Large doughnut-shaped dry grounds for small adult dogs

Abstract

A method for feeding small adult dogs, the method comprising dispensing a portion of dry grounds to small adult dogs having a weight of less than about 11 kg wherein from about 20% to 100% of the portion of individual dry grounds may be doughnut-shaped and have an average bore diameter of from about 3 mm to about 8 mm and an average diameter of from about 8 mm to about 2 cm. The average thickness of the dry gross may also be from about 8 mm to about 2 cm.

Description

[0001] Cross Reference to Related Applications

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 506,544, filed June 6, 2023, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Background Technology

[0003] Small adult dogs are often fed dry grits that are proportionate to the small volume and constrained shape common to the anatomy of small adult dogs. For example, they are typically fed relatively small, standard-shaped grits, such as cubic or rectangular blocks with an average size well below approximately 1 cm (e.g., approximately 6 mm length x width x thickness). In addition, various animal behaviors may contribute to feeding problems such as rapid eating and rapid chewing, which in some cases may lead to labored swallowing. Behavioral studies can be conducted to determine if there are any sizes, shapes, thicknesses, and / or other configurations that would improve some of these negative behaviors in a way that is beneficial to the animal's health. Attached Figure Description

[0004] Figure 1 An example upper and lower jaw of a canid or dog according to this disclosure is shown, and example tooth positions suitable for measuring and calculating the average oral cavity area of ​​a canid are shown;

[0005] Figure 2 This is a box plot showing example data related to the feeding duration of a small adult dog group according to this disclosure;

[0006] Figure 3 This is a graph illustrating an example improvement in feeding duration in a small adult dog population that occurs according to this disclosure by changing a single physical property (e.g., shape, diameter, or thickness) compared to a reference coarse abrasive.

[0007] Figure 4 This is a box plot showing example data related to chewing duration in a small adult dog population according to this disclosure;

[0008] Figure 5 This is a graph illustrating an example improvement in chewing duration in a small adult dog population that occurs according to this disclosure by changing a single physical property (e.g., shape, diameter, or thickness) compared to a reference coarse abrasive.

[0009] Figure 6 This is a box plot showing example data related to feeding in a small adult dog population according to this disclosure;

[0010] Figure 7This is a graph illustrating an example improvement in feed intake in a small adult dog population that occurs according to this disclosure by changing a single physical property (e.g., shape, diameter, or thickness) compared to a reference coarse abrasive.

[0011] Figure 8 This is a graph illustrating an example improvement in eating speed in a small adult dog group, achieved by changing a single physical property (e.g., shape, diameter, or thickness) compared to a reference coarse abrasive, according to this disclosure; and

[0012] Figure 9 This is a graph illustrating an example improvement in labored swallowing in a small adult dog population, as shown in this disclosure, by altering a single physical property (e.g., shape, diameter, or thickness) compared to a reference coarse abrasive. Detailed Implementation

[0013] According to examples of this disclosure, methods and compositions for feeding small adult dogs are disclosed. In some examples, the method of feeding a small adult dog may include distributing a portion of dry coarse abrasive to a small adult dog weighing less than about 11 kg. According to these methods, about 20% to 100% of the individual dry coarse abrasive blocks may be donut-shaped with an average inner diameter of about 3 mm to about 8 mm, an average diameter of about 8 mm to about 2 cm, and an average thickness of about 8 mm to about 2 cm. In one example, the average diameter may be about 1.1 cm to about 2 cm, and / or the average diameter may be about 1.4 cm to about 2 cm or about 1.1 cm to about 2 cm. In some examples, the moisture content of the dry coarse abrasive is about 4% by weight to about 10% by weight, and / or the average stiffness of the dry coarse abrasive is about 40 N / mm to about 120 N / mm. More specifically, after the portion is allocated and the small adult dog begins to be fed the dry coarsely ground food, approximately 45% to approximately 75% of the first three minutes of feeding, on average, may include chewing time and / or less than 50% of the first three minutes of feeding, on average, may include eating time. In other examples, the small adult dog may exhibit a lower frequency of labored swallowing during the first three minutes of feeding the dry coarsely ground food compared to the first three minutes of feeding the comparative dry coarsely ground food, which does not penetrate its inner pore and has a smaller diameter and thinner thickness compared to the comparative dry coarsely ground food. More specifically, the small adult dog may be defined not only by weight but also by the average oral cavity area of ​​the dog, which may be, for example, approximately 12 cm². 2 Approximately 22cm 2 .

[0014] Other examples of dry coarse abrasives may include about 20% to 100% donut-shaped dry coarse abrasive blocks having an average inner diameter of about 3 mm to about 8 mm, an average diameter of about 1.1 cm to about 2 cm, and an average thickness of about 8 mm to about 2 cm. In these examples, the average stiffness of the dry coarse abrasive may be about 40 N / mm to about 120 N / mm, and the moisture content may be up to about 10% by weight. In some examples, the dry coarse abrasive is formulated for small adult dogs and may be packaged with a label indicating that the dry coarse abrasive is intended for small adult dogs. More specifically, the average diameter may be about 1.4 cm to about 2 cm and / or about 1.1 cm to about 2 cm.

