A ground-air coordinated multi-element energy storage system and its operation method

Abstract

This invention discloses a ground-air coordinated multi-element energy storage system and its operation method, relating to the field of energy storage technology. Through a three-dimensional architecture combining above-ground electrochemistry and underground thermodynamics with intelligent coordinated control, this invention achieves functional complementarity between short-term frequency regulation and long-term energy transfer; it utilizes underground space to solve deployment challenges and improve space utilization; it constructs a complete energy cascade utilization chain from waste heat recovery, grade enhancement, power generation to waste heat heating, significantly improving the system's overall energy efficiency; and through an adaptive coordinated control strategy, it ensures the system's safety, stability, and economy under multi-mode operation.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of energy storage technology, and in particular to a multi-element energy storage system and its operation method that is ground-air coupled. Background Technology

[0002] Energy storage technology is a crucial infrastructure supporting high-proportion renewable energy integration, flexible power system regulation, and the achievement of "dual-carbon" goals. With the continuous expansion of renewable energy installed capacity and the rapid development of high-density load scenarios such as computing centers and industrial parks, the functional requirements of power systems for energy storage have evolved from simple energy storage to a comprehensive need encompassing rapid response, long-term regulation, space-friendly deployment, and multi-energy synergistic utilization. Existing energy storage forms mainly include mechanical energy storage methods such as pumped hydro storage and compressed air energy storage, electrochemical energy storage methods represented by lithium-ion batteries, and various technical routes such as thermal energy storage and electromagnetic energy storage. In recent years, multi-energy storage systems, by combining different energy storage technologies to leverage their respective advantages, have become an important development direction for improving system peak-shaving and frequency regulation capabilities and power supply reliability. However, against the backdrop of increasing urbanization and increasingly scarce land resources, how to achieve efficient coupling and intelligent collaborative control of multi-energy storage within limited space remains a key problem that current technology urgently needs to solve.

[0003] CN114725994A discloses a multi-electrode energy storage collaborative control system and method. By arranging battery clusters and supercapacitors in power transmission lines, it absorbs and releases redundant energy from photovoltaic power generation and dynamically adjusts the energy storage path based on the energy storage status and grid operation status to improve power supply stability and regulation flexibility. This technical solution, to some extent, embodies the concept of collaborative scheduling between different electrochemical energy storage units and is suitable for power balance control on the power system side. However, the collaborative objects of this technical solution are mainly limited to different energy storage devices within the electrical energy domain, without addressing deep coupling across energy forms such as electro-thermal, and without fully considering the spatial resource constraints in high-density urban scenarios. Its multi-electrode energy storage system is still mainly ground-based, making it difficult to achieve large-capacity, long-term energy storage deployment in areas with limited land resources. Furthermore, this technical solution focuses more on energy regulation at the transmission line level, lacking a flexible operating mode switching mechanism for load-side or park-level application scenarios, making it difficult to meet the comprehensive guarantee needs under complex operating conditions such as emergency power supply and off-grid operation.

[0004] CN121124142A discloses a disturbance-resistant collaborative control method, system, and medium for multi-energy storage systems. It constructs a comprehensive energy system model incorporating multiple energy forms such as electricity, heat, and hydrogen, and generates a disturbance-resistant collaborative control strategy with the minimum operating cost as the objective function, thereby achieving real-time power balance in the multi-energy storage system. This technical solution theoretically embodies the ideas of multi-energy complementarity and optimized scheduling, and is suitable for macro-level comprehensive energy system modeling and scheduling research. However, this comparative technology focuses more on global optimization and cost modeling at the algorithm level. Its controlled objects cover multiple energy forms, resulting in a complex system structure and high dependence on the integrity of operational data and model accuracy, making it difficult to directly implement in engineering practice. Especially at the spatial deployment level, this technical solution does not specifically design the physical layout of energy storage facilities or the coordinated utilization of above-ground and underground space, lacking consideration for the engineering implementation path of energy storage systems under urban space constraints. Furthermore, this technology does not clearly define the division of labor among different energy storage units based on their time scale differences, making it difficult to simultaneously meet millisecond-level response and hourly-level energy regulation needs in actual operation. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this section is to outline some aspects of the embodiments of the present invention and to briefly introduce some preferred embodiments. Some simplifications or omissions may be made in this section, as well as in the abstract and title of the present application, to avoid obscuring the purpose of this section, the abstract and title of the invention. Such simplifications or omissions shall not be used to limit the scope of the present invention.

[0006] In view of the aforementioned existing problems, the present invention is proposed.

[0007] Therefore, the technical problem solved by this invention is: how to overcome the limitations of single energy storage technology and construct a three-dimensional energy storage system with fast response speed, long energy storage time, high comprehensive energy utilization efficiency, deep collaboration among modules, and adaptive operation within the limited space of an city.

