system

Abstract

This invention relates to the field of marine environmental monitoring technology, and in particular to a highly stable, low-power ocean surface fixed-point observation buoy system. The system includes a buoy platform composed of a split cylindrical buoy body and a buoy mooring system. An air-sea flux observation system is installed on the split cylindrical buoy body. The system also includes a buoy platform attitude monitoring system for monitoring the buoy platform's attitude, an attitude correction system for correcting the buoy platform's attitude, an intelligent data acquisition and transmission system for collecting observation data from the air-sea flux observation system and transmitting data to a shore-based data receiving station, and an intelligent power management and power consumption control module. The attitude correction system includes a coordinate system rotation module, a sway correction module, and a tilt correction module. It can operate stably for extended periods in extreme environments, enabling long-term, continuous, and accurate observation of ocean waves, surface currents, atmospheric water vapor content, and air-sea flux.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of marine environmental monitoring technology, and in particular to a highly stable and low-power ocean surface fixed-point observation buoy system. Background Technology

[0002] The ocean and atmosphere form a coupled whole. Ocean waves, as a type of ocean-atmosphere interface fluctuation, are an important medium for the transfer of matter and energy between the ocean and the atmosphere, influencing flux transport between them. In recent years, domestic and international efforts in ocean-atmosphere interface observation have been continuously advancing. ASIS buoys and similar platforms have received widespread attention globally, and related research has demonstrated their crucial role in improving the accuracy of research on ocean-atmosphere interactions.

[0003] In scientific research and operational forecasting, buoys are a simple and effective instrument for observing the air-sea interface. Air-sea flux buoys are key equipment for studying climate change, the ocean carbon cycle, and weather forecasting. They are specifically used to measure the exchange flux of energy, momentum, and matter (such as heat, water vapor, and carbon dioxide) between the ocean and the atmosphere. Therefore, the multidimensional and comprehensive physical parameter information provided by platforms such as air-sea buoys is particularly important.

[0004] Currently, the stability of buoy platforms in extreme environments has a significant impact on the data from observation equipment. Compared to traditional conventional disc-shaped meteorological buoy observation platforms, multi-element air-sea flux observation equipment in extreme environments places higher demands on buoy stability and reducing wave interference.

[0005] Attitude monitoring and data correction of the air-sea flux observation system platform have always been a challenge for buoy-based air-sea flux observations. Because the air-sea flux buoy system inevitably experiences violent shaking under high sea states such as typhoons and giant waves, this introduces significant errors to the flux observation system installed on it.

[0006] Ocean buoys have the capability to collect ocean data around the clock and in all weather conditions, and can achieve real-time acquisition and transmission of ocean data through interaction with satellites. However, high-power equipment consumes a lot of energy, making it difficult to support the long-term stable operation of deep-sea buoy platforms. Therefore, the energy shortage problem of deep-sea buoy platforms greatly limits deep-sea observation. Summary of the Invention

[0007] To address the shortcomings of the existing technologies, a highly stable and low-power ocean surface fixed-point observation buoy system is provided, which can operate stably for a long time in extreme environments and achieve long-term, continuous, and accurate observation of ocean waves, surface currents, atmospheric water vapor content, and air-sea flux.

[0008] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is a highly stable and low-power ocean surface fixed-point observation buoy system, comprising a buoy platform composed of a split cylindrical buoy body and a buoy mooring system, an air-sea flux observation system mounted on the split cylindrical buoy body, a buoy platform attitude monitoring system for monitoring the attitude of the buoy platform, an attitude correction system for correcting the attitude of the buoy platform, an intelligent data acquisition and transmission system for collecting observation data from the air-sea flux observation system and sending data to a shore-based data receiving station, and an intelligent power management and power consumption control module. The attitude correction system includes a coordinate system rotation module, a sway correction module, and a tilt correction module.

[0009] The aforementioned high-stability, low-power ocean surface fixed-point observation buoy system comprises a split-cylindrical buoy body consisting of a main buoy body composed of five buoyancy chambers, connecting rods at the top of the five buoyancy chambers, and floats at the bottom of the five buoyancy chambers. A sealed chamber connected to the main buoy body via a first inclined rod is located in the middle of the main buoy body. A control chamber connected to the main buoy body via a second inclined rod is located at the top of the sealed chamber. An upper mast is located at the top of the control chamber, and a lower mast is located at the bottom of the sealed chamber. An instrument compartment and a battery compartment are located at the bottom of the lower mast. A first support rod is located at the top of the upper mast, and a second support rod is located below the first support rod. The buoy platform attitude monitoring system includes:

[0010] The gas analyzer mounted on the first support pole, along with the GPS, gyroscope, electronic compass, and accelerometer adjacent to the gas analyzer, also includes a first air temperature and humidity sensor, a sea surface temperature sensor, a four-component radiation sensor, and an atmospheric pressure sensor. The four-component radiation sensor extends horizontally 2 meters beyond the first support pole, and the highest point of the first support pole is 6 meters above the average water level. The gas analyzer includes a three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer.

[0011] A second air temperature and humidity sensor and a wind speed and direction sensor are installed on the second support pole; the highest point of the second support pole is 3 meters above the average water level.

[0012] A marine droplet flux meter is installed above the control cabin, at a height of 1.5 meters above the average water level;

[0013] A single-point current meter and a wave meter are installed on the water surface and connected to the main buoy via a Dyneema rope.

[0014] The operating formula of the sway correction module in the aforementioned highly stable and low-power ocean surface fixed-point observation buoy system is as follows:

[0015] ;

[0016] In the formula: This represents the three-dimensional wind speed vector observed in a fixed geodetic coordinate system. The three-dimensional wind speed vector is observed by a three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer, where T is the rotation matrix from the buoy coordinate system to the geodetic fixed coordinate system, and M is the three-dimensional wind speed vector. pa This is the initial angular deviation matrix between the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer and the buoy coordinate system, i.e., the rotation matrix from the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer coordinate system to the buoy coordinate system. The rotational angular velocity observed in the buoy coordinate system. (x0 ’ y0 ’ z0 ’ () represents the position vector of the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer relative to the origin of the buoy coordinate system. This represents the velocity of the buoy's coordinate system origin relative to the fixed coordinate system origin.

[0017] Shaking correction item 1 In this matrix, T represents the rotation matrix from the buoy coordinate system to the Earth coordinate system, and ψ, θ, and ... These are the azimuth, pitch, and roll angles observed by the electronic compass, respectively. It is the wind speed component output by the ultrasonic anemometer after preliminary coordinate rotation; M pa This is the rotation matrix from the ultrasonic anemometer coordinate system to the buoy coordinate system, i.e., the angle deviation matrix.

[0018] Shaking correction item 2 middle, The angular velocity is obtained after the angular velocity value output by the gyroscope has undergone a preliminary rotational transformation. This is the position vector of the ultrasonic anemometer in the buoy coordinate system;

[0019] Shaking correction item 3 This represents the translational velocity of the buoy coordinate system origin relative to the Earth coordinate system origin;

[0020] ,and , ;

[0021] These are the linear accelerations observed by the gyroscope. Represents a high-pass filter;

[0022] The coordinate system rotation module includes: defining a geocentric inertial coordinate system, an Earth coordinate system, a geographic coordinate system, and a vehicle coordinate system, based on the yaw angle measured by an electronic compass. Pitch angle and roll angle Construct the rotation matrix from the buoy coordinate system to the geographic coordinate system. The operating formula is as follows:

[0023] ;

[0024] in, , , These are rotation matrices about the z-axis, y-axis, and x-axis, respectively. Yaw angle The pitch angle, The roll angle is used to uniformly convert the measurement data of the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer, gyroscope and accelerometer to the geodetic coordinate system through the rotation matrix;

[0025] The geocentric inertial coordinate system has its origin at the Earth's center, with the x-axis passing through the intersection of the 0° meridian and the equator, the y-axis passing through the intersection of the 90° meridian and the equator, and the z-axis pointing towards Polaris.

[0026] The Earth coordinate system has its origin at the Earth's center, with the z-axis along the polar axis, the x-axis on the intersection of the equatorial plane and the prime meridian, and the y-axis also in the equatorial plane, forming a right-handed rectangular coordinate system with the x and z axes.

[0027] The geographic coordinate system adopts the northeast-northeast coordinate system, with its origin located at the point where the transport vehicle is located. The x-axis points north along the local meridian, the y-axis points east along the local parallel of latitude, and the z-axis points downward along the local geographic perpendicular line, forming a right-handed rectangular coordinate system with the x and y axes.

[0028] The coordinate system of the carrier has its origin coinciding with the center of mass of the carrier. The x-axis points forward along the longitudinal axis of the carrier, the z-axis points downward along the vertical axis of the carrier, and the y-axis is along the horizontal axis of the carrier, forming a right-handed rectangular coordinate system with the x and z axes.

[0029] An electronic compass uses three angles—yaw, pitch, and roll—to describe an arbitrary rotation: rotation around the z-axis yields the yaw angle; rotation around the lag-relative y-axis yields the pitch angle; and rotation around the lag-relative x-axis yields the roll angle.

[0030] The operating formula for the tilt correction module is as follows:

[0031] ;

[0032] Where u, v, and w are the three components of the wind speed obtained after sway correction. =arctan(v / u), =arctan .

[0033] The aforementioned high-stability, low-power ocean surface fixed-point observation buoy system uses a Bart bidirectional low-pass filter. The cutoff frequency is determined as follows: first, a data segment is selected; second, a series of cutoff frequencies are assumed; then, each cutoff frequency is applied to the data segment for sway correction; finally, the root mean square error and covariance of the three velocity components and the vertical displacement of the buoy are calculated for the sway-corrected data; the graphs of the root mean square error and covariance of the velocity components and the vertical displacement of the buoy relative to the cutoff frequency are plotted; and the cutoff frequency fcutoff is found when the changes in the root mean square error and covariance and the vertical displacement of the buoy are not significant. fcutoff is the cutoff frequency used in the sway correction procedure.

[0034] The aforementioned high-stability, low-power ocean surface fixed-point observation buoy system includes an intelligent power management and power control module comprising: a microcontroller unit, a magnetic latching relay, a clock circuit, a battery, a voltage conversion module, a data transmission module, and peripheral sensors. The microcontroller unit is electrically connected to the magnetic latching relay, the clock circuit, and the data transmission module. The magnetic latching relay is electrically connected to the peripheral sensors and is used to control the power supply to the peripheral sensors. The battery supplies power to all system components through the voltage conversion module. The clock circuit provides a precise timing signal to the microcontroller unit, triggering it to enter either a working mode or a standby mode. The microcontroller unit uses a low-power microcontroller and, in standby mode, maintains communication only with the clock circuit, cutting off data exchange and power supply to other peripherals.

