Andrias davidianus fat and application thereof in blood lipid-lowering products

Abstract

The application discloses androctonus spp. oil and application thereof in blood lipid-lowering products, and the androctonus spp. oil is obtained by subjecting androctonus spp. tissues to enzymolysis with papain, and then adsorbing with egg white modified microspheres adsorbent. The androctonus spp. oil is refined by using the egg white modified microspheres adsorbent, and then is compounded with black tea extract, hawthorn extract and lotus leaf extract and processed into embedding microparticles, so that the water solubility of the androctonus spp. oil preparation can be improved, and the androctonus spp. oil preparation can be used as an oral preparation for lowering blood lipid.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of giant salamander processing, specifically relating to a giant salamander oil and its application in lipid-lowering products. Background Technology

[0002] The Chinese giant salamander is a high-protein, low-fat amphibian. Its tail and visceral adipose tissue are rich in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, squalene, vitamin E, and sterols, providing high-quality raw materials for the development of functional oils.

[0003] Chinese patent publication CN103911210A discloses a method for cold extraction of giant salamander oil, using diethyl ether as the extraction solvent. After shaking extraction, the filtrate is concentrated to obtain pale yellow giant salamander oil. The diethyl ether used in this method is a low-boiling-point organic solvent, posing significant safety risks. Chinese patent publication CN116218590A discloses a method for low-temperature extraction and refining of solid giant salamander oil, employing subcritical propane extraction technology. After extraction, degumming, deacidification, and decolorization, refined giant salamander oil can be obtained. However, this method requires a special system, has a complex process, and high production costs. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a giant salamander oil and its application in lipid-lowering products, so as to solve at least one aspect of the problems and defects mentioned in the background art.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution:

[0006] A type of giant salamander oil is obtained through the following extraction process: giant salamander tissue is enzymatically hydrolyzed with papain, and then adsorbed using an egg white-modified microsphere adsorbent to obtain the giant salamander oil.

[0007] As a further embodiment of the present invention: the raw materials for preparing the egg white modified microsphere adsorbent include egg white powder, D-xylose, galactooligosaccharides, chitosan, and transglutaminase. First, D-xylose is used to glycosylate and modify the egg white protein, introducing hydrophilic groups and improving reactivity. Then, a composite sol is formed through electrostatic / hydrogen bonding between chitosan and protein. Simultaneously, transglutaminase catalyzes the covalent cross-linking of glutamine and lysine to construct a dense three-dimensional network. Finally, rapid dehydration and solidification are performed using an alkali-alcohol system, and after drying, a microporous egg white modified microsphere adsorbent is obtained.

[0008] As a further embodiment of the present invention: the mass ratio of egg white powder to chitosan in the raw materials for preparing the egg white modified microsphere adsorbent is 1:(0.2~0.4).

[0009] As a further embodiment of the present invention: the mass ratio of egg white powder to D-xylose and galactooligosaccharide in the raw materials for preparing the egg white modified microsphere adsorbent is 1:(0.06~0.09):(0.1~0.2).

[0010] As a further embodiment of the present invention: the mass ratio of egg white powder to transglutaminase in the raw materials for preparing the egg white modified microsphere adsorbent is 1:(0.01~0.03).

[0011] As a further embodiment of the present invention: the egg white modified microsphere adsorbent is prepared by the following method: egg white powder, D-xylose and galactooligosaccharide are dispersed and added to chitosan solution, then transglutaminase is added and stirred to obtain a gel solution; the gel solution is dropped into sodium hydroxide-ethanol curing solution to form gel beads, and dried to obtain the egg white modified microsphere adsorbent.

[0012] As a further embodiment of the present invention, the egg white modified microsphere adsorbent is prepared by the following method:

[0013] S2-1, egg white powder, D-xylose, and galactooligosaccharides are stirred evenly in water, the pH is adjusted to 7-8, and the mixture is heated in a water bath at 60-70 ℃ for 1-2 hours to obtain reaction solution A;

[0014] S2-2. Chitosan is added to an aqueous acetic acid solution and swelled to obtain reaction solution B;

[0015] S2-3. Add the reaction solution A to the reaction solution B to obtain the composite sol C;

[0016] S2-4. Add transglutaminase to composite sol C to obtain composite gel solution D;

[0017] S2-5. The composite gel solution D is dropped into the sodium hydroxide-ethanol curing solution to form gel beads, which are then dried to obtain egg white modified microsphere adsorbent.

