Ship-based carbon capture, systems, and methods of use thereof

Abstract

Many embodiments relate to reactors and methods for reducing ship exhaust pollution emissions. Many such embodiments relate to a reactor that implements limestone accelerated weathering (AWL) to achieve carbon dioxide sequestration. Some embodiments may also be used to mitigate the high acidity of the SOx scrubber effluent, while some embodiments address two problems, i.e. Seawater acidification and carbon dioxide contamination. Many embodiments are implemented on cargo ships (e.g., container ships and / or bulk ships) and use seawater. Some embodiments may utilize the effluent from one or more SOx scrubbers as a seawater source to decarbonize and / or neutralize the water, after which it is safely and permanently stored in the ocean.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] Pursuant to 35 USC119(e), this application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 497,890, filed April 24, 2023, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0003] This disclosure relates to methods for carbon dioxide sequestration, and more specifically, to methods capable of sequestering carbon dioxide and / or enabling SO2 sequestration. x Ship-based reactor for deacidification of scrubber effluent. Background Technology

[0004] Carbon dioxide (CO2) constitutes approximately 0.04% of the atmosphere (per million 400 parts per million). Despite its relatively low overall concentration, CO2 is a potent greenhouse gas and plays a significant role in regulating the Earth's surface temperature. Currently, anthropogenic CO2 production occurs at a rate greater than its consumption and / or storage, leading to an increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Consequently, there is growing concern that elevated CO2 levels in the Earth's atmosphere pose substantial environmental challenges, and there is increasing interest in developing methods to remove CO2 from emission streams and the atmosphere, and to store the removed CO2 in ways that prevent its future release into the atmosphere. This capture and storage process is collectively known as CO2 sequestration.

[0005] The shipping industry is vital to global trade and economic health. Ships, such as container ships and bulk carriers, contribute to the world's carbon and sulfur exports. In response, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has issued a list of sulfur oxides (SO₄²⁻) as a pollutant. x The goal is to reduce emissions by seven times. This goal gives ship operators two options: install SO2 on board. x Scrubbers or switching to low-sulfur fuels. In particular, typical seawater SO₂... x The scrubber works by drawing in flue gas from the ship's exhaust chimney and passing it through a mist of atomized seawater pumped by, for example, a moving seabed tank (e.g., as in Sasaki et al., Practical Design of Marine SO x As described in Scrubber for Mega-Container Ships, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Rev., Vol. 56, No. 3, (September 2019), the publication of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Therefore, SO₂ from exhaust gases... x It readily dissolves in seawater and rapidly oxidizes into sulfuric acid. Furthermore, the bicarbonate ions in seawater (i.e., alkalinity) react with SO₂. xThe protons produced by the conversion to sulfuric acid are titrated, and therefore, the overall SO₂... x The washing process generates sulfate ions and CO2. However, not all SO2 is produced. x The protons in the washing process are absorbed by the alkalinity of seawater, and the pH of the scrubber effluent can be as low as pH 2-3. Therefore, although SO2... x The washer did reduce SO x While these pollutants contribute to water pollution, they also acidify their wastewater and contribute to CO2 emissions. Therefore, there is a great and urgent need for pollution reduction schemes that address both carbon dioxide emissions and water acidification. Summary of the Invention

[0006] Various implementation schemes involve the generation of CO2 and SO2. x The ship will incorporate AWL process with SO2 emissions. x A reactor integrating a washing process, the reactor comprising:

[0007] At least one chamber filled with a reaction medium.

[0008] The water inlet is connected to the aqueous effluent outlet of the absorption tower.

[0009] The gas inlet is in fluid communication with the gas effluent outlet of the absorption tower.

[0010] AWL effluent outlet, and

[0011] Any number of pumps, controllers, and safety valves required to move seawater and gas through the reactor at the desired rate.

[0012] In various such implementation schemes, the absorption tower is SO x Washer.

[0013] In various such embodiments, at least one chamber is filled with a reaction medium selected from fluidized beds, packed beds, and any combination thereof.

[0014] In various embodiments, the reaction medium includes materials or reagents selected from: CaO; carbonates, including in their aragonite, calcite and aragonite forms, dolomite, and Na2CO3; NaHCO3; silicates, including MgSiO3, olivine, pyroxene, mafic rocks; other materials capable of sequestering CO2, and any combination thereof.

