Astragalus mongholicus planting method based on farmyard manure

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural product production, and particularly relates to an astragalus membranaceus planting method based on farmyard manure. The planting method comprises the following steps: S1, soil improvement; s2, seed selection and seedling raising; s3, transplanting the seedlings; s4, field management; s5, harvesting and processing. The soil is directionally improved by applying fermented farmyard manure per mu, and the organic planting of astragalus membranaceus is realized in cooperation with standardized planting, management and processing flows. Astragalus mongholicus planted through the method is free of pesticide residues, the content of effective components such as astragaloside and calycosin-7-glucoside far exceeds the national standard, the extract content is remarkably higher than that of common astragalus mongholicus, the soil quality is continuously optimized, the yield is stable, the problems that in traditional astragalus mongholicus planting, pesticide residues exceed the standard, soil is hardened, effective components are insufficient, and the yield is low are solved, and the method is suitable for large-scale popularization and application. The method is suitable for large-scale popularization and application.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of agricultural product production technology, specifically relating to a method for planting Astragalus membranaceus based on farmyard manure. Background Technology

[0002] Astragalus, a traditional and precious Chinese medicinal herb, has the effects of tonifying qi and raising yang, consolidating the exterior and stopping sweating, and promoting diuresis and reducing swelling, and is in high demand in the market. However, traditional astragalus cultivation has many drawbacks: on the one hand, long-term reliance on chemical fertilizers leads to soil compaction, poor aeration, and insufficient water retention, resulting in the loss of soil organic matter and trace elements, which in turn affects the development of astragalus roots and the accumulation of effective components; on the other hand, the extensive use of chemical pesticides to control pests and diseases leads to excessive pesticide residues in astragalus, which harms human health and damages the ecological environment; in addition, traditional cultivation lacks standardized procedures, and there is a great deal of arbitrariness in seed treatment, planting density, and field management, resulting in unstable astragalus yields and inconsistent quality. The content of effective components (such as astragaloside A and verbascoside) often barely meets the minimum standards of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, making it difficult to meet the high-quality market demand.

[0003] Patent CN 109673446A discloses a standardized and efficient cultivation technology for Mongolian and Chinese medicinal herbs. By tackling and optimizing the cultivation process of Astragalus membranaceus, the yield and quality of Astragalus membranaceus have been improved to meet market demand. However, the content of astragaloside A and verbascoside isoflavone glucoside is still not high enough.

[0004] Patent CN 112840984A discloses a standardized method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus. Although the yield is high, the content of effective ingredients can only barely meet the minimum standard of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, which is difficult to meet the market demand for high quality.

[0005] To address the aforementioned technical challenges, there is an urgent need to develop a method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus that integrates soil improvement, green pest control, and standardized planting. This would enable the organic and high-quality production of Astragalus membranaceus, while simultaneously improving the soil ecological environment and promoting the sustainable development of the traditional Chinese medicine planting industry. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus based on farmyard manure. The cultivated Astragalus membranaceus has no pesticide residues, and the content of effective components such as astragaloside A and verbascoside far exceeds the national standard. The content of extractives is significantly higher than that of ordinary Astragalus membranaceus.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution:

[0008] A method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus based on farmyard manure includes the following steps:

[0009] S1, Soil improvement;

[0010] S2. Seed selection and seedling cultivation;

[0011] S3. Seedling transplanting;

[0012] S4, Field Management;

[0013] S5. Harvesting and processing.

[0014] In step S1, the specific steps of soil improvement are as follows: select good farmland, apply farmyard manure for improvement, and then prepare the land after the overall data of the farmland reaches the standard.

[0015] Preferably, the farmyard manure is a fertilizer made from fermented sheep manure, cow manure, and straw, with a mass ratio of sheep manure, cow manure, and straw of 1:(0.9-1.1):(0.9-1.1).

[0016] The method for preparing the farmyard manure includes the following steps:

[0017] A1. Raw material pretreatment: Remove stones, weeds and other impurities from sheep manure and cow manure, and crush them to a particle size ≤5cm; chop straw into 3-5cm small pieces, spray water to a moisture content of 60%-65%, and mix them evenly to obtain a mixture.

[0018] A2. Mixed inoculation and fermentation: After evenly spraying EM bacterial solution into the mixed materials, pile them up for fermentation. When the fermentation temperature rises to 55-65℃, maintain this temperature range. Turn the pile once on the 7th, 14th and 21st days of fermentation. After 30-35 days of fermentation, judge that it is ready.

[0019] Preferably, the method for preparing the EM bacterial solution comprises the following steps: mixing EM stock solution, brown sugar, and water, sealing and fermenting for 7 days or more, stirring once a day, until the effective viable bacteria count is ≥10. 8 CFU / mL.

