Polarized interference measurement and reporting using polarized reference signals

Abstract

Systems, methods, and tools are configured for polarized interference measurement and reporting using polarized reference signals. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may receive configuration information for channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) measurements, including two polarization indices associated with different polarization types. When a trigger is received, for example, by downlink control information (DCI), the WTRU may perform and report CSI-RS measurements based on the polarization type. The WTRU may determine a polarization-based CSI-RS measurement using the configuration and polarization type indicated in the report information, and transmit such data to the network. The measurement may be based on a polarization index in the reporting information.

Description

[0001] Cross-reference to related applications This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 457,038, filed April 4, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Background Technology

[0002] Mobile communications using wireless communication continue to evolve. The fifth-generation mobile radio access technology (RAT) can be referred to as 5G New Radio (NR). Previous-generation (traditional) mobile communication RATs could be, for example, fourth-generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE). Summary of the Invention

[0003] The system, method, and instrumentation are configured for polarization interference measurement and reporting using a polarization reference signal. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) can receive Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) measurement configuration information. The CSI-RS measurement configuration information can indicate a first polarization index and a second polarization index. The first polarization index can be associated with a first polarization type, and the second polarization index can be associated with a second polarization type. The WTRU can receive a trigger to perform a polarization-based CSI-RS measurement report. The trigger can indicate reporting information. The WTRU can determine the polarization-based CSI-RS measurement based on the received CSI-RS measurement configuration information and based on either the first or second polarization type. The WTRU can send an indication to a network entity. The indication can at least indicate the polarization-based CSI-RS measurement. The polarization-based CSI-RS measurement can be determined based on either the first or second polarization type according to the reporting information. The trigger can be received in downlink control information (DCI). The report information may indicate either the first polarization index or the second polarization index. Based on the report information indicating the first polarization index, the polarization-based CSI-RS measurement may be based on the first polarization index. Based on the report information indicating the second polarization index, the polarization-based CSI-RS measurement may be based on the second polarization index.

[0004] The polarization-based CSI-RS measurement may include one or more of a first polarization-based measurement based on the first polarization type or a second polarization-based measurement based on the second polarization type. The indication may indicate one or more of the following: a polarization type associated with one or more of the first polarization-based measurement or the second polarization-based measurement, or an indication of a selected polarization type. The selected polarization type may include the first polarization type or the second polarization type. The polarization-based CSI-RS measurement may be based on the first polarization type or the second polarization type polarized according to the RS source.

[0005] Systems, methods, and tools are configured for polarization interference measurement and reporting using polarization CSI-RS. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may include a processor configured to receive a Control State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) measurement configuration that can indicate at least one or more polarization information. Upon receiving a trigger for performing a polarization-based CSI-RS measurement report, the WTRU can determine the polarization-based CSI-RS measurement using the received CSI-RS measurement configuration and the polarization type based on the report information. The WTRU can then transmit the polarization-based CSI-RS measurement.

[0006] In this WTRU, the polarization information may include multiple polarization indices, each configured with a single-polarized reference signal (RS) source. Each of these polarization indices may be associated with a first polarization type and a second polarization type, which are determined based on the polarization of the RS source. The first polarization type may be horizontal polarization, while the second polarization type may be vertical polarization.

[0007] When two of a plurality of polarization indices are identified, the associated polarization type for each index can be different. For example, a first index may be associated with the first polarization type, and a second index may be associated with the second polarization type. The triggering and / or the CSI-RS measurement configuration may include reporting information, such as a reporting mode or sub-mode, which is used to determine whether the first polarization type or the second polarization type is used for CSI-RS reception and / or measurement. Attached Figure Description

[0008] Figure 1A This is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented; Figure 1B The illustration shows a method according to one embodiment. Figure 1AThe illustrated system diagram shows an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) used in a communication system. Figure 1C The illustration shows a method according to one embodiment. Figure 1A The illustrated system diagram shows an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) used in the communication system. Figure 1D The illustration shows a method according to one embodiment. Figure 1A The illustrated system diagram shows yet another example RAN and yet another example CN used in the communication system; and Figure 2 The illustration shows a multi-RX receiver using two panels (or subarrays) with two different DL polarizations. Detailed Implementation

[0009] Figure 1A This is a schematic diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multi-access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messages, and broadcasts to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 enables multiple wireless users to access such content by sharing system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Zero-Tail Unique Word DFT Spread Spectrum OFDM (ZT UWDTS-s OFDM), Unique Word OFDM (UW-OFDM), Resource Block Filtered OFDM, Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), etc.

[0010] like Figure 1AAs shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110, and other networks 112. However, it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), mobile stations, fixed or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, pagers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hotspots or Mi-Fi devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearable devices, head-mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in industrial and / or automated processing chain environments), consumer electronics devices, devices operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, etc. Any of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0011] The communication system 100 may also include base station 114a and / or base station 114b. Each of base stations 114a and 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. For example, base stations 114a and 114b may be base transceiver stations (BTS), node B, eNode B, home node B, home eNode B, gNB, NR node B, site controller, access point (AP), wireless router, etc. Although base stations 114a and 114b are each depicted as a single element, it should be understood that base stations 114a and 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0012] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as base station controllers (BSCs), radio network controllers (RNCs), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive radio signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as cells (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage of a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. The cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In one embodiment, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may use multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming can be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0013] Base stations 114a and 114b can communicate with one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d via air interface 116. Air interface 116 can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Any suitable radio access technology (RAT) can be used to establish air interface 116.

[0014] More specifically, as described above, the communication system 100 can be a multi-access system and can employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, base stations 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in RAN 104 / 113 can implement radio technologies such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which can establish air interfaces 115 / 116 / 117 using Wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0015] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA), which may use Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-A Pro) to establish air interface 116.

[0016] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as NR radio access, which can establish an air interface 116 using a new radio (NR).

[0017] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can jointly implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example, using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Therefore, the air interface used by WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0018] In other embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., WiMAX), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Provisional Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Provisional Standard 95 (IS-95), Provisional Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rate GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0019] For example, Figure 1ABase station 114b can be a wireless router, home node B, home eNodeB, or access point, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as commercial locations, homes, vehicles, campuses, industrial facilities, air corridors (e.g., for drone use), roads, etc. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can utilize cellular-based RATs (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish picocells or femtocells. Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b can be directly connected to the Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not need to access the Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0020] RAN 104 / 113 can communicate with CN 106 / 115, which can be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d. Data can have different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, fault tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. CN 106 / 115 can provide call control, billing services, location-based services, prepaid calling, internet connectivity, video distribution, and / or perform advanced security functions such as user authentication. Although in Figure 1A Although not shown, it should be understood that RAN104 / 113 and / or CN 106 / 115 can communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs that use the same RAT as or a different RAT than RAN 104 / 113. For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, CN 106 / 115 can also communicate with another RAN (not shown) that uses GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0021] CN 106 / 115 can also serve as a gateway for WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing Common Old-Style Telephone Service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices using common communication protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or Internet Protocol (IP) from the TCP / IP Internet Protocol suite. Network 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT as RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0022] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). For example... Figure 1A The WTRU 102c shown can be configured to communicate with base station 114a, which may employ cellular-based radio technology, and to communicate with base station 114b, which may employ IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0023] Figure 1B This is a system diagram illustrating example WTRU 102. (Example:) Figure 1B As shown, among other things, WTRU 102 may include, in particular, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripheral devices 138, etc. It should be understood that WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0024] Processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. Processor 118 may perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functions that enable WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 may be coupled to transceiver 120, which may be coupled to transmitting / receiving element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it should be understood that the processor 118 and transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0025] Transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) over air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In one embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be, for example, a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals. In yet another embodiment, transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and optical signals. It should be understood that transmitting / receiving element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0026] Although the transmitting / receiving element 122 is in Figure 1B While depicted as a single element, WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals on air interface 116.

[0027] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate signals transmitted by transmitting / receiving element 122 and demodulate signals received by transmitting / receiving element 122. As described above, WTRU 102 can have multi-mode capability. Therefore, for example, transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers to enable WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0028] The processor 118 of WTRU 102 can be coupled to a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit) and can receive user input data therefrom. The processor 118 can also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, keypad 126, and / or display / touchpad 128. Furthermore, the processor 118 can access and store information from any type of suitable memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. Non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a user identification module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital storage (SD) card, etc. In other embodiments, the processor 118 can access and store information from memory that is not physically located on WTRU 102 (e.g., a server or home computer (not shown)).

[0029] The processor 118 can receive power from the power supply 134 and can be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power supply 134 can be any suitable device that powers the WTRU 102. For example, the power supply 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0030] The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) about the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or instead of, information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information on the air interface 116 from base stations (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It should be understood that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information using any suitable location determination method while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0031] The processor 118 may be further coupled to other peripheral devices 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules providing additional features, functions, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, peripheral devices 138 may include accelerometers, electronic compasses, satellite transceivers, digital cameras (for photos and / or videos), Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, vibration devices, television transceivers, hands-free headsets, Bluetooth® modules, FM radio units, digital music players, media players, video game player modules, internet browsers, virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) devices, activity trackers, etc. Peripheral devices 138 may include one or more sensors, such as gyroscopes, accelerometers, Hall effect sensors, magnetometers, orientation sensors, proximity sensors, temperature sensors, time sensors; geolocation sensors, altimeters, light sensors, touch sensors, magnetometers, barometers, attitude sensors, biosensors, and / or humidity sensors.

[0032] WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., signals associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and / or substantially eliminate self-interference via hardware (e.g., chokes) or via signal processing by a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In one embodiment, WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., signals associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0033] Figure 1C This diagram illustrates a system diagram of RAN 104 and CN 106 according to an embodiment. As described above, RAN 104 can communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116 using E-UTRA radio technology. RAN 104 can also communicate with CN 106.

[0034] RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c; however, it should be understood that RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c on air interface 116. In one embodiment, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may implement MIMO technology. Therefore, for example, eNode-B 160a may use multiple antennas to transmit and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a.

