Polyacrylonitrile quasi-solid electrolyte, preparation method thereof and lithium ion battery
By introducing urea derivatives and plastic crystals into polyacrylonitrile quasi-solid electrolytes, the problems of low ionic conductivity and dendrite growth in lithium-ion batteries were solved, thereby improving the cycle performance and safety of the batteries.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202410693188.6
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-05-30
- Publication Date
- 2025-12-02
AI Technical Summary
Existing lithium-ion batteries have low ionic conductivity in their solid electrolytes. Uneven deposition of metallic lithium during battery cycling can lead to dendrite formation, causing short circuits and affecting battery cycle stability and safety.
The quasi-solid-state electrolyte of polyacrylonitrile polymer modified with urea derivatives promotes uniform lithium-ion deposition by introducing urea-based additives, improves ionic conductivity by combining with plastic crystals, and enhances mechanical properties by utilizing the crystallinity of polyacrylonitrile.
It improves the cycle performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries, inhibits the growth of lithium dendrites, enhances the mechanical properties and ion transport capabilities of the batteries, and is safer than liquid electrolytes.
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Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention belongs to the field of lithium-ion batteries, specifically relating to a polyacrylonitrile quasi-solid-state electrolyte, a method for preparing the polyacrylonitrile quasi-solid-state electrolyte, and a lithium-ion battery. Background Technology
[0002] As the applications of lithium-ion batteries become increasingly widespread, research on them is also becoming more in-depth. The main components of a lithium-ion battery include the positive electrode, negative electrode, and electrolyte. The electrolyte, as a crucial part of the battery, is closely related to its performance. Currently, commercially available lithium-ion battery electrolytes are all liquids, which have poor safety and their energy density is close to the theoretical limit, limiting future development potential. Therefore, researchers are increasingly turning their attention to solid-state electrolytes.
[0003] Solid polymer electrolytes have many advantages such as low cost, high safety, and good integration, and are considered to be the development direction of the next generation of electrolytes.
[0004] However, solid-state batteries still face some unresolved issues before they can be widely used. For example, polymer solid-state electrolytes have lower ionic conductivity compared to liquid electrolytes; and during battery cycling, uneven deposition of lithium metal can generate dendrites that penetrate the electrolyte, causing short circuits and severely affecting battery cycle stability and safety. Summary of the Invention
[0005] The present invention aims to provide a quasi-solid-state electrolyte using a urea derivative-modified polyacrylonitrile polymer, a method for preparing the same, and a lithium-ion battery. This quasi-solid-state electrolyte exhibits higher conductivity and better cycle performance.
[0006] A first aspect of the present invention provides a polyacrylonitrile quasi-solid-state electrolyte, the quasi-solid-state polymer electrolyte comprising polyacrylonitrile, lithium salt, plastic crystals, and urea-based additives; based on the total weight of the quasi-solid-state electrolyte, the weight content of polyacrylonitrile is 35-65%, the weight content of lithium salt is 20-50%, the weight content of plastic crystals is 3%-35%, and the weight content of urea-based additives is 0.01%-10%.
[0007] A second aspect of the present invention provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned quasi-solid electrolyte, comprising the following steps:
[0008] 1) The polyacrylonitrile, lithium salt, and plastic crystals are mixed with a first organic solvent to obtain a mixed solution;
[0009] 2) Dry the mixed solution;
[0010] 3) Dissolve the urea-based additive in a second organic solvent and add it dropwise onto the product obtained in step 2) to obtain the quasi-solid electrolyte.
[0011] A third aspect of the present invention provides a lithium-ion battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is the aforementioned quasi-solid-state electrolyte.
[0012] The present invention has the following advantages:
[0013] 1. This invention introduces urea-based compounds as additives, utilizing their adsorption properties for lithium ions to induce uniform deposition of lithium ions on the negative electrode side, inhibiting the growth of lithium dendrites and promoting the improvement of solid-state battery cycle performance.