[0020] In some preferred embodiments, the EM stock solution is sourced from Jiangxi Tianyi Biotechnology Development Co., Ltd., and is a plant-type EM stock solution.

[0021] Preferably, the mass ratio of the EM stock solution, brown sugar, and water is 1:2:17.

[0022] Preferably, the inoculation amount of the EM bacterial solution is 0.4%-0.6% of the total mass of the mixed raw materials.

[0023] The criteria for determining composting maturity are as follows: when the temperature of the pile drops to room temperature, the material turns a uniform dark brown color, has no ammonia or other odors, and has a moist earthy aroma; when the pH value is 7.0-7.5 and the organic matter content is ≥28%, the composting is considered complete.

[0024] Preferably, the amount of farmyard manure applied is 8-10 tons per mu.

[0025] The standards are as follows: the soil pH value is around 7.0, which is neutral soil; the soil permeability coefficient is reduced to 0.7 or below; the soil porosity is reduced to 20% or below; the soil texture is sandy loam with a content of 80% or more; the total content of organic matter potassium ions, boron ions, iron ions and other trace elements in the soil is greater than 4%, reaching 40g per kilogram; and the pesticide residue is 0.

[0026] By improving superior farmland to meet the standards described in this invention, the content and yield of effective components in Astragalus membranaceus can be increased, thereby significantly improving its quality. This is likely because, firstly, Astragalus membranaceus roots grow optimally in a neutral environment, which facilitates the balance of the root microbial community and the absorption of micronutrients such as phosphorus, potassium, and iron. These elements are essential factors for the synthesis of astragaloside A and flavonoids. Suitable aeration coefficients and porosity ensure oxygen and water balance in the roots, reducing the risk of root rot, which is the foundation for the enrichment of effective components and high yield. Specific soil texture and nutrient ratios can meet the nutrient requirements of Astragalus membranaceus at different growth stages, laying the foundation for the accumulation of effective components. However, existing technologies rarely improve the land or control its various parameters, resulting in lower yields and lower effective component content in the cultivated Astragalus membranaceus.

[0027] Using fermented sheep manure, cow manure, and straw as farmyard manure can quickly bring the soil up to the requirements for Astragalus membranaceus growth. This is likely because the three materials complement each other. Sheep manure has a high organic matter content, loose texture, and moderate decomposition speed, which can quickly replenish the soil with readily available nutrients and promote the growth of Astragalus membranaceus seedlings. Cow manure has a high organic matter content, strong water retention, and a mild and long-lasting fertilizing effect after decomposition, which can improve soil water retention and avoid excessive fluctuations in soil moisture during the improvement period, matching the drought-tolerant but water-sensitive characteristics of Astragalus membranaceus. Straw has a high crude fiber content, which can increase soil porosity and improve aeration after decomposition, while slowly releasing carbon sources, promoting soil microbial activity, replenishing long-lasting organic matter, and solving the problem of soil becoming heavy and sticky due to manure alone. Through the compound fermentation of sheep manure, cow manure, and straw, sheep manure first quickly activates soil biological activity, while cow manure and straw begin to improve the structure. The synergistic effect of the three significantly improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil. By the third year, a stable, fertile, and well-structured topsoil layer can be formed, with all indicators meeting the standards and satisfying the high-quality growth requirements of Astragalus membranaceus, thus directly supporting the high content and high yield of effective substances in Astragalus membranaceus in the future.

[0028] In some preferred embodiments, the soil improvement method of the present invention can achieve the required standards with only three years of overall field data.

[0029] Preferably, the specific steps of land preparation are as follows: using an excavator to deeply plow the land to a depth of 115-125cm, and then using a rotary tiller to level the land.

[0030] In step S2, the specific steps for seed selection and seedling cultivation are as follows: select high-quality Astragalus seeds, sow them after hot water treatment, harvest the seedlings after one year of growth, and select suitable Astragalus seedlings as transplant seedlings.

[0031] Preferably, the selected high-quality Astragalus seeds weigh 30 catties / mu.

[0032] Preferably, during the hot water treatment, the temperature of the hot water is 88-92℃.

[0033] Preferably, the specific parameters for sowing are as follows: the sowing method is field full-film mulching hole sowing, the hole spacing is controlled at 8cm×8cm, and 8-10 seeds are sown per hole.

[0034] Preferably, the suitable Astragalus seedlings are Astragalus seedlings that are about 50cm in length and grow vigorously.

[0035] Preferably, in step S3, seedling transplanting includes ridging and transplanting.