[0035] Each of the eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown, eNode-B 160a, 160b, and 160c can communicate with each other on the X2 interface.

[0036] Figure 1C The CN 106 shown may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Serving Gateway (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is described as part of CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than a CN operator.

[0037] The MME 162 can connect to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, and 162c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface and can act as a control node. For example, the MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a specific serving gateway during the initial attachment of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, etc. The MME 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0038] The SGW 164 can connect to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 can typically route and forward user data packets to / from WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. The SGW 164 can perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-eNode B handover, triggering paging when DL data is available for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and managing and storing the context of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0039] SGW 164 can connect to PGW 166, which can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks such as Internet 110, so as to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0040] CN 106 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 106 can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to a circuit-switched network such as PSTN 108, facilitating communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c and traditional landline communication equipment. For example, CN 106 may include, or be able to communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. Furthermore, CN 106 can provide WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0041] Despite WTRU in Figure 1A-1D While described as a wireless terminal, it is conceivable that in some representative embodiments, such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) a wired communication interface with a communication network.

[0042] In a representative embodiment, another network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0043] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Services Set (BSS) mode can have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP can access or interface with a distributed system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that transmits traffic to and / or out of the BSS. Traffic originating outside the BSS destined for a STA can reach and be delivered to the STA via the AP. Traffic originating from a STA destined for an external BSS can be sent to the AP for delivery to the appropriate destination. For example, traffic between STAs within the BSS can be transmitted via the AP, where the source STA can send traffic to the AP, and the AP can deliver traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. Peer-to-peer traffic can be transmitted between source and destination STAs (e.g., directly between them) using Direct Link Establishment (DLS). In some representative embodiments, the DLS can use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z Tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using the Standalone BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an access point (AP), and STAs within the IBSS or using the IBSS (e.g., all STAs) can communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode is sometimes referred to here as an "ad-hoc" communication mode.

[0044] When using 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP can transmit beacons on a fixed channel, such as the primary channel. The primary channel can be of a fixed width (e.g., a wide bandwidth of 20 MHz) or dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel can be the operating channel of the BSS and can be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In some representative embodiments, such as in an 802.11 system, Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA / CA) with collision avoidance can be implemented. For CSMA / CA, each STA, including the AP, can sense the primary channel. If a particular STA senses / detects and / or determines that the primary channel is busy, that particular STA can back off. A single STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit at any given time within a given BSS.

[0045] High-throughput (HT) STAs can communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, by combining a primary 20 MHz channel with adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels.

[0046] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs can support channels with widths of 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz. 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining consecutive 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining eight consecutive 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-consecutive 80 MHz channels, which can be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, the data passes through a segment resolver, which splits the data into two streams. Each stream can be processed separately using Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) and time-domain processing. These streams can be mapped onto two 80 MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the operation of the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Media Access Control (MAC).

[0047] 802.11af and 802.11ah support operating modes below 1 GHz. The channel operating bandwidth and carrier in 802.11af and 802.11ah are reduced compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV whitespace (TVWS) spectrum, while 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah can support metering-type control / machine-type communications, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only) certain and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with a battery life exceeding a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0048] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include channels that can be designated as the primary channel. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be set and / or limited by the STA among all STAs operating in the BSS that supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.11ah, for STAs that support (e.g., only support) the 1 MHz mode (e.g., MTC type devices), the primary channel can be 1 MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier Sense and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because an STA (which only supports the 1 MHz operating mode) is transmitting to the AP, the entire available band can be considered busy, even if most of the available band remains idle and can be available.

[0049] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total available bandwidth for 802.11ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz, depending on the country code.

[0050] Figure 1D This diagram illustrates a system diagram of RAN 113 and CN 115 according to one embodiment. As described above, RAN 113 can communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116 using NR radio technology. RAN 113 can also communicate with CN 115.

[0051] RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c; however, it should be understood that RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c on air interface 116. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a and 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c. Therefore, for example, gNB 180a may use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers (not shown) to WTRU 102a. A subset of these component carriers can be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers can be on licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a can receive coordinated transmissions from gNBs 180a and 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0052] WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using transmissions associated with scalable digitization. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing can differ for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the radio transmission spectrum. WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., including a variable number of OFDM symbols and / or a continuously variable absolute time).

[0053] gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in standalone and / or non-standalone configurations. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c without accessing other RANs (e.g., eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c). In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c as mobility anchors. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in unlicensed frequency bands. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate / connect with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, while also communicating / connecting with another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement DC principles to communicate substantially simultaneously with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, as well as one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c. In a non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c can act as mobility anchors for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0054] Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, network slicing support, dual connectivity, interoperability between NR and E-UTRA, routing user plane data to User Plane Functions (UPF) 184a and 184b, and routing control plane information to Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMF) 182a and 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c can communicate with each other on the Xn interface.

[0055] Figure 1DThe CN 115 shown may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than a CN operator.

[0056] AMF 182a and 182b can connect to one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N2 interface and can act as control nodes. For example, AMF 182a and 182b can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting specific SMF 183a and 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, mobility management, and so on. AMF 182a and 182b can use network slicing to customize CN support for WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c based on the service types used by WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c. For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases, such as services relying on Ultra Reliable Low Latency Time (URLLC) access, services relying on Enhanced Massive Mobile Broadband (eMBB) access, services for Machine Type Communication (MTC) access, and / or so on. AMF 162 can provide control plane functions for handover between RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) employing other radio technologies such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0057] SMFs 183a and 183b can connect to AMFs 182a and 182b in CN 115 via the N11 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can also connect to UPFs 184a and 184b in CN 115 via the N4 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can select and control UPFs 184a and 184b, and configure the routing of services through UPFs 184a and 184b. SMFs 183a and 183b can perform other functions, such as managing and allocating WTRU IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, and providing downlink data notifications. PDU session types can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0058] UPF 184a and 184b can be connected to one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N3 interface. This N3 interface provides WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to packet-switched networks (such as Internet 110) to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF 184 and 184b can perform other functions such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, and providing mobility anchoring.

[0059] CN 115 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 115 may include, or be able to communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between CN 115 and PSTN 108. Furthermore, CN 115 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a and 185b via the N3 interface to UPFs 184a and 184b and the N6 interface between UPFs 184a and 184b and DNs 185a and 185b.

[0060] Given Figure 1A-1D as well as Figure 1A-1D The corresponding descriptions herein indicate that one or more of the following functions can be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown): WTRU 102a-d, base station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF183a-b, DN 185a-b, and / or any other device(s) described herein. An emulation device can be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more of the functions described herein. For example, an emulation device can be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0061] Simulation devices can be designed to perform tests on one or more other devices in laboratory and / or carrier network environments. For example, one or more simulation devices can perform one or more or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices can perform one or more or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. Simulation devices can be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or can perform tests using over-the-air wireless communication.

[0062] One or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions, including all functions, rather than being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, simulation devices may be used to test test scenarios in laboratory and / or non-deployment (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication networks to implement the testing of one or more components. One or more simulation devices may be test devices. Simulation devices may transmit and / or receive data using direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas).

[0063] The features described herein can be associated with a multi-panel WTRU. An MPUE or MPWTRU can be a WTRU equipped with multiple panel antennas and capable of receiving / transmitting multiple beams with different angles of arrival (AoA). A panel can be a structural part of a WTRU antenna system having one or more of the following characteristics: It can be a unit of an antenna group that controls the beams. Within a panel, a beam can be selected and used for DL ​​reception. Multiple beams can be selected across panels (e.g., different panels) (e.g., one beam per panel) and used for DL ​​reception. A physical panel with dual polarization can be viewed as two panels (e.g., one panel per polarization). A beam can refer to a spatial filter associated with reception (e.g., in the DL context). A beam can be associated with a TCI state describing the spatial filter associated with the reception of the beam.

[0064] As described in this article, the polarization of the panel can be related to the cross-polarization capability of antenna elements in an antenna system structure that allows for quasi-orthogonality of transmit / receive.

[0065] The features described herein can be associated with polarization components (e.g., type-1 and type-2). A polarization component can represent a signal transmitted on one of the available polarizations of an antenna array or antenna panel at an antenna port. In the example, a cross-polarized antenna can have a horizontal (Hz) component and a vertical (Vt) component, where the Hz component and Vt component (e.g., type-1 and type-2, respectively) utilize assigned Hz antenna elements and Vt elements, respectively.

[0066] As described in this article, the angle of arrival (AoA) α can be the relative angle between two receiving beams, such as... Figure 2 As shown. As described in this article, the departure angle (AoD) α can be as follows: Figure 2 The relative angle between the two transmitted beams is shown.

[0067] WTRU can support multi-TRP reception in either sDCI or mDCI mode. In mDCI mode, simultaneous reception from two non-co-located TRPs in inter-cell or intra-cell configurations is possible. These configurations can overlap (e.g., completely) in the frequency domain while using the same channel and channel bandwidth. Multi-RX can be referred to as the WTRU's reception capability in a downlink multi-TRP configuration. Multi-RX WTRU test methods can demonstrate that a multi-panel UE or multi-panel WTRU (MPWTRU) experiences inter-TRP interference. The terms MPUE and MPWTRU are used interchangeably in this document.

[0068] Figure 2 The illustration shows a multi-RX receiver utilizing two panels (or subarrays) with two different DL polarizations. For example... Figure 2 As shown, inter-TRP interference can be attributed to the fact that there is signal spillover from the second TRP to the first TRP when the WTRU receiving beam intends to receive from the first TRP. For example, this can be detrimental to the performance of the WTRU because the difference between the angles of arrival from the two TRPs is reduced. To mitigate inter-TRP interference, polarization (e.g., difference polarizations) can be considered at the TRPs. Techniques can detect, measure, and / or employ schemes to reduce inter-TRP interference on the WTRU side.

[0069] Current WTRU CSI measurements and network CSI-RS configurations may be insufficient. For example, current WTRU CSI measurements may not take into account the polarization dimension on the WTRU side. Dimensions (e.g., polarization) can be provided for CSI-RS transmission and measurement to mitigate MPUE inter-TRP interference.