[0008] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a multi-element energy storage system with ground-air coordinated coupling, characterized in that it includes: an above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage module, an underground heat pump energy storage module, and a ground-air coordinated control system; the above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage module includes a lithium-ion battery array (1), a battery management system (2), an energy storage converter (3), a transformer (4), and an auxiliary system (5); the input end of the energy storage converter (3) is connected to the lithium-ion battery array (1), and the output end is electrically connected to the ground-air coordinated control system through the transformer (4); the underground heat pump energy storage module includes a high-temperature heat storage submodule, a heat engine cycle submodule, and a medium-temperature heat storage submodule; the heat engine cycle submodule includes a generator (22), and the output end is electrically connected to... The ground-air coordinated control system includes a switching switch (6), a central controller (7), and a grid connection / disconnection switch (8). The switching switch (6) has an input terminal connected to the output terminal of the transformer (4) and the output terminal of the generator (22), and an output terminal connected to the grid connection / disconnection switch (8). The central controller (7) is communicatively connected to the above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage module, the underground heat pump energy storage module, and the grid connection / disconnection switch (8), and is used to selectively connect the above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage module or the underground heat pump energy storage module by controlling the switching switch (6) according to load demand and grid status, and to connect or disconnect from the external grid (28) or load through the grid connection / disconnection switch (8).

[0009] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the underground heat pump energy storage module comprises: a high-temperature heat storage submodule including a medium-low temperature heat source (9), pump I (10), heat exchanger I (11), compressor (12), heat exchanger II (13), throttle valve (14), high-temperature heat storage unit (15), and pump II (16); the outlet of the medium-low temperature heat source (9) is connected to the inlet of pump I (10), the outlet of pump I (10) is connected to the high-temperature side inlet of heat exchanger I (11), and the high-temperature side outlet of heat exchanger I (11) is connected to the inlet of the medium-low temperature heat source (9), forming a first loop; the low-temperature side outlet of heat exchanger I (11) is connected to the compressor (9). 12) The compressor (12) outlet is connected to the high-temperature side inlet of the heat exchanger II (13), the high-temperature side outlet of the heat exchanger II (13) is connected to the high-pressure side of the throttle valve (14), and the low-pressure side of the throttle valve (14) is connected to the low-temperature side inlet of the heat exchanger I (11), forming a second loop; the low-temperature side outlet of the heat exchanger II (13) is connected to the inlet of the high-temperature heat storage unit (15), and the outlet of the high-temperature heat storage unit (15) is connected to the low-temperature side inlet of the heat exchanger II (13) through the pump II (16), forming a third loop; the heat engine cycle submodule also includes pump III (17), heat exchanger III (18), and turbine expander (1 9) Heat exchanger IV (20) and working fluid pump (21); the outlet of the high-temperature heat storage unit (15) is connected to the high-temperature side inlet of the heat exchanger III (18) through the pump III (17), and the high-temperature side outlet of the heat exchanger III (18) is connected to the inlet of the high-temperature heat storage unit (15), forming a fourth loop; the low-temperature side outlet of the heat exchanger III (18) is connected to the inlet of the turbine expander (19), and the outlet of the turbine expander (19) is connected to the high-temperature side inlet of the heat exchanger IV (20), and the high-temperature side outlet of the heat exchanger IV (20) is connected to the low-temperature side inlet of the heat exchanger III (18) through the working fluid pump (21), forming a fifth loop; the high-temperature side outlet of the heat exchanger IV (20) is connected to the low-temperature side inlet of the heat exchanger III (18), forming a fifth loop; the high-temperature side outlet of the heat exchanger IV (20) is connected to the high-temperature side inlet of the heat exchanger III (18) through the working fluid pump (21), forming a fifth loop; the high-temperature side outlet of the heat exchanger IV (20) is connected to the high ... pump III (17), forming a fifth loop; the high-temperature side outlet of the heat exchanger IV (20) is connected to the high-temperature side The flat expander (19) is coaxially connected to the generator (22); the medium-temperature thermal storage submodule includes a medium-temperature thermal storage unit (23), pump V (24), pump VI (25) and radiator (26); the low-temperature side outlet of the heat exchanger IV (20) is connected to the inlet of the medium-temperature thermal storage unit (23), and the outlet of the medium-temperature thermal storage unit (23) is connected to the low-temperature side inlet of the heat exchanger IV (20), forming a sixth loop; the outlet of the medium-temperature thermal storage unit (23) is connected to the high-temperature side inlet of the radiator (26) through the pump VI (25), and the high-temperature side outlet of the radiator (26) is connected to the inlet of the medium-temperature thermal storage unit (23), forming a seventh loop.

[0010] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the central controller (7) is configured to execute an adaptive load allocation strategy, and dynamically allocate peak shaving and frequency regulation tasks according to the received grid dispatch instructions and load forecast results: prioritize scheduling the above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage module to respond to short-term high-frequency power demand, and schedule the underground heat pump energy storage module to respond to long-term stable energy demand.

