Diffusion welding method for TiAl 45XD and GH4169
By using a vacuum hot-pressing sintering furnace to diffuse-weld TiAl 45XD and GH4169, and controlling the welding parameters to form an intermediate phase layer, the problems of high residual stress and cracking during the fusion welding of TiAl 45XD and GH4169 were solved, resulting in a welded joint with high hardness and low deformation.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2026-02-06
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-17
AI Technical Summary
TiAl 45XD and GH4169 are prone to high residual stress and cracks during fusion welding, making it difficult to achieve high-quality joints.
Diffusion welding was performed using a vacuum hot-press sintering furnace. By controlling the heating rate, holding time, and pressurization process, a tight bond was achieved between TiAl 45XD and GH4169, forming an intermediate phase layer, reducing brittle phases, and lowering stress.
Welded joints with high hardness and low deformation were obtained, shear strength was improved, and residual welding stress and crack generation were reduced.
Smart Images
Figure CN121670102A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to a method for diffusion bonding of TiAl 45XD and GH4169, and more particularly to a method for manufacturing a diffusion bonded joint of TiAl 45XD and GH4169. Background Technology
[0002] Diffusion welding is a solid-state welding technique that, under specific temperature and external pressure conditions, induces minute plastic deformation or a small amount of liquid phase at the contact surface of two workpieces, achieving metallurgical bonding through atomic diffusion. Diffusion welding allows for easy adjustment of welding temperature, time, and pressure to obtain high-quality joints. Its parameters are easily adjustable, making it suitable for welding dissimilar materials. It effectively avoids the weld joint deterioration caused by the fusion zone and heat-affected zone that occur in fusion welding. The performance of diffusion-welded joints is largely due to the microscopic interface porosity; the fewer the microscopic interface porosity, the higher the quality of the weld joint. Diffusion welding has already achieved numerous applications in aerospace and electronic heat sinks, enabling the joining of various homogeneous and dissimilar materials.
[0003] GH4169 is a nickel-based superalloy with precipitation strengthening as its strengthening mechanism. It can operate at temperatures up to 650℃ and exhibits excellent oxidation resistance, good high-temperature strength, and superior fatigue and creep resistance. Nickel-based superalloys are widely used in aero-engines. However, their high density significantly increases weight in turbine components like those in aero-engines, reducing the thrust-to-weight ratio and fuel economy. TiAl 45XD is an excellent lightweight high-temperature structural material with comparable high-temperature strength, oxidation resistance, and creep resistance to nickel-based superalloys. However, its poor room-temperature plasticity makes it difficult to process; using TiAl 45XD exclusively for aero-engine turbine blades is impractical, as it easily deforms and cracks. Furthermore, the differences in physicochemical properties between TiAl 45XD and nickel-based superalloys result in high residual stress during fusion welding, making them prone to cracking.
[0004] Therefore, a method for GH4169 and TiAl 45XD with less residual stress and improved weld quality is needed. Summary of the Invention
[0005] According to one aspect of this disclosure, a method for diffusion bonding TiAl 45XD and GH4169 is provided, comprising the following steps: Step 1: Material preparation and surface treatment, grinding the TiAl Step 1: The end faces of TiAl45XD and GH4169 to be welded are polished until the surface is free of scratches, ultrasonically cleaned with anhydrous ethanol, and then dried; Step 2: Place the sample, align the TiAl45XD and GH4169 and place them in the hot pressing sintering furnace; Step 3: After the hot pressing sintering furnace is evacuated, the heating operation is started, and vacuum diffusion welding is started. The temperature is increased to 450℃~650℃ at a heating rate of 8~10℃ / min and held for 30~40min, and then the temperature is increased to 800~900℃ and held for 10~30min; Step 4: Heating and pressurizing operation, when the temperature reaches 800℃~900℃, the pressure is increased at a rate of 1~5MPa / min, stopped after 10~30min, the pressure is 20~50MPa, and the temperature and pressure are held for 20~80min; Step 5: Final treatment, after the heating is stopped, the pressure drops naturally, and the obtained vacuum diffusion welded TiAl The surfaces of the 45XD and GH4169 components were polished and cleaned.