[0070] UL transmissions can be associated with polarization operations based on configured multi-TRPs and UL overlapping transmissions occurring in time and / or frequency.

[0071] Since systems capable of MIMO support polarized antennas (e.g., cross-polarization), to achieve / improve inter-polarization interference (IPI) for multi-RX reception in MPUE, the polarization on the transmit side (e.g., at the TRP) can be used. The WTRU can measure IPI and report it back to the network. To address IPI, the polarization of the RS pilot used for evaluation can be considered in terms of configuration, measurement dimension, and reporting.

[0072] Techniques for measuring interference on the WTRU side may be limited to measurements of zero-power (ZP) CSI resources, known as CSI-IM resources. The configuration of ZP CSI-IM resources can provide the opportunity to measure system-wide interference across the entire background. This technique (or any other RS-related measurement) may not allow for measurements of inter-polarity interference that take into account the transmit / receive polarization dimensions. The gNB may have cross-polarization elements in its antenna.

[0073] In multi-TRP deployments, inter-polarity interference can be a performance limiting factor. For MPUE, multi-RX reception can be significantly improved through cross-polarity reception per panel. In some cases, support for polarization-based CSI configuration, measurement, and reporting may not be available.

[0074] For uplink MIMO transmissions in multi-TRP scenarios, polarization-based operation can be supported (e.g., for simultaneous transmissions for multi-panel WTRUs (STxMP)). In the case of mDCI, UL grants may occur independently, and overlapping or non-overlapping RB allocations may occur. When RB allocations overlap due to the complexity of MPR (Maximum Power Reduction) application rules, and WTRU implementation is challenging for antenna panels, polarization-based operation can reduce complexity and many parameters to consider to avoid self-interference (e.g., when considering two timing advance (TA) cases for UL power imbalance and transmission polarization selection).

[0075] For operations affected by simultaneous uplink transmissions based on polarization in multi-TRP scenarios, the Power Headroom Report (PHR) can consider power allocation, which can be polarization-based and related to the per-panel / polarization power capability of the WTRU. Systems and methods associated with polarization-based operations can be provided.

[0076] In the example of resolving inter-polarity interference, the MPUE can be referred to as the target device, and (e.g., the same) techniques and discussions can be applied to a single-panel WTRU with the ability to receive multiple beams simultaneously. Two TRP systems can be used, and one technique (e.g., the same technique) can be applied to systems with more than two TRPs.

[0077] The features described in this paper can be associated with polarization-based operations (including CSI-RS measurements, UL operations, and PHR operations) used for cross-polarization interference mitigation.

[0078] The features described in this article can be associated with polarization interference measurements and reporting using polarized CSI-RS.

[0079] The WTRU can be configured to perform and / or perform one or more of the following: The WTRU can receive (e.g., associated with a first Transmission Reference Point (TRP) (e.g., TRP1)) a Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) measurement configuration (e.g., CSI-RS measurement configuration information), which includes (e.g., indicating) polarization information (e.g., one or more polarization indices, such as a first polarization index or a second polarization index). The CSI-RS measurement configuration can identify one or more NZP-CSI-RS resources, one or more ZP-CSI-RS resources, and / or one or two polarization indices (e.g., for use with (one or more) NZP-CSI-RS resources). (One or more) NZP-CSI-RS resources can be associated with a first TRP (e.g., TRP1). (One or more) ZP-CSI-RS resources can be associated with a second TRP (e.g., TRP2).

[0080] Polarization indices can be configured with or associated with a corresponding RS source of a single polarization (e.g., SSB or CSI-RS). A polarization index (e.g., one or more of a first polarization type or a second polarization type) can be associated with a polarization type, such as type-1 polarization or type-2 polarization (e.g., one or more of a first polarization type or a second polarization type), where, for example, type-1 polarization can be a first orientation (e.g., horizontal (H)) and type-2 polarization can be a second orientation (e.g., vertical (V)) (or vice versa). The polarization type associated with a polarization index can be determined based on the polarization of the configured or associated RS source. When two polarization indices are identified, the associated polarization types can be different (e.g., one polarization index can be a type-1 polarization index, and the other polarization index can be a type-2 polarization index). Measurement configuration can indicate the measurement timing type, such as aperiodic, semi-permanent, or periodic. One or more NZP-CSI-RS resources can be associated with a beam (e.g., via a configured indication or an activated TCI state or QCL characteristic). Polarization information can correspond to or be associated with a type of QCL information configured for the RS, such as QCL type E.

[0081] The WTRU can receive triggers to perform CSI-RS measurement reports. In an example, the trigger can be received in a DCI (e.g., non-periodic reporting). The trigger can be time-based or timer-based (e.g., periodic reporting). The trigger can be time-based or timer-based with activation as a condition (e.g., semi-persistent reporting). The trigger and / or CSI-RS measurement configuration (e.g., CSI-RS measurement configuration information) can include reporting information (e.g., reporting mode or sub-mode), where the reporting information can be used to determine the polarization type for CSI-RS reception and / or measurement. The WTRU can determine polarization-based CSI-RS measurements based on the received CSI-RS measurement configuration (e.g., received CSI-RS measurement configuration information) and based on the polarization type (e.g., first polarization type or second polarization type) (e.g., the WTRU can perform polarization-based CSI-RS measurements). The polarization type can be determined based on the reporting information. The WTRU can at least report (e.g., send in an instruction to a network entity) the polarization-based CSI-RS measurements.

[0082] In some examples, the WTRU can be triggered (e.g., using Layer 1 (L1) signaling) (e.g., via received downlink control information (DCI)) to perform CSI measurement reporting. For example, a trigger received via DCI may include reporting information indicating a polarization index (e.g., a first polarization index or a second polarization index). The WTRU can determine the polarization type for measurement based on the polarization type of the RS source associated with the polarization index (e.g., a first polarization type or a second polarization type). The WTRU can use the determined polarization type to perform polarization-based measurements based on at least one CSI-RS, where the at least one CSI-RS is received in one or more configured NZP-CSI-RS resources (e.g., the WTRU can measure CSI-RS in one or more instances of NZP-CSI-RS resources). The WTRU can use one or more ZP-CSI-RS resources to measure interference. The WTRU can report polarization-based measurements (e.g., to the TRP).

[0083] In some examples, the WTRU can be triggered (e.g., via received DCI) to perform CSI reporting using Type-1 polarization and Type-2 polarization (e.g., first polarization type and second polarization type). The WTRU can determine a first polarization-based measurement using polarization type-1 and a second polarization-based measurement using polarization type-2, and can determine the measurement based on at least one corresponding CSI-RS received using one or more configured NZP-CSI-RS resources. For the measurement, the WTRU can use one or more ZP-CSI-RS resources to measure interference.

[0084] The WTRU may report one or more of the following: a first polarization-based CSI-RS measurement (e.g., using a first polarization type); a second polarization-based measurement (e.g., using a second polarization type); an indication identifying the polarization type of the measurement used for reporting (e.g., the polarization type may be associated with one or more of the first polarization-based measurement or the second polarization-based measurement); a polarization-based measurement for a polarization type selected from the first polarization type and the second polarization type (e.g., the best or preferred polarization type); and / or an indication of which polarization type is the selected polarization type (e.g., the selected polarization type may be the first polarization type or the second polarization type).

[0085] The WTRU can be configured with a second CSI-RS measurement configuration associated with TRP2. The WTRU can be triggered to perform polarization-based measurements on TRP1 and / or TRP2. The CSI-RS resources used for TRP1 and TRP2 measurements can be TDM (e.g., time-multiplexed).

[0086] The features described herein can be associated with UL-based polarization operation. The WTRU can perform one or more of the following: The WTRU can declare (e.g., indicate) power capabilities, such as power-shared or non-power-shared. Power capabilities can be associated with one or more antenna ports or groups of antenna ports.

[0087] The WTRU can receive first and second UL grants for corresponding first and second UL (e.g., PUSCH) transmissions, and RB allocations (e.g., indicated by the corresponding UL grants) can overlap in time and / or frequency. The first UL transmission can use a first polarization type (e.g., Type-1), and the second UL transmission can use a second polarization type (e.g., Type-2). The first and second UL grants can be received in a DCI (e.g., the same DCI) or in separate DCIs. The first and second UL grants can include information indicating the polarization type (e.g., Type-1 or Type-2) for the corresponding first and second UL transmissions. For example, a grant associated with polarization information (e.g., QCL Type E) or an indicator in a DCI (such as SRI or TCI) can indicate (e.g., can be used to indicate) the polarization type of the UL transmission.

[0088] The WTRU can determine a first maximum configuration power (Pcmax1) for a first polarization type (e.g., the maximum power associated with the first polarization type) and a second maximum configuration power (Pcmax2) for a second polarization type (e.g., the maximum power associated with the second polarization type). Type-1 polarization and Type-2 polarization can be horizontal and vertical polarization, respectively, or vice versa. Pcmax-Hz and Pcmax-Vt can be used to represent the maximum configuration power Pcmax for vertical and horizontal polarization, respectively. The WTRU can determine that the sum of the maximum power (Pcmax1) associated with the first polarization type and the maximum power (Pcmax2) associated with the second polarization type exceeds a threshold. If Pcmax1 + Pcmax2 (e.g., Pcmax-Hz + Pcmax-Vt) exceeds the threshold (e.g., the WTRU power level or the WTRU power level for EIRP), the WTRU can scale (e.g., update) one or both of Pcmax1 and Pcmax2 (e.g., such that the sum of Pcmax1 and Pcmax2 does not exceed the threshold).

[0089] The WTRU can calculate the power allocated to the PUSCH transmission (e.g., P1 and P2) and can adjust the transmission power(s) for each of the PUSCH transmissions (if needed) to not exceed Pcmax1 and Pcmax2, respectively. In some examples, P1 can be adjusted to not exceed a scaled Pcmax1, and P2 can be adjusted to not exceed a scaled Pcmax2. In some examples, if the calculated P1 > Pcmax1, then transmission P1 is Pcmax1; otherwise, transmission P1 = the calculated P1. In some examples, if the calculated P2 > Pcmax2, then transmission P2 is Pcmax2; otherwise, transmission P2 = the calculated P2.