[0018] As a further embodiment of the present invention: the mass concentration of egg white powder in step S2-1 is 3%~8%.

[0019] As a further embodiment of the present invention: the mass concentration of chitosan in step S2-2 is 1%~2%.

[0020] As a further embodiment of the present invention, the degree of deacetylation of the chitosan is 90%~95%, and the weight-average molecular weight is 100,000~150,000 Da.

[0021] As a further embodiment of the present invention: the sodium hydroxide-ethanol curing solution in step S2-5 is obtained by mixing 2M sodium hydroxide solution and anhydrous ethanol at a volume ratio of 1:3~5.

[0022] As a further embodiment of the present invention, the amount of papain added during the enzymatic hydrolysis process is 0.5% to 1.5% by mass.

[0023] As a further embodiment of the present invention, the pH is controlled at 6.5~7.5 during the enzymatic hydrolysis process.

[0024] As a further embodiment of the present invention, the temperature is controlled at 50~60℃ during the enzymatic hydrolysis process.

[0025] As a further embodiment of the present invention, the enzymatic hydrolysis process is controlled for 2-4 hours.

[0026] As a further embodiment of the present invention, the amount of egg white modified microsphere adsorbent added during the adsorption process is 1% to 3% by mass.

[0027] As a further embodiment of the present invention, the temperature during the adsorption process is 35~45℃.

[0028] Application of giant salamander oil in lipid-lowering products as described in any of the above items.

[0029] As a further embodiment of the present invention: the mass percentage of giant salamander oil in the lipid-lowering product is 40% to 60%, preferably 45% to 55%.

[0030] As a further embodiment of the present invention, the lipid-lowering product further includes at least one of black tea extract, hawthorn extract and lotus leaf extract.

[0031] As a further embodiment of the present invention: the black tea extract is obtained by extracting black tea water.

[0032] As a further embodiment of the present invention: the black tea extract is obtained by the following water extraction steps: black tea is pulverized, water is added at a material-to-liquid ratio of 1g:(8~12)mL, and ultrasonication is performed for 10~20 minutes at 35~45℃ and 250~350W using a 5s on / 5s off method. The extract is then filtered to obtain an extract. The extract is sterilized by filtration through a ceramic membrane, then vacuum concentrated, and spray-dried to obtain the black tea extract.

[0033] As a further embodiment of the present invention, the hawthorn extract is obtained by hawthorn water extraction.

[0034] As a further embodiment of the present invention: the hawthorn extract is obtained by the following water extraction steps: pitted dried hawthorn is pulverized, water is added at a material-to-liquid ratio of 1g:(8~12)mL, and ultrasonicated at 45~55℃ and 250~350W for 10~20min, then ultrasonicated at 350~450W for 10~20min, and filtered to obtain the extract; the extract is concentrated under vacuum and spray-dried to obtain the hawthorn extract.

[0035] As a further embodiment of the present invention, the lotus leaf extract is obtained by water extraction from lotus leaves.

[0036] As a further embodiment of the present invention: the lotus leaf extract is obtained by the following water extraction steps: the dried lotus leaves are crushed, water is added at a material-to-liquid ratio of 1g:(8~12)mL, the pH is adjusted to 3~4, and ultrasonic extraction is performed at 45~55℃ and 250~350W for 25~35 min, followed by filtration; the extract is then concentrated under vacuum and spray-dried to obtain the lotus leaf extract.

[0037] As a further embodiment of the present invention: the lipid-lowering product includes giant salamander oil, black tea extract, hawthorn extract and lotus leaf extract, with a mass ratio of 1:(0.2~0.5):(0.2~0.4):(0.3~0.6), preferably 1:(0.4~0.5):(0.3~0.4):(0.5~0.6).

[0038] As a further embodiment of the present invention: the lipid-lowering product is obtained by preparing the giant salamander oil, black tea extract, hawthorn extract and lotus leaf extract into an oil phase, and then mixing and processing it with an aqueous phase.

