Interactive pupil light reflex teaching demonstration model and working method thereof

Abstract

The invention discloses an interactive pupil light reflex teaching demonstration model and a working method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of medical education tools. The model comprises a demonstration light source, a photosensitive sensor, an adjustable pupil simulation mechanism, a neural pathway visualization assembly, a control circuit module and a man-machine interaction control interface, lED lamp strips and RGB lamp beads which are arranged along the optic nerve, the visual crossover, the visual beam, the midbrain apical anterior region, the para nucleus of the oculomotor nerve and the oculomotor nerve are controlled to be lightened in sequence, and an input channel, a central connection channel and an output channel of a neural signal are presented in a visual mode; meanwhile, the steering engine is driven to adjust the adjustable diaphragm structure, and dynamic contraction and expansion of pupils along with the change of light intensity are achieved. According to the invention, abstract physiological changes of pupils and neurotransmission pathways are converted into a visual, controllable and repeatable teaching demonstration process, and the system has the advantages of strong interactivity, good intuition, high safety and suitability for medical teaching and practical training.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application belongs to the technical field of medical education tools, and particularly relates to an interactive pupil light reflex teaching demonstration model and a working method thereof. BACKGROUND

[0002] Pupil light reflex is one of the most basic and important examination items in the physical examination of the nervous system. It is used to judge the functional status of the optic nerve, oculomotor nerve and related nuclei in the midbrain by observing the change in pupil diameter under light stimulation. It has irreplaceable diagnostic value in clinical fields such as neurology, neurosurgery, emergency medicine and anesthesiology. At the same time, pupil light reflex is also one of the core contents of neuroanatomy, physiology and clinical diagnosis teaching in medical education, and is a basic skill that medical students, resident physicians and nursing personnel must master.

[0003] From the physiological mechanism, pupil light reflex involves retinal photoreception, optic nerve afferent, partial crossing of optic chiasm and optic tract, central integration of the anterior region of the top cap and the oculomotor nucleus, and the efferent pathway from the oculomotor nerve and ciliary ganglion to the pupil sphincter. Its conduction path is long, the anatomical structure is complex, and there is a crossing and coordination relationship between the left and right sides. For beginners, it is often difficult to intuitively understand the conduction direction, time sequence of neural signals and the internal relationship between direct light reflex and indirect light reflex, only relying on two-dimensional illustrations or static models in textbooks.

[0004] In existing medical teaching, the teaching methods for pupil light reflex mainly include the following types:

[0005] First, theoretical explanation is performed through textbook illustrations, PPT animations or video demonstrations. This type of method is mainly visual display, but lacks entity operation and real-time feedback, and learners have difficulty in forming spatialized and dynamic cognition.

[0006] Second, demonstration is performed through mutual examination of real persons or students. This method has a certain authenticity, but is limited by lighting conditions, individual differences and safety, and it is difficult to repeatedly display typical pathological manifestations and artificially "create" key teaching scenarios such as optic nerve damage or oculomotor nerve damage.

[0007] Third, auxiliary teaching is performed by using traditional human models or anatomical models. Such models are mostly static structure displays, and cannot reflect the dynamic conduction process of neural signals or present the continuous regulation characteristics of pupil changes with light intensity.

[0008] Fourth, although some high-end medical simulation devices can perform neural reflex training, they are expensive, complex in structure, high in maintenance cost, and mostly closed systems, which are difficult to expand and develop according to the teaching needs, and the promotion and application are obviously limited.

[0009] In addition, the pathological teaching of pupil light reflex is particularly weak in the existing teaching means. Clinically, nerve damage in different parts can produce pupil response patterns with high differential significance, such as optic nerve damage leading to the disappearance of direct light reflex and the existence of indirect reflex, oculomotor nerve damage leading to the disappearance of ipsilateral direct and indirect reflexes, etc. Such "diagnostic positioning" features are the focus and difficulty of nervous system teaching, but in traditional teaching, they can only be completed through textual description or oral explanation by teachers, lacking intuitive, repeatable and comparable demonstration means, resulting in poor understanding and memory of learners.

[0010] With the development of electronic engineering, embedded control and human-computer interaction technology, how to convert abstract and invisible neural electrical signals into visual and interactive teaching forms has become an important development direction in the field of medical education equipment. However, the existing related teaching equipment mainly focuses on single function display, and it is difficult to realize comprehensive teaching needs such as neural pathway visualization, pupil dynamic mechanical simulation, pathological mode switching and parameterized adjustment, and it cannot completely and systematically reproduce the whole process of pupil light reflex in normal and pathological states.