[0036] Preferably, the ridging is the creation of ridges with a width of 240cm and a height of 30cm.

[0037] Preferably, the specific steps of transplanting are as follows: according to the specifications of 10cm×60cm spacing, the selected Astragalus seedlings are placed on the ridge at a 15-degree angle, covered with 15cm of soil after placement, and then covered with mulch.

[0038] Preferably, in step S4, field management includes temperature management, weeding and pest control.

[0039] Preferably, the temperature control involves covering the seedlings with a shade net according to weather, temperature, humidity, and other conditions to ensure the normal growth of the Astragalus seedlings.

[0040] In some preferred solutions, the criteria for determining the temperature of the shade net coverage are as follows: when the average daily temperature is ≥30℃ or the noon ground temperature is ≥35℃, the shade net is used; when the average daily temperature is ≤25℃ and the noon ground temperature is ≤30℃, the shade net is removed.

[0041] The criteria for judging the humidity of the shade net covering are as follows: when the soil moisture content is ≥75% (after rain or watering) and the air humidity is ≥85%, cover with shade net and open the mulch film on both sides for ventilation; when the soil moisture content is ≤60%, only cover with shade net and do not ventilate.

[0042] The weather conditions for determining whether to cover the ridge with shade nets are as follows: Shade nets must be covered at noon on sunny days (10:00-16:00); no covering is required on cloudy days; shade nets (with a wind resistance rating of ≥6) should be covered before heavy rain to prevent the ridge surface from being washed away by heavy rain.

[0043] The shade net is made of black knitted mesh with a 50% shading rate and is supported by an arched bracket with a height of 1.2m to prevent the shade net from directly contacting the Astragalus seedlings. When covering, ensure that the edges of the shade net are firmly fixed to prevent it from shifting due to the wind.

[0044] The aforementioned weeding and cultivation involves loosening the soil and removing weeds in a timely manner according to the growth of the seedlings, with manual weeding occurring 4 to 5 times throughout the entire growth process.

[0045] In some preferred embodiments, the criteria for determining the timing of weeding and loosening the soil are as follows: the first loosening of the soil should be carried out 15 days after the transplanting of Astragalus seedlings; thereafter, the soil should be loosened once every 20 days, for a total of 3 times; the standard for loosening the soil is that the top 5-10cm of soil is free of compaction, can be formed into a ball by hand, and crumbles easily when released.

[0046] The criteria for determining the timing of weeding and cultivation are as follows: when the height of weeds in the field is ≥5cm or the density of weeds per square meter is ≥5 plants, weeding should be carried out in a timely manner; weeding should be carried out 4-5 times throughout the entire growth cycle, once each at 20 days, 40 days, 60 days, 80 days and 100 days after transplanting.

[0047] The operation method of weeding and cultivating is as follows: manual weeding is adopted, using a small hoe (5cm wide) to weed along both sides of the ridge, avoiding touching the roots of the Astragalus seedlings when weeding; when loosening the soil, the hoe is inserted into the soil to a depth of 5-8cm, and the soil is lightly hoeed along the direction of the ridge to break up the soil compaction layer and keep the soil loose and breathable.

[0048] Preferably, the pest and disease control is carried out by spraying enzymes according to different growth stages.

[0049] Preferably, the growth stages include the seedling stage, flowering stage, pod-setting stage, and maturity stage.

[0050] Preferably, the enzymes include tea seed meal enzyme, artemisia enzyme, garlic enzyme, peppermint enzyme, and sophora flavescens enzyme.

[0051] Preferably, the specific preparation method of the enzyme, taking Sophora flavescens enzyme as an example, involves mixing Sophora flavescens root and rhizome powder, brown sugar, and water, and fermenting at 25-30℃. For the first 15 days, the exhaust valve is opened daily to stir and release gas. After 15 days, the exhaust valve is closed, and fermentation continues until the concentration in the supernatant of the fermentation liquid is ≥10%. 6 CFU / mL.

[0052] Preferably, the pest and disease control during the seedling stage uses a mixture of tea seed meal enzyme, artemisia enzyme, and garlic enzyme in a volume ratio of 2:(0.9-1.1):(0.9-1.1). After uniformly diluting it 500 times, spray it mainly on the base of the stem and the surrounding soil, once every 10-15 days, and choose a cloudy day or evening for operation.

[0053] Preferably, the pest and disease control during the flowering period uses garlic enzyme and sophora flavescens enzyme in a volume ratio of 1:(0.9-1.1), which are uniformly diluted 400 times and sprayed evenly on both sides of the leaves and flower spikes, once every 7-10 days to ensure comprehensive coverage.