[0090] The WTRU can use calculated or adjusted P1 power to transmit a first UL transmission, wherein the first UL transmission uses a first polarization type. The WTRU can use calculated or adjusted P2 power to transmit a second UL transmission, wherein the second UL transmission uses a second polarization type.

[0091] Examples of Pcmax scaling may include the following. In one example, if both UL (e.g., PUSCH) transmissions include UCI or neither UL (e.g., PUSCH) transmission includes UCI, then Pcmax1 and Pcmax2 can be scaled equally. In another example, if one of the first and second UL (e.g., PUSCH) transmissions includes UCI while the other does not (e.g., one of the first or second UL transmissions lacks UCI, while one of the first or second UL transmissions includes UCI), then Pcmax can be scaled (e.g., Pcmax (Pcmax1 or Pcmax2) corresponding to the UL transmission that does not include UCI can be scaled).

[0092] In one example, determining the maximum configured power for each polarization type (e.g., and performing subsequent related actions) may be conditional on at least one of the following: the RB allocations of the first UL transmission and the second UL transmission overlap in both time and frequency; the RB allocations of the first UL transmission and the second UL transmission overlap in time; the same panel of the WTRU serves both horizontal and vertical polarizations; and / or the WTRU indicates its power capabilities as power-shared (e.g., for one or both antenna ports or groups of antenna ports associated with the UL transmission).

[0093] UL-based operation may include PHR triggering and reporting. The WTRU may perform one or more of the following: For example, the WTRU may declare (e.g., indicate) its power capability (e.g., the WTRU may transmit power capability) as power-shared or non-power-shared. Power capability may be associated with one or more antenna ports or groups of antenna ports.

[0094] If one or more of the following events occur or a condition is met (e.g., as described herein, the WTRU can determine that a condition is met, and this condition may include one or more of a change in the WTRU's power capability or a change in the WTRU's service panel), the WTRU may trigger and / or send a Power Headroom Report (PHR). One or more events or conditions may include one or more of the following: The WTRU can be configured or reconfigured for multi-TRP (mTRP) operation (e.g., ULmTRP operation). The WTRU's power capability can be changed (e.g., the WTRU's power capability can be changed from power-shared to non-power-shared, or from non-power-shared to power-shared). The WTRU's service panel can be changed. The WTRU can determine that the difference between the measured H-RSRP and the measured V-RSRP exceeds a threshold (e.g., a received and / or configured threshold), for at least a configurable amount of time. The H-RSRP can be a polarization-based RSRP measurement of a first measuring RS using horizontal polarization. The V-RSRP can be a polarization-based RSRP measurement of a second measuring RS using vertical polarization. The measured RS can be SSB, CSI-RS, or path loss RS, and the first and second measured RS can be the same or different measured RS. The UL polarization of the WTRU is used for TRP variation. For active polarization type, Pcmax changes (e.g., may change) exceeding a threshold (e.g., Pcmax can be received and / or configured for active polarization type).

[0095] A PHR may include at least one of the following: the power capability of the WTRU (e.g., its current or active power capability), which may be shared or non-shared; the maximum power associated with a first polarization type (e.g., a first orientation polarization type associated with horizontal polarization Pcmax (Pcmax-Hz); the maximum power associated with a second polarization type (e.g., a second orientation polarization type associated with vertical polarization Pcmax (Pcmax-Vt); and / or an indication of the active UL polarization (e.g., the active UL polarization may be horizontal or vertical). An indication (e.g., an indication of the active UL polarization) may be provided in the PHR for each TRP. A TRP indication (e.g., per TRP indication) may be provided to identify the TRP associated with a UL polarization (e.g., an active UL polarization indication). The order of the items in the active UL polarization indication in the PHR may determine or indicate the associated TRP.

[0096] RS resources can be adapted for polarization-sensing measurements. The WTRU can, for example, receive configurations for downlink (DL) RS (resources) from the gNB, which can be associated with polarization information (e.g., can indicate polarization information, and may include polarization information). For example, DL RS resources can be one or more of the following: CSI-RS (resources); tracking RS (e.g., CSI-RS resources with the associated parameter “TRS-info” enabled); beam management CSI-RS (e.g., CSI-RS resources with the associated parameter “repetition” enabled, e.g., set to “on” or “off”); SSB (index); path loss (PL) RS, e.g., configured for polarization-sensing measurements; demodulation RS (DMRS), e.g., specifically configured for polarization-sensing measurements; and / or DL-RS of a specific configuration type, e.g., adapted for polarization-sensing measurements.

[0097] Examples may include polarization information. The WTRU can receive polarization information. In response to receiving polarization information, the WTRU can identify (or determine) one of the following: The WTRU can identify one or more polarization components, such as polarization component type-1 and / or polarization component type-2, etc. Polarization components can be represented by polarization indices, for example, including one or more polarization indices based on the polarization information. The WTRU can identify polarization. Polarization component type-1 can be horizontal (H), and polarization component type-2 can be vertical (V) (e.g., or vice versa), etc. Polarization component (e.g., another polarization component) types can be defined (or configured for the WTRU), such as circular polarization types (e.g., right-handed circular polarization type-x, left-handed circular polarization type-y), cubic polarization type-z, etc. The WTRU can identify one or more components (in addition to polarization components) related to wireless communication between the transmitter (e.g., gNB or WTRU) and the receiver (e.g., WTRU or gNB), such as beamforming component type-j, spatial domain component type-k, precoding component type-l, power control component type-m, antenna / panel component type-n, etc.

[0098] Polarization information can be indicated. Polarization information, such as that associated with (or included in) a DL RS (resource), can be provided (e.g., configured, indicated) based on at least one of the following: Polarization information can indicate which polarization type(s) is associated with the DL RS resource based on one or more explicit indicators (e.g., polarization indices). For example, a polarization index can be associated with a polarization type (e.g., type-1 or type-2 polarization), where, for example, type-1 can be horizontal (H) and type-2 can be vertical (V) (or vice versa). In one example, a WTRU can be configured with a DL RS resource (e.g., a CSI-RS resource) associated with a type-1 polarization (e.g., explicitly associated). The WTRU can be configured to measure the DL RS resource based on its assumed type-1 polarization. The WTRU can derive (or determine) measurements (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, CQI, etc.) based on the type-1 polarization and can report the measurements along with flags associated with the type-1 polarization. This flag enables the measurement and reporting of specific polarizations (or polarization sensing).

[0099] Polarization information can be based on one or more quasi-co-location (QCL) type parameters (e.g., QCL type E (representing 'polarization'), or at least one of the existing QCL types A, B, C, and D). The gNB can configure (e.g., enable, add) additional QCL features related to this at least one existing QCL type based on the 'polarization' characteristic or component. For example, the WTRU can be configured (or indicated) with parameters that can enable (e.g., add) QCL features (e.g., 'polarization' characteristics or components) on at least one of the following existing QCL types A, B, C, and / or D: QCL type A: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread}; QCL type B: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread}; QCL type C: {Doppler shift, average delay}; and / or QCL type D: {spatial Rx parameter}.

[0100] The WTRU can be configured (or indicated) with (higher-level) parameters (e.g., RRC parameters) that enable a QCL type (e.g., QCL type E) to be used for at least one RS resource or DL / UL channel, where the QCL type can be represented as: QCL type E: {polarization (and / or such)}.

[0101] The WTRU can be configured with DL RS resources (e.g., CSI-RS resources) that can be associated with QCL source RSs (e.g., a second CSI-RS resource or a second SSB index) for QCL type E. The WTRU can be configured to measure the DL RS resource using the same (or associated) polarization characteristics or components used to receive the associated QCL source RS. The WTRU can derive (or determine) measurements (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, CQI, etc.) based on the same (or associated) polarization characteristics or components and can report the measurements (e.g., along with the RS resource ID). This enables polarization-specific (or polarization-aware) measurement and reporting, as the gNB may already know the QCL relationship between the RS resource and its QCL source RS for QCL type E.

[0102] The WTRU can be configured with DL RS resources (e.g., CSI-RS resources). DL RS resources can be QCL source RSs for QCL type E (e.g., configured via TCI state) and may not be associated with QCL source RSs for QCL type E (e.g., a second CSI-RS resource or a second SSB index). The WTRU can be configured to measure the DL RS resources by assuming a polarization characteristic or component (e.g., type-1 or type-2). The WTRU can derive (or determine) measurements (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, CQI, etc.) based on the assumed polarization characteristic or component (e.g., type-1 or type-2) and can report the measurements along with flags indicating the assumed polarization characteristic or component (e.g., type-1 or type-2), enabling polarization-specific (or polarization-aware) measurement and reporting.

[0103] Polarization information can be used to identify whether a DL RS resource is suitable for polarization-sensing measurements based on one or more implicit rules. In the example, one or more antenna port (AP) groups of a DL RS resource can be used to (implicitly) determine the polarization information. An AP group may include a first AP group of the DL RS resource (e.g., odd-numbered APs) and may represent a first polarization component (e.g., type-1 polarization) (e.g., associated with the first polarization component (e.g., type-1 polarization)). An AP group may include a second AP group of the DL RS resource (e.g., even-numbered APs) and may represent a second polarization component (e.g., type-2 polarization) (e.g., associated with the second polarization component (e.g., type-2 polarization)).

[0104] For example, CSI-RS antenna port indexing rules can be associated with CSI reports based on (specific) codebooks generated for the precoder and can be used to (implicitly) determine polarization information. A first group of APs (e.g., AP 0, 1, 4, 5) belonging to the same polarization based on the codebook can represent a first polarization component (e.g., type-1 polarization) (e.g., associated with the first polarization component (e.g., type-1 polarization)). A second group of APs (e.g., AP 2, 3, 6, 7) belonging to another polarization based on the codebook can represent a second polarization component (e.g., type-2 polarization) (e.g., associated with the second polarization component (e.g., type-2 polarization)).