[0011] Therefore, there is an urgent need for a teaching demonstration model with reasonable structure, clear principle and strong interaction, which can realize the dynamic visualization of pupil light reflex afferent pathway, central connection and efferent pathway by organically integrating light signals, neural conduction process and pupil effector response, and can simulate typical clinical manifestations under different nerve damage conditions in the teaching process, thereby making up for the deficiencies of the prior art in intuitiveness, interactivity and pathological teaching, and improving the overall effect of medical education and clinical skill training. SUMMARY

[0012] In view of the above deficiencies of the prior art, the problem to be solved by the present application is that the pupil light reflex teaching in existing medical teaching has static display, invisible neural conduction process, difficult to simulate pathological state, and insufficient interactivity and repeatability. The purpose of the present application is to provide an interactive pupil light reflex teaching demonstration model and its working method, which converts invisible neural electrical signals into visual light signal flow by combining electronic engineering, embedded control, mechanical drive and medical neurophysiology, and converts pupil physiological changes into controllable mechanical movements, to realize the dynamic demonstration of the whole process of pupil light reflex afferent pathway-central connection-efferent pathway-effector response.

[0013] In order to achieve the above purpose, the application adopts the following technical scheme: an interactive pupil light reflex teaching demonstration model, comprising:

[0014] The pupil light reflex cover plate is made of a translucent material, and a surface thereof is engraved or formed according to a nerve conduction anatomical path of the pupil light reflex, and the pupil light reflex cover plate is embedded or cast with an LED light bar for simulating nerve fibers and an RGB lamp bead for simulating a nerve nucleus.

[0015] The eyeball model is installed at an eye position of the pupil light reflex cover plate, and is internally provided with a photosensitive sensor for simulating retinal photoreceptor cells and an adjustable diaphragm for simulating a pupil, and the adjustable diaphragm is connected with a driving steering engine,

[0016] The demonstration light source is provided on left and right sides of the upper portion of the pupil light reflex cover plate, and is used for simulating external light stimulation and separately or synchronously illuminating the left eyeball model and the right eyeball model,

[0017] The control circuit module includes a main control circuit board, a power module and an interface, the main control circuit board receives a photosensitive sensor and a switching signal, and controls the LED light bar, the RGB lamp bead, the steering engine and data output according to a preset logic algorithm; the power module includes a power supply and a power management circuit, and provides a stable voltage. The power module and the switching: provide a stable voltage, support USB power supply or an external power adapter, and ensure continuous operation of the system.

[0018] According to another embodiment of the application or any of the foregoing embodiments, the teaching demonstration model further comprises a demonstration and control screen, which is a liquid crystal touch screen, displays a pupil light reflex process, a current working mode and pupil parameters, and is provided with a text button and a switching, a parameter adjustment interface, which are used for selecting a normal mode or different nerve injury modes and adjusting illumination intensity.

[0019] According to another embodiment of the application or any of the foregoing embodiments, the teaching demonstration model further comprises a shell, the control circuit module and the driving steering engine are installed in the shell, and the pupil light reflex cover plate and the demonstration and control screen are installed on a front surface of the shell.

[0020] According to another embodiment of the application or any of the foregoing embodiments, the shell is made of ABS engineering plastic, has a detachable structure, is provided at a bottom with an anti-skid pad, and is connected with a projection system through an interface or a wireless protocol. The shell is convenient for maintenance and teaching demonstration, and realizes multi-angle observation and remote teaching functions, and meets modern medical training requirements.

[0021] According to another embodiment of the application or any of the foregoing embodiments, the material of the pupil light reflex cover plate is at least one of the following: acrylic, frosted polycarbonate, ABS engineering plastic and transparent resin.

[0022] According to another embodiment of the application or any of the foregoing embodiments, the color of the LED light bar includes blue, red, and yellow, and the RGB lamp bead is different in color from the LED light bar.

[0023] According to another embodiment of the application or any of the foregoing embodiments, the LED light bar simulates the optic nerve, the optic chiasm, the optic tract, and the oculomotor nerve; the RGB lamp bead corresponds to the anterior peripeduncular area, the oculomotor nerve accessory nucleus, and the ciliary ganglion; and the light signals of different colors in the LED light bar are used to distinguish the flow direction and state of the nerve signals of the afferent pathway, the central connection, and the efferent pathway.