[0039] As a further embodiment of the present invention, the oil phase further includes medium-chain triglycerides.

[0040] As a further embodiment of the present invention, the aqueous phase includes at least one of octenyl succinate starch ester, maltodextrin, and sucrose fatty acid ester.

[0041] As a further embodiment of the present invention: the lipid-lowering product is an oral liquid, prepared by the following method:

[0042] D1. Add octenyl succinate starch ester, maltodextrin, sucrose fatty acid ester and sodium ascorbate to water, heat to 40~60 ℃ and stir until transparent to obtain the aqueous phase;

[0043] D2, giant salamander oil, black tea extract, hawthorn extract, lotus leaf extract and medium-chain triglycerides were heated and stirred in a water bath at 30-40 ℃ to obtain the oil phase;

[0044] D3. Slowly pour the oil phase into the aqueous phase and stir to homogenize to obtain a primary emulsion;

[0045] D4. The primary emulsion is concentrated under reduced pressure at 30-40 °C until the solid content is 25-35% to obtain the oral liquid.

[0046] The present invention has at least the following technical effects:

[0047] (1) First, papain was used to destroy the fatty tissue structure of the giant salamander and release the oil. Then, egg white modified microsphere adsorbent was used to refine the oil. The -NH2 and -OH in the microsphere protein can react with the fishy smell substances C4~C in the oil. 10 Aldehydes / ketones / alcohols form hydrogen bonds, enabling the adsorption of small-molecule fishy odors. At the same time, pigments and short-chain free fatty acids in crude oil are also trapped by the microsphere pores. The adsorbent adsorbs very little sterols and other substances, thus avoiding waste of raw materials and loss of active ingredients.

[0048] (2) Combining giant salamander oil with black tea extract, hawthorn extract and lotus leaf extract, and using octenyl succinate starch ester and maltodextrin as wall material components to form embedded microparticles can improve the water solubility of giant salamander oil preparations and can be used as oral preparations to lower blood lipids; zebrafish experiments have shown that the blood lipid-lowering oral liquid prepared in this invention has a significant effect on reducing the total cholesterol and triglyceride content of zebrafish. Attached Figure Description

[0049] To facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art, the present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0050] Figure 1 The images show the results of zebrafish oil red O staining in each group of the test examples of this invention.

[0051] Figure 2 This is a comparison chart of the total cholesterol (TC) content of zebrafish in each group in the test examples of this invention;

[0052] Figure 3 This is a comparison chart of the triglyceride (TG) content of zebrafish in each group in the test examples of this invention. Detailed Implementation

[0053] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only for explaining the invention and are not intended to limit the invention; that is, the described embodiments are merely some embodiments of the invention, and not all embodiments.

[0054] Therefore, the following detailed description of embodiments of the present invention is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention, but merely to illustrate selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without inventive effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0055] In this invention, unless otherwise specified, all raw material components are commercially available products well known to those skilled in the art.

[0056] Example 1

[0057] Giant salamander oil is obtained through the following process: the tail tissue of the giant salamander is cleaned and crushed, and water is added at a ratio of 1g:1mL to homogenize it. Then, 1% by mass of papain (enzyme activity of 60,000 U / g) of the giant salamander tissue is added. The mixture is enzymatically hydrolyzed at pH=7 and temperature of 55℃ for 3 hours, the enzyme is inactivated by boiling water bath for 15 minutes, and the mixture is centrifuged at 4000r / min for 20 minutes. The upper layer is then collected to obtain giant salamander oil.

[0058] Example 2

[0059] Giant salamander oil was obtained through the following process: the giant salamander oil obtained in Example 1 was added to egg white modified microsphere adsorbent at a mass fraction of 3%, and adsorbed for 30 min at 40±2℃ and 150 rpm. After filtration, the giant salamander oil was obtained.

[0060] The egg white modified microsphere adsorbent was obtained through the following preparation method:

[0061] S2-1. Add 5 parts by weight of egg white powder to 100 parts by weight of pure water, add 0.4 parts by weight of D-xylose and 0.6 parts by weight of galactooligosaccharide, stir well, adjust the pH to 7.5±0.1, purge with nitrogen for 5 min, heat in a 60 ℃ water bath for 1.5 h, and then immediately cool to 10 ℃ in an ice water bath to obtain reaction solution A.