[0035] The aforementioned high-stability, low-power ocean surface fixed-point observation buoy system includes an intelligent data acquisition and transmission system comprising a data acquisition module, a data standardization module, a quality control module, a data transmission module, and an intelligent power management and power consumption control module; wherein:

[0036] The data acquisition module is used to collect and maintain data from the marine hydrological and meteorological monitoring terminal and obtain various observation data related to ocean-atmosphere flux.

[0037] The data standardization module includes a metadata standardization unit and an entity data standardization unit. The metadata standardization unit is used to set the metadata storage scheme for various elements of hydrological and meteorological data from the buoy source, and to establish metadata information in the form of XML files or interfaces. The entity data standardization unit is used to divide the data into two types: scalar field and vector field. After receiving and decoding, it stores and imports L0 level data. After real-time quality control algorithm, it generates L1 level data and stores, imports, and converts the format. After delay quality control, it generates L2 level data and stores it.

[0038] The quality control module includes a real-time quality control unit and a delayed quality control unit. The real-time quality control unit employs methods such as format testing, time testing, equality testing, range testing, continuity testing, temperature inversion testing, position testing, landing testing, depth testing, and velocity testing. The delayed quality control unit employs all the methods of the real-time quality control unit, and also includes correlation testing, equivalence testing, statistical characteristic testing, peak detection, depth increment testing, density increment testing, vertical gradient testing, local maximum depth testing, and salt-density modal quantitative analysis.

[0039] The data transmission module adopts a data transmission method based on a combination of socket and FTP. It transmits data from the receiving end to the data channel through data file monitoring and data push. After passing through the channel, the data enters the preprocessing stage and is finally transmitted to the data warehouse of the big data platform.

[0040] The intelligent power management and power consumption control module is used to monitor the power consumption of each module in the system in real time, dynamically adjust the power output, and optimize the power consumption of each module.

[0041] The aforementioned high-stability, low-power ocean surface fixed-point observation buoy system includes a range check comprising an extreme value check, a global depth-extreme value check, and a freezing point check, wherein the freezing point check is calculated using the following formula:

[0042] ;

[0043] in, It is the calculated freezing point in Celsius. The salinity ranges from 27 to 35 psu. It is the pressure value at a given salinity.

[0044] The aforementioned high-stability, low-power ocean surface fixed-point observation buoy system uses the following formula for peak detection:

[0045] ;

[0046] ;

[0047] ;

[0048] in, , , These are observations at adjacent depths. This formula determines the presence of a spike anomaly by calculating the difference between observations at adjacent depths; first, it calculates... It represents the current depth observation value. Compared with the two adjacent depth observations and The absolute deviation of the mean; For two adjacent depth observations and Half of the absolute value of the difference, finally calculated ,when When a certain threshold is exceeded, a judgment is made. This represents a spike outlier.

[0049] The aforementioned high-stability, low-power ocean surface fixed-point observation buoy system comprises a buoy mooring system connected to the bottom of a split cylindrical buoy body, consisting of a main cable, a relay transmission chamber, and an anchoring unit. The buoy mooring system has an overall inverted S-shaped structure, with a length 1.3-1.5 times the water depth of the deployment area. The main cable consists of a coupling steel cable and a Dyneema cable. The coupling steel cable has two sections, each 500m long, with a relay transmission chamber between the two sections. Glass buoys are spaced apart on the main cable, and counterweights are also present. An electric rotating ring is located between the top of the main cable and the bottom of the split cylindrical buoy body. A parallel release device is located between the bottom of the main cable and the anchoring unit. The anchoring unit includes a gravity anchor, a holding anchor, and an anchor chain. The coupling steel cable, Dyneema cable, and parallel release device are connected by a waterproof joint.

[0050] The beneficial effects of this invention's highly stable, low-power ocean surface fixed-point observation buoy system are that the constructed air-sea flux buoy observation system, capable of long-term stable operation in extreme environments, can achieve long-term continuous observation of ocean waves, surface currents, atmospheric water vapor content, and air-sea flux. This provides an important tool for long-term monitoring of the exchange of matter and energy between the ocean and the atmosphere. The observed data has significant scientific value for studying air-sea exchange, thus helping to predict and respond to climate change and extreme weather events, and further providing data support for government decisions on environmental protection measures. In addition, by real-time monitoring of key indicators such as sea surface temperature, wind speed, and carbon dioxide exchange, the air-sea flux buoy can effectively provide early warning of typhoons, tsunamis, and other extreme weather events, avoiding potential economic losses and providing an early warning system for disaster prevention and mitigation.

[0051] Reducing the impact of platform sway on observation data: The stability of the buoy platform in extreme environments has a significant impact on the data from observation equipment. Compared with traditional conventional disc-shaped meteorological buoy observation platforms, multi-element air-sea flux observation equipment in extreme environments places higher demands on buoy stability and reducing wave interference. Adopting a split cylindrical buoy structure, the slender column has a smaller cross-section, which, while minimizing wave interference, can significantly reduce wind and water resistance, and significantly improve the buoy's ability to control sway amplitude. Based on the functional, weight, and size requirements of the air-sea flux observation equipment, a three-dimensional multi-functional distributed design is adopted to control the buoy's center of gravity height, further enhancing buoy stability.

[0052] Addressing the impact of swaying on observational data: Attitude monitoring and data correction of the air-sea flux observation system platform have long been challenges in buoy-based air-sea flux observations. Due to the inevitable severe swaying of air-sea flux buoy systems under high sea states such as typhoons and large waves, significant errors are introduced into the flux observation systems installed on them. Attitude correction is performed through key steps such as coordinate system rotation, sway correction, and tilt correction to eliminate errors and ensure the accuracy of the observational data.

[0053] A complete system covering data acquisition, standardization, quality control, transmission, and intelligent power management and power consumption control has been constructed. The data acquisition module uses high-precision sensors and has standardized output formats; the data standardization module classifies and processes metadata and entity data according to multiple standards; the quality control module combines real-time and delayed verification and uses various methods to identify abnormal data; the data transmission module uses a combination of socket and FTP; and the intelligent power management and power consumption control module monitors and adjusts power consumption in real time. This effectively solves the shortcomings of existing buoy systems in extreme deep-sea conditions, such as low data quality, poor transmission efficiency, and excessive power consumption, and promotes the application and development of marine observation technology in complex environments.

[0054] A multi-level quality control mechanism combining real-time and delayed quality control is employed to achieve precise verification of data throughout the entire process. Real-time quality control uses various methods, such as format verification, time verification, and range checks (including freezing point calculation and extreme value judgment), to quickly filter out obviously abnormal data. Delayed quality control, building upon real-time verification, adds multiple depth analysis methods, including correlation verification (such as the physical correlation between water temperature and air temperature), peak checking (calculating differences based on observations at adjacent depths), and salinity-density modal analysis, to identify complex anomalies (such as spurious temperature inversions and density stratification anomalies). Through this multi-level quality control mechanism, combined with real-time and delayed verification, abnormal data is effectively identified and eliminated, improving data quality and providing high-quality data support for research on ocean dynamic processes and climate model calibration.

[0055] The data standardization module unifies data formats and storage standards through XML-based metadata storage and hierarchical processing of entity data (L0 / L1 / L2 levels), ensuring compatibility with industry standards such as HY / T0327-2022 and GB / T12460-2006, facilitating cross-platform data sharing and integration. Simultaneously, for special scenarios such as real temperature inversion layers in high-latitude sea areas and the characteristics of deep-sea water masses, differentiated quality control logic (such as dynamic adjustment of inversion thresholds and comparison of salinity-density modal climate states) ensures the authenticity of data in complex environments, enhancing the system's adaptability to extreme deep-sea environments.

[0056] The intelligent power management module, through the collaboration of a low-power MCU (standby power consumption ≤0.1μA), a magnetic latching relay (static power consumption ≤0.1μA), and a low-power satellite communication module, dynamically switches operating modes according to a preset cycle (e.g., 1 hour): in standby mode, only the clock circuit and MCU maintain operation, with a total power consumption ≤0.2μA; during data acquisition and transmission, it precisely wakes up the sensors and communication modules, and immediately cuts off power after completing the task. This extends the system's endurance, reduces maintenance costs, and meets the needs of long-term deep-sea observation.

[0057] By physically disconnecting the power supply to the peripheral sensors through the OA / OB contacts of a magnetic latching relay, rather than through software hibernation or logical power-off, the hidden power consumption of sensor leakage current is eliminated at the hardware level. This design addresses the "multi-sensor collaborative operation" characteristic of deep-sea buoys, solving the technical blind spot where traditional "software low power consumption" cannot cover the hardware losses of peripheral devices.

[0058] The system utilizes a timed wake-up function based on the DS1302 clock chip to operate according to a preset cycle, avoiding unnecessary energy consumption and extending battery life. Employing a 95Ah lithium iron phosphate battery, coupled with a highly interference-resistant data transmission module, ensures stable operation in harsh deep-sea environments. This increased endurance reduces the frequency of equipment recovery and battery replacement, lowering maintenance costs. Attached Figure Description

[0059] Figure 1 This is the front view of the buoy platform;

[0060] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram showing the distribution of the first support rod;

[0061] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of a geocentric inertial coordinate system;

[0062] Figure 4 A schematic diagram of the Earth coordinate system and the geographic coordinate system;

[0063] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the carrier coordinate system;

[0064] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the electronic compass attitude coordinate system;

[0065] Figure 7 A schematic diagram of a three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer and its coordinate system;

[0066] Figure 8 A schematic diagram showing the installation status of a three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer and an electronic compass;

[0067] Figure 9 A schematic diagram illustrating the rectangular coordinate system defined in a buoy observation system;

[0068] Figure 10 This is a diagram illustrating the coordinate system rotation process.

[0069] Figure 11 This is a flowchart of the sway correction process for a three-dimensional wind field based on the attitude of the buoy platform.

[0070] Figure 12 This is a circuit structure block diagram of the intelligent power management and power consumption control module.