[0006] Preferably, in step 1, the weldable end faces of TiAl 45XD and GH4169 are polished using sandpaper of different grades.
[0007] Preferably, in step 3, the temperature is increased to 500℃~600℃ at a heating rate of 8~10℃ / min and held for 30~40min, and then increased to 850℃~900℃ at a heating rate of 8~10℃ / min and held for 10~25min.
[0008] Preferably, in the above steps, pressurization begins when the temperature reaches 850℃~900℃, at a rate of 2~3MPa / min, and stops after 10~25min, with a pressure of 20~50MPa, and the temperature and pressure are maintained for another 20~60min.
[0009] Preferably, during the vacuum diffusion welding process, the vacuum degree of the vacuum sintering furnace is ≤2×10-2 Pa.
[0010] This invention uses a vacuum hot-press sintering furnace to perform diffusion bonding of TiAl 45XD and GH4169, which closely connects the smooth matrix of the two materials and obtains a joint with a certain welding strength. By utilizing the pressure and high temperature of the diffusion welding process, the microstructure of the welding interface can be easily and quickly adjusted to reduce brittle phases, so that the welded joint has the advantages of small deformation and low stress, thus realizing the effective bonding of TiAl 45XD and GH4169. Attached Figure Description
[0011] The above and other objects, features, and advantages of this disclosure will become more apparent from the more detailed description of the embodiments thereof in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The drawings are provided to further illustrate the embodiments of this disclosure and form part of the specification. They are used together with the embodiments of this disclosure to explain the disclosure and do not constitute a limitation thereof. In the drawings, the same reference numerals generally represent the same components or steps.
[0012] Figure 1 The image shows a SEM image of the cross-section of a joint obtained by a method for manufacturing a TiAl 45XD and GH4169 joint by diffusion bonding according to Embodiment 1 of this disclosure, wherein the upper side is GH4169 and the lower side is TiAl 45XD. Figure 2 The diagram shows the hardness distribution of the cross section of the joint obtained by the method of manufacturing a TiAl 45XD and GH4169 joint by diffusion welding according to Embodiment 1 of this disclosure, from left to right, TiAl 45XD transitions to GH4169; Figure 3 The image shows a SEM image of the cross-section of a joint obtained by a method for manufacturing a TiAl 45XD and GH4169 joint by diffusion bonding according to Embodiment 2 of this disclosure, wherein the upper side is GH4169 and the lower side is TiAl 45XD; Figure 4 The diagram shows the hardness distribution of the cross section of the joint obtained by the method of manufacturing a TiAl 45XD and GH4169 joint by diffusion welding according to Embodiment 2 of this disclosure, from left to right, TiAl 45XD transitions to GH4169; Figure 5 The image shows a SEM image of the cross-section of a joint obtained by a method for manufacturing a TiAl 45XD and GH4169 joint by diffusion bonding according to Embodiment 3 of this disclosure, wherein the upper side is GH4169 and the lower side is TiAl 45XD; Figure 6 The diagram shows the hardness distribution of the cross section of the joint obtained by the method of manufacturing a TiAl 45XD and GH4169 joint by diffusion welding according to Embodiment 3 of this disclosure, from left to right, TiAl 45XD transitions to GH4169; Figure 7 The image shows a SEM image of the cross-section of a joint obtained by a method for manufacturing a TiAl 45XD and GH4169 joint by diffusion bonding according to Embodiment 4 of this disclosure, wherein the upper side is GH4169 and the lower side is TiAl 45XD; Figure 8The diagram shows the hardness distribution of the cross-section of the joint obtained by the method of manufacturing a TiAl 45XD and GH4169 joint by diffusion welding according to Embodiment 4 of this disclosure, from left to right, TiAl 45XD transitions to GH4169; Detailed Implementation Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments according to the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are merely some embodiments of the present disclosure, and not all embodiments of the present disclosure, and it should be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the exemplary embodiments described herein.