[0011] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the central controller (7) is further configured to support adaptive mode switching, including grid-connected operation mode, off-grid operation mode and emergency power supply mode, and can smoothly switch between modes by controlling the grid-connected and off-grid switches (8) according to the grid status, so as to independently supply power to critical loads by coordinating the output of the above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage module and the underground heat pump energy storage module in off-grid or emergency mode.

[0012] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the central controller (7) establishes a system fault diagnosis model based on the fault tree analysis method, which is used to identify system faults in real time and automatically trigger protection measures or adjust operating parameters.

[0013] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the high-temperature thermal storage unit (15) is a thermal storage well constructed using underground space and is filled with solid thermal storage material; the medium-temperature thermal storage unit (23) is filled with phase change thermal storage material.

[0014] As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage module adopts a containerized modular structure; the switching switch (6) is a contactless solid-state relay switch, and the grid-connected switch (8) is a vacuum circuit breaker.

[0015] The present invention also provides the following technical solution: a method for operating a multi-element energy storage system with ground-air coordinated coupling, characterized in that it includes: real-time acquisition of operating status parameters of the power grid, above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage modules, and underground heat pump energy storage modules through a central controller; based on load forecasting and grid commands, the central controller executes an adaptive load allocation strategy to dynamically coordinate the charging, discharging, and power generation behaviors of the above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage modules and the underground heat pump energy storage modules; according to the grid health status, the central controller controls the grid connection / off-grid switch to enable the system to adaptively switch between grid connection, off-grid, and emergency power supply modes; external low-temperature waste heat is introduced into the high-temperature heat storage submodule of the underground heat pump energy storage module, and after being circulated by the heat pump, it is upgraded to high-grade heat energy and stored in the high-temperature heat storage unit, and used to drive the heat engine cycle submodule to generate electricity; at the same time, the medium-temperature waste heat generated during the power generation process is stored in the medium-temperature heat storage unit of the medium-temperature heat storage submodule, and used for heating as needed.

[0016] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: This invention achieves functional complementarity between short-term frequency regulation and long-term energy transfer through a three-dimensional architecture of "above-ground electrochemistry + underground thermodynamics" and intelligent collaborative control; it solves deployment problems by utilizing underground space and improves space utilization; it constructs a complete energy cascade utilization chain from waste heat recovery, grade enhancement, power generation to waste heat heating, which significantly improves the overall energy efficiency of the system; and through an adaptive coordinated control strategy, it ensures the safety, stability and economy of the system under multi-mode operation. Attached Figure Description

[0017] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort. Wherein:

[0018] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a multi-element energy storage system with ground-air coordinated coupling, as shown in this invention.

[0019] In the diagram, 1. Lithium-ion battery array; 2. Battery management system; 3. Energy storage converter; 4. Transformer; 5. Auxiliary system; 6. Lithium-ion battery to thermoelectric switching switch; 7. Central controller; 8. Grid connection / off-grid switch; 9. Medium- and low-temperature heat source; 10. Pump I; 11. Heat exchanger I; 12. Compressor; 13. Heat exchanger II; 14. Throttling valve; 15. High-temperature thermal storage unit; 16. Pump II; 17. Pump III; 18. Heat exchanger III; 19. Turbine expander; 20. Heat exchanger IV; 21. Working fluid pump; 22. ORC generator; 23. Medium-temperature thermal storage unit; 24. Pump V; 25. Pump VI; 26. Radiator; 27. Computing center; 28. Power grid. Detailed Implementation

[0020] To make the above-mentioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention more apparent and understandable, the specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments.

[0021] Based on the embodiments of this invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without inventive effort should fall within the scope of protection of this invention.

[0022] Many specific details are set forth in the following description in order to provide a full understanding of the invention. However, the invention may also be practiced in other ways different from those described herein, and those skilled in the art can make similar extensions without departing from the spirit of the invention. Therefore, the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below.

[0023] According to an embodiment of the present invention, in combination Figure 1 The diagram shown illustrates a ground-air coupled multi-element energy storage system, comprising:

[0024] This invention provides a ground-space coupled multi-element energy storage system, comprising an above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage module, an underground heat pump energy storage module, and a ground-space coordinated control system. The specific structure and connection relationships of each module are as follows:

[0025] (a) Above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage module.

[0026] This includes lithium-ion battery arrays, battery management systems (BMS), power storage converters (PCS), transformers, and auxiliary systems.

[0027] 1. Lithium-ion battery array: It adopts lithium iron phosphate power batteries and forms a modular structure through series and parallel connection. Each battery module is equipped with an independent temperature sensor and voltage acquisition unit. Fireproof isolation layer and heat dissipation channel are set between modules to improve safety.