[0071] In the diagram, 1. Buoyancy chamber; 2. Connecting rod; 3. Buoy; 4. First tilting rod; 5. Sealed chamber; 6. Second tilting rod; 7. Control room; 8. Upper mast; 9. Lower mast; 10. Instrument room; 11. Battery room; 12. Single-point current meter; 13. Wave meter; 14. First support rod; 15. Second support rod; 16. Gas analyzer; 17. Gravity anchor; 18. GPS; 19. Gyroscope; 20. Electronic compass; 21. CTD; 22. ... 23. Air temperature and humidity sensor; 24. Sea surface temperature sensor; 25. Four-component radiation sensor; 26. Second air temperature and humidity sensor; 27. Wind speed and direction sensor; 28. Marine droplet flux meter; 29. ​​Solar panel; 30. Holding anchor; 31. Glass buoy; 32. Coupled steel cable; 33. Dyneema cable; 34. Relay transmission compartment; 35. Counterweight; 36. Electric swivel ring; 37. Parallel release device; 38. Anchor chain; 39. Waterproof joint. Detailed Implementation

[0072] The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0073] like Figure 1-11 As shown, a highly stable and low-power ocean surface fixed-point observation buoy system includes a buoy platform consisting of a split cylindrical buoy body and a buoy mooring system. An air-sea flux observation system is installed on the split cylindrical buoy body. The system also includes a buoy platform attitude monitoring system for attitude monitoring, an attitude correction system for attitude correction, an intelligent data acquisition and transmission system for collecting observation data from the air-sea flux observation system and sending data to a shore-based data receiving station, and an intelligent power management and power consumption control module. The attitude correction system includes a coordinate system rotation module, a sway correction module, and a tilt correction module.

[0074] The split-column buoy body includes a main buoy consisting of five buoyancy chambers 1, connecting rods 2 at the top of the five buoyancy chambers, and floats 3 at the bottom of the five buoyancy chambers 1. A sealed chamber 5 connected to the main buoy body via a first inclined rod 4 is located in the middle of the main buoy body. A control chamber 7 connected to the main buoy body via a second inclined rod 6 is located at the top of the sealed chamber 5. An upper mast 8 is located at the top of the control chamber 7, and a lower mast 9 is located at the bottom of the sealed chamber 5. An instrument compartment 10 and a battery compartment 11 are located at the bottom of the lower mast 9. A first support rod 14 is located at the top of the upper mast 8, and a second support rod 15 is located below the first support rod 14. The buoy platform attitude monitoring system includes:

[0075] The gas analyzer 16 installed on the first support rod 15, as well as the GPS 18, gyroscope 19, electronic compass 20, and accelerometer adjacent to the gas analyzer 16, also includes a first air temperature and humidity sensor, sea surface temperature sensor, four-component radiation sensor and atmospheric pressure sensor. The four-component radiation sensor extends horizontally 2 meters beyond the first support rod, and the highest point of the first support rod is 6 meters above the average water level.

[0076] Placement instructions for the 6-meter position sensors: Gas analyzer 16 (CPEC310 including a 3D ultrasonic anemometer (CSAT3BH)), four-component radiation sensor 24 (CNR4+CNF4), sea surface temperature sensor 23, GPS 18, gyroscope 19, first air temperature and humidity sensor 22 (HMP155), and atmospheric pressure sensor (PTB110) should be placed 6 meters above the average water level. The reasons are as follows:

[0077] 1. The four-component radiation sensor 24 (CNR4+CNF4) is placed at a distance of 6 meters to avoid the influence of shadows cast by the buoy on the data, in accordance with the national standard (GB / T 12763.3-2020) for marine surveys. The sensor must not be obstructed during solar radiation observation. Simultaneously, the four-component radiation sensor 24 (CNR4+CNF4) should extend horizontally by 2 meters, with its downward-facing radiation sensor having a field of view of 150°. Calculations have shown that this avoids the influence of buoy reflections on the radiation measurement.

[0078] 2. According to the national standard (GB / T 12763.3-2020) for marine surveys, the effective observation height for sea surface temperature is 0-10 meters. When monitoring sea surface temperature, the field of view of the sensor itself should be considered. The field of view of the SI-111 sea surface temperature sensor is 22° (half angle). After calculation, the 6-meter distance meets the requirements of the standard while maximizing the performance of the instrument itself.

[0079] 3. To ensure the consistency of the sensor's trajectory with the buoy's movement, GPS18 and gyroscope 19 should be placed at the same height as and as close as possible to the gas analyzer 16 (CPEC310 includes a three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer (CSAT3BH)) for ocean-air flux data correction. This will improve the accuracy and precision of flux data calculation.

[0080] 4. The installation location at different heights and the type of underlying surface have a significant impact on temperature and humidity data. To maintain the accuracy and precision of air-sea flux data calculations, the first air temperature and humidity sensor 22 (HMP155) should be installed at the same height as the aforementioned air-sea flux observation sensors.

[0081] 5. Atmospheric pressure data is used in the calculation of air-sea flux data, and atmospheric pressure changes with the installation height. Therefore, the atmospheric pressure sensor (PTB110) should be consistent with the above-mentioned air-sea flux observation sensors.

[0082] 6. The above-mentioned air-sea flux observation sensor is installed at the top of the buoy's upper mast. Based on the flux contribution area (footprint) formula (Schuepp at el. 1990; Leclerc and Thurtell 1990), the effective flux data contribution area radius is calculated to be 100 times the installation height. In marine systems with relatively uniform buoy surface, installing the above-mentioned air-sea flux observation sensor at the top of the buoy's upper mast maximizes the acquisition of flux data within the contribution area. Simultaneously, installation at the top minimizes the impact of the upper mast on airflow cutting and fragmentation, improving instrument measurement accuracy.

[0083] A second air temperature and humidity sensor and a wind speed and direction sensor are installed on the second support pole; the highest point of the second support pole is 3 meters above the average water level.

[0084] Placement instructions for the 3-meter position sensors: The wind speed and direction sensor 26 is a wind sensor (05106), and the second air temperature and humidity sensor 25 is an air temperature and humidity sensor (HMP155). They should be placed 3 meters above the average water level. The reason is as follows:

[0085] 1. The data is arranged in a gradient with the wind data and air temperature and humidity data at 6 meters to improve the reliability of throughput data calculation.

[0086] 2. This location can effectively reduce the impact of the buoy structure on wind field and air temperature and humidity data.

[0087] A marine droplet flux meter is installed above the control cabin, at a height of 1.5 meters above the average water level;

[0088] Sensor Placement Instructions at 1.5 Meters: The marine droplet flux meter 28 is an IAP (Intake Aperture Pulse) meter and should be placed 1.5 meters above the average water level. The reason is as follows:

[0089] The impact of boundary layer turbulence on ocean droplet transport is negatively correlated with the distance of the equipment from the sea surface. Considering that the higher the installation height, the lower the impact, and that the stability of the equipment's fixed position is closely related to data quality, all factors are taken into account. Observations at 1.5 meters provide high data quality and good equipment stability, reducing the impact of buoy swaying on the data.

[0090] A single-point current meter and a wave meter are installed on the water surface and connected to the main buoy via a Dyneema rope.

[0091] Instructions for placing surface sensors: The single-point current meter 12 is a current sensor (5400), and the wave meter 13 is a wave sensor (DWR-G). Both are placed on the water surface and float. A dyneema rope is used to connect the buoy body to the equipment, allowing it to float relatively freely on the water surface while remaining securely attached to the buoy body. The reason is as follows:

[0092] 1. The current sensor (5400) uses the Doppler principle and needs to be in contact with the water surface to operate. It must also not be affected by interference from the underwater structure of the buoy's Doppler signal; therefore, a Dyneema line is required to connect the device to the buoy body, allowing it to drift relatively freely. It can also obtain power and data transmission from the buoy system.

[0093] 2. The wind force around the buoy platform is affected by its structure, and its impact on sea waves differs significantly from the types of sea waves encountered in natural environments. The wave sensor (DWR-G) with its built-in accelerometer measures sea waves and needs to be in contact with the water surface and float. Therefore, a Dyneema rope is required to connect the buoy body to the equipment, allowing it to drift relatively freely. It can also obtain power and data transmission from the buoy system.

[0094] The upper and lower masts are constructed from five equal-length titanium alloy tubing units combined with molded polyurea material, reinforced with an internal titanium alloy tubular skeleton and filled with elastic, non-absorbent foam material. Single-point current meters and wave meters are connected to both sides of the sealed cabin, and a CTD21 is installed below the sealed cabin. The control cabin, an 800mm diameter cylindrical structure, is located above the sealed cabin, made of titanium alloy, and sealed with O-rings.

[0095] The split cylindrical buoy body has a total length of 16.5m. Under normal equilibrium conditions, it is 7m high above water and 7m long underwater. The main buoy body is 2.5m high, and under normal equilibrium conditions, its height above water is 1m. The total weight of the system is 1500kg.

[0096] Damping device: The floats 3 are filled with oil to provide auxiliary buoyancy and reduce rolling, thus providing damping. The floats 3 are connected by pipes, pumps, and valves. The liquid level of each float can also be actively adjusted according to the buoyancy model to cope with different wind and wave conditions. Each float 3 is covered with damping material to reduce the dynamic impact of waves on the buoy and improve its stability.

[0097] Counterweight design: The battery section of the entire system is designed to be installed at the bottom of the lower mast, breaking through the conventional center of gravity position of the buoy platform. This greatly increases the stability of the buoy platform, improves the buoy's seakeeping ability, controls the buoy platform's sway amplitude under high sea state conditions, and prevents the risk of the buoy platform capsizing in typhoon conditions.

[0098] The buoy employs a split, cylindrical structure. The slender column has a small cross-section, significantly reducing wind and water resistance while minimizing wave interference, thus greatly improving the buoy's ability to control its roll amplitude. Based on the functional, weight, and size requirements of the air-sea flux observation equipment, a three-dimensional, multi-functional, distributed design is adopted to control the buoy's center of gravity height, further enhancing its stability. Additionally, by optimizing the connection between the buoy and the mooring, the buoy's roll damping is improved, enhancing its seakeeping performance in high sea states, reducing the roll amplitude during operation, and improving its carrying capacity, observation capabilities, and environmental adaptability.

[0099] Attitude monitoring and data correction of the air-sea flux observation system platform have always been a challenge for buoy-based air-sea flux observations. Because the air-sea flux buoy system inevitably experiences violent shaking under high sea states such as typhoons and giant waves, this introduces significant errors to the flux observation system installed on it.