[0015] It should be noted that when discussing examples relating to methods of feeding small adult dogs or dry coarse abrasives suitable for feeding small adult dogs, such discussions may be considered to be mutually applicable, regardless of whether they are explicitly discussed in the context of that example. Thus, for example, when “average bore diameter” is discussed in the context of a method, such disclosure is also relevant to and directly supported in the context of dry coarse abrasives, and vice versa.

[0016] Furthermore, unless otherwise stated, the terms used herein have their general meanings in the relevant technical fields. In some cases, more specifically defined terms are used throughout the specification, and more general terms are included at the end of the specification. These more specifically defined terms have the meanings as described herein.

[0017] The term "coarse food" refers to dry or semi-moist pet food chunks, which may be in the shape of pellets or any other shape. Non-limiting examples of coarse food include: kibble; pellets; pet food chunks, dehydrated meat, imitation meat products, vegetables, and combinations thereof; and pet treats such as jerky or dried vegetables, raw hides, and biscuits.

[0018] The term "dry coarse abrasive" as used herein refers to coarse abrasive with a moisture content of up to about 20 wt%. In some examples, the moisture content may be up to about 15 wt%, up to about 12 wt%, or up to about 10 wt%. Example moisture content ranges may be about 4 wt% to about 10 wt%, about 5 wt% to about 9 wt%, or about 7 wt% to about 9 wt%. Furthermore, coarse abrasive may have rheological properties distinguishable from those of wet or even semi-wet coarse abrasive. Methods for determining the rheological properties of coarse abrasive involve using a pointed probe that tapers from a tip to a diameter of about 5 mm over a tapered length of about 1.5 cm. For measurement, the tapered probe is forced to descend into the coarse abrasive at a constant speed (e.g., about 2 mm / sec) at its tip. The probe may be set to a maximum penetration descent or distance into the coarse abrasive of up to about 4 mm (or greater), since breakage of dry coarse abrasive typically occurs before about 3 mm. Using this device, the penetration force in Newtons (N) and the distance to breakage in millimeters (mm) are recorded. This penetration force and distance can then be used to calculate a slope representing stiffness in Newtons per millimeter (N / mm). According to some examples of this disclosure, the stiffness of the coarse abrasive of this disclosure may be from about 40 N / mm to about 120 N / mm, from about 50 N / mm to about 110 N / mm, or from about 60 N / mm to about 100 N / mm, where the coarse abrasive is considered dry and semi-wet or softer coarse abrasives will generally be excluded.

[0019] According to examples of this disclosure, the dry coarse grinder comprises at least about 20% of individual dry donut-shaped coarse grinder blocks. In some examples, the dry coarse grinder may comprise about 20% to 100% donut-shaped dry coarse grinder, about 35% to 100% donut-shaped dry coarse grinder, about 50% to 100% donut-shaped dry coarse grinder, about 75% to 100% donut-shaped dry coarse grinder, about 90% to 100% donut-shaped dry coarse grinder, about 100% donut-shaped dry coarse grinder, or about 50% to about 95% by weight of dry coarse grinder. Although the dry coarse grinder of this disclosure is donut-shaped (or predominantly donut-shaped), other dry coarse grinder compositions described herein for comparative purposes are available for evaluating chewing time, effortful swallowing, and / or other feeding attributes associated with feeding small adult dogs.

[0020] Dry coarse mills can be prepared to contain animal tissues (proteins and fats), such as beef, chicken, turkey, pork, lamb, fish, beef tallow, refined lard, chicken fat, turkey fat, lamb fat, fish fat, etc. In some examples, the dry coarse mills may optionally or additionally contain non-animal protein and fat sources and / or carbohydrates, such as green peas, chickpeas, legumes, barley, oatmeal, brown rice, soy protein, pea protein, etc. The dry coarse mills may include animal digests coated thereon or otherwise incorporated therein, such as dried or liquid animal digests. The dry coarse mills may also contain ingredients such as antioxidants, palatability-enhancing compounds, and nutritional fortification additives. For example, antioxidants can be added at any stage during preparation to prevent oxidation that is often associated with the presence of fat. Examples of antioxidants that may be used include natural or synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, propyl gallate, octyl gallate, tocopherol, rosemary extract, ascorbic acid, or combinations thereof. Additionally, the dry coarsely ground material may optionally contain additional ingredients such as starch, humectants, oral care ingredients, preservatives, amino acids, fiber, prebiotics, sugars, animal oils, fragrances, other oils as a supplement to or alternative to plant oils, salts, vitamins, minerals, probiotic microorganisms, bioactive molecules, or combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of suitable preservatives include potassium sorbate, sorbic acid, sodium methylparaben, calcium propionate, propionic acid, and combinations thereof.