[0054] Preferably, the pest and disease control during the pod-setting stage uses Artemisia argyi enzyme, peppermint enzyme, and Sophora flavescens enzyme in a volume ratio of 2:(0.9-1.1):(0.9-1.1), which are uniformly diluted 500 times and sprayed evenly on the whole plant once every 10 days.

[0055] Preferably, the pest and disease control during the maturity period uses Artemisia argyi enzyme and peppermint enzyme in a volume ratio of 1:(0.9-1.1), which are uniformly diluted 500 times and then combined with foliar spraying and root irrigation, once every 15 days, and the use is stopped 30 days before harvest.

[0056] Based on the physiological characteristics of Astragalus membranaceus at its four growth stages and the occurrence patterns of pests and diseases, we precisely designed an enzyme compound formula, clarified the mechanism of action and synergistic logic of each enzyme, and formed a full-cycle prevention and control chain of insect repellent, insecticidal, bactericidal and stress-resistant, taking into account both prevention and control effects and the accumulation of effective ingredients, thus solving the problems of poor targeting and unclear mechanisms in traditional prevention and control.

[0057] During the seedling stage, seedlings have shallow root systems and weak stems, making them susceptible to damage from underground pests such as cutworms and grubs. High humidity also increases the risk of damping-off disease. This dual threat leads to low seedling survival rates. At this stage, a combination of tea seed meal enzyme, artemisia enzyme, and garlic enzyme is recommended. The tea saponins in tea seed meal enzyme can destroy the waxy layer on the surface of pests and kill nematodes. The terpenes and flavonoids in artemisia enzyme provide broad-spectrum antibacterial effects, and the sulfide compounds in garlic enzyme have insecticidal and antibacterial activities. The three enzymes work synergistically to form a chemical barrier in the root zone, resolving root diseases and pest problems during the seedling stage.

[0058] During the flowering period, plant nutrients concentrate on the flower spikes, and the leaves are tender, making them susceptible to attracting piercing-sucking pests such as aphids and spider mites. The flower spikes are sensitive, so pesticides must avoid damaging pollen and affecting pollination, and pests are prone to developing resistance. A combination of garlic enzyme and matrine enzyme is used. Garlic enzyme exerts contact and repellent effects, while matrine alkaloids have neurotoxic and stomach poison effects. The complementary mechanisms of action of these two enzymes achieve rapid repellency and sustained killing of pests, synergistically protecting the flower parts and ensuring reproductive growth.

[0059] During the pod-setting stage, it is necessary to control leaf diseases and remove residual piercing-sucking pests. A combination of artemisia enzyme, peppermint enzyme, and sophora flavescens enzyme is selected. Artemisia enzyme continuously inhibits fungal pathogens, the volatile oil components in peppermint enzyme help inhibit bacteria and regulate the leaf microenvironment, and sophora flavescens enzyme removes residual pests. The three work together to expand the spectrum of biological control, maintain leaf health, and ensure that photosynthetic energy is transported to pods and roots.

[0060] The maturation period is the core period for the accumulation of effective components such as astragaloside A. It is necessary to prevent diseases in the later stages that could lead to premature aging of the plant and prolong the functional period of the leaves. A combination of artemisia enzyme and peppermint enzyme is selected. Artemisia enzyme provides basic antibacterial protection, while peppermint enzyme assists in antibacterial activity and may alleviate physiological stress in the plant. The two work synergistically to maintain the plant's healthy state, delay leaf senescence, ensure the continuous transport and accumulation of photosynthetic products to the roots, and promote the efficient accumulation of effective components.

[0061] In step S5, the specific steps of harvesting and processing are as follows: around the time of Frost's Descent, when the Astragalus vines turn yellow and wither, clean up the Astragalus vines and harvest them; after harvesting, dry them until the moisture content is below 30%, manually cut off the tops and rub them; weigh and store them in a cool and dry place; test the content of various Astragalus and pesticide residue data; slice and package them.

[0062] The second aspect of the present invention provides Astragalus membranaceus grown using the aforementioned method based on farmyard manure.

[0063] Compared with the prior art, the advantages and beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:

[0064] 1. This invention provides a method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus based on farmyard manure. By applying fermented farmyard manure per acre to improve the soil in a targeted manner, and in conjunction with standardized planting, management and processing procedures, organic cultivation of Astragalus membranaceus can be achieved.

[0065] 2. Astragalus grown using this method has no pesticide residues, with an extract content of ≥35%, astragaloside A content ≥0.15%, and verbascoside isoflavone glucoside content ≥0.045%. The content of effective components such as astragaloside A and verbascoside isoflavone glucoside far exceeds the national standard, and the extract content is significantly higher than that of ordinary astragalus. In addition, the soil quality is continuously optimized, and the yield is stable. This method solves the problems of excessive pesticide residues, soil compaction, insufficient effective components, and low yield in traditional astragalus cultivation, and is suitable for large-scale promotion and application.