[0100] Since the measurement of air-sea flux parameters requires consideration of buoy motion, the measurement results must first be converted to a geodetic coordinate system. First, an attitude data acquisition system is installed at a depth of 6m on the split cylindrical buoy. Using a three-directional accelerometer, three orthogonal motion characteristics can be obtained, where the vertical accelerometer is 'gravity-field based,' meaning that in a gravitational field, g = -9.806 m / s². -2 At that time, the accelerometer reading was 0. Then, rotational motion was measured using an electronic compass as the rotational measuring instrument. The electronic compass describes an arbitrary rotation using three angles: yaw, pitch, and roll, and can correlate acceleration relative to a given axis with frequency. Each measuring instrument corresponds to an accelerometer. Because rate gyroscopes perform poorly at low frequencies, the pitch and roll angles at low frequencies can be derived from the tilt information of the linear accelerometer; the yaw angle at low frequencies is provided from the compass's reference surface information. Full-angle motion is obtained by combining information from the rate gyroscopes, processed through a complete filter to combine the low-frequency information from the accelerometer or electronic compass.

[0101] Wind stress was estimated using wind measurements taken with a three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer, and deviations caused by buoy platform motion were corrected using the output of an inertial sensor before use. Since the buoy platform points in the direction of the combined force of wind and near-surface current when moored, an asymmetrical head structure increases the likelihood of unobstructed wind passing through the sensor. Wind tunnel tests showed that the asymmetrical head structure had minimal impact on wind direction within 100° of the centerline, requiring only minor corrections. In addition to the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer, cup anemometers were installed at logarithmic intervals of 1.5, 2.3, 3.4, and 5.1 meters above the mean water level to measure wind speed profiles; local wind direction was measured using a wind vane within a cup array at a height of 2.4 meters.

[0102] Because the 3D ultrasonic anemometer and motion sensor have their own distinct coordinate systems, the wind speed components output by the 3D ultrasonic anemometer cannot be unified, and data such as azimuth, angular velocity, and acceleration cannot be used. Therefore, it is necessary to first rotate the coordinate systems of the 3D ultrasonic anemometer, electronic compass, and gyroscope to a common coordinate system. Furthermore, the instantaneous tilt of the anemometer caused by changes in platform pitch, roll, and azimuth, as well as the platform's translational velocity relative to a fixed reference frame, all affect the platform's attitude and motion, impacting the anemometer's wind speed observations. Momentum flux is also highly sensitive to tilt; a 1° tilt can cause a 10% (under moderate instability) to 100% (under free convection) deviation in momentum flux. Therefore, to eliminate these errors and ensure the accuracy of the observation data, attitude correction is essential, encompassing key steps such as coordinate system rotation, sway correction, and tilt correction.

[0103] The operating formula for the sway correction module is as follows:

[0104] ;

[0105] In the formula: This represents the three-dimensional wind speed vector observed in a fixed geodetic coordinate system. The three-dimensional wind speed vector is observed by a three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer, where T is the rotation matrix from the buoy coordinate system to the geodetic fixed coordinate system, and M is the three-dimensional wind speed vector. pa This is the initial angular deviation matrix between the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer and the buoy coordinate system, i.e., the rotation matrix from the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer coordinate system to the buoy coordinate system. The rotational angular velocity observed in the buoy coordinate system. (x0 ’ y0 ’ z0 ’ () represents the position vector of the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer relative to the origin of the buoy coordinate system. This represents the velocity of the buoy's coordinate system origin relative to the fixed coordinate system origin.

[0106] Shaking correction item 1 In this matrix, T represents the rotation matrix from the buoy coordinate system to the Earth coordinate system, and ψ, θ, and ... These are the azimuth, pitch, and roll angles observed by the electronic compass, respectively. It is the wind speed component output by the ultrasonic anemometer after preliminary coordinate rotation; M pa This is the rotation matrix from the ultrasonic anemometer coordinate system to the buoy coordinate system, i.e., the angle deviation matrix.

[0107] Shaking correction item 2 middle, The angular velocity is obtained after the angular velocity value output by the gyroscope has undergone a preliminary rotational transformation. This is the position vector of the ultrasonic anemometer in the buoy coordinate system;

[0108] Shaking correction item 3 This represents the translational velocity of the buoy coordinate system origin relative to the Earth coordinate system origin;

[0109] ,and , ;

[0110] These are the linear accelerations observed by the gyroscope. Represents a high-pass filter;

[0111] The filtering method is a Bart bidirectional low-pass filter. The cutoff frequency is determined as follows: First, a data segment (raw data of 1 hour in length) is selected. Second, a series of cutoff frequencies (0.0125~0.5 Hz) are assumed. Then, each cutoff frequency is applied to the data segment for jitter correction. Finally, the mean square error and covariance of the three velocity components and the vertical displacement of the buoy are calculated for the jitter-corrected data. The graphs of the mean square error and covariance of the velocity components and the vertical displacement of the buoy relative to the cutoff frequency are plotted. The cutoff frequency f corresponding to when the changes in the mean square error and covariance and the vertical displacement of the buoy are not significant is found. cutoff f cutoff This is the cutoff frequency used in the wobbling correction procedure.

[0112] Because ultrasonic anemometers and motion sensors have their own coordinate systems and are different from each other, the wind speed components output by ultrasonic anemometers cannot be unified, and data such as azimuth, angular velocity, and acceleration cannot be used. Therefore, it is necessary to first rotate the coordinate systems of ultrasonic anemometers, electronic compasses, and gyroscopes to a common coordinate system.

[0113] The coordinate system rotation module includes: defining a geocentric inertial coordinate system, an Earth coordinate system, a geographic coordinate system, and a vehicle coordinate system, based on the yaw angle measured by an electronic compass. Pitch angle and roll angle Construct the rotation matrix from the buoy coordinate system to the geographic coordinate system. The operating formula is as follows:

[0114] ;

[0115] in, , , These are rotation matrices about the z-axis, y-axis, and x-axis, respectively. Yaw angle The pitch angle, The roll angle is used to uniformly convert the measurement data of the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer, gyroscope and accelerometer to the geodetic coordinate system through the rotation matrix;

[0116] The geocentric inertial coordinate system has its origin at the Earth's center, with the X-axis passing through the intersection of the 0° meridian and the equator, the Y-axis passing through the intersection of the 90° meridian and the equator, and the Z-axis pointing towards Polaris.

[0117] The Earth coordinate system has its origin at the Earth's center, the Z-axis along the polar axis, the X-axis on the intersection of the equatorial plane and the prime meridian, and the Y-axis also in the equatorial plane, forming a right-handed rectangular coordinate system with the X and Z axes.

[0118] The geographic coordinate system adopts the northeast-northeast coordinate system, with its origin located at the point where the transport vehicle is located. The X-axis points north along the local meridian, the Y-axis points east along the local parallel of latitude, and the Z-axis points downward along the local geographic perpendicular line, forming a right-handed rectangular coordinate system with the X and Y axes.

[0119] The coordinate system of the carrier has its origin coinciding with the center of mass of the carrier. The X-axis points forward along the longitudinal axis of the carrier, the Z-axis points downward along the vertical axis of the carrier, and the Y-axis is along the horizontal axis of the carrier, forming a right-handed rectangular coordinate system with the X and Z axes.

[0120] An electronic compass uses three angles—yaw, pitch, and roll—to describe an arbitrary rotation: rotating around the Z-axis yields the yaw angle (yaw). Rotate around the hysteresis Y-axis to obtain the pitch angle (pitch). ); rotate around the rotationally lagging X-axis to obtain the roll angle (roll). );

[0121] The buoy system's three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer consists of six ultrasonic transformers. At a distance of 200m facing each other, the results from the three measurement paths are perpendicular to each other. Each transformer acts as both a transmitter and receiver of sound waves. An electronic control system selects the respective measurement path and direction (sound wave propagation direction), rotating clockwise (viewed from above), first from top to bottom and then from bottom to top. The measurement speed and output rate are selected and used for further calculations, averaging the six individual measurements along the path direction. The time required for the measurement sequence is approximately 3.5ms at a maximum measurement speed of 20°C, which is for a measurement path with only a limited number of sound waves.

[0122] The speed of sound in still air is the superposition of the velocity components of the air. The propagation speed caused by this superposition results in different travel times for sound along a fixed measurement path at different wind speeds and directions. Since the speed of sound depends largely on air temperature, the propagation time is measured on each of the three measurement paths in two directions. This eliminates the influence of temperature on the measurement results. With the three measurement paths perpendicular to each other, the sum of the measurement results and the three-dimensional wind speed vector angle are maintained in an arrangement of perpendicularly related vector elements. After measuring the velocity components U, V, and W, they are converted into an output format selected by a digital signal processor (DSP) and then output.

[0123] Next, the coordinates of the different instruments will be transformed. By mounting the 3D ultrasonic anemometer and the electronic compass together, the instruments are linked as a prerequisite for further transformation. The X-axis of the electronic compass is aligned with the north direction of the 3D ultrasonic anemometer. In this way, the three coordinate axes of the 3D ultrasonic anemometer are redefined by the coordinate axes of the electronic compass. The north direction of the 3D ultrasonic anemometer is the same as the forward direction of the electronic compass, thus linking the wind direction with the heading, pitch, and roll angles of the electronic compass.

[0124] In a defined rectangular coordinate system, the actual wind vector Decomposed into horizontal and vertical wind vectors, which can be obtained from the observed wind vectors. The sway correction is obtained by adjusting the attitude and motion parameters of the buoy system. By sequentially rotating the z-axis to obtain the yaw angle, the y-axis to obtain the pitch angle, and the x-axis to obtain the roll angle, a new wind vector can be obtained. During these three rotations, a rotation matrix from the buoy coordinate system to the fixed ground coordinate system is obtained.

[0125] Momentum flux It is highly sensitive to tilt. A 1° tilt can cause 10% (under moderate instability) to 100% (under free convection) changes. Deviation. A streamline coordinate transformation method was used for tilt correction. Taking a 30-minute timeframe as an example, the X-axis was parallel to the 30-minute average wind direction, and the Z-axis was perpendicular to the ground. Each timeframe was processed independently. The final rotation result averaged v=0 and w=0.

[0126] The operating formula for the tilt correction module is as follows:

[0127] ;

[0128] Where u, v, and w are the three components of the wind speed obtained after sway correction. =arctan(v / u), =arctan .

[0129] The intelligent data acquisition and transmission system includes a data acquisition module, a data standardization module, a quality control module, and a data transmission module, wherein:

[0130] The data acquisition module is used to collect and maintain data from the marine hydrological and meteorological monitoring terminal, and to acquire various observational data related to ocean-air flux. The data acquisition module consists of multiple high-precision sensors, covering hydrological and meteorological elements such as temperature, salinity, wind speed, and wave height. The sensor output data format conforms to the GB / T12460-2006 standard to ensure the standardization of the raw data.