[0021] According to examples of this disclosure, the donut-shaped dry coarse abrasive described herein can have any of a plurality of size ranges. As mentioned above, the average diameter of the dry coarse abrasive can be from about 8 mm to about 2 cm, but other diameter dimensions can be, for example, from about 1 cm to about 2 cm, from about 1.1 cm to about 2 cm, from about 1.1 cm to about 1.8 cm, or from about 1.4 cm to about 2 cm. The average thickness of the dry coarse abrasive can be, for example, from about 8 mm to about 2 cm, from about 1 cm to about 2 cm, from about 1.1 cm to about 2 cm, from about 1.1 cm to about 1.8 cm, or from about 1.4 cm to about 2 cm. The average size of the inner hole can be, for example, from about 3 mm to about 8 mm, from about 3 mm to about 6 mm, from about 4 mm to about 7 mm, or from about 4 mm to about 6 mm.

[0022] When the term "diameter" is used herein, this does not necessarily imply that the dry coarse abrasive is circular or that the bore itself is circular or perfectly circular, as the approximate arcuate nature of a single dry coarse abrasive block may vary somewhat with respect to its external shape and the shape of its bore. Furthermore, the bore may or may not be perfectly concentric with respect to the outer "diameter" of a single dry coarse abrasive block, as the bore may be slightly offset relative to its position relative to the outer periphery of the dry coarse abrasive. When the dry coarse abrasive does not have a substantially or perfectly circular outer periphery shape and / or bore shape, the "diameter" is based on its "equivalent diameter," which is based on distance measurements around the periphery shape and / or bore shape of the dry coarse abrasive. This distance measurement is then assumed to be the circumference of an equivalent circle used to determine the equivalent diameter of the dry coarse abrasive. Therefore, the term "diameter," as used herein, also includes shapes that may not be perfectly circular at the periphery or bore, but can be measured and idealized as circular to determine their equivalent diameter (or, as defined herein, their "diameter"). Furthermore, when considering the “diameter” of dry coarse abrasive shapes (such as squares, pentagons, etc.), the diameter of those coarse abrasives can be calculated in the same way to determine the “effective diameter.” Sometimes, for further clarity, the diameter may be referred to as the “size,” but in either case, this measurement is based on the diameter or equivalent diameter (if not a circle) of the dry coarse abrasive in the XY plane.

[0023] The term "thickness" or "thickness" refers to the measurement of the dry coarse abrasive in the Z-axis direction, which is perpendicular to the diameter measurement of the dry coarse abrasive. Since the dry coarse abrasive of this disclosure is donut-shaped, it should be understood that the thickness or Z-axis measurement is perpendicular to the XY plane dimension having an inner hole passing through it.

[0024] As used herein, the term "donut-shaped" includes any shape of dry roughing material having an XY axis with an outer perimeter and a Z-axis thickness. The XY axis also includes an inner bore passing through the dry roughing material. The inner bore may be concentrically positioned relative to the outer perimeter or may be offset relative to the outer perimeter. The size of the outer perimeter and the inner bore is based on their diameter measurement, which is an equivalent diameter measurement when the dry roughing material is not circular, such as elliptical or some other similar rounded shape.

[0025] When referring to small adult dogs, there is no universally accepted, definitive weight cutoff; therefore, for the purposes of this disclosure, the size range of small adult dogs can range from the smallest adult domestic dog to a small dog weighing up to about 10 kg. Small adult dogs can generally be domestic dogs that are no longer puppies, for example, at least 1 year old. In some examples, small dogs include, for example, all dogs weighing up to about 11 kg, up to about 10.5 kg, up to about 10 kg, or up to about 9 kg. However, in some examples, the dry coarse mill described herein can be prepared for dogs in the range of about 3 kg to about 11 kg, about 3 kg to about 10 kg, about 3 kg to about 9 kg, about 4 kg to about 10.5 kg, about 4 kg to about 10 kg, about 4 kg to about 8 kg, about 5 kg to about 10 kg, or about 6 kg to 11 kg.

[0026] More specifically, small adult dogs can be further classified according to the size of their mouths. This may be particularly useful for the methods and compositions disclosed in this invention, as the diameter and thickness of the dry coarse abrasive of this disclosure are considerably larger than the mouth size of a small adult dog. The size of the dog's oral cavity can be measured, and subsequent calculations can then be performed to return a single value referred to herein as the "mean oral cavity area." It is worth noting that this measurement does not include Z-axis measurements (as will be used to determine mouth volume), because the mean oral cavity area is sufficient to define the general mouth size of a small adult dog according to this disclosure.

[0027] According to the examples of this disclosure, the average oral cavity area of ​​a dog can be, for example, about 12 cm². 2 Approximately 22cm 2 Approximately 14cm 2 Approximately 21cm 2 Approximately 15cm 2 approximately 20cm 2 or about 14cm 2 Approximately 18cm 2 Within a certain range. To calculate the average oral cavity area of ​​a dog, the upper and lower jaws are measured independently. Figure 1The locations of the measurements are provided, and an example upper and lower jaw 100 is shown in the figure. Each jaw is measured individually, such as by independently measuring the jaw length 115, which is the distance from the front of the third incisor 110 to the back of the mouth aligned with the back of the last molar 140. The canine width 125 of the upper and lower jaws is also measured independently, and is defined as the distance between the right and left canines 120. The molar width 135 of each of the upper and lower jaws is also measured, and is defined as the distance between the right and left carnivorous molars 130. For each jaw measurement, the average width is determined by averaging the canine width and the molar width. The area of ​​each jaw is then determined by multiplying the average width by the jaw length. To obtain the “average oral cavity area” as defined herein, the areas of the upper and lower jaws are averaged together according to the following formula:

[0028] Upper jaw area = [(width of upper canine + width of upper molar) / 2] × upper jaw length

[0029] Jaw area = [(width of lower canines + width of lower molars) / 2] × jaw length

[0030] Average oral cavity area = [maxillary area + mandibular area] / 2

[0031] Feeding small adult dogs with the donut-shaped dry grinder described herein, even with a relatively large diameter, unexpectedly, by increasing the external size (diameter) of the dry grinder and / or introducing an inner hole through the originally solid grinder shape (e.g., turning a circle into a donut shape), these two improvements independently (and in some cases additively) promoted a variety of behavioral benefits associated with feeding small adult dogs. For example, by introducing a donut-shaped grinder, positive behaviors tended to occur towards increased feeding duration, increased chewing time, reduced eating time, and decreased eating speed. Furthermore, a larger dry grinder diameter was also found to tend to increase chewing time, reduce eating time, and reduce strenuous swallowing. Thus, both the donut shape and the increased diameter of the dry grinder contribute to increased chewing time and reduced eating.

[0032] Feeding involves the behavior of small adult dogs interacting with dry, coarse matter in a bowl or on the floor, namely, collecting food for chewing and / or swallowing. For example, feeding involves grasping and manipulating food, and is typically achieved by using the tongue, teeth, and jawbone to hold dry, coarse matter and fluids in the mouth. While increasing chewing time slows the eating speed and increases the duration of meals, an increase in feeding time, on the other hand, tends to indicate interaction with food in ways that do not involve chewing and swallowing. Essentially, dogs should ideally spend less time collecting and holding food in their mouths and more time chewing food for better digestion. In some cases, reducing feeding time can be considered a positive behavior improvement, and in others, such as if the dog is eating too quickly, increased feeding can be positive.

[0033] Slower eating behavior is correlated with thorough chewing, as thorough chewing is associated with good animal digestion. Therefore, better digestion can be achieved by slowing down the eating rate, extending the total meal duration, and increasing chewing time. Furthermore, animal safety can be increased by reducing the occurrence of labored swallowing (which is often accompanied by slower eating and increased chewing). All these behavioral changes can lead to better eating habits in small adult dogs. As an example, data from the following examples show that larger, dry coarse grains (1.6 cm in diameter) in a donut shape significantly increase chewing time, which is closely related to oral care, digestion, and satiety. Conversely, smaller coarse grains (5 mm in diameter) with a solid or donut shape tend to reduce chewing time and significantly increase the occurrence of labored swallowing, which may be perceived by owners as an early indication of safety issues. This information can be extended to all small adult dogs, including even small toy breeds such as Chihuahuas.

[0034] Definitions

[0035] As used herein, the terms “include” or “include” or other open-ended terms may be replaced with “consistently composed of” and “comprises of”, as such transitional phrases are explicitly included in such implementations.

[0036] When referring to the size of dry coarse-ground material, the term "average" refers to multiple blocks collected together in a common sample and averaged over the sample.

[0037] The term "approximately" refers to a value similar to the specifically listed value, possessing a degree of flexibility that does not significantly alter the function of the benefit achieved by the provided value. For example, the term "approximately" could refer to the listed value plus or minus 5%, plus or minus 3%, or plus or minus 1%. For illustrative purposes, when the term "approximately" is interpreted as a range of values ​​plus or minus 5%, such as "approximately 1 cm to approximately 2 cm," it would be interpreted as including ranges from 9.5 mm to 2.1 cm, 1.05 cm to 1.9 cm, or 1.05 cm to 2.1 cm. Similar calculations of any other individual value or range of values ​​described herein can be modified similarly so that the "approximately" modifier fully supports subranges including + / - 3% or + / - 1% of the provided value.

[0038] As used herein, ranges are abbreviated to avoid having to list and describe every value within the range. Where appropriate, any suitable value within the range may be chosen as the upper limit, lower limit, or endpoint of the range, and should therefore be flexibly interpreted to include not only the values ​​explicitly listed as range boundaries, but also any individual values ​​or subranges encompassed within the range, as if both values ​​and subranges were explicitly listed. For example, the numerical range “about 1% by weight to about 5% by weight” should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly listed values ​​of about 1% by weight to about 5% by weight, but also any individual values ​​and subranges within the indicated range. Thus, included within this numerical range are individual values ​​such as 2, 3.5, and 4; and subranges such as 1–3, 2–4, and 3–5, etc. The same principle applies to listing a range of values. Furthermore, this interpretation should apply regardless of the breadth of the range or characteristic being described.

[0039] The terms “example” or “implementation”, such as when followed by a list of terms or when a specific description including details of one or more parameters is given, are merely illustrative and should not be considered exclusive or comprehensive.

[0040] The methods and compositions disclosed herein are not limited to the specific methodologies, schemes, reagents, etc., described herein, as those skilled in the art will recognize that these specific methodologies, schemes, reagents, etc., are subject to change. Furthermore, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit, nor will it limit, the scope of disclosure herein or the protection afforded by the claims.