[0024] According to another embodiment of the application or any of the foregoing embodiments, the main control circuit board, the power management module, and the interface of the control circuit module are connected to each other by a DuPont wire hidden in a guide groove of the shell, or are connected to the eyeball model, the demonstration light source, and the demonstration and control screen.

[0025] According to another embodiment of the application or any of the foregoing embodiments, the main control circuit board is an Arduino Uno / Mega development board. Arduino Uno and Arduino Mega are open-source hardware development boards based on microcontrollers, which were developed in 2005 and have functions such as sensor data acquisition, logical operation, actuator control, and human-computer interaction.

[0026] According to another embodiment of the application or any of the foregoing embodiments, the main control circuit board is provided with a Bluetooth communication interface for docking a mobile terminal to realize remote monitoring and parameter adjustment. The Bluetooth communication interface is adapted to different teaching scenarios.

[0027] Accordingly, a working method of an interactive pupil light reflex teaching demonstration model is provided, which includes the following steps:

[0028] S1. Stimulation input,

[0029] The light source is controlled by a control screen or a physical button to apply light stimulation to the left eye or the right eye, and a photosensitive sensor detects changes in incident light intensity and generates a corresponding signal;

[0030] S2. Afferent pathway simulation,

[0031] The main control circuit board controls the LED light bar on the corresponding retina, optic nerve, and optic chiasm path to light up in sequence according to the photosensitive sensor signal, to simulate the conduction process of nerve impulses along the afferent pathway in the form of a light signal;

[0032] S3. Central connection simulation,

[0033] After the light flow of the optic chiasm is divided, the control of the light flow of the bilateral optic tract LED converges into the anterior region of the tectum of the midbrain, and the RGB lamp beads of the corresponding nucleus are lit to represent the central integration process.

[0034] S4. Outgoing pathway simulation,

[0035] Starting from the oculomotor nerve accessory nucleus, the LED light bar on the oculomotor nerve and ciliary ganglion path is controlled to light, simulating the outgoing process of parasympathetic nerve signals;

[0036] S5. Effector response,

[0037] The main control circuit board controls the driving of the steering engine to adjust the opening size of the adjustable diaphragm, so as to realize the synchronization or difference of direct and indirect light reflexes;

[0038] S6. Pathological mode switching,

[0039] By controlling the screen to select different nerve damage modes, the main control circuit board shields or delays the input or signal output of the corresponding photosensitive sensor to simulate the pupil response characteristics in typical pathological states such as optic nerve damage and oculomotor nerve damage;

[0040] S7. Parameter display and feedback,

[0041] The light intensity, pupil diameter change and reflection state are displayed in real time, and the pupil change process can be recorded for playback and teaching analysis.

[0042] Advantages of the present application:

[0043] 1. The present application directly displays the complete nerve pathway of pupil light reflex in the form of light signal flow, making the abstract neurophysiological process concrete and dynamic, and realizing the visualization of nerve conduction process. Through the mechanically driven adjustable pupil structure, the continuous contraction and expansion process of the pupil with light intensity is accurately simulated, and the real simulation of the physiological response of the pupil is realized. Manual control, parameter adjustment and process segmentation demonstration are supported, which is highly interactive and meets the needs of different teaching levels and teaching scenarios.

[0044] 2. The present application can simulate various common clinical lesions such as optic nerve damage and oculomotor nerve damage, and clearly present the difference between direct and indirect light reflexes, which is beneficial to the teaching of nerve localization diagnosis and supports the accurate reproduction of typical pathological states.

[0045] 3. The present application does not need real light stimulation of human eyeball, avoids safety hazards, is suitable for repeated training and examination, and is especially suitable for medical training and skill evaluation scene, which is safe and reusable. Open source hardware and modular design are adopted, which is convenient for function upgrade and expansion to other cranial nerve reflex teaching applications, and the structure is modularized and easy to expand, which reduces maintenance and use cost. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0046] Figure 1 A side view schematic diagram of the interactive pupillary light reflection teaching demonstration model described in the invention;

[0047] Figure 2 A three-dimensional schematic diagram of the pupil light-reflecting cover plate described in the invention;

[0048] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of the component connections of the interactive pupillary light reflection teaching demonstration model described in the invention;

[0049] Figure 4 A schematic diagram illustrating the steps of the interactive pupillary light reflection teaching demonstration model described in the invention;

[0050] In the picture: 1. Pupil light reflector cover; 2. LED light strip; 3. RGB LED beads; 4. Demonstration light source; 5. Eyeball model; 6. Drive servo motor; 7. Control circuit module; 8. Demonstration and control screen; 9. Housing. Detailed Implementation

[0051] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0052] like Figure 1 , 2 As shown in the attached figure, this embodiment provides an interactive pupillary light reflex teaching demonstration model for medical teaching, as illustrated in the attached figure. Figure 1 As shown, the model mainly consists of a pupil light-reflecting cover 1, an eyeball model 5, a demonstration light source 4, a control circuit module 7, and a housing.