[0062] S2-2. Add 1.5 parts by weight of chitosan with a degree of deacetylation of 95% and a weight-average molecular weight of 150,000 Da and 0.8 parts by weight of acetic acid to 100 parts by weight of pure water, and swell at 25°C for 10 h to obtain reaction solution B.

[0063] S2-3. While stirring at 150 rpm, slowly add reaction solution A to reaction solution B at a rate of 1.0 mL / min, controlling the pH to be within the range of 6.0 to 6.5 during the addition process. After the addition is complete, continue stirring for 30 min to obtain composite sol C.

[0064] S2-4. Add 0.05 parts by weight of transglutaminase (enzyme activity 1000U / g) to the composite sol C, stir at 40℃ and 100 rpm for 2 h, and after stirring, cool to 10℃ in an ice water bath to obtain composite gel solution D.

[0065] S2-5. Mix 2M sodium hydroxide solution and anhydrous ethanol at a volume ratio of 1:4 to obtain sodium hydroxide-ethanol curing solution. Under stirring conditions of 12±1℃ and 80 rpm, add composite gel solution D dropwise into sodium hydroxide-ethanol curing solution. The needle inner diameter is 0.8 mm and the dropping rate is 4 mL / min. After the addition is completed, let stand for 30 min, collect the gel microspheres with an 18-mesh sieve, filter and wash, and vacuum dry at 40 ℃ for 12 h to obtain egg white modified microsphere adsorbent.

[0066] Example 3

[0067] A lipid-lowering composition, by weight, comprises 20 parts of giant salamander oil obtained in Example 1, 8 parts of black tea extract, 6 parts of hawthorn extract, and 10 parts of lotus leaf extract.

[0068] The dark tea extract was prepared by the following method: dark tea was pulverized, and pure water was added at a material-to-liquid ratio of 1g:10mL. The mixture was ultrasonicated for 15 min at 40 ℃ and 300 W using a 5 s on / 5 s off method. The extract was then filtered to obtain the extract. The extract was sterilized by filtration through a 0.2 µm ceramic membrane at 45 ℃ and 0.3 MPa. Then, it was concentrated under vacuum at 55 ℃ and spray-dried at an inlet air temperature of 150 ℃ and an outlet air temperature of 65 ℃ to obtain the dark tea extract.

[0069] Hawthorn extract was obtained by the following preparation method: pitted dried hawthorn was pulverized, and pure water was added at a material-to-liquid ratio of 1g:10mL for ultrasonic extraction at 50℃. The extraction was performed by ultrasonication at 300W for 15 min, followed by ultrasonication at 400W for 15 min. The extract was then filtered to obtain the extract. The extract was concentrated under vacuum at 55℃ and spray-dried under conditions of 150℃ inlet air and 65℃ outlet air to obtain the hawthorn extract.

[0070] The lotus leaf extract was prepared by the following method: dried lotus leaves were pulverized, pure water was added at a material-to-liquid ratio of 1g:10mL, citric acid was added to adjust the pH to 3.5, ultrasonic extraction was performed at 50 ℃ and 300 W for 30 min, and then filtered; the extract was concentrated under vacuum at 55 ℃ and spray-dried at an inlet air temperature of 150 ℃ and an outlet air temperature of 65 ℃ to obtain the lotus leaf extract.

[0071] Example 4

[0072] A lipid-lowering composition, by weight, comprises 18 parts of giant salamander oil obtained in Example 2, 8 parts of black tea extract, 6 parts of hawthorn extract, and 10 parts of lotus leaf extract. The preparation methods of black tea extract, hawthorn extract, and lotus leaf extract are the same as in Example 3.

[0073] Example 5

[0074] A lipid-lowering composition, by weight, comprises 30 parts of giant salamander oil obtained in Example 2, 8 parts of black tea extract, 6 parts of hawthorn extract, and 10 parts of lotus leaf extract. The preparation methods of black tea extract, hawthorn extract, and lotus leaf extract are the same as in Example 3.