[0013] Example 1 Step 1: Material preparation and surface treatment Ingots with alloy composition Ti-45Al-2Nb-2Mn-1B and GH4169 were wire-cut to obtain cuboids with dimensions of 10mm×10mm×35mm and 5mm×10mm×35mm respectively. One end of each was selected as the end face to be welded. The end faces of the TiAl 45XD and GH4169 cuboids were polished with different grades of sandpaper in turn, and then polished until the surface was free of scratches. The end faces were ultrasonically cleaned with anhydrous ethanol for 15 minutes and then dried. Step 2: The polished, cleaned, and dried TiAl 45XD and GH4169 cuboids were placed side-by-side in a vacuum hot-pressing sintering furnace. Step 3: Heating Operation First, the vacuum hot sintering furnace is evacuated, and then the temperature is raised at a rate of 10℃ / min. The temperature is raised to 500℃ and held for 30 minutes. Then, the temperature is raised to 900℃ at a rate of 10℃ / min and held for 10 minutes. Step 4: Heating and pressurizing operation When the temperature reaches 900℃, the TiAl 45XD and GH4169 cuboids are axially pressurized at a pressurization rate of 5MPa / min using a relevant mold. After 8 minutes, the pressure is stopped, reaching 39.2MPa. The pressure is maintained for 60 minutes while the temperature remains constant. Step 5: Final Processing After heating is stopped, the pressure drops naturally, and the surfaces of the obtained vacuum diffusion welded TiAl 45XD and GH4169 components are polished and cleaned.
[0014] The joint wire of the obtained TiAl 45XD and GH4169 was cut to obtain a cross-section. After grinding and polishing the cross-section, the resulting SEM images and hardness distribution maps are shown below. Figure 1 , 2 As shown.
[0015] from Figure 1As can be seen, the joint between TiAl 45XD and GH4169 obtained by this invention shows no obvious shrinkage cavities or porosity, and the bonding is relatively tight. The joint elements between TiAl 45XD and GH4169 diffuse, forming an intermediate phase layer of a certain thickness. Figure 2 This is a hardness distribution diagram of the cross-section of the diffusion-welded joint of TiAl 45XD and GH4169. From left to right, it shows the transition from TiAl 45XD to GH4169, with the hardness increasing in the middle. Figure 2 As can be seen, the joint hardness of TiAl 45XD and GH4169 obtained by this invention is higher than that of the matrix, reaching 450HV, effectively improving the hardness at the joint. The deformation of its diffusion-welded joint is 2.80%, exhibiting the advantage of small deformation, and the shear strength is 98MPa.
[0016] Example 2 Step 1: Material preparation and surface treatment Ingots with alloy composition Ti-45Al-2Nb-2Mn-1B and GH4169 were wire-cut to obtain cuboids with dimensions of 10mm×10mm×35mm and 5mm×10mm×35mm respectively. One end of each was selected as the end face to be welded. The end faces of the TiAl 45XD and GH4169 cuboids were polished with different grades of sandpaper in turn, and then polished until the surface was free of scratches. The end faces were ultrasonically cleaned with anhydrous ethanol for 15 minutes and then dried. Step 2: The polished, cleaned, and dried TiAl 45XD and GH4169 cuboids were placed side-by-side in a vacuum hot-pressing sintering furnace. Step 3: Heating Operation First, the vacuum hot sintering furnace is evacuated, and then the temperature is raised at a rate of 10℃ / min. The temperature is raised to 500℃ and held for 30 minutes. Then, the temperature is raised to 875℃ at a rate of 10℃ / min and held for 10 minutes. Step 4: Heating and pressurizing operation When the temperature reaches 900℃, the TiAl 45XD and GH4169 cuboids are axially pressurized at a pressurization rate of 5MPa / min using a relevant mold. After 8 minutes, the pressure is stopped, reaching 39.2MPa. The pressure is maintained for 60 minutes while the temperature remains constant. Step 5: Final Processing After heating is stopped, the pressure drops naturally, and the surfaces of the obtained vacuum diffusion welded TiAl 45XD and GH4169 components are polished and cleaned.