[0053] like Figure 1 , 2 As shown, the pupillary light-reflecting cover 1 is positioned in the front display area of ​​the model. The cover is made entirely of a semi-transparent material, and its surface is sculpted or shaped according to the neural conduction anatomical path of pupillary light reflection. Multiple LED light strips 2 are embedded or cast inside the cover along the anatomical path to simulate the conduction process of nerve fibers such as the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, and oculomotor nerve. RGB LED beads 3 are placed at positions corresponding to the pretectal area of ​​the midbrain, the accessory nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, and the ciliary ganglion to simulate the activation state of nerve nuclei. Through this structure, the complete reflex arc from light stimulation transmitted from the retina to the pupillary sphincter response can be visually presented.

[0054] like Figure 1、 2 As shown in the drawings, two eyeball models 5 are installed at the eye corresponding positions of the pupil light reflex cover plate 1, which are used to simulate the left eye and the right eye respectively. Inside each eyeball model, a photosensitive sensor and an adjustable diaphragm structure are arranged, wherein the photosensitive sensor is used to simulate the retinal photoreceptor cells and perceive the incident light signal; the adjustable diaphragm is used to simulate the pupil, and the opening size of the diaphragm can be continuously adjusted. Each adjustable diaphragm is connected with a driving steering engine 6 respectively, and the opening and closing of the diaphragm are driven by the rotation of the steering engine to realize the mechanical simulation of pupil contraction or dilation.

[0055] As shown in the drawings, Figure 1 、 3 As shown in the drawings, one demonstration light source 4 is arranged on the left side and the right side of the upper part of the pupil light reflex cover plate 1 respectively, and the demonstration light source is a luminance controllable light emitting device, which is used to simulate the external light stimulation. The demonstration light source can individually illuminate the left eyeball model or the right eyeball model, or simultaneously illuminate both eyeball models, so as to meet the stimulation requirements in different teaching scenes.

[0056] As shown in the drawings, Figure 1 、 3 As shown in the drawings, a control circuit module 7 is arranged inside the model, and the control circuit module includes a main control circuit board, a power module and an interface circuit. The main control circuit board is used to receive signals from the photosensitive sensor and various control switches, and according to the preset control logic, the LED light bar 2, the RGB lamp bead 3 and the driving steering engine 6 are cooperatively controlled, and the related data processing and output are completed. The power module is used to provide stable working voltage for the whole system, which can support USB power supply or external power adapter power supply mode, so as to ensure the continuous and stable operation of the system.

[0057] In this embodiment, the model is also provided with a demonstration and control screen 8, which is in the form of a liquid crystal touch screen and is installed at the adjacent position of the pupil light reflex cover plate 1. The screen is used to display the process diagram of the pupil light reflex, the current working mode and the left and right pupil parameters, and provide text buttons, mode switching switches and parameter adjustment interfaces. The operator can select the normal physiological mode or different nerve injury modes through the screen, and adjust the illumination intensity of the demonstration light source.

[0058] In this embodiment, the whole model is installed inside the shell 9, and the shell is made of ABS engineering plastic and has a detachable structure. The control circuit module 7 and the driving steering engine 6 are installed inside the shell, and the pupil light reflex cover plate 1 and the demonstration and control screen 8 are installed on the front surface of the shell. A non-slip pad is arranged at the bottom of the shell to improve the stability of the model during teaching use, and an interface or a wireless communication protocol is reserved for connecting with the projection system to realize the functions of multi-angle observation and remote teaching demonstration.

[0059] In some embodiments, the pupil light reflex cover plate 1 can be made of one or more of acrylic, frosted polycarbonate, ABS engineering plastic or transparent resin, so as to have light transmittance, structural strength and processing performance.

[0060] In some embodiments, the LED light bar 2 can be set to one or more of blue, red or yellow, and different colors are used to distinguish different types of neural signals; the light-emitting color of the RGB lamp bead 3 is different from that of the LED light bar, and is used to highlight the activation state of the neural nucleus. Among them, the LED light bar 2 is used to simulate the conduction path of the optic nerve, the optic chiasm, the optic tract and the oculomotor nerve, and the RGB lamp bead 3 corresponds to the anterior midbrain tectum, the oculomotor nerve accessory nucleus and the ciliary ganglion position, respectively.