[0131] The data standardization module includes a metadata standardization unit and an entity data standardization unit. The metadata standardization unit is used to set the metadata storage scheme for various elements of hydrological and meteorological data from the buoy source, and to establish metadata information in the form of XML files or interfaces. The entity data standardization unit is used to divide the data into two types: scalar field and vector field. After receiving and decoding, it stores and imports L0 level data. After real-time quality control algorithm, it generates L1 level data and stores, imports, and converts the format. After delay quality control, it generates L2 level data and stores it.

[0132] In the data standardization module, the metadata XML file storage scheme follows standards such as HY / T0327-2022.

[0133] The entity data format conversion rules are as follows: L0 level to L1 level: L0 level is the raw sensor output data. When converting to L1 level, temperature data is retained to two decimal places. For example, the original temperature value is 25.1234 ℃, and the converted value is 25.12 ℃. Salinity data is retained to three decimal places. The original salinity value is 34.5678 psu, and the converted value is 34.568 psu. Outliers (such as data that exceeds the sensor's measurement range) are uniformly marked as "-9999".

[0134] Level L1 to Level L2: Level L2 data undergoes quality control and data fusion. Building upon Level L1, multiple sensor data points for the same physical quantity are weighted and averaged (weights are determined based on sensor accuracy; higher accuracy results in higher weights). For example, for temperature data, if three sensors measure T1 = 25.12℃, T2 = 25.15℃, and T3 = 25.08℃, with corresponding accuracies of 0.1℃, 0.05℃, and 0.1℃ respectively, then the weights are:

[0135] ,

[0136] ,

[0137] ,

[0138] Temperature value after fusion:

[0139] .

[0140] The data standardization module references the following specifications and standards during the data standardization process: HY / T0327-2022 "Technical Requirements for Compilation of Marine Hydrological Data", GB / T20794-2006 "Classification of Marine and Related Industries", GB / T12460-2006 "Marine Data Application Record Format", HY / T075-2005 "Marine Information Classification and Codes", HY / T123-2009 "Classification of Sea Area Use", and HY / T 131-2010 "Common Terminology for Marine Information".

[0141] The quality control module includes a real-time quality control unit and a delayed quality control unit. The real-time quality control unit employs methods such as format testing, time testing, equality testing, range testing, continuity testing, temperature inversion testing, position testing, landing testing, depth testing, and velocity testing. The delayed quality control unit employs all the methods of the real-time quality control unit, and also includes correlation testing, equivalence testing, statistical characteristic testing, peak detection, depth increment testing, density increment testing, vertical gradient testing, local maximum depth testing, and salt-density modal quantitative analysis.

[0142] The quality control module employs a multi-level quality control strategy. The real-time quality control unit targets the collected L0-level data and quickly filters out abnormal data through methods such as format verification (checking the start position and length of data records), time verification (ensuring that the time is within a reasonable range), and range checks (such as temperature range [-2℃, 35℃]). The delayed quality control unit targets L1-level data and further improves data reliability through in-depth analysis such as correlation verification (such as the physical correlation between water temperature and air temperature) and peak verification (identifying abrupt changes based on formulas).

[0143] The data transmission module adopts a data transmission method based on a combination of socket and FTP. It transmits data from the receiving end to the data channel through data file monitoring and data push. After passing through the channel, the data enters the preprocessing stage and is finally transmitted to the data warehouse of the big data platform. The preprocessing stage includes data information collection, data extraction and structured processing.

[0144] The data transmission module employs a data transmission method combining sockets and FTP. It uses data file monitoring and data push to transmit data from the receiving end to the data channel, combining both socket and FTP channels. A socket is an abstraction layer used by applications to send and receive data according to the TCP / IP protocol. Sockets allow applications to be added to a network and communicate with other applications on the same network. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a commonly used network technology for transferring files between devices. After passing through the channel, the data enters a preprocessing stage, mainly including data acquisition, data extraction, and necessary structured processing, before finally being transmitted to the data warehouse of the big data platform.

[0145] In the data transmission module: Socket configuration: TCP protocol is used. FTP transmission configuration: authentication uses a username and password encryption strategy, and transmission is encrypted using SSL / TLS. In Python, the ftplib library is used for FTP transmission.

[0146] A dual-channel transmission strategy combining Socket and FTP is adopted: the Socket protocol ensures low-latency transmission of small batches of real-time data (such as instantaneous wind speed and wave height) to meet emergency monitoring needs; the FTP protocol is responsible for the stable transmission of large batches of historical data (such as L2-level compiled data) to avoid data loss due to network fluctuations. Simultaneously, a data file monitoring and push mechanism enables dynamic monitoring of transmission status and breakpoint resumption, balancing real-time performance and stability, thus improving the data transmission success rate in extreme deep-sea environments.

[0147] The logic for resuming interrupted downloads is as follows: Before transferring a file, the file size is obtained, and the file is divided into chunks of a certain size (e.g., 1MB). Each chunk of data is transferred individually, and the number of bytes transferred is recorded. If the transfer is interrupted, the next transfer will begin from the next chunk after the interrupted position. For example, if the file size is 5MB and 2MB has been transferred, after an interruption, the transfer will resume from the 3MB chunk.

[0148] The intelligent power management and power consumption control module is used to monitor the power consumption of each module in the system in real time, dynamically adjust the power output, and optimize the power consumption of each module.

[0149] The intelligent power management and power consumption control module dynamically adjusts the operating parameters of each module based on the buoy's remaining power, data acquisition frequency, and transmission volume. For example, it increases power supply during peak data transmission periods and reduces power consumption during sleep periods to extend the buoy's runtime.

[0150] The range check includes extreme value check, global depth-extreme value check, and freezing point check, wherein the freezing point check is calculated using the following formula:

[0151] ;

[0152] in, It is the calculated freezing point in Celsius. The salinity ranges from 27 to 35 psu. It is the pressure value at a given salinity.

[0153] Format verification: The project element records are verified according to the prescribed format, including the starting position, length, data record type, and the filling of missing values. Data records that do not meet the prescribed format requirements are considered incorrect.

[0154] Time verification: The observation time (year, month, day, hour, minute, second, and time zone) should be within a reasonable range. Specifically, the year value should not exceed the current year, the month value should range from 1 to 12, the day value should be between the number of days in the current month, the hour value should range from 0 to 23, and the minute and second values ​​should range from 0 to 59. The time information in the same batch of survey data should be consistent with the survey time.

[0155] Equality check: This involves checking certain elements in the observation records, such as data type, fixed station code, platform code, observation method, instrument name, observation instrument altitude, and observation element code. The parameter records and agreed values ​​of these elements must be completely consistent; otherwise, they are considered incorrect.

[0156] Range check

[0157] Range checking involves verifying that measured parameters and their corresponding metadata (year, month, day, time, time zone, latitude and longitude) are within a reasonable range, based on fundamental knowledge of the ocean. If an observation is outside this range, it is marked as suspicious. Range checking is typically the first sub-module used in any quality control procedure. It may include the following checks:

[0158] (1) Extreme value check: The extreme value check is generally a very simple check based on the most basic understanding of the ocean. For example, sea surface temperature is generally taken in the range of [-2]. o C, 35 o C] The change in sea surface temperature should be within [-4] o C, 44 o C], the salinity range is generally between [0 psu, 40 psu], and the latitude range is between

[90] . o S, 90 o [N] etc. According to statistical theory and the most basic experience of physical oceanography, values ​​outside this range can be considered extremely low-probability events that are almost impossible to occur.

[0159] (2) Global Profile Envelop Check: This check is a further extension of the extreme value check. For temperature (density) observations, since the average sea surface temperature (density) in the lower layers is generally lower (higher) than that in the upper layers, this check aims to determine whether the observed value is within a reasonable range of variation with depth. If an observed value is not within a reasonable range, it is marked as a suspicious value. For example, in the depth range of 300~400m, the temperature value can only be in the range of [-2.0, 27]. o C, the salinity value can only be in the range of [3, 41] psu, and the selection of this threshold depends on the selection of depth.

[0160] Position inspection

[0161] The location of oceanographic observation stations should be within a reasonable range. For example, the global longitude range is -180º to 180º, and the latitude range is -90º to 90º. For specific surveys, the longitude and latitude ranges can be adjusted according to specific requirements. The drift range of fixed observation stations, calculated using spherical conversion, should not exceed 5 kilometers.

[0162] Landing inspection

[0163] Nearshore and ocean observation locations should be located in the ocean, and the location of the observation data should be determined based on a global digital map to determine whether it is on land or in the ocean.

[0164] In-depth inspection

[0165] The depth of marine observation data should be within the actual topographic range to determine whether the observation depth at the observation station location meets the depth requirements.

[0166] Speed ​​test

[0167] The velocity test, also known as the chi-square test, is conducted when the observation instrument has sufficient sensitivity and resolution. Observational elements will not remain constant within a certain time range; if they do, the data is questionable.

[0168] The moving speed of the mobile observation platform should be within a reasonable range. The average speed is calculated by taking the distance and the corresponding time difference between the current observation position and the previous correctly observed position of the mobile observation platform. For drifting buoys, the maximum speed should be less than 3.5 m / s.

[0169] The spike detection uses the following formula:

[0170] ;

[0171] ;

[0172] ;

[0173] in, , , These are observations at adjacent depths (such as physical quantities like temperature and salinity). This formula determines the presence of a spike anomaly by calculating the differences between observations at adjacent depths; first, it calculates... It represents the current depth observation value. Compared with the two adjacent depth observations and The absolute deviation of the mean; For two adjacent depth observations and Half of the absolute value of the difference, finally calculated ,when When a certain threshold is exceeded, a judgment is made. This represents a spike outlier.

[0174] The threshold determination method is as follows: collect a large amount of historical observation data from different sea areas and depths, statistically analyze the distribution of V values ​​in each depth layer, and take the 95th percentile of the V value in the corresponding depth layer as the peak check threshold for that depth. For example, if the V value obtained in a certain depth layer is 0.05 at the 95th position after sorting, then the peak check threshold for that depth layer is set to 0.05.