[0075] Example 6

[0076] A lipid-lowering oral solution is prepared by the following method:

[0077] D1. By weight, take 8 parts of octenyl succinate starch ester, 8 parts of maltodextrin (DE value 15~20), 2 parts of sucrose fatty acid ester (HLB value 15) and 0.3 parts of sodium ascorbate and add them to 60 parts of water. Heat to 50 ℃, stir at 800 rpm until transparent, and then cool to 35 ℃ to obtain the aqueous phase for later use.

[0078] D2. Take 30 parts of the lipid-lowering composition obtained in Example 3, add 5 parts of medium-chain triglycerides, heat in a water bath at 35 ℃, stir at 600 rpm for 5 min, and homogenize under high pressure at 40 MPa and 25 ℃ for 2 min to obtain the oil phase.

[0079] D3. Slowly pour the oil phase into the aqueous phase, stir for 10 min at 60 ℃ and 600 rpm, then cool to 35 ℃ in a cold water bath and homogenize at 40 MPa for 1 min to obtain the primary emulsion.

[0080] D4. The primary emulsion is concentrated under reduced pressure at 35 ℃ to a solid content of 30% to obtain a lipid-lowering oral solution.

[0081] Example 7

[0082] The difference from Example 6 is that the lipid-lowering composition obtained in Example 3 in step D2 is replaced with the lipid-lowering composition obtained in Example 4 to obtain a lipid-lowering oral liquid.

[0083] Example 8

[0084] The difference from Example 6 is that the lipid-lowering composition obtained in Example 3 in step D2 is replaced with the lipid-lowering composition obtained in Example 5 to obtain a lipid-lowering oral liquid.

[0085] Test Example 1

[0086] The lipid-lowering oral solutions obtained in Examples 6, 7, and 8 were used for lipid-lowering efficacy evaluation tests.

[0087] 1. Experimental Methods

[0088] 1.1 Grouping and Modeling for Drug Administration

[0089] Healthy zebrafish, 4 days post-fertilization (15 fish per well, 12-well plate), were randomly selected and transferred to culture dishes. The control group was cultured in embryonic water; the model group was cultured with egg yolk powder (2 mg / ml); experimental groups A, B, and C were cultured with 200 μg / ml of the lipid-lowering oral solution obtained in Examples 6-8 and egg yolk powder (2 mg / ml), respectively; the solution was changed every 24 h, and the treatment was continued for 96 h.

[0090] 1.2 Oil Red O staining

[0091] The treated zebrafish were fixed in a 4% paraformaldehyde solution. The next day, the zebrafish were removed from the fixative, washed twice with PBS solution, and incubated in 60% isopropanol solution for 30 minutes to allow them to become permeable. Then, the 60% isopropanol solution was removed, and freshly prepared 0.3% Oil Red O solution was added. The zebrafish were incubated in the dark for 3 hours, the Oil Red O staining solution was discarded, and the zebrafish were gently washed with 60% isopropanol solution for 3 minutes. Then, PBS solution was added, and the zebrafish were gently washed three times until they became clearly visible. The lipid accumulation in the zebrafish was observed and photographed under a microscope.

[0092] 1.3 Detection of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels

[0093] After treatment, zebrafish were selected, added to ultrapure water, and subjected to ultrasonic disruption, centrifugation, and collection of supernatant. The corresponding reagents were added according to the kit steps, and the OD value was measured using a colorimetric method under an ELISA reader. The results were calculated according to the corresponding instructions.

[0094] 2. Experimental Results

[0095] 2.1 Zebrafish oil red O staining test

[0096] In lipid-lowering treatments, Oil Red O staining can help assess the inhibitory effect of drugs or other treatments on fat deposition, thus providing a visual analysis of lipid metabolism. Oil Red O staining allows for direct observation of fat accumulation (such as triglycerides and cholesterol esters) in zebrafish tissue.

[0097] like Figure 1 As shown, compared with the blank group, the zebrafish in the model group had increased fat accumulation, indicating successful modeling. Compared with the model group, the zebrafish in the experimental group had decreased fat accumulation, indicating that the lipid-lowering oral liquid prepared in this invention can reduce fat accumulation in zebrafish.