[0015] In various such implementation schemes, the reaction medium is CaCO3.

[0016] In various other implementation schemes, the reaction medium is a fine-grained solid.

[0017] In various such implementations, the reactor comprises multiple chambers filled with a reaction medium.

[0018] In various such embodiments, the reactor comprises multiple chambers connected in sequence.

[0019] In various other implementation schemes, multiple chambers are connected in parallel.

[0020] Various implementation plans still involve mitigating CO2 and SO2 emissions from ships. x Methods for discharging pollution, the methods including:

[0021] An AWL reactor is installed on board the ship. The AWL reactor includes:

[0022] At least one chamber filled with a reaction medium.

[0023] With SO on the ship x The water inlet is connected to the water outlet of the washer.

[0024] with SO x The gas inlet of the scrubber is in fluid communication with the gas outlet.

[0025] AWL effluent outlet, and

[0026] Any number of pumps, controllers, and safety valves required to move seawater and gas through the AWL reactor at the desired rate;

[0027] Seawater from the aqueous effluent outlet and gas from the gaseous effluent outlet are diverted from SO2. x The wastewater flows into the AWL reactor;

[0028] This reduces the acidity of seawater flowing out of the water effluent outlet while also safely storing carbon dioxide generated by the ship in the ocean.

[0029] In various such embodiments, at least one chamber is filled with a reaction medium selected from fluidized beds, packed beds, and any combination thereof.

[0030] In various such embodiments, the reaction medium comprises materials or reagents selected from: CaO; carbonates, including in their aragonite, calcite and aragonite forms, dolomite, and Na2CO3; NaHCO3; silicates, including MgSiO3, olivine, pyroxene, mafic rocks; other materials capable of sequestering CO2, and any combination thereof.

[0031] In various implementation schemes, the reaction medium is CaCO3.

[0032] In various other implementation schemes, the reaction medium is a fine-grained solid.

[0033] In various other implementations, the AWL reactor comprises multiple chambers filled with reaction media.

[0034] In various such implementation schemes, multiple chambers are connected in sequence.

[0035] In various implementation schemes, multiple chambers are connected in parallel.

[0036] Additional embodiments and features are set forth in part in the description which follows, and will become partly apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of this specification or may be learned by practice of the disclosed subject matter. A further understanding of the nature and advantages of this disclosure can be achieved by referring to the remainder of the specification and drawings, which form a part of this disclosure. Attached Figure Description

[0037] These and other features and advantages of the invention will be better understood when considered in conjunction with the accompanying data and drawings, and by referring to the following detailed description, in which:

[0038] Figure 1A and 1B An example of a basic AWL reactor design according to an embodiment of this application is illustrated.

[0039] Figure 2A and 2B The design of a multi-stage AWL reactor according to an embodiment of this application is illustrated schematically.

[0040] Figure 3 Illustrative model data diagrams according to embodiments of this application are provided, showing the pH values ​​of the effluents leaving the first and second chambers of the AWL reactor as a function of seawater and flue gas flow rates.

[0041] Figure 4 Illustrative model data for an embodiment according to this application are provided, which demonstrate the advantages of splitting the water flow into two streams.

[0042] Figure 5 Provided according to the embodiments of this application when the AWL reactor is connected to SO x The effluent from the washer serves as an illustrative model of its overall performance.

[0043] Figure 6A Data was provided that shows the effect of not crossing SO x The amount of CO2 stored in the various seawater flows of the scrubber varies with the required volume on the ship; and Figure 6BThe same range of seawater flow according to the embodiment of this application is shown, but the nonlinear response of the sealed CO2 to the seawater flow rate is utilized. Detailed Implementation

[0044] The embodiments of the invention described herein are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Rather, the embodiments chosen for description are selected to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention.

[0045] Turning to the accompanying figures, schemes, and data, implementation schemes for reactor systems and methods for capturing carbon dioxide emitted by ships and permanently storing it in the ocean are provided. Many such implementations involve reactors implementing accelerated limestone weathering (AWL) to sequester carbon. Some implementations can also be used to mitigate SO2 emissions from ships. x The acidity of the scrubber effluent, and some implementations address two issues (i.e., water acidification and carbon dioxide contamination). Many implementations are carried out on cargo ships (e.g., container ships and / or bulk carriers) and use seawater. Some implementations may utilize water from one or more SO₂ sources. x The effluent from the scrubber is used as a source of seawater to decarbonize and / or neutralize the water before it is safely released into the environment.