[0028] 2. Battery Management System (BMS): It has an accurate SOC (State of Charge) estimation function (error ≤3%), and uses the Kalman filter algorithm combined with the open circuit voltage method to monitor parameters such as battery voltage, current, temperature, and cell balance status in real time; it adds a battery health (SOH) prediction model, which evaluates the battery life based on the number of cycles, charge and discharge rate, and temperature cumulative effect, and provides early warning of battery degradation; it has built-in overcharge, over-discharge, over-temperature, and over-current protection logic, and communicates with the ground-air cooperative control system in real time to receive scheduling instructions and adjust the charge and discharge strategy.

[0029] 3. Energy Storage Converter (PCS): Adopting a bidirectional IGBT topology, it has a wide voltage range adaptability (AC side voltage 380V-10kV), supports independent adjustment of active and reactive power, and has a response time of ≤20ms to meet the frequency regulation requirements of the power grid; it integrates low voltage ride-through function, and can maintain operation for more than 0.5s when the grid voltage drops to 20% of the rated voltage, ensuring grid stability.

[0030] 4. Transformer: A dry-type transformer is adopted, and the turns ratio can be adaptively adjusted according to the grid voltage level. It has the characteristics of low loss and strong short-circuit resistance. Its high-voltage side is connected to the output terminal of the energy storage converter 3, and its low-voltage side is connected to the switching switch 6 in the ground-air coordinated control system for voltage level conversion.

[0031] 5. Auxiliary Systems: These include liquid cooling units, a fire suppression system, and a ventilation system. The liquid cooling units employ a distributed cooling channel design, are tightly integrated with the battery modules, and have a temperature control accuracy of ±1℃. They automatically adjust the cooling flow rate based on temperature data monitored by the BMS. The fire suppression system uses aerosol extinguishing devices combined with temperature and smoke detection sensors to achieve rapid fire response and precise fire suppression. The ventilation system has the function of switching between natural and forced ventilation to ensure that the humidity inside the container is controlled between 40% and 60%.

[0032] (ii) Underground heat pump energy storage module.

[0033] It includes a high-temperature thermal storage submodule, a heat engine cycle submodule, and a medium-temperature thermal storage submodule. Each submodule operates in coordination through pipes, valves, and sensors.

[0034] 1. High-temperature thermal storage submodule

[0035] Composition: medium and low temperature heat source, pump I, heat exchanger I, compressor, heat exchanger II, throttle valve, high temperature heat storage unit and pump II.

[0036] The medium-low temperature heat source outlet is connected to the inlet of pump I, the outlet of pump I is connected to the high-temperature side inlet of heat exchanger I, and the high-temperature side outlet of heat exchanger I is connected to the medium-low temperature heat source inlet, forming a medium-low temperature heat source circulation loop; the low-temperature side outlet of heat exchanger I is connected to the compressor inlet, the compressor outlet is connected to the high-temperature side inlet of heat exchanger II, the high-temperature side outlet of heat exchanger II is connected to the high-pressure side of the throttle valve, and the low-pressure side of the throttle valve is connected to the low-temperature side inlet of heat exchanger I, forming a heat pump circulation loop; the low-temperature side outlet of heat exchanger II is connected to the high-temperature inlet of the high-temperature heat storage unit, and the high-temperature outlet of the high-temperature heat storage unit is connected to the low-temperature side inlet of heat exchanger II through pump II, forming a high-temperature thermal energy storage loop.

[0037] It should be noted that the compressor is a variable frequency screw compressor with a coefficient of performance (COP) ≥ 4.2, and its operating frequency can be adaptively adjusted according to the temperature of the medium and low temperature heat source (50℃-120℃); the high-temperature heat storage unit is converted from an abandoned underground mine, filled with graphite-based composite heat storage material, and the heat storage temperature can reach 300℃-400℃ with a heat loss rate ≤ 0.5% / day; heat exchangers I and II are plate heat exchangers with a heat transfer coefficient ≥ 3000W / (m³). 2 •℃), improving heat exchange efficiency. The system described in this invention can employ other types of components suitable for the corresponding functions in the art. The above examples are preferred embodiments and are not intended to limit the invention.

[0038] 2. Heat Engine Cycle Submodule

[0039] Components: Pump III, Heat Exchanger III, Turbine Expander, Heat Exchanger IV, Working Fluid Pump, and ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) Generator.

[0040] The high-temperature outlet of the high-temperature thermal storage unit is connected to the high-temperature inlet of heat exchanger III via pump III, and the high-temperature outlet of heat exchanger III is connected to the low-temperature outlet of the high-temperature thermal storage unit, forming a high-temperature heat energy release loop. The low-temperature outlet of heat exchanger III is connected to the inlet of the turbine expander, and the outlet of the turbine expander is connected to the high-temperature inlet of heat exchanger IV. The high-temperature outlet of heat exchanger IV is connected to the low-temperature inlet of heat exchanger III via a working fluid pump, forming an ORC circulation loop. The turbine expander is coaxially connected to the ORC generator, and the generator output is connected to the lithium battery-thermal switch input.