[0017] The joint wire of the obtained TiAl 45XD and GH4169 was cut to obtain a cross-section. After grinding and polishing the cross-section, the resulting SEM images and hardness distribution maps are shown below. Figure 3 , 4 As shown.
[0018] from Figure 3 As can be seen, the joint between TiAl 45XD and GH4169 obtained by this invention shows no obvious shrinkage cavities or porosity, and the bonding is relatively tight. The joint elements between TiAl 45XD and GH4169 diffuse, forming an intermediate phase layer of a certain thickness. Figure 4 This is a hardness distribution diagram of the cross-section of the diffusion-welded joint of TiAl 45XD and GH4169. From left to right, it shows the transition from TiAl 45XD to GH4169, with the hardness increasing in the middle. Figure 4 As can be seen, the joint hardness of TiAl 45XD and GH4169 obtained by this invention is higher than that of the base metal, reaching 430HV, effectively improving the hardness at the joint. The deformation of its diffusion-welded joint is 1.75%, exhibiting the advantage of small deformation, and the shear strength is 60MPa.
[0019] Example 3 Step 1: Material preparation and surface treatment Ingots with alloy composition Ti-45Al-2Nb-2Mn-1B and GH4169 were wire-cut to obtain cuboids with dimensions of 10mm×10mm×35mm and 5mm×10mm×35mm respectively. One end of each was selected as the end face to be welded. The end faces of the TiAl 45XD and GH4169 cuboids were polished with different grades of sandpaper in turn, and then polished until the surface was free of scratches. The end faces were ultrasonically cleaned with anhydrous ethanol for 15 minutes and then dried. Step 2: The polished, cleaned, and dried TiAl 45XD and GH4169 cuboids were placed side-by-side in a vacuum hot-pressing sintering furnace. Step 3: Heating Operation First, the vacuum hot sintering furnace is evacuated, and then the temperature is raised at a rate of 10℃ / min. The temperature is raised to 500℃ and held for 30 minutes. Then, the temperature is raised to 850℃ at a rate of 10℃ / min and held for 10 minutes. Step 4: Heating and pressurizing operation When the temperature reaches 900℃, the TiAl 45XD and GH4169 cuboids are axially pressurized at a pressurization rate of 5MPa / min using a relevant mold. After 8 minutes, the pressure is stopped, reaching 39.2MPa. The pressure is maintained for 60 minutes while the temperature remains constant. Step 5: Final Processing After heating is stopped, the pressure drops naturally, and the surfaces of the obtained vacuum diffusion welded TiAl 45XD and GH4169 components are polished and cleaned.
[0020] The joint wire of the obtained TiAl 45XD and GH4169 was cut to obtain a cross-section. After grinding and polishing the cross-section, the resulting SEM images and hardness distribution maps are shown below. Figure 5 , 6 As shown.
[0021] from Figure 5 As can be seen, the joint between TiAl 45XD and GH4169 obtained by this invention shows no obvious shrinkage cavities or porosity, and the bonding is relatively tight. The joint elements between TiAl 45XD and GH4169 diffuse, forming an intermediate phase layer of a certain thickness. Figure 6 This is a hardness distribution diagram of the cross-section of the diffusion-welded joint of TiAl 45XD and GH4169. From left to right, it shows the transition from TiAl 45XD to GH4169, with the hardness increasing in the middle. Figure 6 As can be seen, the joint hardness of TiAl 45XD and GH4169 obtained by this invention is higher than that of the base metal, reaching 370HV, which effectively improves the hardness at the joint. The deformation of its diffusion welded joint is 3.52%, which has the advantage of small deformation, and the shear strength is 88MPa.