[0061] In some embodiments, the main control circuit board, power management module and interface of the control circuit module 7 are connected through the DuPont wire arranged in the guide groove in the shell, and are electrically connected with the eyeball model 5, the demonstration light source 4 and the demonstration and control screen 8 respectively, so as to ensure that the line is neat and maintenance is convenient.

[0062] In the embodiment, the main control circuit board preferably adopts an Arduino Uno or Arduino Mega development board. The Arduino development board is an open source hardware platform based on a microcontroller, which has functions of sensor data acquisition, logical operation, actuator control and human-computer interaction, and can meet the needs of multi-channel input and output and real-time control of the model.

[0063] In further embodiments, the main control circuit board can also be provided with a Bluetooth communication interface for communication with a mobile terminal, realizing remote monitoring and parameter adjustment to adapt to the use needs of different teaching scenes.

[0064] As Figure 4 As described above, based on the above structure, the embodiment also provides a working method of the interactive pupil light reflex teaching demonstration model, and the specific process is as follows:

[0065] First, the demonstration light source is controlled through the demonstration and control screen or the physical button to apply light stimulation to the left eye or the right eye, and the photosensitive sensor in the eyeball model detects the change of incident light intensity and generates a corresponding electrical signal;

[0066] Subsequently, the main control circuit board controls the LED light bar on the corresponding retina, optic nerve and optic chiasm path to light up in sequence according to the signal output by the photosensitive sensor, so as to simulate the conduction process of the nerve impulse along the afferent pathway in the form of light signal;

[0067] After the optic chiasm is branched, the main control circuit board controls the LED light flow of the two sides of the optic tract to converge into the anterior region of the tectum, and the corresponding RGB lamp beads are lit to represent the integration process of the central nervous system;

[0068] Then, starting from the oculomotor nerve accessory nucleus, the main control circuit board controls the LED light bar on the oculomotor nerve and ciliary ganglion path to light in turn, simulating the efferent process of parasympathetic nerve signals;

[0069] When the nerve signal is transmitted to the effector stage, the main control circuit board drives the steering engine to rotate and adjusts the opening size of the adjustable diaphragm, so as to realize the contraction or expansion of the pupil and complete the synchronous or differential demonstration of the direct light reflex and the indirect light reflex;

[0070] During the teaching process, the operator can select different nerve damage modes through the control screen, and the main control circuit board shields or delays the processing of the corresponding photosensitive sensor input or signal output to simulate the pupil light reflex characteristics in typical pathological states such as optic nerve damage and oculomotor nerve damage;

[0071] At the same time, the system displays the light intensity, left and right pupil diameter changes and reflection state in real time, and can record the pupil change process for playback and teaching analysis.

[0072] The working principle of the present application is as follows:

[0073] The interactive pupil light reflex teaching demonstration model of the present application takes an embedded control system as the core, simulates the perception of light stimulation of the retina through a photosensitive sensor, converts the light intensity into an electrical signal and inputs it to a main control unit; the main control unit controls the LED light bar 2 and RGB lamp bead 3 arranged along the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, anterior region of the tectum, oculomotor nerve accessory nucleus and oculomotor nerve path in turn according to the preset nerve reflex logic, to simulate the afferent pathway, central connection and efferent pathway of the pupil light reflex in a visualized manner; at the same time, the main control unit drives the steering engine 6 to adjust the opening and closing degree of the variable diaphragm structure, dynamically simulates the contraction and relaxation of the pupil sphincter muscle, realizes the linkage demonstration of the direct light reflex and the indirect light reflex; through the human-computer interaction control interface, the normal physiological mode and pathological modes such as optic nerve damage and oculomotor nerve damage can be switched, the corresponding signal pathways are shielded or adjusted, so as to intuitively reproduce the typical changes of the pupil light reflex under different nerve function states, realize the synchronous teaching demonstration of the neurophysiological mechanism and clinical performance.