[0175] Correlation test (consistency test)

[0176] Due to the fluid continuity of seawater and the interaction between the sea and air, there are inevitably certain relationships between different observed variables in the ocean. Examples include the relationship between sea surface temperature and air temperature, sea surface salinity and precipitation (sea surface salinity is lower in areas with more precipitation than in areas with less precipitation), sea surface temperature and cold waves, wind speed and wave height, and subsurface temperature and season. Therefore, we can examine the interrelationships (whether they conform to certain physical relationships) between ocean observation data (at the same time and location). If the observed value of a certain element does not conform to the relationship between the observed values ​​of other elements within a certain range, it is marked as a suspicious value. Examining the data based on the interrelationships involves checking for anomalies by examining the interrelationships between elements (e.g., whether the recorded values ​​at different times or hourly intervals exceed daily extremes; the maximum wave height must be greater than or equal to the average wave height; the maximum period must be greater than or equal to the average period; the relationship between high and low tide heights and hourly tide heights; the relationship between wave type, wave height, and sea state; the relationship between wind speed, wave height, and period; and the relationship between seawater salinity, temperature, and density).

[0177] Relationship between water temperature and air temperature: Under normal circumstances, the difference between water temperature and air temperature should be within the range of [-5℃, 5℃]. This is based on the principle of heat exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean; under stable weather conditions, there will not be an excessively large temperature difference between the two. For example, when the air temperature is 25℃, the water temperature is usually between 20-30℃. If it exceeds this range, there may be data anomalies or the influence of special weather processes (such as strong cold waves or thermal convection), which require further analysis.

[0178] Relationship between wind speed and wave height: According to the empirical formula, there is a relationship between wave height H (unit: m) and wind speed V (unit: m / s): H = 0.025 × V 2 This formula is derived from fitting a large amount of ocean observation data. In practical applications, the theoretical wave height can be calculated by measuring wind speed and compared with the measured wave height. If the measured wave height deviates from the theoretical value by more than 30%, there may be data anomalies or special sea conditions (such as the influence of nearshore topography or storm surge), requiring further investigation.

[0179] Compared to underwater gliders, observations from oceanographic stations, buoy stations, and tide gauge stations offer the advantage of fixed-point, long-term observation sequences. For fixed-point, long-term observation data, since the changes in certain elements over time are usually continuous and regular (e.g., gradual changes in seawater properties, or increasing observation time), the data can be validated by determining the difference between adjacent moments. Values ​​exceeding a certain threshold are typically outliers, which is very helpful for detecting abrupt changes in time series. For example, continuous sea surface temperature observations from consecutive stations at the same location exhibit continuous distribution statistical characteristics of the observed variables, and the Rheinda criterion (also known as the "3000-degree-of-life criterion") is typically used. Quality control is carried out in accordance with the "Guidelines".

[0180] Equivalence check

[0181] Due to instrument characteristics and malfunctions, some instruments may experience pauses or interruptions in readings of observed features, leading to the error that temperature readings do not change with depth. Therefore, isopleth checks aim to verify whether the observed values ​​of a profile are identical within a certain depth range. If multiple identical observations appear within a certain depth range, after ruling out the influence of thermospheres (for temperature observations), these observations are marked as suspicious values.

[0182] Statistical property test

[0183] Data from long-term, fixed-point observations at marine stations theoretically tend to follow a certain probability statistical distribution. Based on the distribution characteristics of the data, we can, on the one hand, establish a distribution fitting function and compare the fitted values ​​with the actual observed values ​​(generally a chi-square goodness-of-fit test); on the other hand, for large sample data that (approximately) follows a normal distribution, we can use the Rheinda criterion to judge its reasonableness.

[0184] Temperature inversion test

[0185] Generally, seawater temperature gradually decreases with increasing depth. Based on this characteristic, if a temperature inversion occurs and exceeds a certain threshold, it can be considered a false inversion. However, it should be noted that in the subsurface layer of high-latitude sea areas or in certain special geographical locations, there exist temperature inversions within a certain range. These inversions may reflect the true ocean conditions and need to be carefully marked.

[0186] False inversion threshold: In non-high-latitude sea areas, if the absolute value of the temperature gradient of the inversion layer is greater than 0.2 ℃ / m, it is considered a false inversion. The temperature gradient is calculated using the formula ΔT / Δz, where ΔT is the temperature change within the inversion layer, and Δz is the thickness of the inversion layer. For example, if the inversion layer is 10m thick and the temperature rises from 20℃ at the bottom to 22℃ at the top, the temperature gradient is (22−20) / 10 = 0.2℃ / m. If this value is exceeded, the data needs to be reviewed.

[0187] Criteria for judging true temperature inversion in high-latitude sea areas

[0188] In high-latitude sea areas (such as north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle), a temperature inversion layer thickness exceeding 20 meters and a duration exceeding 6 hours is considered a true temperature inversion. This is because high-latitude sea areas have unique marine hydrological phenomena, such as the polar cold mesosphere and the low-salinity warm water layer formed by sea ice melting, making temperature inversion phenomena more common and their characteristics different from those in low-latitude regions. By comprehensively judging the thickness and duration of these two indicators, true temperature inversions and anomalous data in high-latitude sea areas can be effectively distinguished.

[0189] Incremental depth check

[0190] In-situ observations of temperature, salinity, and other profiles show a monotonically increasing depth from the sea surface (0m). However, due to issues with the instrument recording system or improper recording by operators, a depth value at a particular point may be larger (smaller) than its adjacent upper and lower observations. This results in the depth not increasing monotonically or remaining constant over time. Therefore, this check aims to test whether the measured depth increases monotonically. If it does not meet the monotonically increasing requirement, it is marked as a suspicious value, and the depth sequence is corrected if necessary. Additionally, negative depth values ​​(on land) are also marked as suspicious.

[0191] Density Incremental Check

[0192] Unlike the atmosphere, the ocean exhibits stable stratification. In most sea areas (except for deep convection zones), the density of the lower layer of seawater is always greater than that of the upper layer. If the ocean density reverses with increasing depth, the temperature or salinity at the location of this reversal can be considered suspicious. Density can be calculated using the equation of state for seawater.

[0193] Vertical gradient check

[0194] Because some profiles have low depth resolution, the depth difference between two adjacent observation points can be very large, causing abrupt increases or decreases in feature observations between two points. According to the definition of gradient, this check aims to test whether the vertical gradient of observations corresponding to two adjacent depth values ​​exceeds a certain range (the threshold depends on depth). This gradient range threshold can be derived statistically. When the vertical gradient falls outside this threshold, both adjacent observations are marked as suspicious. For example, the maximum salinity gradient used in the WOD quality control method is 9.000 psu for depths shallower than 400 m and 0.050 psu for depths deeper than 400 m.

[0195] Local maximum depth inspection

[0196] Some observation instruments are portable, single-use instruments. When these instruments touch the seabed, they may not immediately stop operating (e.g., XBT, MBT, Glider), which can lead to continuously increasing readings of observed features. Furthermore, due to human intervention, depth observations for some profiles submitted to international databases may be magnified / reduced several times. Therefore, this check aims to determine whether depth observations are deeper than the actual seabed depth (obtained via electronic depth sounders). If the depth exceeds the maximum permissible depth for that location, all measurements exceeding this depth are marked as suspicious and will not be used for further analysis.

[0197] Quantitative analysis of salt-dense modality (temperature-salinity map test)

[0198] Temperature-salinity curves, which characterize water mass properties, exhibit constant morphologies in specific sea areas (different sea areas, seasons, and layers). Therefore, temperature-salinity climatological curves for a certain area can be pre-established based on this relationship. By comparing the observed temperature-salinity curves with the pre-constructed climatological curves, anomalous information in the data can be examined from the perspective of distinguishing water masses. Essentially, this falls under the category of climatological range checking.

[0199] The intelligent power management and power consumption control module includes: a microcontroller unit (MCU), a magnetic latching relay, a clock circuit, a battery, a voltage conversion module, a data transmission module, and peripheral sensors. The MCU is electrically connected to the magnetic latching relay, the clock circuit, and the data transmission module. The magnetic latching relay is electrically connected to the peripheral sensors and controls their power supply. The battery supplies power to all system components through the voltage conversion module. The clock circuit provides a precise timing signal to the MCU, triggering it to enter either a working mode or a standby mode. The MCU uses a low-power microcontroller with a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) architecture. In standby mode, it only maintains communication with the clock circuit, cutting off data exchange and power supply to other peripherals. The peripheral sensors include marine environmental monitoring sensors such as temperature, salinity, and pressure sensors, which are connected to the power supply via the magnetic latching relay and only power on during data acquisition.

[0200] The microcontroller unit (MCU) operates at a power supply voltage of 1.8~3.6V, consuming ≤0.1μA in standby mode and 250μA / 1MIPS in active mode. The MCU is a Texas Instruments (TI) MSP430F5438A, a 16-bit RISC architecture with a 16MHz clock speed, and includes 256KB of FLASH and 16KB of RAM. This chip supports four low-power modes: standby mode (LPM4) consumes only 0.1μA, and active mode consumes 250μA / 1MIPS. It also features rapid response to clock interrupts (wake-up time ≤6μs). The MCU, as the system core, is a low-power microcontroller with a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) architecture, responsible for controlling the overall system timing. It is electrically connected to the magnetic latching relay, clock circuit, and data transmission module. In standby mode, it maintains communication only with the clock circuit, cutting off power and data exchange to other peripherals.

[0201] The magnetic latching relay operates at 5V, with an instantaneous power consumption of 15mA and a static power consumption ≤0.1μA. It receives control signals from the microcontroller unit via the INA and INB pins to control the opening and closing of the OA / OB contacts, thereby powering on / off the peripheral sensor. The magnetic latching relay uses a BL8023D model, operating at 5V, with an instantaneous drive current of 15mA and a static power consumption ≤0.1μA. It receives high and low level signals from the MCU via the INA and INB pins to control the closing and opening of the OA / OB contacts, thus controlling the power supply to the peripheral sensor. The magnetic latching relay is connected between the MCU and the peripheral sensor, and controls the opening and closing of the contacts according to the MCU's control signals, thereby controlling the power supply to or off of the peripheral sensor. It features low power consumption and high output current, and can maintain the contact position in the power-off state, further reducing energy consumption.

[0202] Magnetic latching relay control logic: The magnetic latching relay adopts a bistable control method, that is, the on / off state of the contacts is controlled by different combinations of level on the INA and INB pins. Specifically, when INA is high and INB is low, the relay contacts are closed, and the external sensor is powered on; when INA is low and INB is high, the relay contacts are open, and the external sensor is powered off. For example, at the beginning of the data acquisition cycle, the MCU outputs a high level through I / O port P2.0 and a low level through I / O port P2.1, causing the magnetic latching relay to close and powering the sensor; after the data acquisition ends, P2.0 outputs a low level and P2.1 outputs a high level, the relay opens, and the sensor power is cut off, achieving low-power control.

