Dry land tomato wide-narrow row cultivation method based on corn whole straw strip coverage temperature regulation

Abstract

The invention discloses a dry land tomato wide-narrow row cultivation method based on corn whole straw strip coverage temperature adjustment, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting. Aiming at the problems of drought in spring, high temperature in summer, continuous cropping obstacles and the like in open field tomato production in the semi-arid and semi-humid region, the method constructs a space-time regulation and control mode of moisture storage in autumn and winter, temperature increase in spring and temperature adjustment in summer, and comprises the following specific steps: after previous crops of corns are harvested, covering whole corn straws in strips with the width of 90cm in autumn and winter; arranging the straw strips to be 50cm wide before planting in the next year; fertilizing and planting tomatoes within the range of 20cm on the two sides of the straw belt to form a narrow row and wide row alternating pattern. According to the method, water storage, soil moisture conservation, weed suppression and continuous cropping obstacle relieving are synergistically achieved through wide-row spring temperature increasing and straw belt summer temperature reducing, the soil water content is increased by 22.3% or above, the bacterial wilt morbidity is reduced by 30% or above, the average yield of tomatoes is increased by 20-35%, the fruit quality is remarkably improved, and high-yield, high-quality and sustainable production of the open field tomatoes in the semi-arid and semi-humid areas is achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of agricultural planting technology, specifically to an open-field tomato cultivation method suitable for semi-arid and semi-humid regions with corn as the preceding crop, and particularly to a wide-narrow row high-efficiency cultivation technique that achieves soil water and heat temperature control by covering the soil with whole corn stalk strips, and effectively overcomes the obstacle of continuous cropping. Background Technology

[0002] The continuous cropping of open-field tomatoes in semi-arid and semi-humid regions has long faced multiple technical bottlenecks, severely restricting production efficiency and ecological sustainability:

[0003] The contradiction between water and heat and seasonal stress are prominent: the spring planting period often encounters the superposition of spring drought and low soil temperature, which affects the seedlings to recover; the summer fruit development period is easily affected by high temperature and heat. Excessively high soil temperature (often exceeding 30℃) will inhibit root vitality, accelerate aging, and cause flower and fruit drop, forming "high temperature stress". The traditional open field continuous cropping model cannot specifically solve the seasonal stress.

[0004] The problem of continuous cropping is exacerbated: continuous planting leads to the accumulation of soil pathogens, enhanced autotoxicity of root exudates, deterioration of soil physical and chemical properties, high incidence of soil-borne diseases (such as bacterial wilt and Fusarium wilt), and weakened plant growth; traditional methods of disinfection relying on chemical agents are costly and easily cause environmental pollution, and are difficult to improve the soil micro-ecology from the root.

[0005] Inefficient utilization of straw resources: The large amount of straw produced by the previous corn crop is difficult to dispose of. Traditional methods of crushing and returning to the field or removing straw not only waste resources, but may also increase disposal costs or cause environmental burden, making it impossible to achieve efficient on-site resource utilization.

[0006] Unfavorable field microclimate: Under the traditional equal row spacing planting mode, the field becomes closed after the canopy closes in summer, resulting in poor ventilation and light penetration, high humidity, which easily induces leaf diseases and further affects the growth of tomatoes and the stability of fruit quality.

[0007] Existing cultivation techniques are insufficient to address multiple issues such as water regulation, temperature adaptation, soil health, and resource utilization. There is an urgent need for a comprehensive cultivation solution that can dynamically respond to seasonal changes and balance ecological and economic benefits. Summary of the Invention

[0008] To address the problems of imbalanced water and heat regulation, prominent continuous cropping obstacles, waste of straw resources, and poor field microclimate in existing open-field tomato cultivation techniques, this invention provides a wide-narrow row cultivation method for dryland tomatoes based on temperature regulation using whole corn stalk strip mulching. Through the synergistic design of straw strip mulching and wide-narrow row layout, dynamic regulation of soil temperature—"warming in spring and cooling in summer"—is achieved. Simultaneously, soil moisture conditions are improved, continuous cropping obstacles are alleviated, and the field microclimate is optimized, creating a suitable growth environment for tomatoes throughout their entire growth cycle and achieving the cultivation goals of high yield, high quality, and ecological sustainability.