[0066] 3. This invention improves superior farmland to meet the standards described herein, thereby increasing the content and yield of effective components in Astragalus membranaceus and thus greatly improving its quality.

[0067] 4. This invention uses fermented sheep manure, cow manure, and straw as fertilizer, which can quickly bring the soil up to the requirements for Astragalus membranaceus growth.

[0068] 5. This invention precisely designs an enzyme compound scheme based on the physiological characteristics of Astragalus membranaceus at its four growth stages and the occurrence patterns of pests and diseases. It clarifies the mechanism of action and synergistic logic of each enzyme, forming a full-cycle prevention and control chain of insect repellency, insecticidal action, bactericidal action, and stress resistance, thus balancing prevention and control effectiveness with...

[0069] The accumulation of effective components solves the problems of poor targeting and unclear mechanisms in traditional prevention and control. Attached Figure Description

[0070] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below.

[0071] Figure 1 This invention describes the Astragalus membranaceus grown using a method based on farmyard manure.

[0072] Figure 2 This is a photograph of the soil after the improvement of the Astragalus membranaceus planting method based on farmyard manure according to the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0073] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0074] All raw materials used in this invention are commercially available, as detailed below:

[0075] EM stock solution, sourced from Jiangxi Tianyi Biotechnology Development Co., Ltd., is a plant-based EM stock solution.

[0076] Example 1

[0077] This embodiment provides a method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus based on farmyard manure, the steps of which are as follows:

[0078] S1, Soil improvement;

[0079] S2. Seed selection and seedling cultivation;

[0080] S3. Seedling transplanting;

[0081] S4, Field Management;

[0082] S5. Harvesting and processing.

[0083] In step S1, the specific steps of soil improvement are as follows: select good farmland, apply farmyard manure for improvement, improve for three years, and then prepare the land.

[0084] The farmyard manure is a fertilizer made from fermented sheep manure, cow manure, and straw, with a mass ratio of 1:1:1.

[0085] The method for preparing the farmyard manure includes the following steps:

[0086] A1. Raw material pretreatment: Remove stones, weeds and other impurities from sheep manure and cow manure, and crush them to a particle size ≤5cm; chop straw into 3-5cm small pieces, spray water to a moisture content of 60%, and mix evenly to obtain a mixture.

[0087] A2. Mixed inoculation and fermentation: After evenly spraying EM bacterial solution into the mixed materials, pile them up for fermentation. When the fermentation temperature rises to 60℃, maintain this temperature range. Turn the pile once on the 7th, 14th and 21st days of fermentation. After fermentation for more than 30 days, it is ready.

[0088] The preparation method of the EM bacterial solution includes the following steps: mixing EM stock solution, brown sugar, and water, sealing and fermenting for 7 days or more, stirring once a day, until the effective viable bacteria count is ≥10. 8 CFU / mL.

[0089] The mass ratio of the EM stock solution, brown sugar, and water is 1:2:17.

[0090] The inoculation amount of the EM bacterial solution is 0.5% of the total mass of the mixed raw materials.

[0091] The criteria for determining composting maturity are as follows: when the temperature of the pile drops to room temperature, the material turns a uniform dark brown color, has no ammonia or other odors, and has a moist earthy aroma; when the pH value is 7.0-7.5 and the organic matter content is ≥28%, the composting is considered complete.

[0092] The application rate of farmyard manure is 9 tons per mu.

[0093] The standards are as follows: the soil pH value is around 7.0, which is neutral soil; the soil permeability coefficient is reduced to 0.7 or below; the soil porosity is reduced to 20% or below; the soil texture is sandy loam with a content of 80% or more; the total content of organic matter potassium ions, boron ions, iron ions and other trace elements in the soil is greater than 4%, reaching 40g per kilogram; and the pesticide residue is 0.

[0094] By adopting the solution in this embodiment, the overall data of the farmland over three years can be improved to meet the standard.

[0095] The specific steps for land preparation are as follows: use an excavator to deeply till the land to a depth of 120cm, and then use a rotary tiller to level the land.

[0096] In step S2, the specific steps for seed selection and seedling cultivation are as follows: select high-quality Astragalus seeds, sow them after hot water treatment, harvest the seedlings after one year of growth, and select suitable Astragalus seedlings as transplant seedlings.

[0097] The selected high-quality Astragalus seeds weigh 30 catties / mu.

[0098] During the hot water treatment, the temperature of the hot water is 90°C.