[0041] Unless otherwise defined, all technical terms, specialized terms, and acronyms used herein have the meanings commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains or in the art of using these terms. While any composition, method, article, or other means or material similar to or equivalent to those described herein may be used in the practice of this invention, certain compositions, methods, articles, or other means or materials are described herein.

[0042] As used herein, for convenience, multiple elements, constituent components, and / or materials may exist in a common list. However, these lists should be understood as individual members of the list being individually identified as separate and distinct members. Therefore, without indication to the contrary, this should not be used to treat any individual member of such a list as a factual equivalent of any other member in the same list solely based on the circumstances in the common group.

[0043] Examples

[0044] The features of this disclosure can be further illustrated by the following embodiments, but it should be understood that these embodiments are included herein for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, unless otherwise specifically stated.

[0045] Example 1 -A study on the monotonous feeding behavior of small adult dogs

[0046] Several small adult dogs of different breeds were studied to assess their feeding behavior, as this is associated with many different shapes and sizes of dry coarse grains. Initially, eight females and twelve males were divided into two groups of ten dogs each (Group 1 and Group 2), but one male from Group 1 was excluded due to its prominent feeding behavior; for example, no meaningful data could be collected relating to distinguishing the shape and size of dry coarse grains. The remaining 19 small adult dogs ranged in size from 6.78 kg to 10.48 kg and had calculated ages ranging from approximately 1.3 years to 6.96 years. The identities of the small adult dogs in Group 1 and Group 2 were determined in Tables 1A and 1B, respectively.

[0047]

[0048] In this study, monotropy feeding behavior was observed. Under a controlled feeding program, dogs were fed only one product at a time, and acceptability was analyzed using video observation and statistical analysis. The design of experiment (DoE) was defined as assessing feeding behavior based on the shape, size, and volume of the coarsely ground material. More specifically, 16 different dry coarsely ground materials of the same dog food formulation were prepared. Each dry coarsely ground material had its own unique physical dimensions based on four different shapes, three different diameters (or effective diameters) based on the XY plane, and three different thicknesses along the Z-axis perpendicular to the XY plane. The diameter, shape, thickness, and sample number are shown in Table 2.

[0049]

[0050] Before collecting any data, dogs were acclimatized to the environment and transparent feeding bowls during a 3-day habituation period. Notably, after three days of using the transparent bowls, any behaviors initially associated with the transparent bowls were observed to have subsided. Data were then collected via unary feeding and behavioral video recording, with each variable fed for one (1) day. The order of variables was randomly selected within and between groups. Dogs were tested in the same order each day to keep the time between feedings constant for each dog, and the test period occurred during the dogs’ main mealtime of the day, from 7:30 a.m. to 8:30 a.m. each day. The main meal of dog food formula was provided in a fixed amount during the test time. On days when dogs were not tested, they were given moderately palatable dry coarse mill (for no more than 7 days) to prevent overexposure to the dog food formula used for the study.

[0051] Multiple cameras were installed to record the dogs during the study. A total of 304 videos were collected based on 16 variables related to dry food coarse grinding as shown in Table 1 and a total of 19 small adult dogs (one of which was excluded). The main meals during the test period were edited to show only the first three minutes of feeding, and a third party was recruited to code the behavior using the Behavioral Observational Research Interactive Software (BORIS).

[0052] Eating behaviors (behavioral spectrum) related to ease of eating, chewing behavior, food enjoyment, and similar measures were coded and included the following behaviors as shown in Table 3:

[0053]

[0054] Example 2 -Observation of feeding behavior in small adult dogs

[0055] Statistical analysis was performed on the collected data. Notably, the percentage of time spent chewing (%) followed a normal distribution, while other behaviors did not. In addition to the percentage of time spent chewing, the Box-Cox transformation was successfully used to obtain a normal distribution for the following behaviors: meal duration (X... 0.6353 ), the percentage of time the nose spends in the bowl (%) (x) 0.0002913 ), the percentage of time dogs spent eating that interacts with food (%) (x 0.001224 ) and the frequency of food relocation (x 9.816e-21 The product-induced differences in these behaviors, which follow a normal distribution or can be transformed to follow a normal distribution, are tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Behaviors can also be assessed using the Tukey honest significance test (Tukey test). Furthermore, nonparametric tests (i.e., the Kruskal-Wallis test for analyzing variance and the Dunn test for pairwise comparisons) are used to statistically test behaviors that do not follow a normal distribution.