[0105] The WTRU can be configured with DL RS resources (e.g., an 8-port CSI-RS resource) that can be used for CSI reporting. The WTRU can determine that the CSI reporting configuration is associated with the codebook generated by the precoder, and can determine that APs 0, 1, 4, and 5 belong to the same polarization, and APs 2, 3, 6, and 7 belong to another polarization. In response to this determination, the WTRU can identify that the first set of APs (e.g., APs 0, 1, 4, and 5) represents a first polarization component (e.g., type-1 polarization) (e.g., associated with the first polarization component (e.g., type-1 polarization)), and the second set of APs (e.g., APs 2, 3, 6, and 7) represents a second polarization component (e.g., type-2 polarization) (e.g., associated with the second polarization component (e.g., type-2 polarization)).

[0106] The WTRU can derive (or determine) a first measurement (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, CQI, etc.) based on type-1 polarization and on APs 0, 1, 4, and 5 (e.g., not on all 8 ports of the DL RS resource). The WTRU can derive (or determine) a second measurement (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, CQI, etc.) based on type-2 polarization and on APs 2, 3, 6, and 7 (e.g., not on all 8 ports of the DL RS resource). The WTRU can report both the first measurement (e.g., along with a first flag indicating a first group of APs) and the second measurement (e.g., along with a second flag indicating a second group of APs). The WTRU can report the preferred (e.g., larger or smaller) measurement among the first and second measurements (e.g., between them). In one example, the WTRU can determine that the first measurement is greater than the second measurement. In response to this determination, the WTRU can report a first measurement (e.g., along with a first flag indicating the first set of APs), which enables the measurement and reporting of a specific polarization (or polarization sensing).

[0107] The features described herein can be associated with, for example, a QCL chain with respect to QCL type E. The WTRU can be configured with a first RS resource (e.g., a first CSI-RS resource). The first RS resource can be a QCL source RS with respect to QCL type E (e.g., configured via TCI state configuration) and can be unassociated with other QCL source RSs with respect to QCL type E. The WTRU can measure the first RS resource and determine its polarization components, such as type-1 polarization or type-2 polarization. In one example, the WTRU can determine that the first RS resource is associated with type-1 polarization based on this measurement.

[0108] The WTRU can be configured with a second RS resource (e.g., a second CSI-RS resource). The second RS resource can be associated with a QCL source RS that is a first RS resource with respect to QCL type E, for example, where the second RS resource is associated with a TCI state index that includes the first RS resource with respect to QCL type E. The WTRU can be configured to measure the second RS resource using the same (or associated) polarization characteristics or components (e.g., type-1 polarization) used to receive the associated QCL source RS, which can be the first RS resource. The WTRU can derive (or determine) measurements (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, CQI, etc.) based on the same (or associated) polarization characteristics or components (e.g., type-1 polarization) and can report the measurements, for example, using the second RS resource ID. The gNB can determine the QCL relationship with respect to QCL type E between the second RS resource and its QCL source RS (which is the first RS resource).

[0109] The WTRU can be scheduled to receive DL data (e.g., PDSCH). For example, the WTRU can receive the QCL relationship between the PDSCH and its QCL source regarding QCL type E, where the QCL source could be a second RS resource. The WTRU can receive the PDSCH using the same (or associated) polarization characteristics or components (e.g., type-1 polarization) used to receive the associated QCL source RS as the second RS resource. The WTRU can determine that the type-1 polarization of the second RS resource originates from the top QCL source (e.g., the first RS resource), which can represent a QCL chain of the first RS resource, the second RS resource, and the PDSCH in sequence. This enables flexibility and efficiency in aligning QCL types (e.g., QCL type E) across multiple RS resources and DL / UL channels, and allows for polarization-specific (or polarization-aware) measurements, reporting, data reception, and data transmission, etc.

[0110] The following describes CSI-RS inter-polarity interference measurements for aperiodic triggering mechanisms, and these can be extended to semi-persistent or periodic mechanisms with the same measurement principle but triggered differently by the network (e.g., activation / deactivation). Measurements can be reported as RSRP (RS power), RSRQ (RS quality), and SINR (RS power to noise and interference ratio), as ZP-CSI-RS may or may not be available in the solutions listed below. CSI-RS can be triggered as an aperiodic mode for a specific measurement.

[0111] Polarization interference can be measured and reported. The WTRU can be configured with an aperiodic CSI-RS, which can be described via RRC configuration (e.g., CSI-AperiodicTriggerStateList IE). Polarization-based measurements can include one or more of the following.

[0112] An example may include the configuration of CSI-RS for each polarization. The WTRU may receive a first set of CSI-RS configurations and a second set of CSI-RS configurations corresponding to a first transmission point and a second transmission point, respectively. A set of CSI configurations may be configured with CSI-RS, wherein the configured CSI-RS may be associated with different downlink beams (e.g., TRP, etc.). The configured QCL information may be based on a QCL type, which may include some information about the source polarization. The QCL may at least include attributes indicating the polarization associated with the source reference signal. The polarization-related attributes in the QCL may be in one or more of the following forms.

[0113] In the example, the QCL may include attributes that explicitly indicate a specific polarization, such as Pol1, Pol2, V, H, etc. In the example, the QCL may include attributes indicating its relative polarization with respect to the source RS. Attributes may be coplanar, cross, 45, etc., indicating whether the configured CSI-RS has the same polarization as the source reference signal (e.g., common polarization) or whether the configured CSI-RS has different polarization. For the indicated QCL, the WTRU may employ different spatial filters for CSI-RS reception and measurement. The QCL may be associated with the SRI used for uplink transmission.

[0114] In the example, information related to the polarization of the configured CSI-RS can be dynamically indicated, for example, by triggering an aperiodic CSI measurement via a DCI. This indication can be explicit or implicit. In the example, the DCI that triggers the CSI measurement can include information elements such as a polarization index, which can be used to determine the polarization of the configured CSI-RS. In the example, for example, polarization information can be implicitly determined based on, for example, the timeslot number that triggers the DCI, the time / frequency mapping of the CSI-RS resource, the port index, etc.

[0115] In the example, a CSI configuration can consist of one or more CSI-RS types (e.g., ZP, NZP, etc.), where the configuration can be associated with different measurement modes. In the example for polarization-based CSI measurements, measurement modes (e.g., several modes) can exist. A mode may require different combinations of CSI-RS. A configured NZP CSI-RS resource can be associated with a specific polarization. In the example, two measurement modes can exist; for example, in mode 1, a pair of NZP and ZP CSI-RS resources can be configured, while in mode 2, a single NZP CSI-RS resource can be configured.

[0116] The configured CSI-RS resources may have the expected characteristics. The WTRU can receive a first set of CSI-RS configurations and a second set of CSI-RS configurations corresponding to the first transmission point and the second transmission point, respectively. In Mode 1, the WTRU may assume that the configured NZP CSI-RS resources associated with the first transmission point are consistent with the ZP CSI-RS resources associated with the second transmission point.

[0117] The features described herein can be associated with WTRU measurements. Polarization-based CSI measurements can be triggered for the WTRU. The WTRU can perform at least one or more measurements, such as those indicated in Table-1, where one row describes a measurement hypothesis. In the example, the WTRU can perform per-TRP interference measurements on polarization. As shown in Table 1, for measurements 1 and 2, the WTRU can be configured with a first CSI-RS and a second CSI-RS having ZP type and NZP CSI-RS type, respectively. The WTRU can assume that the first and second polarizations corresponding to measurements 1 and 2 are used by the second TRP for the transmission of NZP CSI-RS resources. For measurements 3 and 4, the WTRU can be configured with a first CSI-RS and a second CSI-RS having NZP type and ZP CSI-RS type, respectively. The WTRU can assume that the first and second polarizations corresponding to measurements 3 and 4 are used by the first TRP for the transmission of NZP CSI-RS resources. Measurements can be performed as follows, for example, measurement 1. For individual measurements of WTRU antenna polarization, given a measurement hypothesis, the WTRU can perform a first measurement on a first WTRU antenna polarization and a second measurement on a second WTRU antenna polarization. For joint measurements, the WTRU can use both polarizations to perform the measurement. For example, given a measurement hypothesis, the WTRU can perform a single measurement by employing both antenna polarizations.

[0118] Table 1

[0119] The features described herein can be associated with WTRU reports. In the examples, the WTRU can perform one or more of the measurements described above and report polarization-based measurements in different formats. Measurement quantities and content can be configured and can be one or more of RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, rank, CQI, etc. For the configured measurement assumptions, the WTRU can report one or more measurement quantities. Measurement 1 and Measurement 2 (and also Measurement 3 and Measurement 4) can be executed after the same trigger. The WTRU can report a single CSI report, which can include measurements for both cases. Measurement 1 and Measurement 2 (and also Measurement 3 and Measurement 4) can (e.g., alternatively) be executed after separate instructions, where the WTRU can assume the use of a single polarization during the measurement. The WTRU can report more than one CSI report, where each CSI report can include a per-assumption measurement.

[0120] In the example, the WTRU can also explicitly or implicitly indicate its preferred polarization based on the configured CSI-RS (e.g., transmission point). The WTRU can indicate that it prefers one polarization to another for reception from the first TRP. This indication can be carried using pol_index, CRI, etc.

[0121] Measurement configurations (e.g., other measurement configurations) may be disclosed in this document. As described herein, a set of measurement assumptions, as well as measurement procedures and types, may be described. A summary of the measurement assumptions and measurement procedures can be captured in Table-1. Configurations and measurement procedures can be designed such that, by completing the measurement procedures, the inter-polarization (e.g., TRP polarization) between the CSI-RS of the two configurations is measured.