[0022] Example 4 Step 1: Material preparation and surface treatment Ingots with alloy composition Ti-45Al-2Nb-2Mn-1B and GH4169 were wire-cut to obtain cuboids with dimensions of 10mm×10mm×35mm and 5mm×10mm×35mm respectively. One end of each was selected as the end face to be welded. The end faces of the TiAl 45XD and GH4169 cuboids were polished with different grades of sandpaper in turn, and then polished until the surface was free of scratches. The end faces were ultrasonically cleaned with anhydrous ethanol for 15 minutes and then dried. Step 2: The polished, cleaned, and dried TiAl 45XD and GH4169 cuboids were placed side-by-side in a vacuum hot-pressing sintering furnace. Step 3: Heating Operation First, the vacuum hot sintering furnace is evacuated, and then the temperature is raised at a rate of 10℃ / min. The temperature is raised to 500℃ and held for 30 minutes. Then, the temperature is raised to 900℃ at a rate of 10℃ / min and held for 10 minutes. Step 4: Heating and pressurizing operation When the temperature reaches 900℃, the TiAl 45XD and GH4169 cuboids are axially pressurized at a pressurization rate of 5MPa / min using a relevant mold. After 6 minutes, the pressure is stopped, reaching 28MPa, and held for 60 minutes while the temperature remains constant. Step 5: Final Processing After heating is stopped, the pressure drops naturally, and the surfaces of the obtained vacuum diffusion welded TiAl 45XD and GH4169 components are polished and cleaned.
[0023] The joint wire of the obtained TiAl 45XD and GH4169 was cut to obtain a cross-section. After grinding and polishing the cross-section, the resulting SEM images and hardness distribution maps are shown below. Figure 7 , 8 As shown.
[0024] from Figure 7 As can be seen, the joint between TiAl 45XD and GH4169 obtained by this invention shows no obvious shrinkage cavities or porosity, and the bonding is relatively tight, with only a few cracks present. The joint elements between TiAl 45XD and GH4169 diffuse, forming an intermediate phase layer of a certain thickness. Figure 8 This is a hardness distribution diagram of the cross-section of the diffusion-welded joint of TiAl 45XD and GH4169. From left to right, it shows the transition from TiAl 45XD to GH4169, with the hardness increasing in the middle. Figure 8 As can be seen, the joint hardness of TiAl 45XD and GH4169 obtained by this invention is higher than that of the base metal, reaching 430HV, which effectively improves the hardness at the joint. The deformation of its diffusion welded joint is 1.6%, which has the advantage of small deformation, and the shear strength is 56MPa.
[0025] The basic principles of this disclosure have been described above with reference to specific embodiments. However, it should be noted that the advantages, benefits, and effects mentioned in this disclosure are merely examples and not limitations, and should not be considered as essential features of each embodiment of this disclosure. Furthermore, the specific details disclosed above are for illustrative and facilitative purposes only, and are not limitations. These details do not limit the scope of this disclosure to the necessity of employing the aforementioned specific details for implementation.