[0014] 2. The self-diffusion of plastic crystals and the rotation of their molecules or ions can promote the movement of lithium ions and improve ionic conductivity. In addition, plastic crystals have the dual characteristics of solid and liquid states, which also take into account many requirements such as mechanical properties and ion transport between electrodes.
[0015] 3. Compared with liquid electrolytes, the quasi-solid electrolyte of the present invention has better safety and is not flammable.
[0016] 4. The substrate used in the quasi-solid electrolyte of this invention is polyacrylonitrile, which is crystalline and has good mechanical properties. Polyacrylonitrile has good compatibility with plastic crystals, and can obtain a product with both good mechanical properties (tensile strength 21-24 MPa) and high ionic conductivity.
[0017] 5. The method for preparing quasi-solid electrolytes according to the present invention is simple and easy to implement, the raw materials are readily available, and it is conducive to promotion.
[0018] Other features and advantages of the present invention will be described in detail in the following detailed description section. Attached Figure Description
[0019] Exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0020] Figure 1 This is a comparison chart of the conductivity of the electrolytes prepared in each example and comparative example at 25°C. Detailed Implementation
[0021] The following provides a detailed description of specific embodiments of the present invention. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for illustrative and explanatory purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
[0022] This invention provides a polyacrylonitrile quasi-solid-state electrolyte, comprising polyacrylonitrile, lithium salt, plastic crystals, and urea-based additives. Based on the total weight of the quasi-solid-state electrolyte, the polyacrylonitrile content is 35-65%, preferably 40-60%, more preferably 45-55% by weight; the lithium salt content is 20-50%, preferably 25-40%, more preferably 27-37% by weight; the plastic crystal content is 3%-35%, preferably 5%-25%, more preferably 8%-15% by weight; and the urea-based additive content is 0.01%-10%, preferably 0.1%-5%, more preferably 0.5%-3% by weight. The weight content of the urea-based additives is based on the solid component.
[0023] The "quasi-solid electrolyte" described in this invention refers to an electrolyte that is predominantly solid, while also containing a small portion of liquid. Specifically, the quasi-solid electrolyte comprises a solid phase and a liquid phase. The solid phase includes polyacrylonitrile, lithium salt, and plastic crystals, while the liquid phase is a solution of urea-based additives. According to a specific embodiment of this invention, the liquid phase is attached to the solid phase.
[0024] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the solution of the urea-based additive as the liquid phase is a mixture of the urea-based additive and an organic solvent, wherein the concentration of the urea-based additive solution is 0.3-30% by weight, preferably 1-25% by weight. The organic solvent can be any organic solvent capable of dissolving the urea-based additive and serving as an electrolyte component, preferably one or more of N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, acetonitrile, and acetone, more preferably acetonitrile and / or N,N-dimethylformamide, and even more preferably N,N-dimethylformamide.
[0025] The urea additive of the present invention can be urea and its derivatives. Preferably, the urea additive is one or more of urea, melamine, acetylurea, diacetylurea, barbituric acid and aminourea, and more preferably acetylurea and / or diacetylurea.
[0026] The lithium salt used in this invention can be a conventional choice in the art, including but not limited to one or more of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate)imide, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonate)imide, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluorophosphate, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium bis(oxalate)borate, and lithium di(oxalate)borate; preferably lithium hexafluorophosphate and / or lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate)imide; more preferably lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate)imide.
[0027] According to the present invention, the plastic crystal includes, but is not limited to, one or more of succinic anionyl nitrile, Li2SO4 and α-Na2SO4, preferably succinic anionyl nitrile.
[0028] The solid phase in the quasi-solid electrolyte of the present invention is preferably in the form of a film, the thickness of which can be set as needed, for example, 60-200 μm, and the liquid phase can exist on the film as the solid phase.