[0203] Connecting the Microcontroller Unit (MCU) to the Magnetic Latching Relay: Taking the commonly used MSP430F5438A as an example, its I / O ports P2.0 and P2.1 are connected to the INA and INB pins of the magnetic latching relay, respectively. When P2.0 outputs a high level, the INA pin receives a high-level signal, triggering the corresponding contact of the magnetic latching relay to operate; the same applies to P2.1. In the specific circuit, a 1kΩ current-limiting resistor needs to be connected in series between the I / O port and the relay pin to prevent excessive current from damaging the I / O port.

[0204] The clock circuit includes a DS1302 clock chip, an external 32.768kHz crystal oscillator, and is connected to the MCU via pins P1.0 to P1.2. It is also equipped with a 3.3V backup lithium battery, which automatically switches power when the main power supply fails. The clock circuit provides the MCU with a precise timing signal to set the system wake-up time, ensuring that the MCU starts peripherals for data acquisition at the specified time. The clock circuit uses a DS1302 clock chip, connected to the P1 port of the MSP430F5438A via pins P1.0 (RST), P1.1 (I / O), and P1.2 (SCLK), and an external 32.768kHz crystal oscillator to ensure timing accuracy. The chip is equipped with a 3.3V backup lithium battery, which automatically switches when the main power supply voltage is below a threshold, ensuring uninterrupted timing. Wake-up interrupt settings: Taking a clock interrupt as an example, first initialize the DS1302 clock and set the timer interrupt period (e.g., 1 hour).

[0205] The clock circuit (DS1302) is connected to the MCU as follows: the DS1302's clock pin SCLK is connected to the MCU's P1.0 pin, the data input / output (I / O) pin is connected to the P1.1 pin, and the reset pin RST is connected to the P1.2 pin. Simultaneously, a 0.1μF decoupling capacitor is connected in parallel to ground on both the DS1302's power supply pins VCC1 and VCC2 to filter out power supply noise and ensure stable operation of the clock circuit.

[0206] The battery outputs 12V and 5V, with a rated capacity of 95Ah. The voltage conversion module uses an AMS1117 voltage regulator chip to convert the 5V voltage to 3.3V to power the microcontroller unit, clock circuit, and data transmission module. The battery is a Shenzhen Delipu DLP-12-95A lithium iron phosphate battery, outputting 12V and 5V, with a capacity of 95Ah. The voltage conversion module uses an AMS1117-3.3 voltage regulator chip to convert the 5V voltage to 3.3V to power the MCU, clock circuit, and data transmission module, with a conversion efficiency ≥90%. The battery provides the system's raw power, and the voltage conversion module converts the battery output voltage to the operating voltage required by each component, ensuring a stable power supply to the system.

[0207] The data transmission module has an input voltage of 3.3V, a power consumption of 250mW, and a startup time of ≤1s. Data transmission is achieved through the BeiDou satellite short message function. The module uses the Beijing BeiDou Starcom UM220-IIIN satellite communication chip, supports BeiDou short message function, has an input voltage of 3.3V, a power consumption of 250mW, and a startup time of 1s. It connects to the MCU via a UART interface to achieve remote transmission of collected data. This module is used to send the collected data to a shore-based terminal using satellite communication to ensure communication reliability in deep-sea environments.

[0208] The workflow of the intelligent power management and power consumption control module is as follows:

[0209] (1) Standby phase: The microcontroller and clock circuit remain operational, the magnetic latching relay is disconnected, and the peripheral sensors are powered off. The system is in standby mode by default, and the MCU enters the LPM4 low-power mode, with only the clock circuit (DS1302) remaining operational and timing. At this time, the magnetic latching relay contacts are disconnected, the peripheral sensors and data transmission module are powered off, and the total system power consumption is ≤0.2μA.

[0210] (2) During the timed wake-up phase, the clock circuit triggers the microcontroller to enter the active mode. The microcontroller controls the magnetic latching relay to close, and the peripheral sensor powers on and collects data. When the DS1302 timer reaches the preset period (e.g., 1 hour), it sends an interrupt signal to the MCU through the P1.0 pin. The MCU wakes up from the standby mode and enters the active mode within 6μs. The MCU sends a high-level signal to the INA pin of the magnetic latching relay through the I / O port, triggering the OA / OB contacts to close. The peripheral sensor powers on and begins to collect data. The data is transmitted to the MCU's RAM through the SPI interface.

[0211] (3) During the data transmission phase, the MCU sends the collected data through the data transmission module. After transmission, the MCU controls the magnetic latching relay to disconnect, and the system returns to the standby phase. The MCU controls the data transmission module to power on and sends the stored monitoring data to the shore-based terminal via Beidou short message. After transmission, the power supply to the data transmission module is turned off. After data transmission, the MCU sends a high-level signal to the INB pin of the magnetic latching relay, triggering the contact to open and powering off the peripheral sensors. Subsequently, the MCU reconfigures the low-power mode register and enters the LPM4 standby state, waiting for the next clock interrupt.

[0212] The buoy mooring system comprises a main cable, a relay transmission compartment 33, and an anchoring unit, all connected to the bottom of the split cylindrical buoy body. The overall buoy mooring system has an inverted S-shaped structure, with a length 1.3-1.5 times the water depth of the deployment area, making the inverted S-shape a relaxed type. The inverted S-shape can absorb external impacts through its own shape changes, effectively buffering the impact of waves and currents on the buoy body, reducing the buoy's sway amplitude, and improving the accuracy of data observation.

[0213] The main cable consists of a coupling steel cable 31 and a Dyneema cable 32. The Dyneema cable 32 has a diameter of 15mm and a length of 5500m, and its surface is coated with an anti-corrosion coating. The Dyneema cable 32 is characterized by high strength and low weight, capable of withstanding the impact of waves and currents. The Dyneema material is resistant to seawater corrosion and UV aging, allowing for long-term stable operation in deep-sea environments. Combined with the anti-corrosion coating, its service life is further extended, meeting the needs of long-term (usually more than one year) fixed-point observation for split-type columnar buoys. The inverted S-shaped relaxation structure effectively buffers the impact of waves and currents on the buoy body, reducing the stress load on the system under extreme sea conditions and improving the buoy's stability in extreme environments such as typhoons and giant waves. The relaxed inverted S-shaped structure absorbs external impacts through its own shape changes, reducing the buoy's sway amplitude and improving the accuracy of data observation.

[0214] The coupling steel cable 31 consists of two sections, each 500m long, with a relay transmission chamber 33 located between the two sections. Serving as the transmission carrier for underwater signals and power, the coupling steel cable stably transmits power and data signals between the various components of the buoy system, ensuring effective communication between underwater sensors, the relay transmission chamber, and the data acquisition system of the split-type cylindrical buoy. The relay transmission chamber relays the data to the buoy body, which is then transmitted to the shore station via satellite. Through the segmented design and the coordination of the relay transmission chamber, it can adapt to the complex environment of the deep sea, ensuring stable and reliable data and power transmission over long distances, breaking through the limitations of single-cable transmission distances, and is suitable for deep-sea environments above 4000 meters.

[0215] Glass buoys 30 are spaced apart on the main cable, each with a buoyancy of 50-100 kgf and a spacing of 50-100 m. This buoyancy balances the weight of the main cable and underwater equipment, preventing excessive sag of the main cable that could lead to tangling or breakage. Up to 12 glass buoys 30 can be used to ensure buoyancy balance of the buoy observation system in the lower water layers. A counterweight 34, made of titanium alloy, is also provided on the main cable. The counterweight 34 reduces the swaying of the main cable under water flow, thereby reducing interference with underwater sensors and other equipment. Furthermore, in conjunction with the glass buoys 30, it creates an inverted S-shaped structure for the buoy mooring system.

[0216] An electric rotating ring 35 is installed between the top of the main cable and the bottom of the split cylindrical buoy. The main function of the electric rotating ring 35 is to ensure stable transmission of power and data signals between the main cable and the split cylindrical buoy as it rotates with the waves, preventing the main cable from becoming entangled or twisted due to the rotation of the split cylindrical buoy, which would affect the continuity and reliability of power supply and data transmission. A parallel release device 36 is installed between the bottom of the main cable and the anchoring unit. Since the split cylindrical buoy is deployed in a deep-sea environment, after long-term observation, it is necessary to retrieve the equipment, replace parts, or obtain stored data. The parallel release device 36 allows for convenient separation of the split cylindrical buoy from the anchoring unit, preventing equipment loss or difficulty in retrieval due to the anchoring unit being unable to detach. Simultaneously, in the event of extreme sea conditions that may endanger the safety of the split cylindrical buoy, the parallel release device 36 serves as an emergency protection device, ensuring that the core observation equipment can be retrieved and minimizing losses. Two parallel release devices are used.

[0217] The anchoring unit includes a gravity anchor 17, a holding anchor 29, and an anchor chain 37. Compared to a single gravity anchor, this increases the buoy's resistance to wind, waves, and currents, thereby improving the buoy's stability in the marine environment. The holding anchor weighs approximately 6 tons, and the anchor chain consists of 4 sections.

[0218] The coupling steel cable 31, Dyneema cable 32, and parallel release device are connected by a waterproof connector 38. The waterproof connector effectively blocks seawater, preventing it from seeping into the connection of the main cable or equipment, ensuring the continuity of power transmission and data signal transmission, and avoiding equipment failure due to water ingress.