[0056] More specifically, Figure 2 , Figure 4 and Figure 6 The charts shown present raw behavioral data for feeding duration, chewing duration, and feed collection. Specifically, the three box plots illustrate animal feeding behavior along the y-axis of the chart, and the x-axis of the chart includes three dry coarse abrasive identification information lines. In each case, sixteen (16) different dry coarse abrasive samples are plotted along the x-axis of the box plot, labeled “sample number” along the first identification information line. The second identification information line shows (i) the shape of the dry coarse abrasive and (ii) the external dimensions (equivalent diameter) of the dry coarse abrasive along its XY plane, for example, showing a small icon of 5 mm, a medium icon of 1 cm, and a large icon of 1.6 cm. The third identification information line provides the thickness of the dry coarse abrasive along its Z-axis (perpendicular to the external dimensions). All sizes are based on the average size of the dry coarse abrasive samples given to small adult dogs during the study period. Apart from the differences shown along the x-axis of the box plot, all other characteristics of dry coarse abrasives are identical in other respects (such as dry coarse abrasive composition, texture, etc.). Furthermore, for Figure 2 , Figure 4 and Figure 6For each box plot, the median of each sample is shown as a horizontal line within the box plot, and the mean is shown as an "x" also within the box. Furthermore, the boxes represent the middle 50% of the small adult dog population, meaning 25% of the population is below the indicated box value and 25% is above the indicated box value. The vertical lines represent the middle 80% of the small adult dog population, meaning 10% of the population is below the indicated vertical line value and 10% is above the indicated vertical line value.

[0057] Alternative charts of the original data Figure 3 , Figure 5 and Figure 7 to Figure 9 The data presented are presented in the table. When a single modification is made to the external dimensions (XY plane), shape, or thickness (Z axis) relative to a uniformly prepared reference coarse abrasive sample (referred to as the "reference coarse abrasive"), the collected data show statistically significant differences (including applicable transformation data). The reference coarse abrasive used in this study is a solid circular shape with an external diameter of 1 cm and a thickness of 8 mm, i.e., as shown in the table. Figure 2 , Figure 4 and Figure 6 Sample number 6 is shown. In each of these graphs, a reference coarse abrasive provides reference data shown along the line marked *0. The reference coarse abrasive is then compared to various single-parameter variations to determine which individual coarse abrasive variables would have a positive effect on small dog behavior. This single-parameter modification is plotted as a positive effect on behavior (shown as a white bar) or a negative effect on behavior (shown as a black bar). For example, Figure 3 The data shown are the feeding duration plotted relative to a reference coarse abrasive. Figure 5 Data on chewing duration plotted relative to a reference coarse abrasive are shown, and Figure 7 The data on feeding, plotted relative to a reference coarse-grind material, are shown. These three graphs can be compared separately with data from... Figure 2 , Figure 4 and Figure 6 The data collected in the described individual studies are compared. Additionally, two supplementary charts are provided in this study, including... Figure 8 The data shown are the feeding rates plotted relative to a reference coarse abrasive. Figure 9 The figure shown illustrates the data of labored swallowing plotted relative to a reference coarse abrasive.

[0058] In more detail, it is important to note that the collected data include analysis of variance (ANOVA) related to various behaviors to provide a normal distribution of the data, which shows the significant effects of certain variables related to the duration of eating (time; transformed), the proportion of time spent chewing (meal duration %), and the proportion of time spent interacting with food (eating; meal duration %; transformed), as outlined in more detail in Studies A through E below.

[0059] A. Duration of eating

[0060] like Figure 2 As shown, the feeding duration of all small adult dogs on sixteen (16) different dry coarse-ground samples was plotted. In this embodiment, small adult dogs spent a total of more average time feeding on sample 15 dry coarse-ground than all other samples, and more median time feeding on sample 15 dry coarse-ground than all other samples except one, with samples 4, 11, or 12 performing the worst. Notably, three of the top four best-performing dry coarse-ground samples were donut-shaped, i.e., two medium-sized and one large-sized.

[0061] If passed Figure 3 As can be seen, when independently evaluating the variables of donut-shaped coarse grinder, solid square coarse grinder (without pores), and 4mm (thin) coarse grinder relative to the reference coarse grinder, the most significant improvement in eating duration, i.e., a slower eating duration, was observed with the donut-shaped coarse grinder. Modifications to the thinner coarse grinder also performed better than the reference coarse grinder. However, moving from a solid round shape to a solid square shape resulted in a slight decrease in eating duration.

[0062] B. Duration of chewing

[0063] like Figure 4 As shown, the chewing duration of all small adult dogs for sixteen (16) different dry coarse-ground samples was plotted. In this embodiment, small adult dogs spent significantly more average and median time chewing sample 16 by a considerable margin during the first three minutes of feeding than all other samples. Sample 16 was a donut-shaped coarse-ground sample with the largest diameter (1.6 cm) and thickness (1.2 cm). In most cases, very small coarse-ground sample sizes (based on diameter or equivalent diameter) generally performed the worst. Notably, three of the top four performing dry coarse-ground sample sizes were also donut-shaped, namely two medium-sized and one large-sized, with the largest donut-shaped coarse-ground sample being the best according to each metric.

[0064] If passedFigure 5 As can be seen, when evaluating changes in shape, diameter (smaller or larger), and thickness (thinner or thicker) of the donut-shaped coarse grinder relative to the reference coarse grinder, the most significant improvement in chewing duration—an increase in chewing time within the first three minutes of eating—was observed in the change from round to donut-shaped coarse grinder. Furthermore, modification to a larger diameter also performed better than the reference coarse grinder. Some improvement was also observed by reducing the thickness of the coarse grinder compared to the reference coarse grinder. The largest decrease in behavior occurred by reducing the diameter of the coarse grinder relative to the reference coarse grinder.