[0041] It should be noted that the ORC working fluid uses environmentally friendly R245fa, which is suitable for high-temperature heat sources of 300℃-400℃ and has a cycle efficiency of ≥18%; the turboexpander adopts a radial flow structure, is designed with a speed of 30,000 r / min, and is equipped with magnetic levitation bearings to reduce mechanical losses; the ORC generator uses a permanent magnet synchronous generator with an efficiency of ≥96% and has an adaptive speed adjustment function to ensure power generation stability.

[0042] 3. Medium-temperature thermal energy storage submodule.

[0043] Composition: medium-temperature thermal storage well, pump V, pump VI, and radiator.

[0044] Specifically, the low-temperature outlet of heat exchanger IV is connected to the inlet of the medium-temperature thermal storage well, and the outlet of the medium-temperature thermal storage well is connected to the low-temperature inlet of heat exchanger IV, forming a medium-temperature thermal energy storage loop; the medium-temperature outlet of the medium-temperature thermal storage well is connected to the high-temperature inlet of the radiator through pump VI, and the high-temperature outlet of the radiator is connected to the low-temperature outlet of the medium-temperature thermal storage well, forming a waste heat utilization loop.

[0045] It should be noted that the medium-temperature thermal storage well is filled with paraffin-based phase change thermal storage material with a phase change temperature of 80℃-100℃ and a latent heat of ≥200kJ / kg, achieving stable heat storage; the radiator adopts a finned tube structure and is equipped with a fan frequency conversion adjustment unit, which can adjust the heat dissipation power according to the temperature requirements of the office area (18℃-26℃), and the waste heat utilization rate is ≥85%.

[0046] (III) Ground-Air Cooperative Control System.

[0047] Including lithium-ion battery-thermoelectric switches, central controllers, and grid-connected / off-grid switches, the core lies in building an adaptive coordinated control strategy:

[0048] 1. Lithium-ion battery-thermoelectric switch: It adopts a contactless solid-state relay switch with a switching time of ≤5ms to avoid arcing and voltage surges during switching; the switch integrates a voltage and current synchronous detection unit to ensure that the voltage phase difference between the two sides is ≤5° during switching, thus ensuring continuous power supply.

[0049] 2. Central Controller: Adopting a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) + Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) architecture, it has the following functions:

[0050] Real-time data collection includes grid voltage, frequency, active power, reactive power; SOC, SOH, temperature, and charging / discharging current of lithium battery energy storage modules; and temperature, pressure, flow rate, and working fluid status of each submodule of underground heat pump energy storage modules. The data collection frequency is ≥10Hz.

[0051] Furthermore, based on grid dispatch instructions, load demand forecasts (using an LSTM neural network model with a prediction accuracy ≥92%), and the operating status of each module, frequency regulation / peak shaving tasks are dynamically allocated. When the grid requires short-term frequency regulation (response time ≤1s), lithium battery energy storage modules are prioritized for dispatch; when long-term energy transfer is required (energy storage duration ≥4h), underground heat pump energy storage modules are activated; in mixed load scenarios, a dynamic power allocation algorithm is used to enable lithium battery modules to bear the fluctuating load component and heat pump energy storage modules to bear the base load component, achieving coordinated optimization.

[0052] Specifically, considering the characteristics of fast response of the lithium battery module and large capacity of the heat pump energy storage module, the actual algorithm adopted is a combination of load decomposition + model predictive control (MPC) + droop control. The core algorithms include: (1) Load decomposition layer: wavelet packet transform (WPT); (2) Optimization allocation layer: constrained model predictive control (CMPC); (3) Execution adjustment layer: improved droop control.

[0053] For example, taking the load of a city computing center as an example: Assume that the typical load characteristics of a computing center are as follows: Basic load: 800kW (continuous and stable, fluctuation ≤ ±5%, such as the normal operating power consumption of a server cluster); Fluctuating load: ±200kW (short-term high frequency, response demand ≤ 1s, such as peak power consumption of data batch processing and task scheduling); Total load range: 600kW~1000kW, and the daily load duration is ≥12h.

[0054] The collaborative optimization implementation steps include: Step 1: Load decomposition (based on wavelet packet transform): The real-time collected total load signal is decomposed into two components through wavelet packet transform: Low-frequency component (base load): After 3-layer wavelet packet decomposition, the load component with frequency ≤0.1Hz (i.e., the 800kW stable part) is extracted. This component has a long time scale and small fluctuation, which is suitable for the long-term stable output characteristics of the underground heat pump energy storage module; High-frequency component (fluctuating load): The load component with frequency >0.1Hz (i.e., the ±200kW fluctuating part) is extracted. This component has high response requirements and short duration, which is suitable for the millisecond-level response capability of the above-ground lithium battery module.