[0009] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention provides the following technical solution:

[0010] A method for wide-narrow row cultivation of tomatoes in dryland areas based on temperature regulation through whole corn stalk strip mulching includes the following steps:

[0011] (1) Autumn and winter strip mulching to retain moisture: After the previous corn harvest in autumn, the whole corn stalks are covered in strips without being crushed, according to the preset tomato planting row positions. The width of the mulching strips is 90 cm and the interval between adjacent mulching strips is 50 cm.

[0012] (2) Preparation before spring planting: Before planting tomatoes in late May of the following year, the straw covering strip in step (1) should be prepared to a width of 50 cm.

[0013] (3) Wide and narrow row planting and summer temperature regulation: Fertilize and plant tomato seedlings within 20 cm on both sides of the prepared straw covering strip to form a planting pattern in which narrow rows (50 cm) are located on the straw strip and wide rows (90 cm) are located on the uncovered inter-rows; the straw covering strip is used to cool the soil in the tomato root zone during the hot summer season to resist high temperature stress.

[0014] As a further technical solution of the present invention: In step (3), the corn stalk covering strip can reduce the soil temperature at a depth of 5cm in the root zone of tomatoes in summer by 2-3℃ compared with traditional open-field continuous cropping cultivation, with a maximum temperature reduction of 3.7℃.

[0015] As a further technical solution of the present invention: In step (1), the spaced rows serve as "warming channels" in spring to promote the rise of ground temperature, and as "ventilation corridors" in summer to improve the field microclimate and reduce field humidity.

[0016] As a further technical solution of the present invention: the method reduces soil bulk density, increases soil organic matter content and regulates soil microbial community structure through the dual effects of physical mulching and biological decomposition of straw, thereby reducing the incidence of bacterial wilt in tomatoes by more than 30% and effectively alleviating continuous cropping obstacles.

[0017] As a further technical solution of the present invention: In step (1), the whole corn stalk is a complete plant with the stem and leaves retained after harvesting, and is naturally stacked when covered, with a covering thickness of 8-10 cm.

[0018] As a further technical solution of the present invention: In step (3), the fertilizer is a mixture of 2500-3000 kg / mu of well-rotted organic fertilizer and 40-50 kg / mu of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer (N:P:K=15:15:15). After fertilization, the soil is shallowly tilled to a depth of 15-20 cm and mixed evenly.

[0019] As a further technical solution of the present invention: in step (3), the planting spacing of tomato seedlings is 30-35 cm, the number of planting rows in the narrow row is 2, and the row spacing is 50 cm.

[0020] As a further technical solution of the present invention: the method is applicable to semi-arid and semi-humid areas with an annual precipitation of 400-600 mm, and to open-field tomato continuous cropping scenarios where the previous crop is corn.

[0021] As a further technical solution of the present invention: In step (3), the straw mulch belt continues to play a role in inhibiting the growth of weeds throughout the entire growth period, with a weed control rate of ≥85% in the whole field, reducing the number of weeding operations by 3-4 times.

[0022] As a further technical solution of the present invention: the method increases tomato yield by an average of 20-35%, increases vitamin C content in the fruit by more than 15%, and increases soluble solids content by more than 10%.

[0023] One or more technical solutions provided in the embodiments of this application have at least the following technical effects or advantages:

[0024] Dynamic and precise temperature regulation: The innovative design takes the "summer cooling effect" of straw mulch as the core design goal. In spring, the exposed areas receive direct sunlight, which accelerates the rise in soil temperature. In summer, the straw strip reduces the root zone temperature by 2-3℃ (the highest measured temperature is 3.7℃), realizing "on-demand regulation" of soil temperature. It is perfectly adapted to the seasonal climate characteristics of semi-arid and semi-humid regions and solves the dual contradiction of spring cold damage and summer high temperature stress.