[0074] Specifically, the model board is divided into two main areas. As Figure 1 , 2As shown, the uppermost end of the model board is two light sources, followed by the placement of two eye models 5, each integrating a light-sensitive sensor and a pupil mechanism driven by a servo. An LED light strip is laid out in this area, outlining the approximate contours of the midbrain (prefrontal region), optic nerve pathway. The key nuclear cluster positions are marked with RGB lamp beads 3. The control circuit module 7 is arranged below the model board in turn, including the Arduino main control board, the power management module and the interface area, all the lines are hidden in the guide groove and connected with various components through the Dupont line, ensuring that the layout is neat and convenient to maintain.

[0075] Two light-sensitive sensors are connected to the analog input pins (A0, A1) of the Arduino development board, all buttons and toggle switches are connected to the digital input pins of the Arduino development board, the LED light strip is connected to a digital pin (such as D6) through the data line, the signal lines of the driving servo 6 are connected to two digital pins (such as D9, D10) respectively, the RGB lamp beads 3 are connected to other digital pins, and the demonstration and control screen 8 is connected to the Arduino development board through the I2C interface, realizing the input of control instructions and the real-time display of physiological parameters. All circuit connections use standard Dupont lines to ensure stable signal transmission, each module is independently powered to avoid interference. The layout follows the principle of ergonomics, making it easy for operators to visually observe the dynamic response of the pupil, supporting the expansion of multiple devices in parallel, and meeting the needs of clinical simulation training. The system supports setting different light intensity thresholds through the LCD screen, real-time feedback of pupil contraction rate and recovery time, and simulation of the difference in reflection under physiological and pathological conditions. The light-sensitive sensor accurately captures the change in incident light, which is calculated by Arduino to drive the servo 6 to adjust the pupil size, synchronously trigger the prefrontal region of the midbrain LED to flicker, and dynamically present the neural signal conduction path. The RGB lamp beads 3 change color with the intensity of the stimulus, intuitively distinguishing between normal, sluggish and non-reactive states, making it easy for learners to master clinical interpretation standards. The entire process can be recorded and played back, and combined with a projection system to achieve multi-dimensional observation, improving the interactivity of teaching and the effectiveness of practical training. Through modular design and open-source hardware compatibility, the system can be expanded to simulate the cranial nerve multiple reflex pathway, support programming and implantation of pathological states, such as typical manifestations of oculomotor nerve palsy and Horner's syndrome. Combined with timestamp data flow, it realizes the drawing of pupil dynamic curve, and assists in analyzing the delay of nerve conduction. In the future, AI algorithms can be connected to predict individualized response patterns, providing training samples for intelligent diagnosis and promoting the development of medical education towards digitization and precision. The system reserves a Bluetooth communication interface, which can be connected to a mobile terminal to realize remote monitoring and parameter adjustment, adapting to different teaching scene needs. Through the open-source platform, design drawings and codes are shared to promote cross-agency collaboration and development, and continuously optimize model functions. When maintaining, only the power supply needs to be disconnected, and the side plate can be opened for quick maintenance, reducing the cost of use.

[0076] The light reflection process of the present application is as follows:

[0077] 1) Stimulus input: Press the "light" button, and the right light source illuminates the photosensor of the "right eye".

[0078] 2) Afferent pathway activation (optic signal flow - white): Arduino reads the elevated value of the right eye photosensor. Starting from the "right eye retina", the LED strip is lit, and the light flows along the "right optic nerve" to the "optic chiasm". At the chiasm, the LED light flow splits into two: crossing fibers (to the opposite side): most of the light crosses the midline and flows along the "left optic tract". Uncrossing fibers (to the same side): a small portion of the light flows along the "right optic tract".

[0079] 3) Central connections (nuclei activation - yellow): The two light flows eventually converge at the "pretectal area" of the midbrain, where the RGB LED 3 is lit yellow; subsequently, the signal is transmitted to the nearby "Edinger-Westphal nucleus (E-W nucleus)", where the RGB LED 3 is lit yellow.

[0080] 4) Efferent pathway activation (parasympathetic signal flow - green): The signal is sent from the E-W nucleus along the "oculomotor nerve" to the "ciliary ganglion". Program control: Starting from the brainstem, the green LED strip is lit along the oculomotor nerve path to the "ciliary ganglion" inside the orbit (an LED can be placed here).

[0081] 5) Effector response (pupil constriction): The signal eventually reaches the "right pupil sphincter muscle". Program control: The Arduino drives the servo of the right eye to rotate, causing the aperture of the pupil model to narrow. Indirect light reflex: At the same time, the program also drives the servo of the left eye to rotate, causing the left pupil to narrow.

[0082] 6) The text buttons in the flowchart of the pupillary light reflex on the control screen can individually control the lighting of any segment in the reflex pathway.