[0219] Of course, the above description is not a limitation of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the examples given above. Any changes, modifications, additions or substitutions made by those skilled in the art within the scope of the present invention should also fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A high-stability low-power consumption ocean surface fixed-point observation buoy system, characterized in that: The application relates to a buoy platform which comprises a split columnar buoy body and a buoy anchoring system, wherein a sea-air flux observation system is arranged on the split columnar buoy body, the buoy platform further comprises a buoy platform attitude monitoring system for monitoring the attitude of the buoy platform, an attitude correction system for correcting the attitude of the buoy platform, an intelligent data acquisition and transmission system for collecting observation data of the sea-air flux observation system and transmitting the data to a shore-based data receiving station, and an intelligent power management and power consumption control module, the attitude correction system comprises a coordinate system rotation module, a sway correction module and a tilt correction module; the split columnar buoy body comprises a main float which is composed of five buoyancy cabins, connecting rods arranged on the top of the five buoyancy cabins and floats arranged on the bottom of the five buoyancy cabins, a sealed cabin is arranged in the middle of the main float and connected with the main float through a first tilt rod, a control cabin is arranged on the top of the sealed cabin and connected with the main float through a second tilt rod, an upper mast is arranged on the top of the control cabin, a lower mast is arranged on the bottom of the sealed cabin, an instrument cabin and a battery cabin are arranged on the bottom of the lower mast; a first supporting rod is arranged on the top of the upper mast, a second supporting rod is arranged below the first supporting rod, and the buoy platform attitude monitoring system comprises: a gas analyzer arranged on the first supporting rod, a GPS, a gyroscope, an electronic compass and an accelerometer which are adjacent to the gas analyzer, a first air temperature and humidity sensor, a sea skin temperature sensor, a four-component radiation sensor and an atmospheric pressure sensor, the four-component radiation sensor horizontally extends 2m in length from the first supporting rod, and the highest point of the first supporting rod is 6m above the average water level; the gas analyzer comprises a three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer; a second air temperature and humidity sensor and a wind speed and direction sensor are arranged on the second supporting rod, and the highest point of the second supporting rod is 3m above the average water level; an ocean sea salt flux instrument is arranged above the control cabin, and the ocean sea salt flux instrument is 1.5m above the average water level; a single-point ocean current meter and a wave instrument are arranged on the water surface and connected with the main float through Dyneema ropes; the operation formula of the sway correction module is as follows: ； wherein: is the observed three-dimensional wind speed vector after correction, is the observed three-dimensional wind speed vector by the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer, T represents the rotation matrix from the buoy coordinate system to the geographical coordinate system, M pa is the initial angle deviation matrix between the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer and the buoy coordinate system, that is, the rotation matrix from the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer coordinate system to the buoy coordinate system, is the observed rotation angular velocity in the buoy coordinate system, is the position vector of the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer relative to the origin of the buoy coordinate system; Shake correction third term is the translational velocity of the origin of the buoy coordinate system relative to the origin of the geographical coordinate system; and , ; linear acceleration observed by the gyroscopes, respectively, represents a high-pass filter; The coordinate system rotation module comprises: defining a geocentric inertial coordinate system, an earth coordinate system, a geographic coordinate system and a buoy coordinate system, constructing a rotation matrix of the buoy coordinate system to the geographic coordinate system based on a yaw angle, a pitch angle and a roll angle measured by the electronic compass , and the operation formula is as follows: ； wherein, , , are rotation matrices around the z-axis, y-axis, x-axis, respectively, is a yaw angle, is a pitch angle, is a roll angle, the measurement data of the three-dimensional ultrasonic anemometer, the gyroscope and the accelerometer are uniformly converted to the geographic coordinate system by the rotation matrices; a geocentric inertial coordinate system whose origin is at the center of the earth, an x-axis passes through the intersection of the 0-degree meridian and the equator, a y-axis passes through the intersection of the 90-degree meridian and the equator, and a z-axis points to the North Star; an earth coordinate system whose origin is at the center of the earth, a z-axis is along the polar axis, an x-axis is on the intersection of the equatorial plane and the prime meridian, and a y-axis is in the equatorial plane and forms a right-handed rectangular coordinate system with the x-axis and the z-axis; a geographic coordinate system which adopts a north-east coordinate system, an origin of the geographic coordinate system is at a point where a carrier is located, an x-axis is along a local meridian and points to the north, a y-axis is along a local parallel and points to the east, a z-axis is along a local geographic vertical line and points downward and forms a right-handed rectangular coordinate system with the x-axis and the y-axis; a buoy coordinate system whose origin is coincided with the center of mass of the carrier, an x-axis is along the longitudinal axis of the carrier and points forward, a z-axis is along the vertical axis of the carrier and points downward, and a y-axis is along the transverse axis of the carrier and forms a right-handed rectangular coordinate system with the x-axis and the z-axis; an electronic compass uses three angles of yaw-pitch-roll to describe an arbitrary rotation: rotating around the z-axis to obtain the yaw angle, rotating around the y-axis with rotation lag to obtain the pitch angle, and rotating around the x-axis with rotation lag to obtain the roll angle. The operation formula of the tilt correction module is as follows: ； wherein u, v, w are three components of the wind speed after sway correction, = arctan(v / u), = arctan( ); The filtering method is Butterworth bidirectional low-pass filtering, and the cutoff frequency is obtained as follows: firstly, a data segment is selected; secondly, a series of cutoff frequencies are assumed; then, each cutoff frequency is applied to the data segment to perform the sway correction; finally, the mean square deviation of three velocity components and the vertical displacement of the buoy are calculated, and a graph of the mean square deviation of the velocity components and the vertical displacement of the buoy relative to the cutoff frequency is drawn, and the cutoff frequency fcutoff corresponding to the change of the mean square deviation and the covariance and the vertical displacement of the buoy is found, and the fcutoff is the cutoff frequency used in the sway correction program; The intelligent power management and power consumption control module comprises a micro control unit, a magnetic latching relay, a clock circuit, a storage battery, a voltage conversion module, a data transmission module and a peripheral sensor; the micro control unit is electrically connected with the magnetic latching relay, the clock circuit and the data transmission module respectively, the magnetic latching relay is electrically connected with the peripheral sensor and is used for controlling the power on-off of the peripheral sensor; the storage battery supplies power for each component of the system through the voltage conversion module; the clock circuit provides a precise timing signal for the micro control unit and triggers the micro control unit to enter a working mode or a standby mode; the micro control unit adopts a low-power single-chip microcomputer, only maintains the communication with the clock circuit in the standby mode, and cuts off the data exchange and power supply with other peripherals; The intelligent data acquisition and transmission system comprises a data acquisition module, a data standardization module, a quality control module, a data transmission module and an intelligent power management and power consumption control module; wherein: The data acquisition module is used for acquiring and maintaining the data of the marine hydro-meteorological monitoring terminal and obtaining various types of observation data related to sea-air flux; The data standardization module comprises a metadata standardization unit and an entity data standardization unit; the metadata standardization unit is used for setting the metadata storage scheme of various types of data of the buoy source hydrology and meteorology, and establishing metadata information in the form of an XML file or an interface; the entity data standardization unit is used for dividing the data into two types of scalar field and vector field, storing and warehousing the L0-level data after receiving and decoding, generating and storing the L1-level data after real-time quality control algorithm, and generating and storing the L2-level data after time-delay quality control; The quality control module comprises a real-time quality control unit and a time-delay quality control unit; the real-time quality control unit adopts the methods of format inspection, time inspection, full equivalence inspection, range inspection, continuity inspection, inverse temperature inspection, position inspection, landing inspection, depth inspection and speed inspection; the time-delay quality control unit adopts all the methods of the real-time quality control unit, and further comprises the methods of correlation inspection, equivalence inspection, statistical characteristic inspection, sharp peak inspection, depth increment inspection, density increment inspection, vertical gradient inspection, local maximum depth inspection and salt-density mode quantitative analysis. The data transmission module adopts a data transmission method based on the combination of socket and ftp, and transmits data on the receiving end to a data channel through data file monitoring and data pushing, and the data enters a preprocessing stage after the channel and is finally transmitted to a data warehouse of a big data platform; The intelligent power management and power consumption control module is used for monitoring the power consumption of each module of the system in real time, dynamically adjusting the power output, and optimizing the power consumption of each module. The buoy anchoring system includes a main cable, a relay transmission cabin and an anchoring unit connected with the bottom of the split columnar buoy body, the overall structure of the buoy anchoring system is inverted S-shaped, the length is 1.3-1.5 times of the water depth of the sea area where the buoy anchoring system is laid, the main cable is composed of a coupling steel cable and a Dyneema cable, the coupling steel cable has two sections, each section has a length of 500 m, a relay transmission cabin is arranged between the two sections of the coupling steel cable, glass floating balls are arranged on the main cable at intervals, a counterweight is arranged on the main cable, an electric swivel is arranged between the top of the main cable and the bottom of the split columnar buoy body, a parallel release device is arranged between the bottom of the main cable and the anchoring unit, and the anchoring unit includes a gravity anchor, a grip anchor and an anchor chain; the coupling steel cable, the Dyneema cable and the parallel release device are connected through waterproof joints. The magnetic latching relay adopts a bistable control mode, that is, different level combinations of INA and INB pins control the on-off state of the contact, and the specific logic is: when INA is high and INB is low, the relay contact is closed, and the external sensor is powered on; when INA is low and INB is high, the relay contact is open, and the external sensor is powered off. The clock circuit includes a DS1302 clock chip, an external 32.768kHz crystal oscillator, and is connected with the micro control unit through P1.0~P1.2 pins, and is configured with a 3.3V backup lithium battery, which automatically switches power supply when the main power supply is abnormal, and provides accurate timing signals for the micro control unit, which is used to set the wake-up time of the system, and ensures that the micro control unit starts the external device at the specified time to collect data, the clock circuit adopts a DS1302 clock chip, which is connected with the P1 port of the micro control unit through P1.0, P1.1 and P1.2 pins, and an external 32.768kHz crystal oscillator is connected to ensure the timing accuracy, and the chip is configured with a 3.3V backup lithium battery, which automatically switches when the main power supply voltage is lower than the threshold value, to ensure uninterrupted timing. The clock circuit is connected with the micro control unit: the clock pin SCLK of DS1302 is connected to the P1.0 pin of the micro control unit, the data input and output pin I / O is connected to the P1.1 pin, and the reset pin RST is connected to the P1.2 pin, and at the same time, a 0.1μF decoupling capacitor is connected to the ground in parallel on the power supply pins VCC1 and VCC2 of DS1302 to filter out power supply noise and ensure stable operation of the clock circuit.

2. The high-stability and low-power-consumption ocean surface layer fixed-point observation buoy system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The range check includes extreme value check, global depth-extreme value check and ice point check, wherein the ice point check is calculated by the following formula: ； wherein, wherein, is the calculated freezing point in Celsius, is the salinity in the range of 27-35 psu, is the pressure value at the given salinity.

3. The high-stability and low-power-consumption ocean surface layer fixed-point observation buoy system according to claim 2, characterized in that, The peak check adopts the following formula: ； ； ； wherein, , , are the observation values of adjacent depths, respectively, the formula judges whether there is a spike anomaly by calculating the difference of adjacent depth observation values; first, calculate , which represents the absolute deviation of the current depth observation value and the average of the adjacent two depth observation values and ; is half of the absolute value of the difference between the adjacent two depth observation values and , and finally calculate , when exceeds a certain threshold, it is determined that is a spike anomaly value.

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