[0046] The conventional AWL process / reactor absorbs CO2 gas and reacts it with CaCO3 (commonly known as limestone) in water (usually seawater) according to the most common reaction equation:

[0047] CO2 + H2O + CaCO3 → Ca 2+ +2(HCO3 - ),

[0048] This results in the safe and permanent storage of anthropogenic carbon as bicarbonate ions in the ocean. This is a natural buffering process, sometimes called 'carbonate compensation,' which regulates the CO2 concentration in the Earth's atmosphere. However, the process is limited by two rate-limiting steps—CO2 gas adsorption and limestone solid dissolution. More specifically, because the AWL process typically relies on an excess supply of CO2 compared to ambient air (i.e., the partial pressure of CO2 gas (pCO2) is higher than the ambient CO2 level), CO2 gas adsorption through the reaction medium (e.g., limestone) of the AWL reactor often occurs faster than the dissolution of the solids in the reactor's reaction medium, leading to incomplete titration of the incoming CO2.

[0049] This application relates to embodiments of reactors and methods for producing CO2 and SO2. x The ship will incorporate AWL process with SO2 emissions. x Washing processes integrated to reduce SO2 xThe acidity of the aqueous effluent from the scrubbing process is reduced, while also safely storing carbon dioxide from ship exhaust in the ocean. More specifically, in many embodiments, the ship's SO2 is... x The water-based (e.g., seawater-based) effluent from the washer, along with optionally the same SO x The gaseous effluent from the scrubber (potentially still containing some of the ship's exhaust CO2, which is not dissolved in the aqueous effluent) is fed into the AWL reactor, where SO2... x The aqueous and gaseous effluents of the scrubber come into contact with the AWL reaction medium (such as limestone) placed within the chamber of the AWL reactor. Therefore, in many embodiments, upon contact with the AWL reaction medium, the SO₂... x The sulfate protons in the aqueous effluent from the scrubber and the CO2 from the ship's flue gas react with the reaction medium to produce bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the solution, which are to be released into the water surrounding the ship. - This involves the safe and permanent storage of CO2 in the ocean. In some implementations, SO2... x The washer is similar to SO x Any absorber tower that functions as a scrubber – that is, drawing in exhaust gas from ship exhaust and passing it through a mist of atomized seawater to absorb the exhaust gas (including CO2) into the seawater to be fed into the AWL reactor of the implementation scheme.

[0050] Figure 1A and 1B Examples of the most basic AWL reactors in many implementation schemes are provided. Therefore, in many implementations, the AWL reactor comprises at least: one chamber filled with an AWL reaction medium (e.g., limestone), and SO... x Washer Figure 1A ) or another absorption tower ( Figure 1B The water inlet, which is in fluid communication with the outlet of the aqueous effluent, is connected to SO. x Washer Figure 1A The gas inlet is connected to the gas effluent, the AWL effluent outlet, and any number of pumps, controllers, and safety valves required to move seawater and gas through the reactor at the desired rate. In many embodiments, at least one chamber is filled with the reaction medium in a manner selected from: a fluidized bed (… Figure 1A ), packed bed ( Figure 1B( ), and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the filled bed chamber is up to 20 meters long or longer and 0.15 m or thicker. In many embodiments, the AWL reaction medium comprises materials or reagents selected from: CaO; carbonates, including in their aragonite, calcite and aragonite forms, dolomite, and Na2CO3; NaHCO3; silicates, including MgSiO3, olivine, pyroxene, mafic rocks; other materials capable of sequestering CO2, and any combination thereof. In many embodiments, the reaction medium is CaCO3 (limestone). In many embodiments, the reaction medium is a fine-grained solid. Therefore, in many embodiments, the ship's SO x Aqueous / seawater effluent from a scrubber or other gas absorption device with some optional amount of the same SO₂ x The gaseous effluent from the scrubber flows into the AWL reactor, where the seawater effluent and gas mix and contact with a reaction medium placed in at least one AWL reactor chamber, and are then released into the ocean as AWL effluent rich in bicarbonate ions, thereby reducing SO2 levels. x The acidity of the scrubber effluent and the safe and permanent storage of CO2 emitted by the ship in the ocean.