[0026] The block diagrams of devices, apparatuses, devices, and systems disclosed herein are merely illustrative examples and are not intended to require or imply that they must be connected, arranged, or configured in the manner shown in the block diagrams. As those skilled in the art will recognize, these devices, apparatuses, devices, and systems can be connected, arranged, and configured in any manner. Words such as “comprising,” “including,” “having,” etc., are open-ended terms meaning “including but not limited to,” and are used interchangeably with them. The terms “or” and “and” as used herein refer to the terms “and / or,” and are used interchangeably with them unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term “such as” as used herein refers to the phrase “such as but not limited to,” and is used interchangeably with it. It should also be noted that in the apparatus, devices, and methods disclosed herein, the components or steps can be decomposed and / or recombined. These decompositions and / or recombinations should be considered equivalent solutions of this disclosure. In this document, modifiers without quantifiers, such as "first" and "second," are intended to distinguish different elements / components / circuits / modules / devices / steps, and not to emphasize order, positional relationship, importance, priority, etc. In contrast, modifiers with quantifiers, such as "first" and "second," can be used to emphasize the order, positional relationship, importance, priority, etc., of different elements / components / circuits / modules / devices / steps.
[0027] The above description of the disclosed aspects is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use this disclosure. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Therefore, this disclosure is not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but rather to be carried out within the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. The above description has been given for purposes of illustration and description. Furthermore, this description is not intended to limit the embodiments of this disclosure to the forms disclosed herein. Although numerous exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those skilled in the art will recognize certain variations, modifications, alterations, additions, and sub-combinations therein.
Claims
1. A method for diffusion bonding TiAl 45XD and GH4169, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1: Material preparation and surface treatment. Grind the end faces of TiAl 45XD and GH4169 to be welded, then polish until the surface is free of scratches. Use organic solvent to ultrasonically clean the end faces to be welded and then dry them. Step 2: Place the sample. Place the TiAl 45XD and GH4169 in a graphite mold in a vacuum hot pressing sintering furnace with them in centered contact. Step 3: After evacuating the hot press furnace, begin the heating process. Increase the temperature to 450℃~650℃ at a rate of 8~10℃ / min and hold for 30~40 minutes. Then, increase the temperature to 800~900℃ and hold for 10~30 minutes. Step 4: Heating and pressurizing operation. Start pressurizing when the temperature reaches 800~900℃ at a rate of 1~5MPa / min. Stop pressurizing after 10~30min and continue to maintain the temperature and pressure for 20~50MPa. Step 5: Final cleaning. After heating is stopped, the pressure drops naturally. The surfaces of the obtained vacuum diffusion welded TiAl 45XD and GH4169 components are then polished and cleaned. The method for diffusion bonding TiAl 45XD and GH4169 according to claim 1 is characterized in that, In step 1, different grades of sandpaper are used sequentially on the end faces of the TiAl 45XD and the GH4169 to be welded. The method for diffusion bonding TiAl 45XD and GH4169 according to claim 1 is characterized in that, In step 1, the organic solvent is anhydrous ethanol. The ultrasonic cleaning of the end face lasts for 10-30 minutes. The method for diffusion bonding TiAl 45XD and GH4169 according to claim 1 is characterized in that, In step 3, the temperature is increased to 500-600℃ at a heating rate of 8-10℃ / min and held for 30-40 minutes. Then, the temperature is increased to 800-900℃ at a heating rate of 8-10℃ / min and held for 10-30 minutes. The method for diffusion bonding TiAl 45XD and GH4169 according to claim 1 is characterized in that, In step 4, pressurization begins when the temperature reaches 800℃~900℃, at a rate of 1~5MPa / min, and stops after 10~30min, with a pressure of 20~50MPa. The temperature and pressure are then maintained for another 20~60min. The method for diffusion bonding TiAl 45XD and GH4169 according to claim 1 is characterized in that, During the vacuum diffusion welding process, the vacuum degree of the vacuum sintering furnace is ≤2×10-2Pa. The method for diffusion bonding TiAl 45XD and GH4169 according to claim 1 is characterized in that, The elemental composition grade of TiAl 45XD is Ti-45Al-2Nb-2Mn-1B, and the material grade of GH4169 is GH4169. The method for diffusion bonding TiAl 45XD and GH4169 according to claim 7 is characterized in that, The TiAl 45XD has a machining size of 10mm×5mm×35mm, and the GH4169 has a machining size of 5mm×5mm×35mm.