[0122] Table 2 illustrates examples based on different sets of measurement assumptions, procedures, and measurement types. By performing Measurement 1 and Measurement 2, the WTRU can determine a better polarization for the first TRP, rather than determining the level of interference caused by transmissions through the second TRP. Measurement assumptions for Measurement 1 and Measurement 2 may include: NZP CSI-RS transmissions through the first TRP; and / or ZP CSI-RS transmissions through the second TRP.

[0123] By performing measurements 3 and 4, the WTRU can determine the interference applied to the polarization of the first TRP. Measurement assumptions for measurements 3 and 4 may include: NZP CSI-RS transmission over the first TRP; and / or PDSCH transmission over the second TRP.

[0124] Similar to the scenario illustrated in Table-1, a measurement (e.g., measurement 1) can be performed in one or more of the following ways: For a separate measurement of the WTRU antenna polarization, given a measurement assumption, the WTRU can perform a first measurement on a first WTRU antenna polarization and a second measurement on a second WTRU antenna polarization. For a combined measurement using both polarizations, given a measurement assumption, the WTRU can perform a single measurement by employing both antenna polarizations.

[0125] Table 2

[0126] WTRUs can report their power-sharing capabilities. At UL, a WTRU can determine its transmit power based on a power control formula, where power is equally distributed across antenna ports. Various WTRU types with varying complexities and antenna port coherence can be supported. Such WTRUs can be equipped with different architectures, with different connections between the PA and antenna panel, antenna port, or antenna group. In the example, during initial access, the WTRU can report its power-sharing capabilities as part of its capability report. The gNB can receive the capability report and can configure the WTRU at power-sharing levels via RRC. The WTRU can indicate power sharing across one or more of the following in its capability report: antenna port index; antenna port group index; antenna panel index; antenna port coherence group index; and / or polarization index.

[0127] In one example, the WTRU might report that it supports a first antenna panel with a first polarization and a second antenna panel with a second polarization. The WTRU might report the number and polarization of antenna ports associated with a first antenna port group for panel 1, and the number and polarization of antenna ports associated with a second antenna port group for panel 2. The WTRU might support multiple (e.g., different numbers) antenna ports for each antenna port group. The WTRU might indicate support for equal power sharing among (e.g., all) antenna ports, regardless of the antenna port group, or it might support equal power sharing among antenna port groups and equal power sharing within antenna ports within a single antenna port group. If the WTRU does not report any power sharing capability, the network can determine that the WTRU supports equal power sharing.

[0128] A WTRU can transmit PUSCHs with per-polarity precoding. A WTRU can support transmissions of more than one PUSCH simultaneously, and can receive one scheduling grant for each PUSCH. Grants can independently allocate time and frequency resources to the WTRU, allowing it to transmit on fully overlapping, partially overlapping, or non-overlapping RB groups. Grants can be sent from different Transport Points (TRPs) on their respective coresets, and coresets can be associated with coresetPoolIndex (e.g., 0 for TRP0, 1 for TRP1). A WTRU can receive a single grant that includes resource allocation for two PUSCH transmissions across two TRPs.

[0129] In the example, the WTRU can be configured with SRS resource sets that explicitly indicate polarization indices, such that (e.g., all) SRS resources in a set are associated with the same polarization. For example, based on a WTRU capability report, the WTRU can receive an RRC configuration indicating that a first SRS resource set is configured with polarization index 1 and a second SRS resource set is configured with polarization index 2. The WTRU can receive an authorization that includes a field indicating the SRI of the SRS resources from the SRS resource sets, and the WTRU can determine to emit associated PUSCHs with the polarization associated with the SRS resource set index.

[0130] The WTRU can be configured with an explicit polarization index for each SRS resource. An SRS resource set can be configured with SRS resources associated with two different polarization indices. The WTRU can receive an authorization that includes one or more fields with one or more SRIs(s) ...)(s)(s)(s)(s))(s)(s)(s)(s))(s)(s)(s)(s))(s)(s)(s)(s))(s)(s)(s)(s))(s)(s)(s)(s))(s)(s)(s))(s)(s)(s)(s))(s)(s)(s))(s)(s)(s))(s)(s)(s)(s))(s)(s)(s))(s)(s)(s))(s)(s)(s))(s)(s)(s))(s)(s)(s))(s)(s)(

[0131] A WTRU can be configured with an association between a coresetPoolIndex and a polarization index, as well as a polarization index for each SRS resource or SRS resource set. The WTRU can implicitly determine the polarization index of an SRS resource or SRS resource set based on the coresetPoolIndex of the CORESET to which the WTRU receives authorization. In the example, for an SRS resource set with polarization 1, the WTRU can be configured with coresetPoolIndex = 1, while for an SRS resource set with polarization 0, the WTRU can be configured with coresetPoolIndex = 0. The WTRU can receive authorization on a CORESET associated with coresetPoolIndex = 1 and the SRI field. The WTRU can determine that the SRI indicates an SRS resource from SRS resource set 1, associated with coresetPoolIndex = 1.

[0132] The WTRU can be configured with a QCL assumption (e.g., QCL type D or E) for each SRS resource or SRS resource set, indicating the polarization index associated with the SRS resource or SRS resource set. The WTRU can receive authorization including a field with a TCI, and the WTRU can determine to transmit the associated PUSCH with the polarization indicated by the TCI. The QCL assumption for each SRS resource or SRS resource set can be updated by the MAC-CE using the co-phase factor variation of the signal transmitted from the SRS antenna port, which the WTRU can apply.

[0133] For example, based on two licenses scheduled on the same polarization, the WTRU can fall back to a single transmission. The WTRU can receive two UL licenses. At least one RB resource can overlap in the two allocations. The WTRU can be scheduled to transmit on two PUSCHs with the same polarization index. If the WTRU is scheduled with the same polarization, the transmitted signal quality may be degraded due to cross-polarization interference. In the example, based on two overlapping UL licenses with the same polarization index, the WTRU can fall back to transmit on one of the PUSCHs. The WTRU can select a PUSCH based on pre-configured rules (e.g., based on one or more of the following): the WTRU can prioritize polarization transmissions based on indices (e.g., lowest coresetPoolIndex, SRS resource index, SRS resource set index, antenna port group index); the WTRU can prioritize polarization transmissions based on the TRP index; the WTRU can prioritize polarization transmissions with the highest CQI; and / or the WTRU can prioritize polarization transmissions with the highest measured signal quality (e.g., RSRP, SINR, SNR).

[0134] Pcmax can be determined based on polarization. When the WTRU receives the UL mandate from the gNB scheduler, the following parameters can be mentioned in the DCI: RB allocation, time-domain symbols within the time slot, modulation and coding scheme (MCS), and TCI-related spatial filters. The precoding matrix index (PMI) may also be important for UL antenna ports and MIMO operation. Using these parameters, the WTRU can determine the maximum configured power (Pcmax) for a specific UL mandate. Pcmax equations or inequalities can take into account (e.g., all) possible power reductions that comply with transmit and power limits. Pcmax can be calculated for the WTRU's power class. Different size classes may have different power classes due to industry-required use cases (e.g., typical use cases): portable, customer premises equipment (CPE), wireless access point (WPA), vehicle-mounted WTRU, etc.

[0135] These dimensions (e.g., all of these dimensions) can have different antenna configurations and capabilities. In the case of UL, UL MIMO and multiple TRPs can support simultaneous transmission. The WTRU supporting simultaneous transmission can be a multi-panel equipped unit (MPUE). STxMP support may be related to mDCI (multi-DCI) support. mDCI scheduling support can result in the ability to transmit two codewords simultaneously to two (e.g., different) beams (e.g., two independent UL licenses are processed and transmitted quasi-simultaneously). Quasi-simultaneous transmission may mean that the UL timing between beams is not necessarily aligned, and the two UL time slots are not perfectly aligned, due to support for dual timing advance (TA) loops.

[0136] The Pcmax equation for FR2 (frequency above 24 GHz) may not take into account polarization-based operations in UL (e.g., the power limit is considered as a summation of power density with distribution (e.g., all) across antenna ports, where power is equally distributed among antenna ports).

[0137] If the WTRU antenna system supports cross-polarization, then MPR and A-MPR (Additional Maximum Power Reduction - Coexistence Complementary Reduction) can be considered as a sum over both polarizations. An example equation can be presented as follows. The WTRU maximum output power PCMAX,f,c can be configured for carrier f of serving cell c such that the corresponding measured peak EIRP PUMAX,f,c is within the following limits: .

[0138] The total radiated power measured at PTMAX,f,c can be calculated based on the following formula: .

[0139] When considering UL-based transmissions, the power density of a cross-polarized antenna system can be divided into two equal parts, or it can be made higher based on the WTRU power level capability. For example, for a panel or combination of panels serving at least one beam, the WTRU can have full EIRP power capability across polarizations (Hz and Vt). The WTRU can be in a power-sharing state between simultaneous UL transmissions. In the example, for a panel or combination of panels serving at least one beam, the WTRU can have half power per polarization (Hz and Vt). The WTRU may be in a so-called non-power-sharing state.

[0140] This may include Pcmax determination rules for polarization-based simultaneous UL transmissions. For simultaneous UL transmissions, in polarization-based operating modes, the WTRU may determine a first PCMAX limit (e.g., PCMAX,f,c,Vt) associated with a first UL license and a first beam (described as a spatial filter by a first UL TCI) and a second Pcmax limit (e.g., PCMAX,f,c,Hz) associated with a second UL license and a second beam (described as a spatial filter by a second UL TCI).

[0141] If the WTRU is in power-sharing mode, it may be necessary to apply the current MPR and A-MPR to each polarization, and for the UL beam, the equations for FR2 look the same as below. On the EIRP side, PCMAX,f,c,Vt and PCMAX,f,c.Hz can be carefully treated separately for the following inequalities for each polarization:

[0142] The measured values ​​of PUMAX,f,c,Hz and PUMAX,f,c,Vt obey the EIRP limits, respectively. This corresponds to the measured total radiated power P. TMAX,f,c It can be P TMAX,f,c,Hz or P TMAX,f,c,Vt And the boundary can be determined by the following formula: .