[0025] Comprehensive mitigation of continuous cropping obstacles: Through the dual approaches of altering the soil environment by physical mulching of straw, improving soil structure through biological decomposition, and regulating the microbial flora, a healthy soil micro-ecosystem is constructed, resulting in reduced soil bulk density, increased organic matter content, and a reduction of more than 30% in the incidence of soil-borne diseases such as bacterial wilt, thus fundamentally alleviating continuous cropping obstacles.

[0026] Significant water retention and moisture conservation effects: Straw mulching in autumn and winter stores rain and snow, reduces soil evaporation throughout the growing season, and increases soil moisture content in the 0-30cm layer before transplanting by more than 22.3% compared to traditional cultivation, enhancing drought resistance and significantly reducing irrigation water demand.

[0027] Optimize the field microclimate: The alternating wide and narrow row layout improves field ventilation and light penetration, reduces air humidity, and reduces the occurrence of leaf diseases. At the same time, the straw mulch physically inhibits weed growth, basically eliminating the need for weeding and reducing pesticide use.

[0028] A win-win situation for both ecology and economy: The efficient use of corn stalks on-site realizes the resource utilization of agricultural waste, turning waste into treasure and reducing the cost of straw disposal; at the same time, it achieves multiple goals of saving water, saving fertilizer, reducing pesticides, increasing yield and improving quality. Tomato yield increases by an average of 20-35%, and the content of vitamin C and soluble solids in the fruit is significantly improved, resulting in a synergistic improvement in ecological and economic benefits. Detailed Implementation

[0029] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0030] The core of the wide-narrow row cultivation method for dryland tomatoes based on temperature regulation through whole corn stalk strip mulching lies in constructing a "dual-regulation of water and heat" field structure. The specific steps are as follows:

[0031] 1. Autumn and Winter Strip Mulching for Moisture Retention (Functional Positioning: Water Storage): After the previous corn harvest, cover the entire corn stalk along the predetermined tomato rows with a 90cm width, leaving a 50cm bare gap between adjacent mulching strips. This structure aims to maximize the retention of autumn and winter rain and snow, storing moisture for spring sowing.

[0032] 2. Spring pre-planting preparation (functional positioning: transition): At the end of May of the following year, the overwintered straw strips are prepared to a width of 50cm to make their structure compact and their boundaries clear, in preparation for planting.

[0033] 3. Wide and narrow row planting and summer temperature regulation (functional positioning: warming and cooling): Tomatoes are planted on both sides of the prepared straw strip, forming a pattern of narrow rows (50cm) on the covered strip and wide rows (90cm) on the bare strip.

[0034] Spring effect: Wide rows of bare areas receive direct sunlight, causing the soil temperature to rise rapidly, effectively solving the "spring cold" problem caused by simple straw mulching and promoting early seedling growth.

[0035] Summer effect: During the hot season, the straw mulch layer, due to its low thermal conductivity and water evaporation, acts like a "sunshade" for the soil, significantly reducing the soil temperature in the root zone below. Actual measurements show that the soil temperature in this area can be 2-3℃ lower than in traditional open-field planting, effectively alleviating the stress of high temperatures on the root system and prolonging the root's functional period.

[0036] Implementation Case: A two-year comparative experiment was conducted in Huguan County, Shanxi Province (a semi-humid and drought-prone area).

[0037] Experimental design: The method group of the present invention and the control group of traditional open field continuous cropping (without cover) were set up.

[0038] The method of this invention is as follows: After the previous corn harvest, the straw strips are covered with 90cm wide strips spaced 50cm apart. On May 25th of the following year, the straw strips are tidied up to 50cm wide, and cultivation and fertilization are carried out within a 20cm range on both sides of the straw strips. On May 30th, "Golden Greenhouse" tomatoes are planted on both sides of the straw strips, forming a layout with narrow rows of 50cm and wide rows of 90cm.