[0065] C. Eating

[0066] like Figure 6 As shown, the consumption of all small adult dogs with sixteen (16) different dry coarse-ground samples was plotted. In this example, small adult dogs collectively spent a considerably smaller average and median consumption time interacting with sample 16 compared to all other dry coarse-ground samples. Similarly, sample 16 was a donut-shaped coarse-ground sample with the largest diameter (1.6 cm) and thickness (1.2 cm). In most cases, very small coarse-ground sample sizes (based on diameter or equivalent diameter) generally performed the worst. In this example, three of the top five performing dry coarse-ground samples were donut-shaped, namely two medium-sized and one large-sized.

[0067] If passed Figure 7 As can be seen, when evaluating single-parameter modifications to shape (donut or solid pentagon), diameter (5 mm or 1.6 cm), or thickness (1.2 cm or 4 mm) relative to a reference coarse grinder, the most significant improvement in feeding duration (i.e., reduced feeding time) was observed when changing from a round coarse grinder to a donut-shaped coarse grinder, but the solid pentagon shape also outperformed the round shape. Regarding diameter and thickness modifications, feeding improved when both diameter and thickness modifications increased compared to the reference coarse grinder. Similarly, the largest decrease in behavior, i.e., the increase in feeding time, occurred by reducing the diameter of the coarse grinder relative to the reference coarse grinder.

[0068] D. Eating speed

[0069] like Figure 8 As shown, when evaluating single-parameter modifications to the shape (donut or solid square) or thickness (4 mm) relative to a reference coarse-ground material, the most significant reduction in eating speed was observed when modifying the round coarse-ground material to a donut shape. Eating speed also decreased when the reference coarse-ground material was modified to reduce its thickness. The change from a solid round shape to a solid square shape provided a decrease in beneficial behavior by promoting an increase in eating speed compared to the reference coarse-ground material.

[0070] E. Forceful swallowing

[0071] like Figure 9 As shown, when evaluating single-parameter modifications relative to the diameter of a reference coarse grinder (5 mm or 1.6 cm), a significant improvement in the reduction of labored swallowing was observed by increasing the diameter of the coarse grinder from 1 cm to 1.6 cm. Reduction in labored swallowing is beneficial because it can be an early indicator of more significant swallowing difficulties or even choking in dogs. Reducing the diameter to 5 mm resulted in a significant increase in labored swallowing, particularly when compared to the improvement observed when using a 1.6 cm diameter coarse grinder. This study did not compare solid round shapes with donut-shaped coarse grinders, but it is clear from all the foregoing examples that the donut-shaped coarse grinder provides improvements in many other behavioral aspects outlined in this example. It is not expected that donut-shaped coarse grinders will diminish the reduction in the incidence of labored swallowing, especially if the donut-shaped coarse grinder is approximately the same size as the large-diameter coarse grinders evaluated for labored swallowing.

[0072] F. Frequency of dropping coarse food from the mouth

[0073] Although no specific data are presented here, it has been observed that coarse abrasives with a larger diameter (or effective diameter) tend to promote less food falling from the mouth during feeding.

[0074] Example 3 - Oral size and feeding behavior

[0075] The first eight (8) dogs from group 2, along with four additional (4) dogs from either group (but similar in breed, sex, and weight to the other dogs in the study), were further evaluated based on the size of their mouths. The size of a dog's mouth can be measured without anesthesia, or more conveniently when under anesthesia, such as when the dog may be undergoing additional dental cleaning by a veterinarian. To avoid the need for more invasive MRI or other similar imaging procedures, this measurement and calculation, as outlined herein, provides a simple, non-intrusive way to determine the general size of a live dog's mouth, which can be easily performed by a qualified veterinarian, and provides a good approximation of the average area of ​​a dog's mouth, as previously combined. Figure 1 The following is an explanation. Measurements and calculations were performed on all twelve (12) dogs, and the data are reported in Table 4 below:

[0076]

[0077] *Not part of Group 1 or Group 2 small adult dogs

[0078] Based on this data, the average oral cavity area measured and calculated is approximately 16 cm². 2 Approximately 22cm 2 However, there are smaller dogs with smaller mouths that will be classified as small adult dogs and will be expected to exhibit similar behaviors in some or all of the following aspects: slower eating duration and speed, increased chewing and reduced eating, and reduced effortful swallowing.

[0079] Furthermore, when examining individual dog data, it is surprising that some dogs from various breeds with the smallest average oral area still perform positively in some aspects of these behaviors. For example, the Kian Terrier (7.12 kg; 16.375 cm) 2 The dog exhibits positive eating behaviors related to chewing duration, eating duration, labored swallowing, and food intake; Cavalier King Charles Spaniel 3 (7.9 kg; 16.455 cm) 2 It exhibited positive eating behaviors regarding chewing duration, eating speed, and food intake; Miniature Schnauzer 2 (7.56kg; 16.660cm) 2 The dog exhibited positive eating behaviors regarding chewing duration, eating speed, labored swallowing, and food intake; and the Flat-Coated Fox Terrier (7.38 kg; 17.770 cm) 2 The Frosty Fox Terrier exhibited positive eating behaviors regarding chewing duration, eating speed, and food intake. Notably, the Frosty Fox Terrier never showed signs of straining to swallow, regardless of the type of grit offered. Therefore, even small adult dogs, ranging from approximately 3 kg to approximately 9 kg, benefit from some to all of the grit properties disclosed herein in some or all of the behaviors within these categories.