[0099] The specific parameters for sowing are as follows: the sowing method is full-film mulching and hole sowing, the hole spacing is controlled at 8cm×8cm, and 8-10 seeds are sown per hole.

[0100] The suitable Astragalus seedlings are those that are about 50cm long and grow vigorously.

[0101] In step S3, seedling transplanting includes ridging and transplanting.

[0102] The ridging refers to creating ridges that are 240cm wide and 30cm high.

[0103] The specific steps for transplanting are as follows: according to the specifications of 10cm × 60cm spacing, the selected Astragalus seedlings are placed on the ridge at a 15-degree angle, covered with 15cm of soil after placement, and then covered with mulch.

[0104] In step S4, field management includes temperature management, weeding and pest control.

[0105] The temperature control involves covering the seedlings with shade netting based on weather, temperature, humidity, and other conditions to ensure the normal growth of the Astragalus seedlings.

[0106] The criteria for judging the temperature of shade net coverage are as follows: when the average daily temperature is ≥30℃ or the noon ground temperature is ≥35℃, shade nets should be used; when the average daily temperature is ≤25℃ and the noon ground temperature is ≤30℃, shade nets should be removed.

[0107] The criteria for judging the humidity of the shade net covering are as follows: when the soil moisture content is ≥75% (after rain or watering) and the air humidity is ≥85%, cover with shade net and open the mulch film on both sides for ventilation; when the soil moisture content is ≤60%, only cover with shade net and do not ventilate.

[0108] The weather conditions for determining whether to cover the ridge with shade nets are as follows: Shade nets must be covered at noon on sunny days (10:00-16:00); no covering is required on cloudy days; shade nets (with a wind resistance rating of ≥6) should be covered before heavy rain to prevent the ridge surface from being washed away by heavy rain.

[0109] The shade net is made of black knitted mesh with a 50% shading rate and is supported by an arched bracket with a height of 1.2m to prevent the shade net from directly contacting the Astragalus seedlings. When covering, ensure that the edges of the shade net are firmly fixed to prevent it from shifting due to the wind.

[0110] The aforementioned weeding and cultivation involves loosening the soil and removing weeds in a timely manner according to the growth of the seedlings, with manual weeding occurring 4 to 5 times throughout the entire growth process.

[0111] The criteria for determining the timing of weeding, cultivating, and loosening the soil are as follows: the first loosening of the soil should be done 15 days after transplanting the Astragalus seedlings; thereafter, the soil should be loosened once every 20 days, for a total of 3 times; the standard for loosening the soil is that the top 5-10cm of soil is free of compaction, can be formed into a ball by hand, and crumbles easily when released.

[0112] The criteria for determining the timing of weeding and cultivation are as follows: when the height of weeds in the field is ≥5cm or the density of weeds per square meter is ≥5 plants, weeding should be carried out in a timely manner; weeding should be carried out 4-5 times throughout the entire growth cycle, once each at 20 days, 40 days, 60 days, 80 days and 100 days after transplanting.

[0113] The operation method of weeding and cultivating is as follows: manual weeding is adopted, using a small hoe (5cm wide) to weed along both sides of the ridge, avoiding touching the roots of the Astragalus seedlings when weeding; when loosening the soil, the hoe is inserted into the soil to a depth of 5-8cm, and the soil is lightly hoeed along the direction of the ridge to break up the soil compaction layer and keep the soil loose and breathable.

[0114] The pest and disease control measures involve spraying enzymes according to different growth stages.

[0115] The growth stages include the seedling stage, flowering stage, pod-setting stage, and maturity stage.

[0116] The enzymes include tea seed meal enzyme, mugwort enzyme, garlic enzyme, peppermint enzyme, and sophora flavescens enzyme.

[0117] The specific preparation method of the enzyme, taking Sophora flavescens enzyme as an example, involves mixing Sophora flavescens root and stem powder, brown sugar, and water, and fermenting at 28°C. For the first 15 days, the exhaust valve is opened once a day to stir and release gas. After 15 days, the exhaust valve is closed, and fermentation continues until the concentration in the supernatant of the fermentation liquid is ≥10%. 6 CFU / mL.

[0118] The pest and disease control during the seedling stage uses a mixture of tea seed meal enzyme, artemisia enzyme, and garlic enzyme in a volume ratio of 2:1:1. After diluting the mixture 500 times, spray it on the base of the stem and the surrounding soil every 10 days, choosing a cloudy day or evening for operation.

[0119] The pest and disease control during the flowering period uses garlic enzyme and sophora flavescens enzyme in a volume ratio of 1:1. After uniformly diluting them 400 times, spray them evenly on both sides of the leaves and flower spikes once every 10 days to ensure comprehensive coverage.