[0051] In many implementations, SO x The aqueous effluent from the scrubber is the sole source of seawater feed into the AWL reactor, and therefore, according to SO x The pre-existing flow rate of the scrubber defines the flow rate of water through the AWL reactor. In some such embodiments, SO x The scrubber's effluent is then used to adjust the flow rate of gas passing through the AWL reactor as needed to optimize AWL process conditions and reactor performance, thereby capturing the maximum amount of CO2 at the lowest cost. However, in some embodiments, any additional amount of seawater may be pumped directly from the ship's ambient water into the AWL reactor as needed to optimize the AWL process and reactor performance.

[0052] In many implementations, the AWL process and reactor are multi-stage, incorporating any number of SO₂ reactors. x Scrubbers and AWL chambers are designed to achieve the most efficient and effective capture of CO2 from ship exhaust gases within the ship's restricted limits. For example, Figure 2A and 2B Examples of such multi-stage AWL reactors with many implementation schemes are shown. More specifically, Figure 2A This describes numerous embodiments of an AWL reactor comprising two continuously connected AWL reactor chambers, wherein the reactor originates from SO xThe aqueous effluent from the washer first enters the first AWL chamber, where most of the acidity and some CO2 are removed, and then flows into the second AWL chamber to remove additional carbon dioxide. Furthermore, in this particular example, from SO2... x The gas effluent from the scrubber is split into two parallel streams, wherein a first portion of the gas effluent is pumped into a first AWL chamber and a second portion of the gas effluent is pumped into a second AWL chamber, in order to facilitate control of the gas flow rate through the AWL chambers and to optimize the AWL process in many embodiments.

[0053] on the other hand, Figure 2B Alternative devices to the AWL reactor are illustrated in many embodiments, wherein the AWL reactor comprises multiple AWL chambers (here, packed beds of AWL reaction media) connected in parallel. In some embodiments, the AWL reactor is a stack of at least five such packed bed columns containing the reaction media, each 20 meters long and 0.15 meters thick, achieving a total reactor size of 20 × 0.75 × 0.15 meters. In this particular example, from SO x The aqueous effluent from the scrubber (here, the absorption tower) is divided into multiple streams flowing through multiple AWL chambers. In many embodiments, Figure 2B The apparatus shown allows for compensation of the mismatch between the rate at which CO2 gas is adsorbed into the aqueous effluent and the rate at which limestone solids dissolve, thereby greatly improving the overall efficiency of the AWL process in many embodiments.

[0054] Typically, in many implementations, any number of AWL chambers are connected to any number of SO chambers as needed in any manner (including sequentially or in parallel). x Washer, SO x The scrubber-type absorber tower is interconnected with the ship's exhaust gas to optimize water and gas flow rates, thereby achieving the most efficient AWL process and capturing most of the carbon dioxide at the lowest cost. However, it should be noted that the aqueous effluent from the AWL reactor / chamber is specifically reversed to SO2. x Washers are not recommended because SO x The washing process acidifies the aqueous effluent, thereby eliminating any benefit to the buffering capacity of the AWL reaction medium (e.g., limestone). Furthermore, in many embodiments, various pumps, monitors, and safety valves are added for the same purpose. In many embodiments, the AWL reactor is arranged inside the vessel, below the waterline. In many such embodiments, any additional seawater required to optimize the onboard AWL process can be delivered to the AWL reactor by the vessel's movement across the water without the need for any additional pumps.

[0055] Exemplary Implementation

[0056] While the following embodiments provide details of some embodiments of the invention, it should be understood that these are merely exemplary in nature and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

[0057] Example 1: Acid Neutralization

[0058] Background: Moving to SO x The ambient seawater in the scrubber has a pH of 7.8-8.1 in the open ocean. (From SO...) x The pH of the aqueous effluent from the scrubber (without any dilution with additional seawater) is pH 2-3. Therefore, neutralizing SO2... x Effluent is important to prevent damage to marine life and / or infrastructure.

[0059] Methods: To explore the extent of acid neutralization and carbon sequestration in AWL reactors through various implementation schemes, a series of calculations were performed. Specifically, firstly, the extent of acid neutralization and carbon sequestration in AWL reactors through various implementation schemes was recorded. Figure 2A The diagram shows the chemical properties, particularly the pH of the water, before and after the introduction of the AWL fluidized bed reactor into a Panamax-type vessel (which produces 64,000 kg of exhaust gas per hour with a CO2 concentration of 5%). Here, a reference SO2 is used. x The washer has a capacity of 700 m 3 A seawater flow of approximately 200 L / second or 1 hour.