[0029] The present invention also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned quasi-solid electrolyte, comprising the following steps:
[0030] 1) The polyacrylonitrile, lithium salt, and plastic crystals are mixed with a first organic solvent to obtain a mixed solution;
[0031] 2) Dry the mixed solution;
[0032] 3) Dissolve the urea-based additive in a second organic solvent and add it dropwise onto the product obtained in step 2) to obtain the quasi-solid electrolyte.
[0033] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, step 2) includes:
[0034] 2-1) The mixed solution is coated onto the mold carrier using a solution casting method to form a liquid film;
[0035] 2-2) The liquid film is vacuum dried.
[0036] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step 1), the mass concentration of the solute in the mixed solution is 10-40% by weight; the first organic solvent is one or more of N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, acetonitrile and acetone, preferably acetonitrile and / or N,N-dimethylformamide, and more preferably N,N-dimethylformamide.
[0037] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, step 1) includes: mixing the polyacrylonitrile, lithium salt and plastic crystal with a first organic solvent, and stirring thoroughly to completely dissolve the polyacrylonitrile and lithium salt to obtain a mixed solution; the stirring is preferably carried out at 40°C-75°C.
[0038] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step 2), the drying temperature is 25-80°C and the time is 12-48 hours.
[0039] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step 3), the concentration of the urea additive is 0.3-30% by weight, and the second organic solvent is one or more of N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, acetonitrile and acetone, preferably acetonitrile and / or N,N-dimethylformamide, and more preferably N,N-dimethylformamide.
[0040] The first organic solvent and the second organic solvent may be the same or different. This invention does not impose any particular limitation on this.
[0041] This invention also provides a lithium-ion battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is the aforementioned quasi-solid-state electrolyte. The positive and negative electrodes of the lithium-ion battery can be made of various conventional positive and negative electrode materials, and this invention does not impose any particular limitation on them.
[0042] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the embodiments, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to these embodiments.
[0043] Example 1
[0044] 5 g of polyacrylonitrile, 1 g of succinic anionyl nitrile, 33 g of N,N-dimethylformamide, and 3.48 g of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate)imide were added to a 100 mL flask and stirred at 40 °C for 8 h to obtain a homogeneous mixed solution. The mixed solution was cast onto a polytetrafluoroethylene mold and dried in a vacuum oven at 60 °C for 24 h. Then, a solution of N,N-dimethylformamide containing 5% acetylurea was prepared, and 2 g was added dropwise to the above sample to obtain a polyacrylonitrile quasi-solid electrolyte. This quasi-solid electrolyte was in the form of a film with a thickness of 70 μm.
[0045] Example 2
[0046] 4 g of polyacrylonitrile, 0.85 g of succinic anionyl nitrile, 20 g of acetonitrile, and 3 g of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate)imide were added to a 250 mL flask and stirred at 50 °C for 10 h to obtain a homogeneous mixed solution. The mixed solution was cast onto a polytetrafluoroethylene mold and dried in a vacuum oven at 80 °C for 24 h. Then, an acetonitrile solution containing 10% diacetylurea was prepared and 0.9 g was added dropwise to the above sample to obtain a polyacrylonitrile quasi-solid electrolyte. This quasi-solid electrolyte was in the form of a film with a thickness of 90 μm.
[0047] Example 3
[0048] 3 g of polyacrylonitrile, 0.85 g of succinic anionyl nitrile, 20 g of N,N-dimethylformamide, and 2.1 g of lithium difluorosulfonyl imide were added to a 100 mL flask and stirred at 70 °C for 7 h to obtain a homogeneous mixed solution. The mixed solution was cast onto a polytetrafluoroethylene mold and dried in a vacuum oven at 70 °C for 24 h. Then, a solution of N,N-dimethylacetamide containing 15% acetylurea was prepared and 0.5 g was added dropwise to the above sample to obtain a polyacrylonitrile quasi-solid-state electrolyte. This quasi-solid-state electrolyte was in the form of a film with a thickness of 150 μm.