[0120] The pest and disease control during the pod-setting stage uses Artemisia argyi enzyme, peppermint enzyme, and Sophora flavescens enzyme in a volume ratio of 2:1:1. The mixture is diluted 500 times and sprayed evenly over the entire plant once every 10 days.

[0121] The control of diseases and pests during the mature period uses Artemisia argyi enzyme and peppermint enzyme in a volume ratio of 1:1, diluted 500 times and then combined with foliar spraying and root irrigation, once every 15 days, and stopped 30 days before harvest.

[0122] In step S5, the specific steps of harvesting and processing are as follows: around the time of Frost's Descent, when the Astragalus vines turn yellow and wither, clean up the Astragalus vines and harvest them; after harvesting, dry them until the moisture content is below 30%, manually cut off the tops and rub them; weigh and store them in a cool and dry place; test the content of various Astragalus and pesticide residue data; slice and package them.

[0123] Example 2

[0124] The difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that the mass ratio of sheep manure, cow manure, and straw is 1:0.9:1.1.

[0125] Comparative Example 1

[0126] The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that the farmyard manure is a fertilizer made from fermented pig manure, cow manure, and straw, with a mass ratio of 1:1:1; and the improvement was carried out over three years.

[0127] Comparative Example 2

[0128] The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that the farmyard manure is a fertilizer made from fermented sheep manure, horse manure, and straw, with a mass ratio of sheep manure, horse manure, and straw of 1:1:1; and the improvement was carried out over three years.

[0129] Comparative Example 3

[0130] The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that the farmyard manure is a fertilizer made from fermented sheep manure, cow manure, and straw, with a mass ratio of 2:1:1; and the improvement was carried out for three years.

[0131] Comparative Example 4

[0132] The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that the farmyard manure is a fertilizer made from fermented sheep manure, cow manure, and straw, with a mass ratio of 1:1:2; and the improvement was carried out over three years.

[0133] Comparative Example 5

[0134] The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that the pest and disease control is carried out by enzyme spraying; tea seed meal enzyme, artemisia enzyme and garlic enzyme are used in all growth stages in a volume ratio of 2:1:1. After being uniformly diluted 500 times, the base of the stem and the surrounding soil are sprayed, once every 15 days, and the operation is carried out on cloudy days or in the evening.

[0135] Comparative Example 6

[0136] The difference between this comparative example and Example 1 is that the pest and disease control during the seedling stage uses a mixture of tea seed meal enzyme, artemisia enzyme, and garlic enzyme in a volume ratio of 1:1:1. After being uniformly diluted 500 times, it is sprayed on the base of the stem and the surrounding soil once every 10 days, and the operation is carried out on cloudy days or in the evening.

[0137] The pest and disease control during the pod-setting stage uses Artemisia argyi enzyme, peppermint enzyme, and Sophora flavescens enzyme in a volume ratio of 1:1:1. The mixture is diluted 500 times and sprayed evenly over the entire plant once every 10 days.

[0138] Performance testing

[0139] Based on data from the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, including extracts, astragaloside A, and verbascoside glucoside obtained from cultivation, the results are shown in Table 1.

[0140] Table 1 Measurement Results

[0141] Extract / % Astragaloside A content / % Verbena isoflavone glucoside content / % Standard requirements ≥17 ≥0.08 ≥0.02 Example 1 37.7 0.176 0.048 Example 2 36.9 0.168 0.046 Comparative Example 1 32.5 0.142 0.037 Comparative Example 2 34.2 0.151 0.041 Comparative Example 3 31.8 0.135 0.036 Comparative Example 4 30.1 0.129 0.034 Comparative Example 5 33.6 0.148 0.039 Comparative Example 6 35.4 0.157 0.043

[0142] According to statistics, the Astragalus membranaceus grown in Examples 1 and 2 of this invention exhibits excellent contents of extract, astragaloside A, and verbascoside, far exceeding the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Comparative Example 1 used pig manure instead of sheep manure, Comparative Example 2 used horse manure instead of cow manure, Comparative Example 3 had an excessively high proportion of sheep manure, Comparative Example 4 had an excessively high proportion of straw, Comparative Example 5 implemented unified prevention and control throughout the entire growth cycle, and Comparative Example 6 adjusted the enzyme compound ratio during the seedling and pod-setting stages. The Astragalus membranaceus grown in these examples had lower contents of effective components, but still exceeded the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Furthermore, according to the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the properties, identification, moisture content, and total ash content of Astragalus membranaceus grown in Example 1 were tested. The results showed that the properties and identification of Astragalus membranaceus met the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, with a moisture content of 6.2% and a total ash content of 3.4%. Pesticide residues in Astragalus membranaceus were also tested with reference to BS EN 15662:2018. The results showed that all detected pesticides were below the limit of quantification, indicating no pesticide residues and no harm to human health. Therefore, the Astragalus membranaceus grown using the farmyard manure-based method described in this invention has no pesticide residues, and the content of effective components such as astragaloside A and verbascoside far exceeds the national standards. The content of extractives is significantly higher than that of ordinary Astragalus membranaceus, and the soil quality is continuously optimized, resulting in stable yields. This method solves the problems of excessive pesticide residues, soil compaction, insufficient effective components, and low yields in traditional Astragalus membranaceus cultivation, making it suitable for large-scale promotion and application.