[0083] The clinical case simulation is as follows:

[0084] Switch to the case interface in the liquid crystal control screen.

[0085] 1) Right optic nerve injury: After selecting the "right optic nerve injury" mode, the system shields the right light-sensitive sensor signal input, and the Arduino simulates the interruption of the afferent pathway. When the right eye is illuminated, the "right eye retina" to "optic chiasm" segment LED light strip does not light up, there is no light flow transmission in the contralateral and ipsilateral optic tracts, the anterior periventricular area and E-W nucleus are not activated (yellow LED does not light up), and there is no response in the bilateral efferent pathway, and both pupils do not shrink. However, when the left eye is illuminated, the left afferent pathway is normal, and the light flow can cross the optic chiasm to the right optic tract, then activate the bilateral E-W nucleus, drive the bilateral pupils to shrink, and present the typical clinical features of "right eye direct light reflex disappearance, indirect light reflex existence". When the left eye is illuminated, the left pupil shrinks normally, and the right pupil also shrinks synchronously, indicating that the left afferent pathway and bilateral efferent pathway are functional. This simulation accurately reproduces the specific changes in the pupillary light reflex after optic nerve injury, which helps to visually demonstrate the key signs of nervous system localization diagnosis in clinical teaching. The system can further simulate oculomotor nerve injury, central lesions and other different pathological states to improve learners' understanding and discrimination ability of neural conduction pathways.

[0086] 2) Right oculomotor nerve injury: After selecting the "right oculomotor nerve injury" mode, the system shields the signal output from the right E-W nucleus to the "oculomotor nerve" segment, simulating the interruption of the efferent pathway. At this time, when both eyes are illuminated, the right afferent pathway can still transmit signals to the anterior periventricular area and bilateral E-W nucleus, and the left efferent pathway is intact, so the left pupil can shrink normally. However, the right oculomotor nerve signal cannot be transmitted, and the right pupil sphincter muscle does not respond, resulting in the disappearance of direct and indirect light reflexes in the right eye. While the left eye light reflex is normal, presenting the typical performance of "right eye bilateral reflex disappearance, left eye reflex normal", which accurately reproduces the clinical features of oculomotor nerve injury. This system accurately simulates the dysfunction of different segments of the pupillary reflex arc through modular pathological simulation, not only strengthens learners' understanding of the correlation between neural anatomy pathways and clinical signs, but also provides an interactive and traceable practical platform for the diagnosis of complex nervous system diseases, which has important teaching application value.

[0087] By selecting different nerve injury modes through the liquid crystal control screen, the changes in pupillary light response can be observed, and the difference in bilateral pupil diameter is displayed in real time. The system combines light-sensitive resistance feedback and rudder adjustment to accurately simulate the direct and indirect light reflex processes.

[0088] In addition, when adjusting the intensity of the light source through the control panel, the photoresistor detects the change of the ambient light, and the Arduino drives the SG90 servo to contract or expand the "iris" according to the preset algorithm, so as to realize the dynamic pupil response. The whole device is linked with the mechanical simulation through the visual interface, which enhances the user's understanding of the pupil regulation mechanism and neural pathway. Through interactive operation, the abnormal mode of the pupil's light reflex after the damage of the neural pathway is directly and intuitively displayed, for example, when the unilateral optic nerve is damaged, the direct response disappears but the indirect response exists, and when the oculomotor nerve is damaged, the bilateral responses are both weakened.

[0089] The above shows and describes the basic principles, main features and advantages of the present application. Those skilled in the art should understand that the above-mentioned embodiments are only for illustrating the technical concept and characteristics of the present application, and the purpose is to enable those skilled in the art to understand the content of the present application and to implement it, and cannot limit the protection scope of the present application. Any equivalent changes or modifications made according to the spirit and essence of the present application should be covered within the protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. An interactive teaching demonstration model for pupillary light reflex, characterized in that: include: The pupil light-reflecting cover (1) is made of semi-transparent material. The surface is carved or shaped according to the anatomical path of nerve conduction of pupil light reflection. It is embedded or cast with LED light strips (2) for simulating nerve fibers and RGB light beads (3) for simulating nerve nuclei. There are two eyeball models (5), which are installed at the eye position of the pupil light reflection cover (1). Inside, there are photosensitive sensors and adjustable apertures. The photosensitive sensors are used to simulate retinal photoreceptor cells; the adjustable apertures simulate the pupil and the size of the opening can be adjusted; the adjustable apertures are connected to drive servos (6). There are two demonstration light sources (4), which are set on the upper left and right sides of the pupil light reflection cover (1) to simulate external light stimulation. The left eyeball model (5) and the right eyeball model (5) are illuminated individually or simultaneously. The control circuit module (7) includes a main control circuit board, a power supply module and an interface. The main control circuit board receives photosensitive sensor and switch signals, and controls LED light strip (2), RGB light beads (3), servo motor action and data output according to a preset logic algorithm. The power supply module includes a power supply and a power management circuit to provide a stable voltage.