[0049] Example 4
[0050] 5 g of polyacrylonitrile, 0.9 g of succinic anionyl nitrile, 32 g of N,N-dimethylacetamide, and 3.25 g of lithium difluorosulfonyl imide were added to a 100 mL flask and stirred at 40 °C for 6 h to obtain a homogeneous mixed solution. The mixed solution was cast onto a polytetrafluoroethylene mold and dried in a vacuum oven at 70 °C for 24 h. Then, an N,N-dimethylacetamide solution containing 15% urea was prepared and 0.7 g was added dropwise to the above sample to obtain a polyacrylonitrile quasi-solid-state electrolyte. This quasi-solid-state electrolyte was in the form of a film with a thickness of 90 μm.
[0051] Example 5
[0052] 3.2 g of polyacrylonitrile, 0.8 g of succinic anionyl nitrile, 16 g of acetone, and 1.6 g of lithium difluorosulfonyl imide were added to a 250 mL flask and stirred at 70 °C for 7 h to obtain a homogeneous mixed solution. The mixed solution was cast onto a polytetrafluoroethylene mold and dried in a vacuum oven at 80 °C for 24 h. Then, an acetone solution containing 20% melamine was prepared and 0.3 g was added dropwise to the above sample to obtain a polyacrylonitrile quasi-solid-state electrolyte. This quasi-solid-state electrolyte was in the form of a film with a thickness of 190 μm.
[0053] Example 6
[0054] 3.5 g of polyacrylonitrile, 0.85 g of succinic anionyl nitrile, 20 g of acetonitrile, and 3 g of lithium hexafluorophosphate were added to a 250 mL flask and stirred at 50 °C for 10 h to obtain a homogeneous mixed solution. The mixed solution was cast onto a polytetrafluoroethylene mold and dried in a vacuum oven at 80 °C for 24 h. Then, an acetonitrile solution containing 25% barbituric acid was prepared and 0.3 g was added dropwise to the above sample to obtain a polyacrylonitrile quasi-solid-state electrolyte. This quasi-solid-state electrolyte was in the form of a film with a thickness of 90 μm.
[0055] Example 7
[0056] 4 g of polyacrylonitrile, 0.75 g of Li₂SO₄, 18 g of acetonitrile, and 3 g of lithium perchlorate were added to a 250 mL flask and stirred at 50 °C for 10 h to obtain a homogeneous mixed solution. The mixed solution was cast onto a polytetrafluoroethylene mold and dried in a vacuum oven at 80 °C for 24 h. Then, an acetonitrile solution containing 1% aminourea was prepared and 5 g was added dropwise to the above sample to obtain a polyacrylonitrile quasi-solid electrolyte. This quasi-solid electrolyte was in the form of a film with a thickness of 130 μm.
[0057] Example 8
[0058] 3 g of polyacrylonitrile, 0.8 g of succinic anionyl nitrile, 18 g of N,N-dimethylformamide, and 3 g of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate)imide were added to a 250 mL flask and stirred at 50 °C for 10 h to obtain a homogeneous mixed solution. The mixed solution was cast onto a polytetrafluoroethylene mold and dried in a vacuum oven at 60 °C for 24 h. Then, a solution of N,N-dimethylformamide containing 5% acetylurea was prepared and 1.2 g was added dropwise to the above sample to obtain a polyacrylonitrile quasi-solid electrolyte. This quasi-solid electrolyte was in the form of a film with a thickness of 70 μm.
[0059] Example 9
[0060] The quasi-solid electrolyte was prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that a solution of N,N-dimethylformamide containing 5% acetylurea was prepared and 0.8 g was added dropwise to the sample.
[0061] Example 10
[0062] The quasi-solid electrolyte was prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that a solution of N,N-dimethylformamide containing 5% acetylurea was prepared and 6g was added dropwise to the sample.
[0063] Example 11
[0064] The quasi-solid electrolyte was prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that an N,N-dimethylformamide solution containing 5% urea was prepared and 2g was added dropwise to the sample.