[0055] Step 2: Optimized Allocation (Based on Constrained Model Predictive Control): The central controller's PLC uses the CMPC algorithm to dynamically allocate power based on the objective functions of minimizing overall system energy consumption and module lifespan loss, combined with constraints.

[0056]

[0057] in, Powering the lithium battery module It provides power to the heat pump energy storage module; The lithium battery loss coefficient, This is the heat pump loss coefficient. For SOC balancing weights; The target is to maintain the remaining capacity of lithium batteries at 50% to cope with sudden load increases.

[0058] Furthermore, the constraints include:

[0059] Power balance constraints: ,in, Total load;

[0060] Module output constraints: Among them, the output range of lithium batteries -500kW to 500kW (the negative sign indicates charging). Among them, the output range of heat pumps The power output ranges from 300kW to 1000kW.

[0061] State constraints: Lithium-ion battery SOC should avoid overcharging and over-discharging. This refers to the temperature range of the high-temperature heat storage unit in the heat pump.

[0062] Step 3: Implement adjustment (based on improved droop control):

[0063] Lithium battery module: Employs virtual inertia + droop coefficient adaptive control, droop coefficient Dynamically adjust according to fluctuating load frequency (when there are high-frequency fluctuations) Reduce and improve response speed; during low-frequency fluctuations Increase and reduce losses (the specific adjustment is set according to actual needs, and the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to one), and ensure rapid tracking of ±200kW fluctuating load (response time ≤20ms).

[0064] Heat pump energy storage module: Employs power-temperature droop control, droop coefficient Related to the temperature of the high-temperature thermal storage unit (when the temperature is too high) Decrease, increase output; when the temperature is low Increase or decrease output (the specific adjustment is set according to actual needs, and the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to one), maintain a stable output of 800kW base load, and at the same time avoid overheating or insufficient energy of the thermal storage unit.

[0065] Using the above combined algorithm, the total load tracking error is ≤ ±3%, and the fluctuating load tracking error is ≤ ±1%.

[0066] The cycle life of lithium batteries is extended by more than 15%, and the heat loss of the heat pump energy storage module is reduced by 8%; the grid frequency fluctuation is ≤ ±0.2Hz, and the voltage fluctuation is ≤ ±5%.

[0067] It supports automatic switching between three modes: grid-connected operation, off-grid operation, and emergency power supply. When connected to the grid, it adjusts the charging and discharging strategy according to the peak and off-peak electricity prices of the grid and the output of new energy power generation to achieve economical operation. When off-grid, it independently supplies power to critical loads such as computing centers, and maintains stable voltage and frequency (frequency deviation ≤ ±0.2Hz) by coordinating the output of lithium batteries and heat pump energy storage modules. In emergency mode, when the grid fails, it completes the off-grid switching within 0.3 seconds to ensure uninterrupted power supply to critical loads.

[0068] Based on fault tree analysis, a system fault diagnosis model is established to identify problems such as battery cell failure, pipeline leakage, heat exchanger scaling, and switch failure in real time, and automatically trigger protection measures (such as isolating faulty modules, adjusting operating parameters, and starting backup circuits). It has the ability to self-heal local faults and improve system reliability.

[0069] Specifically, the central controller adopts a hardware architecture of "PLC main controller + edge computing module + distributed sensor network", and the specific hardware resources are as follows:

[0070] Table 1 Hardware Resource Illustration

[0071]

[0072] The implementation process is as follows:

[0073] Step 1: Fault tree modeling (software coding implementation):

[0074] In the PLC main controller, a fault tree model is constructed using structured programming (IEC 61131-3 standard). The core of this model includes a three-layer structure: top event, intermediate event, and bottom event. The top event is system power supply interruption / abnormality; the intermediate events are "lithium battery module failure," "heat pump module failure," and "switch failure"; and the bottom events are specific failure modes (such as battery cell overvoltage, sudden drop in pipeline pressure, excessive heat exchanger differential pressure, and abnormal switch arcing). Boolean algebra operations are used to implement AND, OR, and NOT logic between events. For example: intermediate event lithium battery module failure = bottom event single cell voltage exceeding threshold AND bottom event equalization current abnormality OR bottom event temperature over-temperature.

[0075] Based on system design parameters, monitoring thresholds for various basic events are preset (e.g., battery cell voltage ≥3.7V or ≤2.5V is considered exceeding the threshold, pipeline pressure change ≥0.2MPa is considered leakage, and heat exchanger pressure difference ≥5kPa is considered scaling). The thresholds support online calibration.