[0143] The above description represents the preferred embodiments of the present invention. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various improvements and modifications without departing from the principles of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus based on farmyard manure, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1, Soil improvement; S2. Seed selection and seedling cultivation; S3. Seedling transplanting; S4, Field Management; S5. Harvesting and processing; In step S1, the specific steps of soil improvement are as follows: select good farmland, apply farmyard manure for improvement until the overall data of the farmland reaches the standard, and then prepare the land. The farmyard manure is a fertilizer made from fermented sheep manure, cow manure, and straw, with a mass ratio of sheep manure, cow manure, and straw of 1:(0.9-1.1):(0.9-1.1).

2. The method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus based on farmyard manure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method for preparing the farmyard manure includes the following steps: A1. Raw material pretreatment: Remove stones, weeds and other impurities from sheep manure and cow manure, and crush them to a particle size ≤5cm; chop straw into 3-5cm small pieces, spray water to a moisture content of 60%-65%, and mix them evenly to obtain a mixture. A2. Mixed inoculation and fermentation: After evenly spraying EM bacterial solution into the mixed materials, pile them up for fermentation. When the fermentation temperature rises to 55-65℃, maintain this temperature range. Turn the pile once on the 7th, 14th and 21st days of fermentation. After 30-35 days of fermentation, judge that it is ready.

3. The method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus based on farmyard manure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The application rate of farmyard manure is 8-10 tons per mu.

4. The method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus based on farmyard manure according to claim 1, characterized in that, The standards are as follows: the soil pH value is around 7.0, which is neutral soil; the soil permeability coefficient is reduced to 0.7 or below; the soil porosity is reduced to 20% or below; the soil texture is sandy loam with a content of 80% or more; the total content of organic matter potassium ions, boron ions, iron ions and other trace elements in the soil is greater than 4%, reaching 40g per kilogram; and the pesticide residue is 0.

5. The method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus based on farmyard manure according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, the specific steps for seed selection and seedling cultivation are as follows: select high-quality Astragalus seeds, sow them after hot water treatment, harvest the seedlings after one year of growth, and select suitable Astragalus seedlings as transplant seedlings.

6. The method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus based on farmyard manure according to claim 5, characterized in that, The specific parameters for sowing are as follows: the sowing method is full-film mulching and hole sowing, the hole spacing is controlled at 8cm×8cm, and 8-10 seeds are sown per hole.

7. The method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus based on farmyard manure according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S3, seedling transplanting includes ridging and transplanting.

8. The method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus based on farmyard manure according to claim 7, characterized in that, The ridging refers to creating ridges that are 240cm wide and 30cm high.

9. The method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus based on farmyard manure according to claim 7, characterized in that, The specific steps for transplanting are as follows: according to the specifications of 10cm × 60cm spacing, the selected Astragalus seedlings are placed on the ridge at a 15-degree angle, covered with 15cm of soil after placement, and then covered with mulch.

10. The method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus based on farmyard manure according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S4, field management includes temperature management, weeding and pest control.

11. The method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus based on farmyard manure according to claim 10, characterized in that, The temperature control involves covering the seedlings with shade netting based on weather, temperature, humidity, and other conditions to ensure the normal growth of the Astragalus seedlings.

12. The method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus based on farmyard manure according to claim 10, characterized in that, The aforementioned weeding and cultivation involves loosening the soil and removing weeds in a timely manner according to the growth of the seedlings, with manual weeding occurring 4 to 5 times throughout the entire growth process.

13. The method for cultivating Astragalus membranaceus based on farmyard manure according to claim 10, characterized in that, The pest and disease control measures involve spraying enzymes according to different growth stages.

14. Astragalus membranaceus grown according to any one of claims 1 to 13.

15. The Astragalus membranaceus according to claim 14, characterized in that, The extract content is as high as ≥35%, the astragaloside A content is ≥0.15%, and the isoflavone glucoside content is ≥0.045%.

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