[0098] 2.2 Detection of total cholesterol and triglyceride content in zebrafish

[0099] The results of the detection of total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in zebrafish are as follows: Figure 2 , 3As shown in the figure. The results showed that, compared with the blank group, the total cholesterol (TC) content of zebrafish in both the model group and the experimental group exceeded 110 mmol / g, while that in the blank group was 107.19 mmol / g. The TC content of zebrafish in experimental group A was basically the same as that in the model group, indicating that the lipid-lowering oral liquid obtained in Example 6 had a poor effect on reducing the TC content of zebrafish; the TC content of zebrafish in experimental group B was slightly lower than that in the model group (5.45 mmol / g lower), indicating that the lipid-lowering oral liquid obtained in Example 7 had a certain effect on reducing the TC content of zebrafish; the TC content of zebrafish in experimental group C was significantly lower than that in the model group and only slightly higher than that in the blank group, indicating that the lipid-lowering oral liquid obtained in Example 8 had a significant cholesterol-lowering effect.

[0100] The triglyceride (TG) contents of zebrafish in the blank group, model group, and experimental groups A, B, and C were 17.02, 39.01, 24.00, 17.06, and 19.16 μmol / g, respectively. Compared with the blank group, the TG content in zebrafish in the model group was significantly increased; compared with the model group, the TG content in zebrafish in experimental groups A, B, and C was significantly decreased, indicating that the lipid-lowering oral solution obtained in Examples 6-8 can significantly reduce the TG content in zebrafish.

[0101] Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels are often associated with cardiovascular problems such as atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Effectively controlling total cholesterol and triglyceride levels can improve lipid metabolism and enhance cardiovascular health. The results of zebrafish experiments show that the lipid-lowering oral solutions obtained in Examples 6-8 of this invention all have the effect of reducing total cholesterol and / or triglycerides in zebrafish, with the lipid-lowering oral solution obtained in Example 8 showing the most significant effect.

[0102] The above description is merely an example and illustration of the structure of the present invention. Those skilled in the art can make various modifications or additions to the specific embodiments described, or use similar methods to replace them, as long as they do not deviate from the structure of the invention or exceed the scope defined in the claims, all of which should fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A type of giant salamander oil, characterized in that, The oil was obtained by the following extraction process: giant salamander tissue was enzymatically hydrolyzed with papain, and then adsorbed using egg white modified microsphere adsorbent to obtain the giant salamander oil; The egg white modified microsphere adsorbent was prepared by the following method: egg white powder, D-xylose and galactooligosaccharide were dispersed and added to chitosan solution, then transglutaminase was added and stirred to obtain a gel solution; the gel solution was dropped into sodium hydroxide-ethanol curing solution to form gel beads, and dried to obtain the egg white modified microsphere adsorbent; The amount of papain added during the enzymatic hydrolysis process is 0.5%~1.5% by mass, the pH of the enzymatic hydrolysis is 6.5~7.5, the temperature of the enzymatic hydrolysis is 50~60℃, and the time of the enzymatic hydrolysis is 2~4h. The amount of egg white modified microsphere adsorbent added during the adsorption process is 1% to 3% by mass, and the adsorption temperature is 35 to 45°C.

2. The application of the giant salamander oil as described in claim 1 in the preparation of lipid-lowering products.

3. The application according to claim 2, characterized in that, The lipid-lowering product contains 40% to 60% by weight of giant salamander oil.

4. The application according to claim 3, characterized in that, The lipid-lowering product also includes at least one of black tea extract, hawthorn extract, and lotus leaf extract; The dark tea extract was obtained by extracting dark tea water. And / or, the hawthorn extract is obtained by hawthorn water extraction; And / or, the lotus leaf extract is obtained by water extraction from lotus leaves.

5. The application according to claim 4, characterized in that, The lipid-lowering product is obtained by preparing the giant salamander oil, black tea extract, hawthorn extract and lotus leaf extract into an oil phase, and then mixing and processing it with an aqueous phase.

6. The application according to claim 5, characterized in that, The oil phase also includes medium-chain triglycerides; And / or, the aqueous phase includes at least one of octenyl succinate starch ester, maltodextrin, and sucrose fatty acid ester.

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