[0076] Step 2: Real-time diagnostic process (software operation logic):

[0077] The edge computing module collects real-time data through a sensor network, performs filtering (Kalman filtering), outlier removal (3σ criterion), and feature extraction (such as calculating voltage change rate and pressure fluctuation variance). The preprocessed data is then transmitted to the PLC in real time via Profinet. The PLC main controller compares the preprocessed data with preset thresholds and outputs a binary state of "normal (0)" or "failure (1)" for the base event.

[0078] Furthermore, the "minimum cut set algorithm" (by recursively traversing the logical relationship of the fault tree) is adopted to quickly locate the minimum fault combination that leads to the top event (such as "overvoltage of a single battery cell + abnormal equalization current" as the minimum cut set of lithium battery module faults), with a solution time of ≤50ms.

[0079] Based on the severity of the minimum cut set, faults are classified into three levels (Level I: fatal faults, such as arcing short circuits in switches; Level II: serious faults, such as pipeline leaks; Level III: minor faults, such as minor scaling in heat exchangers).

[0080] Step 3: Triggering protection measures (software and hardware coordination):

[0081] The PLC main controller triggers corresponding protection strategies through the actuator interface based on the fault level and minimum cut set result: Level I fault (such as switch arc short circuit): Sends a command to the grid-connected switch (vacuum circuit breaker) within 1ms to cut off the fault circuit, and simultaneously starts the backup switch (redundant design), with a switching time ≤5ms; Level II fault (such as pipeline leakage): Immediately reduces the operating frequency of the heat pump compressor (controlled via CAN bus), closes the solenoid valve corresponding to the leaking pipeline, starts the emergency pressure relief valve, and simultaneously adjusts the output of the lithium battery module to compensate for the load gap; Level III fault (such as minor scaling of the heat exchanger): Starts the online cleaning device (controlled via relay), adjusts the heat pump circulation flow (pump speed adjustment), and records the cumulative number of faults. When the threshold is reached, a maintenance reminder is issued.

[0082] For isolated faults (such as failure of a single battery cell), an isolation command is sent through the BMS interface (controlling the cell equalization switch to turn off), while adjusting the charging and discharging power of other cells to ensure the overall normal operation of the module. The self-healing response time is ≤100ms.

[0083] It should be noted that this invention supports online addition of fault tree nodes (such as adding a "thermal storage material aging" event) without refactoring the core code. Furthermore, when sensor data is lost, an interpolation algorithm is used to complete the data (error ≤ 5%), and the fault tree model automatically switches to a degraded operation mode.

[0084] The edge computing module has a built-in 1TB SSD to store fault logs (including fault time, feature data, and processing results), supporting historical fault tracing and model optimization.

[0085] 3. Grid-connected / off-grid switch: A vacuum circuit breaker is used, which has short-circuit protection and overvoltage protection functions. It is linked with the central controller and realizes smooth grid-connected / off-grid switching according to the grid status and system operation requirements. The voltage fluctuation during the switching process is ≤±5%.

[0086] (iv) Energy cascade utilization mechanism.

[0087] 1. Primary energy recovery: Low- and medium-temperature waste heat (50℃-120℃) generated by computing centers and industrial production is introduced into high-temperature thermal storage submodules through low- and medium-temperature heat source loops. The heat is then circulated by a heat pump to raise the temperature to 300℃-400℃ and stored in the high-temperature thermal storage unit. The waste heat recovery efficiency is ≥90%.

[0088] 2. Secondary energy utilization: The medium-temperature waste heat (80℃-100℃) generated during the ORC generator power generation process is transferred to the medium-temperature heat storage submodule through heat exchanger IV for office heating, domestic hot water supply, etc., realizing the cascade utilization of heat energy, and the overall energy utilization rate of the system is ≥80%.

[0089] To further verify the present invention, the following embodiments are provided:

[0090] See Figure 1 The multi-element energy storage system in this embodiment includes an above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage module, an underground heat pump energy storage module, and a ground-air coordinated control module. The above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage module includes a lithium-ion battery array 1, a battery management system 2, an energy storage converter 3, a transformer 4, and an auxiliary system 5.

[0091] The underground heat pump energy storage module includes a high-temperature heat storage submodule, a heat engine cycle submodule, and a medium-temperature heat storage submodule. The high-temperature heat storage submodule includes a medium-low temperature heat source 9, pump I 10, heat exchanger I 11, compressor 12, heat exchanger II 13, throttle valve 14, high-temperature heat storage unit 15, and pump II 16. The heat engine cycle submodule includes pump III 17, heat exchanger III 18, turbo expander 19, heat exchanger IV 20, working fluid pump 21, and ORC generator 22. The medium-temperature heat storage submodule includes a medium-temperature heat storage unit 23, pump V 24, pump VI 25, and radiator 26. The ground-air coordinated control module includes a lithium battery-thermal power switching switch 6, a central controller 7, and a grid connection / disconnection switch 8.