[0060] result: Figure 3 A graph is provided showing the pH variation of the AWL effluent from the first and second AWL chambers of the AWL reactor with varying rates of aqueous and gaseous effluents, respectively. Here, the AWL effluent from the first chamber has a pH of 6.56 to 6.74, indicating a pH of 6.56 to 6.74 due to SO₂. x The sulfuric acid produced by the scrubber is substantially neutralized. Furthermore, at the same seawater and gas flux rates, the AWL effluent from the second AWL chamber exhibits the same pH range, with slightly lower values ​​due to the introduction of fresh CO2 from the ship's exhaust chimney.

[0061] Conclusion: This example illustrates the neutralization and exit of SO in an AWL reactor. x The ability of the washing machine to acidify the effluent.

[0062] Example 2: Carbon Capture

[0063] Background: SO x The acidity of the water effluent from the washing machine results in a large amount of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). - ) and carbonate ions (CO3) 2-The carbon dioxide is converted into carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) and corresponding CO₂, which in turn produces SO₂. x The scrubber effluent provides a higher CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) compared to the flue gas. Therefore, as Figure 2A The first chamber of the AWL reactor described in the paper does not receive all the CO2 leaving the ship's exhaust gas because it receives CO2 from SO2 due to its high pCO2 content. x Bubbles emerge from the effluent.

[0064] Method: The total amount of carbon dioxide captured and stored in the effluent of the AWL reactor can be calculated as a function of gas flow rate and water flow rate.

[0065] Results: Once the reactor reached steady state, sufficient CaCO3 dissolution was available to increase alkalinity and reduce pCO2 below the flue gas value, but the total carbon stored was less than predicted by the increase in alkalinity alone. By bubbling an additional stream of CO2-containing flue gas into the aqueous effluent of the first chamber of the AWL reactor, water and more carbon dioxide were stored in the second chamber, but in smaller quantities because the pCO2 was now high and the pH of the water was not low. Overall, the calculated carbon capture and sequestration rate was 0.54 mol / s, which is 2.71% of the 20 mol / s from the flue gas. Therefore, in many embodiments, it is advantageous to split the 200 L / s water flow into two 100 L / s flows, because the lines of constant CCS are closer together under smaller flows than under larger flows, such as... Figure 4 As shown. This slight nonlinearity means that two 100 L / s flows into two separate reactors will produce a total capture and storage rate of 0.64 mol / s, or 3.22% of the total ship discharge.

[0066] When connected to SO x When considering the effluent from the scrubber, the overall performance of the AWL reactor in many implementations can be summarized as a function of the gas flow and the volume occupied by the AWL reactor with the necessary limestone, such as... Figure 5 As explained. The three different shades in the figure represent: the Std case, where the reactor volume is 45 m³. 3 , and Kla (gas transfer coefficient) = 0.2 / s (blue); 7.5 m 3 Reactor, where Kla = 0.2 / s (orange); and 7.5 m 3 The reactor has a flow rate of Kla = 0.6 L / s (grey). Two sets of trends are for two reactors at 100 L / s (higher CO2 sequestration rate but larger volume) and one at 200 L / s through a single reactor. These different sensitivities stem from the nonlinearity of CO2 sequestration versus seawater flow rate. Points along each trend are derived from variations in gas flow rate from 500 to 4,000 L / s.

[0067] Conclusion: This example illustrates how the AWL reactor can process SO2. x The ability of a scrubber to capture carbon dioxide in its effluent.

[0068] Example 3: Without using SO x Carbon capture in scrubbers

[0069] Background: Some ships may need to avoid using SO x Carbon sequestration is performed on scrubber effluent, such as when using low-sulfur fuels and / or if SO₂ is not present. x When connecting the reactor to an AWL reactor is feasible. For example, a bulk carrier has two 1,000 m³ reactors on board. 3 Pumps operating at [number] hours are used in ports during loading and unloading operations. These pumps move ballast seawater to ensure ship stability when heavy loads are loaded and unloaded at the dock.

[0070] Method: By using these pumps while the ship is in motion, the amount of stored carbon can be calculated as a function of seawater and gas flow rates. Figure 6 shows the amount of stored CO2 as a function of the required volume on board for seawater flows of 400 L / s, 600 L / s, and 800 L / s, and for exhaust gas flows of 4000 L / s.