[0065] Example 12
[0066] The quasi-solid electrolyte was prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that an N,N-dimethylformamide solution containing 5% melamine was prepared and 2g was added dropwise to the sample.
[0067] Example 13
[0068] The quasi-solid electrolyte was prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that an N,N-dimethylformamide solution containing 5% barbituric acid was prepared and 2g was added dropwise to the sample.
[0069] Example 14
[0070] The quasi-solid electrolyte was prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that a solution of N,N-dimethylformamide containing 5% aminourea was prepared and 2g was added dropwise to the sample.
[0071] Comparative Example 1
[0072] 5 g of polyacrylonitrile, 1 g of succinic anionyl nitrile, 33 g of N,N-dimethylformamide, and 3.48 g of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate)imide were added to a 100 mL flask and stirred at 40 °C for 8 h to obtain a homogeneous mixed solution. The mixed solution was cast onto a polytetrafluoroethylene mold and dried in a vacuum oven at 60 °C for 24 h to obtain a polyacrylonitrile solid electrolyte. This solid electrolyte is in the form of a film with a thickness of 70 μm.
[0073] Comparative Example 2
[0074] The quasi-solid electrolyte was prepared according to the method of Example 1, except that a solution of N,N-dimethylformamide containing 30% acetylurea was prepared and 4g was added dropwise to the sample.
[0075] Test case
[0076] The room temperature (25°C) conductivity of the quasi-solid electrolyte membranes prepared in each example and comparative example was tested based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results are as follows: Figure 1 As shown in Table 1.
[0077] Batteries were prepared by assembling lithium iron phosphate cathode, lithium metal anode and quasi-solid-state electrolytes prepared in each example and comparative example, and then cycle performance was tested at a charge-discharge rate of 0.5C.
[0078] Table 1
[0079] project <![CDATA[Ionic conductivity S·cm -1 > Number of cycles Example 1 <![CDATA[7.58×10 -4 ]]> 390 Example 2 <![CDATA[7.16×10 -4 ]]> 349 Example 3 <![CDATA[7.32×10 -4 ]]> 372 Example 4 <![CDATA[6.77×10 -4 ]]> 328 Example 5 <![CDATA[6.46×10 -4 ]]> 302 Example 6 <![CDATA[5.92×10 -4 ]]> 278 Example 7 <![CDATA[5.37×10 -4 ]]> 259 Example 8 <![CDATA[4.81×10 -4 ]]> 242 Example 9 <![CDATA[5.85×10 -4 ]]> 272 Example 10 <![CDATA[6.12×10 -4 ]]> 283 Example 11 <![CDATA[6.99×10 -4 ]]> 336 Example 12 <![CDATA[6.68×10 -4 ]]> 324 Example 13 <![CDATA[6.26×10 -4 ]]> 288 Example 14 <![CDATA[5.83×10 -4 ]]> 270 Comparative Example 1 <![CDATA[3.22×10 -4 ]]> 27 Comparative Example 2 <![CDATA[3.89×10 -4 ]]> 85
[0080] From Table 1 and Figure 1 It can be seen that because urea derivatives induce lithium-ion deposition and inhibit the growth of lithium-ion dendrites, the number of cycles of the full cell is greater, and the addition of urea derivatives can appropriately improve the room temperature conductivity of the electrolyte.
[0081] The various embodiments of the present invention have been described above. These descriptions are exemplary and not exhaustive, nor are they limited to the disclosed embodiments. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments.
[0082] The endpoints and any values of the ranges disclosed herein are not limited to the precise ranges or values, and these ranges or values should be understood to include values close to these ranges or values. For numerical ranges, the endpoint values of the various ranges, the endpoint values of the various ranges and individual point values, and individual point values can be combined with each other to obtain one or more new numerical ranges, which should be considered as specifically disclosed herein.