[0143] These inequalities can be carefully considered by defining the polarization-based Pcmax EIRP and total transmit power limits. Because simultaneous UL transmissions are possible, the polarization-based Pcmax limits, which overlap as Pcmax-Hz = PCMAX,f,c,Hz and Pcmax-Vt = PCMAX,f,c,Vt, can be scaled down to meet the EIRPmax or TRPmax limits due to the specific characteristics of UL beam configurations (e.g., in cases of small AoD (angle of departure)).

[0144] At least one of the following inequalities may cause Pcmax-Hz and / or Pcmax-Vt scaling:

[0145] Pumax-Hz + Pumax-Vt can be measurements of either Pcmax-Hz or Pcmax-Vt. When at least one of the above inequalities is not carefully considered, the WTRU can be scaled down by one of the two limits.

[0146] In the example, if Pcmax1 + Pcmax2 (e.g., Pcmax-Hz + Pcmax-Vt) exceeds a threshold (e.g., the WTRU power level or the WTRU power level used for EIRPmax and / or TRPmax), the WTRU can scale one or both of Pcmax1 and Pcmax2 such that the sum does not exceed the threshold.

[0147] In the example, in non-polarization-based transmission, the WTRU can calculate the Pcmax (based on TCI) for each beam, and it can scale the Pcmax of at least one or both beams to meet EIRPmax and / or TRPmax, or both limits. The power sharing status can be displayed to the gNB via a PHR report.

[0148] In the example, based on the WTRU receiving two UL grants via mDCI (two DCIs), the WTRU can calculate the power allocation for PUSCH transmissions P1 and P2 respectively. P1 and P2 can be carefully considered for their evaluated / determined limits Pcmax1 and Pcmax2. In the example, if the calculated P1 > Pcmax1, then transmission P1 is Pcmax1; otherwise, transmission P1 = the calculated P1. In the example, if the calculated P2 > Pcmax2, then transmission P2 is Pcmax2; otherwise, transmission P2 = the calculated P2.

[0149] After final power adjustments for P1 and P2 are completed, the WTRU can transmit the PUSCH channel on the first polarization and the second polarization, respectively. Examples may include Pcmax scaling. In the example, if both UL (e.g., PUSCH) transmissions include UCI or neither UL (e.g., PUSCH) transmission includes UCI, then Pcmax1 and Pcmax2 can be scaled equivalently. In the example, if one of the first UL (e.g., PUSCH) transmission and the second UL (e.g., PUSCH) transmission includes UCI while the other does not, then the Pcmax (e.g., Pcmax1 or Pcmax2) corresponding to the UL transmission that does not include UCI can be scaled.

[0150] In the example, determining the maximum power for each polarization type (e.g., and performing subsequent related actions) may be conditioned on at least one of the following: the RB allocations of the first UL transmission and the second UL transmission overlap in both time and frequency; the RB allocations of the first UL transmission and the second UL transmission overlap in time; the same panel of the WTRU serves both horizontal and vertical polarization; and / or the WTRU indicates its power capabilities as power-shared (e.g., for one or both antenna ports or groups of antenna ports associated with the UL transmission).

[0151] In an inter-cell or intra-cell configuration (with two TRPs), a multi-panel WTRU operating within multiple TRPs can maintain two power control loops. The WTRU can measure the RSRP and maintain path loss estimates for two beams with their own active TCI states, which describe the QCL characteristics of the link RS for downlink and uplink. When polarization-based operation is configured and enabled by the gNB, the gNB scheduler knows the power control, path loss measurements, and WTRU power capabilities used at a given time to optimize the scheduling process in terms of power, frequency, and time allocation.

[0152] A Power Headroom Report (PHR) can be reported for each cell or beam. This report can include Pcmax (configured maximum power) for UL authorization assessment, which includes PHR MAC CE, P-MPR (if MPE reporting on FR2 is configured), and PHR. PHR can be calculated against Pcmax and the power allocated for UL authorization. P-MPR can be a power management reduction applied based on MPE (maximum permissible exposure in FR2) or SAR limits (in FR1) being exceeded for a certain amount of time.

[0153] As depicted in Table 3, a PHR MAC CE with multiple items can have the following format for n items in the serving cell: Table 3: PHR MAC CE

[0154] In Table 3, if P-MPR for MPE is configured and applied and is higher than PMR_00 (e.g., the specified minimum value), then P can be a bit set to "1". V can be a bit associated with the PHR type (real or virtual) of the serving cell "n". If PMP-R for MPE is reported, this 2-bit field can hold 4 standard values, or it may be reserved (e.g., set to zero). For quantizations in the 64-bit range in dB, PH can be a 6-bit value. For quantizations in the 64-bit range in dBm, Pcmax can be a 6-bit value.

[0155] PHR triggering can be provided. The specified PHR triggering condition can be related to phr-Tx-PowerFactorChange dB, which can be a threshold configured by the gNB at the RRC level. Since path loss is directly reflected in power allocation, a change in path loss measurement exceeding the configured phr-ProhibitTimer for a sustained period of time can trigger PHR. PHR can also be triggered if the MPE / SAR sensor detects a human approaching for at least a certain period of time and the P-MPR is above a certain threshold. Cell activation / deactivation in carrier aggregation mode can trigger PHR.

[0156] PHR can be triggered during WTRU configuration or reconfiguration of multiple TRPs. MPUE can have different power capabilities based on different panels and panel combinations used to simultaneously serve (e.g., multiple) UL beams. Power capabilities can result in different combinations of panel groups and antenna ports supporting simultaneous UL transmissions. Two categories can be considered regarding the power-shared or non-shared state of antenna groups / panels(s) that can serve beam UL transmissions: In the UL power-shared state, the power allocated to the antenna ports serving the UL beams can reach the WTRU power level in terms of EIRP, and the total transmit power can be capped (e.g., capped at EIRP or capped at total radiated power) based on the two beams being transmitted simultaneously. Power levels can be implemented for polarization. In the UL non-shared state, the power allocated to the antenna ports serving the UL beams may not reach the power level in terms of EIRP (e.g., such as two panels potentially up to 20 dBm, while the power level is 23 dBm), and there may be no limit on the total transmit power. This may be effective for polarization.

[0157] When a WTRU with multiple TRPs is configured by a gNB (e.g., based on a WTRU with multiple TRPs configured by a gNB), a PHR can be triggered. Depending on the WTRU's service panel configuration for UL beam transmission, the PHR report can include Pcmax and PHR for each beam, as well as an indication of power-shared or non-shared status. Upon reconfiguration of multiple TRPs (meaning a change in active TCI, servicing, or non-servicing TRPs), the WTRU can trigger a PHR including Pcmax, per-beam PHR, and power-shared status, depending on the service panel configuration for UL transmission.

[0158] When polarization-based operation is enabled in a multi-TRP WTRU configuration (e.g., polarization-based operation enabled in a multi-TRP WTRU configuration), the WTRU can trigger a Power Response (PHR). The PHR can include polarization-specific parameters related to UL-based transmission. In the example, for a beam, the PHR can include at least one or a combination of the following parameters: Pcmax for each polarization, the PHR based on the associated polarization, an indication of the active polarization, and / or a TRP index. The PHR can be triggered when the WTRU power capability or the UL service panel changes. During polarization-based operation, the WTRU can change the service panel based on DL measurements or due to power requirements. The WTRU on the UL service beam can determine whether the power requirement is decreasing or increasing. This decision can be based on path loss estimates for one or both TRPs in the configuration. Changes in power requirements may translate into changes in WTRU power capability. Depending on the change in power capability, the WTRU can enter a power-shared or non-shared state. This change can trigger a PHR, and the PHR can include at least one or a combination of the following parameters for at least one or more UL beams: Pcmax per polarization, PHR based on the relevant polarization, indication of active polarization, and / or TRP index.

[0159] PHR triggering can occur based on the difference between the measured Hz_RSRP and Vt_RSRP exceeding a threshold. The specificity of the measurements performed on the two polarization components (Hz-horizontal or Vt-vertical) of the configured RS during polarization-based operation can lead to triggering conditions. WTRU can maintain measurements of the Hz and Vt components of the configured or associated path loss RS based on polarization-based operation configured and active by the gNB.

[0160] Because the WTRU continuously measures and monitors the RSRP (e.g., Hz_RSRP and Vt_RSRP) based on Hz and Vt polarization for the TRP, movement of the WTRU may cause, for example, changes in the measurement between Hz and Vt based on WTRU rotation. Hz_RSRP and Vt_RSRP measurements can be performed on RSs that can be SSB, CSI-RS, or path loss RSs, while Hz- and Vt-based RSRP measurements can be based on the same or different RSs. This may imply that one of the Hz polarization or Vt polarization may become better than the other, and the polarization used may change. The WTRU may trigger a PHR when it determines that the difference between the measured Hz_RSRP and the measured Vt_RSRP exceeds a threshold (e.g., a received and / or configured threshold) for at least a configurable amount of time.

[0161] PHR can be triggered when the polarity of (one or more) WTRU UL activity changes. WTRUs are configured with a multi-TRP configuration with polarization-based operation to enable polarization-based measurements using multiple panels on two TRPs. Additionally, gNBs may require UL transfers on specific polarization types, which can be indicated along with DCI UL authorization.

[0162] Because polarization-based transmissions may be quasi-orthogonal at the WTRU RF front end, the WTRU can use polarization for its uplink transmissions in its service panel by optimizing the UL power for each polarization and / or mitigating self-interference. This may occur based on the occurrence of overlapping transmissions and the overlap of RB allocations for UL authorization in the frequency domain. When the WTRU determines a change in active UL polarization usage in a UL for one or both beams, the WTRU can trigger a PHR, which may include at least one or a combination of the following parameters for at least one or more UL beams: Pcmax for each polarization, PHR based on the associated polarization, indication of active polarization, and / or TRP index.