[0080] Example 4 -Degeneration of coarse grinding materials

[0081] The rheological properties of several dry coarse abrasive samples with a moisture content of less than approximately 10% by weight were evaluated compared to semi-wet coarse abrasive samples with a moisture content significantly greater than approximately 10% by weight. The rheological properties of the coarse abrasive were determined using a pointed probe tapering from a tip to a diameter of approximately 5 mm over a conical length of approximately 1.5 cm. Measurements were performed by forcing the conical probe into the coarse abrasive sample at a constant speed of approximately 2 mm / sec, where the maximum travel distance of the conical probe was set to prevent the probe from contacting the substrate holding the coarse abrasive sample. The penetration force in Newtons (N) and the distance to breakage in millimeters (mm) for each of these samples were then recorded, and the stiffness was calculated in Newtons per millimeter (N / mm) based on this data. The data collected using this method depict the rheological differences between dry and semi-wet coarse abrasives. The collected data are provided in Table 5, as follows:

[0082]

[0083] As can be seen from Table 5, the stiffness of the coarse abrasive, which is considered dry coarse abrasive according to embodiments of the present disclosure, is generally significantly greater than that of the semi-wet coarse abrasive sample. The stiffness of the dry coarse abrasive ranges from 65.7 N / mm to 91.0 N / mm. The same method can be used to determine the rheological properties of coarse abrasive prepared according to the present disclosure. It is worth noting that this embodiment provides non-limiting stiffness values, but in some cases, even if still considered "dry," slightly less wet dry coarse abrasive can be expected to be slightly harder, and slightly wetter dry coarse abrasive can be expected to be slightly less hard. The stiffness can also vary depending on the formulation of the dry coarse abrasive. However, it should be noted that even at the lower limit, such as 65.7 N / mm, the stiffness value is almost five times larger than that of the semi-wet sample of the embodiments of the present invention. Even at 40 N / mm for the dry coarse abrasive sample, this would still be three times larger in terms of stiffness value compared to the semi-wet sample of this embodiment.

[0084] This specification has disclosed certain embodiments of the invention. While specific terminology has been used, it is used in a general and descriptive sense only and not for limiting purposes. The scope of the invention is set forth in the claims. Many modifications and variations of the invention are possible based on the foregoing teachings. Therefore, it should be understood that the invention may be practiced in forms other than those specifically described within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method of feeding small adult dogs, the method comprising distributing a portion of dry coarse grinder to a small adult dog weighing up to about 11 kg, wherein about 20% to 100% of the portion of the individual dry coarse grinder block is in the shape of a donut with an average inner diameter of about 3 mm to about 8 mm, an average diameter of about 8 mm to about 2 cm, and an average thickness of about 8 mm to about 2 cm.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the average diameter is about 1.1 cm to about 2 cm.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the average diameter is about 1.4 cm to about 2 cm.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the average thickness is from about 1.1 cm to about 1.8 cm.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the moisture content of the dry coarsely ground material is from about 4% by weight to about 10% by weight.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the stiffness of the dry abrasive is from about 40 N / mm to about 120 N / mm.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein, on average, about 45% to about 75% of the first three minutes of feeding after the portion is dispensed and the small adult dog begins to be fed with the dry coarse mill, chewing time is included in the first three minutes of feeding.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein, on average, less than 50% of the first three minutes of feeding after the portion is dispensed and the small adult dog begins to be fed with the dry coarse mill, is the feeding time.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the small adult dog exhibits a lower frequency of labored swallowing during the first three minutes of feeding the dry coarse grinder compared to the first three minutes of feeding the dry coarse grinder, the dry coarse grinder not penetrating its inner pore and having a smaller diameter and thinner thickness compared to the dry coarse grinder.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the average oral cavity area of ​​the small adult dog is about 12 cm². 2 Approximately 22cm 2 .

11. A dry coarse abrasive comprising about 20% to 100% of donut-shaped dry coarse abrasive blocks with an average inner diameter of about 3 mm to about 8 mm, wherein the portion of the individual dry coarse abrasive blocks has an average diameter of about 1.1 cm to about 2 cm and an average thickness of about 8 mm to about 2 cm, and wherein the moisture content of the dry coarse abrasive is at most about 10% by weight and the average stiffness is about 40 N / mm to about 120 N / mm.

12. The dry coarse abrasive of claim 11, wherein the dry coarse abrasive is formulated for small adult dogs and is packaged with a label indicating that the dry coarse abrasive is for small adult dogs.

13. The dry coarse abrasive according to claim 11, wherein the average diameter is from about 1.4 cm to about 2 cm.

14. The dry coarse abrasive according to claim 11, wherein the average thickness is from about 1.1 cm to about 2 cm.

15. The dry coarse abrasive according to claim 11, wherein the portion of the individual dry coarse abrasive block has an average diameter of about 1.4 cm to about 2 cm and an average thickness of about 1.1 cm to about 1.8 cm.

Images