[0039] Observation results:

[0040] Soil temperature: In mid-July afternoon, the soil temperature at 5cm depth in the root zone of the method group covered by straw was 26.5℃, while the soil temperature at the same depth in the traditional open field control group was as high as 30.2℃, with a cooling effect of 3.7℃.

[0041] Soil moisture: Before planting, the soil moisture content in the 0-30cm depth of the method group of this invention was 22.3% higher than that in the control group.

[0042] Diseases and growth: The incidence of bacterial wilt in tomatoes using the method of this invention was 5%, while that in the control group was 28%; the plants using the method of this invention grew vigorously and did not age prematurely in the later stages.

[0043] Yield and benefits: The average yield per mu (667 square meters) of the method group of this invention reached 6538.6 kg, which is 34.2% higher than that of the control group (4873.3 kg).

[0044] Table 1: Advantages of this design compared to traditional technologies.

[0045]

[0046] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the details of the exemplary embodiments described above, and that the invention can be implemented in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics of the invention. Therefore, the embodiments should be considered in all respects as exemplary and non-limiting, and the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description. Thus, it is intended that all variations falling within the meaning and scope of equivalents of the claims be included within the present invention.

[0047] Furthermore, it should be understood that although this specification describes embodiments, not every embodiment contains only one independent technical solution. This way of describing the specification is only for clarity. Those skilled in the art should regard the specification as a whole, and the technical solutions in each embodiment have been appropriately combined to form other embodiments that are easy for those skilled in the art to understand.

Claims

1. A method for wide-narrow row cultivation of tomatoes in dryland areas based on temperature regulation through strip mulching with whole corn stalks, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Autumn and winter strip mulching to retain moisture: After the previous corn harvest in autumn, the whole corn stalks are covered in strips without being crushed, according to the preset tomato planting row positions. The width of the mulching strips is 90 cm and the interval between adjacent mulching strips is 50 cm. (2) Preparation before spring planting: Before planting tomatoes in late May of the following year, the straw covering strip in step (1) should be prepared to a width of 50 cm. (3) Wide and narrow row planting and summer temperature regulation: Fertilize and plant tomato seedlings within 20 cm on both sides of the prepared straw covering strip to form a planting pattern in which the narrow row is located on the straw strip and the wide row is located on the uncovered inter-row; the straw covering strip is used to cool the soil in the root zone of tomatoes during the hot summer season to resist high temperature stress.

2. The method for wide-narrow row cultivation of tomatoes in dryland areas based on temperature regulation by covering with whole corn stalks as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The width of the narrow row is 50 centimeters.

3. The method for wide-narrow row cultivation of tomatoes in dryland areas based on temperature regulation by mulching whole corn stalks according to claim 1, characterized in that, The width of the wide row is 90 centimeters.

4. The method for wide-narrow row cultivation of tomatoes in dryland areas based on temperature regulation by covering with whole corn stalks as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step (1), the whole corn stalks refer to the complete plants with stems and leaves retained after harvesting, which are naturally stacked when covered, with a covering thickness of 8-10 cm.

5. The method for wide-narrow row cultivation of tomatoes in dryland areas based on temperature regulation by covering with whole corn stalks as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step (3), the fertilizer is a mixture of well-rotted organic fertilizer and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer. After fertilization, the soil is shallowly tilled to a depth of 15-20 cm and mixed evenly.

6. The method for wide-narrow row cultivation of tomatoes in dryland areas based on temperature regulation by mulching whole corn stalks according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (3), the spacing between tomato seedlings is 30-35 cm, and the number of rows within the narrow row is 2, with a row spacing of 50 cm.

7. The method for wide-narrow row cultivation of tomatoes in dryland areas based on temperature regulation by covering with whole corn stalks as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The method is applicable to semi-arid and semi-humid regions with an annual precipitation of 400-600 mm, and to open-field tomato continuous cropping scenarios where the previous crop is corn.

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