[0071] Results: Each group of three seawater flows forms a set of points along the line, where the reactor size and gas exchange coefficient (Kla) are varied in the model. These implementations can utilize two 1,000 m³ reactors. 3 The ballast pump operates at a rate of / hour and occupies approximately 140 m² on the ship. 3 Space is available to contain 7% of Panamax's CO2 emissions. This is because these ships have a range of approximately 50,000 m. 3 In the cargo hold, the AWL reactor equipment can be considered non-invasive. Furthermore, Figure 7 shows modeling results for seawater flow over the same range as Figure 6, but now utilizes the nonlinear response of the sequestered CO2 to the seawater flow rate. Therefore, many embodiments of the AWL reactor can be used on board at a depth of 350 m. 3 The space is used to seal in approximately 11% of CO2.

[0072] Conclusion: This example illustrates the ability of AWL reactors in many implementation schemes to capture carbon dioxide by using ballast pumps or other non-acidified seawater sources.

[0073] Principle of Equivalence

[0074] These descriptions of the invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms described, and many modifications and variations are possible in light of the foregoing teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application. These descriptions will enable others skilled in the art to best utilize and practice the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications suitable for a particular purpose. The scope of the invention is defined by the following claims.

Claims

1. In the production of CO2 and SO x The ship will incorporate AWL process with SO2 emissions. x A reactor integrating a washing process, the reactor comprising: At least one chamber filled with a reaction medium. The water inlet is connected to the aqueous effluent outlet of the absorption tower. The gas inlet is in fluid communication with the gas effluent outlet of the absorption tower. AWL effluent outlet, and Any number of pumps, controllers, and safety valves required to move seawater and gas through the reactor at the desired rate.

2. The reactor according to claim 1, wherein the absorption tower is SO x Washer.

3. The reactor of claim 1, wherein the at least one chamber is filled with the reaction medium in a manner selected from fluidized bed, packed bed, and any combination thereof.

4. The reactor according to claim 1, wherein the reaction medium comprises materials or reagents selected from: CaO; carbonates, including in the forms of aragonite, calcite and aragonite, dolomite, and Na2CO3; NaHCO3; silicates, including MgSiO3, olivine, pyroxene, mafic rocks; other materials capable of encapsulating CO2, and any combination thereof.

5. The reactor according to claim 1, wherein the reaction medium is CaCO3.

6. The reactor according to claim 1, wherein the reaction medium is a fine-grained solid.

7. The reactor of claim 1, wherein the reactor comprises a plurality of chambers filled with the reaction medium.

8. The reactor according to claim 7, wherein the plurality of chambers are connected in sequence.

9. The reactor of claim 7, wherein the plurality of chambers are connected in parallel.

10. Reduce CO2 and SO2 emissions from ships x Methods of discharging pollution include: An AWL reactor is installed on the ship, the AWL reactor comprising: At least one chamber filled with a reaction medium. With the SO on the ship x The water inlet is connected to the water outlet of the washer. With the SO x The gas inlet of the scrubber is in fluid communication with the gas outlet. AWL effluent outlet, and Any number of pumps, controllers, and safety valves required to move seawater and gas through the AWL reactor at the desired rate; Seawater from the aqueous effluent outlet and gas from the gaseous effluent outlet are discharged from the SO. x The scrubber flows into the AWL reactor; This reduces the acidity of the seawater flowing out of the aqueous effluent outlet, while also safely storing the carbon dioxide generated by the ship in the ocean.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the at least one chamber is filled with the reaction medium in a manner selected from fluidized bed, packed bed, and any combination thereof.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein the reaction medium comprises a material or reagent selected from the group consisting of: CaO; carbonates, including in the forms of aragonite, calcite and aragonite, dolomite, and Na2CO3; NaHCO3; silicates, including MgSiO3, olivine, pyroxene, mafic rocks; other materials capable of encapsulating CO2, and any combination thereof.

13. The method according to claim 10, wherein the reaction medium is CaCO3.

14. The method according to claim 10, wherein the reaction medium is a fine-grained solid.

15. The method of claim 10, wherein the AWL reactor comprises a plurality of chambers filled with the reaction medium.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the plurality of chambers are connected sequentially.

17. The method of claim 15, wherein the plurality of chambers are connected in parallel.

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