Claims
1. A polyacrylonitrile quasi-solid-state electrolyte, characterized in that, The quasi-solid polymer electrolyte comprises polyacrylonitrile, lithium salt, plastic crystals, and urea-based additives; based on the total weight of the quasi-solid electrolyte, the weight content of polyacrylonitrile is 35-65%, the weight content of lithium salt is 20-50%, the weight content of plastic crystals is 3%-35%, and the weight content of urea-based additives is 0.01%-10%.
2. The quasi-solid electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein, Based on the total weight of the quasi-solid electrolyte, the polyacrylonitrile content is 40-60%, preferably 45-55% by weight; the lithium salt content is 25-40%, preferably 27-37% by weight; the plastic crystal content is 5%-25%, preferably 8%-15% by weight; and the urea additive content is 0.1%-5%, preferably 0.5%-3% by weight.
3. The quasi-solid electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein, The quasi-solid electrolyte comprises a solid phase and a liquid phase. The solid phase comprises polyacrylonitrile, lithium salt, and plastic crystals, and the liquid phase is a solution of urea-based additives.
4. The quasi-solid electrolyte according to claim 3, wherein, The urea additive solution is a mixture of urea additive and organic solvent, and the concentration of the urea additive solution is 0.3-30% by weight, preferably 1-25% by weight.
5. The quasi-solid electrolyte according to claim 4, wherein, The organic solvent is one or more of N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, acetonitrile and acetone, preferably acetonitrile and / or N,N-dimethylformamide, and more preferably N,N-dimethylformamide.
6. The quasi-solid electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein, The urea-based additive is one or more of urea, melamine, acetylurea, diacetylurea, barbituric acid, and aminourea, preferably acetylurea and / or diacetylurea.
7. The quasi-solid electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein, The lithium salt is one or more of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate)imide, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonate)imide, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluorophosphate, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium bis(oxalate)borate, and lithium di(oxalate)borate; preferably lithium hexafluorophosphate and / or lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate)imide; more preferably lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate)imide.
8. The quasi-solid electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein, The plastic crystal is one or more of succinic acid, Li2SO4 and α-Na2SO4, preferably succinic acid.
9. The quasi-solid-state electrolyte according to claim 3, wherein, The solid phase is in the form of a film with a thickness of 60-200 μm.
10. A method for preparing the quasi-solid-state electrolyte according to any one of claims 1-9, comprising the following steps: 1) The polyacrylonitrile, lithium salt, and plastic crystals are mixed with a first organic solvent to obtain a mixed solution; 2) Dry the mixture; 3) Dissolve the urea-based additive in a second organic solvent and add it dropwise onto the product obtained in step 2) to obtain the quasi-solid electrolyte.
11. The preparation method according to claim 10, wherein, Step 2) includes: 2-1) The mixed solution is coated onto the mold carrier using a solution casting method to form a liquid film; 2-2) The liquid film is vacuum dried.
12. The preparation method according to claim 10 or 11, wherein, In step 1), the mass concentration of the solute in the mixed solution is 10-40%; the first organic solvent is one or more of N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, acetonitrile and acetone, preferably acetonitrile and / or N,N-dimethylformamide, and more preferably N,N-dimethylformamide.
13. The preparation method according to claim 10 or 11, wherein, Step 1) includes: mixing the polyacrylonitrile, lithium salt and plastic crystal with a first organic solvent, and stirring thoroughly to completely dissolve the polyacrylonitrile and lithium salt to obtain a mixed solution; the stirring is preferably carried out at 40℃-75℃.
14. The preparation method according to claim 10 or 11, wherein, In step 2), the drying temperature is 25-80℃ and the time is 12-48 hours.
15. The preparation method according to claim 10 or 11, wherein, In step 3), the concentration of the urea additive is 0.3-30% by weight, and the second organic solvent is one or more of N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, acetonitrile and acetone, preferably acetonitrile and / or N,N-dimethylformamide, and more preferably N,N-dimethylformamide.
16. A lithium-ion battery, characterized in that, The lithium-ion battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is a quasi-solid-state electrolyte as described in any one of claims 1-9.