[0163] A Phase Response Time (PHR) can be triggered when the change in Pcmax for the active polarization exceeds a threshold. When the WTRU is configured for polarization-based operation or when a UL-licensed transmission is determined to be in polarization-based operation, Pcmax can be estimated for the expected polarization type 1 or 2. Pcmax values ​​can be estimated in the context of simultaneous transmissions in a multi-TRP scenario configured with mDCI STxMP. UL licenses may have overlapping RB assignments in both the frequency and time domains. AoD of simultaneously transmitted beams may create instances requiring power reduction. Since self-interference between UL beam transmissions can imply higher MPR in some cases (which the gNB scheduler may not be fully aware of on the WTRU side), the WTRU can trigger a PHR for a certain amount of time based on the estimated Pcmax change exceeding a configured or determined threshold. This PHR may include at least one or a combination of the following parameters for at least one or more UL beams: Pcmax for each polarization, PHR based on the relevant polarization, indication of the active polarization, and / or TRP index.

[0164] A PHR can be triggered by a change in the serving beam or TCI activation / deactivation. When at least one TCI state or a set of TCI states is reconfigured or activated / deactivated, or when at least one beam changes due to a beam failure (e.g., this might involve a change in QCL type E related to the polarization and quasi-cooperative positioning (QCL) of a configured or determined reference RS), the WTRU may change the serving panel, or the power characteristics of the serving panel may change. The WTRU may trigger a PHR when a change in one or more TCI states could affect the configuration of one or more serving antenna ports. This PHR may include at least one or a combination of the following parameters for at least one UL beam: Pcmax per polarization, PHR based on the associated polarization, indication of active polarization, and TRP index.

[0165] PHRs can be reported. If the multi-TRP is an inter-cell scenario where the PCIs of the cells are different, the PHR concept for each serving cell can be maintained in the order of the serving cell number entries in the MAC CE, starting with the Pcell (pTRP) and followed by the Scell ​​as a secondary TRP. For mDCI STxMP scenarios, due to the simultaneous nature of UL license transmissions, WTRUs can use dual-entry PHR MAC CEs, where the UL license can be an independent codeword with different RB assignments and MCS. UL beams can have their own PHRs.

[0166] If a multi-TRP example is an intra-cell TRP where the TRPs have the same PCI, the rule could be to treat the first entry as the pTRP, followed by the secondary TRPs in sequence. Due to the importance of PHR reports for multi-TRP inter-cell scenarios to the schedulers involved in UL authorized scheduling, they can be sent to the TRPs. PHR reports for intra-cell scenarios can be sent only to the anchor or pTRP cell holding configuration control.

[0167] In one example, the PHR report can be reconstructed. TRPs can be numbered using an index, a portion of the PHR report, and specific indications related to polarization conditions (e.g., shared / non-shared power state, specific polarization type 1 or 2, or measurement mode 1 or 2) can be directly indicated or inferred from the configured report format. In one example, the PHR report can be implemented in an RRC message with an enhanced PHR structure (e.g., the entire structure) capable of accommodating an mDCI STxMP, using an additional octet that can include the specificity of the polarization condition (e.g., shared / non-shared power state, or vice versa, specific polarization type 1 or 2, or measurement mode 1 or 2).

[0168] The PHR report may include at least one or a combination of the following: Pcmax (Pcmax_Hz and Pcmax_Vt) of the UL beam on its specific polarization; the status of shared / non-shared power of the current service panel / antenna port; power margin of a single beam and polarization; an indication of active polarization, which may be Hz (horizontal) or Vt (vertical); and / or there may be a TRP indication (per TRP) to identify the TRP associated with the active polarization indication, or the order of the items in the PHR indicating active UL polarization may indicate the association with a specific TRP.

[0169] Systems, methods, and tools are configured for polarization interference measurement and reporting using polarization reference signals. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) can receive Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) measurement configuration information. The CSI-RS measurement configuration information can indicate a first polarization index and a second polarization index. The first polarization index can be associated with a first polarization type, and the second polarization index can be associated with a second polarization type. The WTRU can receive a trigger to perform polarization-based CSI-RS measurement reporting. This trigger can indicate reporting information. The WTRU can determine the polarization-based CSI-RS measurement based on the received CSI-RS measurement configuration information and based on either the first or second polarization type. The WTRU can send an indication to a network entity. This indication can at least indicate a polarization-based CSI-RS measurement. The polarization-based CSI-RS measurement can be determined based on either the first or second polarization type according to the reporting information. This trigger can be received in downlink control information (DCI). The reporting information can indicate either the first or second polarization index. Based on the report information indicating the first polarization index, polarization-based CSI-RS measurements can be performed using the first polarization index. Based on the report information indicating the second polarization index, polarization-based CSI-RS measurements can be performed using the second polarization index.

[0170] Polarization-based CSI-RS measurements may include one or more of a first polarization-based measurement based on a first polarization type or a second polarization-based measurement based on a second polarization type. The indication may indicate one or more of the following: a polarization type associated with one or more of the first polarization-based measurement or the second polarization-based measurement, or an indication of a selected polarization type. The selected polarization type may include either the first polarization type or the second polarization type. Polarization-based CSI-RS measurements may be based on either the first polarization type or the second polarization type according to the RS source polarization.

[0171] The system, method, and tools are configured to perform polarization interference measurements and reporting using polarization CSI-RS. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may include a processor configured to receive a Control State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) measurement configuration that can indicate at least one or more polarization information. Upon receiving a trigger for performing a polarization-based CSI-RS measurement report, the WTRU can determine the polarization-based CSI-RS measurement using the received CSI-RS measurement configuration and the polarization type based on the report information. The WTRU can then transmit the polarization-based CSI-RS measurement.

[0172] In this WTRU, polarization information can include multiple polarization indices, each configured with a single-polarized reference signal (RS) source. Each of these polarization indices can be associated with a first polarization type and a second polarization type, determined based on the polarization of the RS source. The first polarization type can be horizontal polarization, while the second polarization type can be vertical polarization.

[0173] When two of multiple polarization indices are identified, the associated polarization type for each index may differ. For example, the first index may be associated with a first polarization type, while the second index may be associated with a second polarization type. Triggering and / or CSI-RS measurement configuration may include reporting information, such as reporting modes or sub-modes, which are used to determine whether to use the first or second polarization type for CSI-RS reception and / or measurement.

[0174] While the implementations described herein may take into account 3GPP-specific protocols, it should be understood that the implementations described herein are not limited to this case and can be applied to other wireless systems. For example, although the solutions described herein take into account LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR), or 5G-specific protocols, it should be understood that the solutions described herein are not limited to this scenario and are also applicable to other wireless systems.

[0175] The processes described above can be implemented in computer programs, software, and / or firmware incorporated in computer-readable media for execution by a computer and / or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, electronic signals (transmitted via wired and / or wireless connections) and / or computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as, but not limited to, internal hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and / or optical media (such as compact disc (CD)-ROMs and / or digital versatile discs (DVDs)). The processor associated with the software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver used in WTRUs, terminals, base stations, RNCs, and / or any host computer.

Claims

1. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), comprising: The processor is configured as follows: Receive Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) measurement configuration information, wherein the CSI-RS measurement configuration information indicates a first polarization index and a second polarization index, wherein the first polarization index is associated with a first polarization type and the second polarization index is associated with a second polarization type; Receive a trigger to execute a polarization-based CSI-RS measurement report, wherein the trigger indicates report information; Based on the received CSI-RS measurement configuration information and based on the first polarization type or the second polarization type, a polarization-based CSI-RS measurement is determined; and Send an instruction to the network entity, wherein the instruction at least indicates the polarization-based CSI-RS measurement.

2. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein, The polarization-based CSI-RS measurement is determined based on the first polarization type or the second polarization type according to the reported information.

3. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein, The trigger is received in downlink control information (DCI), and the report information indicates the first polarization index or the second polarization index.

4. The WTRU according to claim 3, wherein, The polarization-based CSI-RS measurement is based on the first polarization index, as indicated by the report information.

5. The WTRU according to claim 3, wherein, The polarization-based CSI-RS measurement is based on the second polarization index indicated by the report information.

6. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein, The polarization-based CSI-RS measurement includes one or more of a first polarization-based measurement based on the first polarization type or a second polarization-based measurement based on the second polarization type, and wherein the indication further indicates one or more of the following: a polarization type associated with one or more of the first polarization-based measurement or the second polarization-based measurement, or an indication of a selected polarization type, wherein the selected polarization type includes the first polarization type or the second polarization type.

7. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein, The polarization-based CSI-RS measurement is based on either the first polarization type or the second polarization type according to the RS source polarization.

8. A method for a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), comprising: Receive Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) measurement configuration information, wherein the CSI-RS measurement configuration information indicates a first polarization index and a second polarization index, wherein the first polarization index is associated with a first polarization type and the second polarization index is associated with a second polarization type; Receive a trigger to execute a polarization-based CSI-RS measurement report, wherein the trigger indicates report information; Based on the received CSI-RS measurement configuration information and based on the first polarization type or the second polarization type, a polarization-based CSI-RS measurement is determined; and Send an instruction to the network entity, wherein the instruction at least indicates the polarization-based CSI-RS measurement.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein, The polarization-based CSI-RS measurement is determined based on the first polarization type or the second polarization type according to the reported information.

10. The method according to claim 8, wherein, The trigger is received in downlink control information (DCI), and the report information indicates the first polarization index or the second polarization index.

11. The method according to claim 10, wherein, The polarization-based CSI-RS measurement is based on the first polarization index, as indicated by the report information.

12. The method according to claim 10, wherein, The polarization-based CSI-RS measurement is based on the second polarization index indicated by the report information.

13. The method according to claim 8, wherein, The polarization-based CSI-RS measurement includes one or more of a first polarization-based measurement based on the first polarization type or a second polarization-based measurement based on the second polarization type, and wherein the indication further indicates one or more of the following: a polarization type associated with one or more of the first polarization-based measurement or the second polarization-based measurement, or an indication of a selected polarization type, wherein the selected polarization type includes the first polarization type or the second polarization type.

14. The method according to claim 8, wherein, The polarization-based CSI-RS measurement is based on either the first polarization type or the second polarization type according to the RS source polarization.

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