2. The interactive pupillary light reflex teaching demonstration model according to claim 1, characterized in that: It also includes a demonstration and control screen (8), which uses an LCD touch screen to display the pupillary light reflection process, the current working mode and pupillary parameters; it also has text buttons and switches, parameter adjustment interfaces, which are used to select the normal mode or different nerve damage modes and adjust the light intensity.

3. The interactive pupillary light reflex teaching demonstration model according to claim 2, characterized in that: It also includes a housing (9), a control circuit module (7), a drive servo motor (6) installed inside the housing (9), and a pupil light reflection cover (1) and a demonstration and control screen (8) installed on the front of the housing (9).

4. The interactive pupillary light reflex teaching demonstration model according to claim 3, characterized in that: The housing (9) is made of ABS engineering plastic and is a detachable structure. It has an anti-slip pad installed at the bottom and is equipped with an interface or wireless protocol to connect to the projection system.

5. The interactive pupillary light reflex teaching demonstration model according to claim 1, characterized in that: The material of the pupil light-reflecting cover (1) is at least one of the following: acrylic, frosted polycarbonate, ABS engineering plastic, or transparent resin.

6. The interactive pupillary light reflex teaching demonstration model according to claim 1, characterized in that: The LED light strip (2) has colors including blue, red, and yellow, and the RGB LED beads (3) have different colors from the LED light strip (2).

7. An interactive pupillary light reflex teaching demonstration model according to claim 1 or 6, characterized in that: The LED light strip (2) simulates the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, and oculomotor nerve; RGB LED beads correspond to the pretectal area of ​​the midbrain, the accessory nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, and the ciliary ganglion; different colored light signals in the LED strip (2) are used to distinguish the direction and state of nerve signals in the afferent pathway, central connection and efferent pathway.

8. The interactive pupillary light reflex teaching demonstration model according to claim 1, characterized in that: The main control circuit board, power management module and interface of the control circuit module (7) are interconnected by DuPont wires hidden in the guide groove of the housing (9), or connected to the eyeball model (5), demonstration light source (4) and demonstration and control screen (8). The main control circuit board adopts Arduino Uno / Mega development board.

9. The interactive pupillary light reflex teaching demonstration model according to claim 1, characterized in that: The main control circuit board is equipped with a Bluetooth communication interface, which connects to a mobile terminal to enable remote monitoring and parameter adjustment.

10. The working method of the interactive pupillary light reflection teaching demonstration model according to claim 1, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: S1. Stimulus input, The light source is controlled by the control panel or physical buttons to apply light stimulation to the left or right eye. The photosensitive sensor detects the change in incident light intensity and generates a corresponding signal. S2. Input pathway simulation, The main control circuit board controls the LED strips (2) on the corresponding retina, optic nerve and optic chiasm to light up sequentially according to the photosensitive sensor signal, so as to simulate the conduction process of nerve impulses along the afferent pathway in the form of light signals; S3. Central Connection Simulation After the shunting at the optic chiasm, the LED light streams of the two visual beams are controlled to converge into the pretectal area of ​​the midbrain and the RGB LEDs of the corresponding nuclei are lit to indicate the central integration process. S4. Transmission path simulation, Starting from the accessory nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, the LED light strips (2) along the oculomotor nerve and ciliary ganglion pathway are controlled to light up, simulating the transmission process of parasympathetic nerve signals; S5. Effector response, The main control circuit board controls the drive servo (6) to adjust the size of the adjustable aperture to achieve synchronous or differential performance of direct light reflection and indirect light reflection; S6. Pathology mode switching, By selecting different nerve injury modes through the control panel, the main control circuit board shields or delays the input or signal output of the corresponding photosensitive sensor to simulate the pupillary response characteristics under typical pathological conditions such as optic nerve injury and oculomotor nerve injury. S7. Parameter display and feedback, It can display light intensity, pupil diameter changes and reflection status in real time, and can record the pupil change process for playback and teaching analysis.

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