[0092] During operation of the multi-energy storage system in this embodiment, the adaptive coordination strategy of the ground-air cooperative control system enables efficient storage, conversion, and cascade utilization of electrical and thermal energy. The specific operation process is as follows:

[0093] 1. Charging and thermal storage stage:

[0094] During off-peak periods (when electricity prices are low) or when there is an overcapacity of renewable energy generation, the central controller receives grid dispatch instructions and initiates charging and thermal storage modes.

[0095] In the lithium-ion battery energy storage module, the energy storage converter converts the grid AC power into DC power. The battery management system performs constant current and constant voltage charging on the lithium-ion battery array based on SOC estimation and equalization control strategies. The charging current is dynamically adjusted according to the battery temperature (0.5C charging rate when the temperature is ≤25℃; 0.3C charging rate when the temperature is 25℃-35℃; and the liquid cooling system is activated and the charging rate is reduced to 0.2C when the temperature is >35℃), ensuring safe and efficient charging of the battery.

[0096] In the heat pump energy storage module, pump I starts up, introducing waste heat from the computing center or industry into heat exchanger I. The low-temperature working fluid (R245fa) absorbs waste heat and evaporates into steam in heat exchanger I. The steam enters the compressor and is compressed to a high-temperature and high-pressure state (temperature 350℃, pressure 2.5MPa). The high-temperature and high-pressure steam enters heat exchanger II, transferring heat to the graphite-based heat storage material in the high-temperature heat storage unit. It cools and condenses into liquid, and returns to heat exchanger I after being depressurized by the throttling valve, completing the heat pump cycle and realizing the conversion and storage of medium- and low-temperature waste heat into high-grade thermal energy, with a heat storage efficiency of ≥90%.

[0097] 2. Discharge and power generation stages:

[0098] When the power grid experiences peak periods (peak electricity prices) or the computing center experiences increased load, the central controller initiates discharge and power generation modes based on load demand forecasts and the operating status of each module.

[0099] Short-term high-frequency load regulation (response time ≤ 1s): Prioritize the discharge of lithium battery energy storage modules. The battery array outputs DC power, which is converted into AC power (10kV) by the energy storage converter. The AC power is then transmitted to the power grid or computing center through the transformer, lithium battery-thermal switch and grid connection / disconnection switch. During the discharge process, the BMS monitors the SOC in real time. When the SOC drops to 20%, a switching command is issued.

[0100] Long-term stable power supply (power supply duration ≥ 4h): After the SOC of the lithium battery module drops to the threshold, the lithium battery-thermoelectric switch switches to the heat pump energy storage module without contact. Pump III starts, and the high-temperature thermal energy (350℃) in the high-temperature thermal storage unit heats the ORC working fluid through heat exchanger III, causing it to evaporate into high-temperature and high-pressure steam. The steam drives the turbine expander to rotate, driving the ORC generator to generate electricity (power generation efficiency ≥ 18%). The generated AC power is transmitted to the power grid or computing center through the lithium battery-thermoelectric switch. The medium-temperature steam (100℃) discharged from the turbine expander enters heat exchanger IV, transferring heat to the paraffin-based phase change thermal storage material in the medium-temperature thermal storage well. It cools itself into liquid and returns to heat exchanger III through the working fluid pump, completing the ORC cycle.

[0101] 3. Waste heat utilization stage.

[0102] The medium-temperature thermal energy (100℃) stored in the medium-temperature thermal storage well is transported to the radiator through pump VI. The central controller adjusts the speed of the radiator fan according to the temperature sensor data of the office area (set temperature 22℃) to achieve heating in the office area. When the temperature of the office area reaches 26℃, pump VI is turned off; when the temperature is below 18℃, pump VI is restarted. The waste heat utilization rate is ≥85%.

[0103] 4. Mode switching and collaborative control stage.

[0104] Grid-connected / off-grid switching: When the grid voltage fluctuation is ≤±10%, the system maintains grid-connected operation, and the energy storage converter adjusts the reactive power to compensate for the grid voltage; when a grid fault causes the voltage to drop to 20% of the rated voltage, the grid-connected / off-grid switch completes the off-grid switching within 0.3s, and the system independently supplies power to the computing center. By coordinating the output of the lithium battery module (which bears the fluctuating load) and the heat pump energy storage module (which bears the basic load), the power supply voltage frequency is maintained stable (frequency deviation ≤±0.2Hz).

[0105] Furthermore, if the central controller detects an abnormal voltage in a battery module (deviation > 5%), it immediately issues a command to isolate the module and adjusts the charging and discharging power of other modules to ensure the overall normal operation of the lithium battery energy storage module; if an abnormal pressure (> 3.0 MPa) is detected in the high-temperature heat storage unit, the pressure relief valve is automatically opened to reduce pressure and the compressor operating frequency is reduced to avoid system overpressure damage.

[0106] As can be seen, this invention, through an electrochemical-thermodynamic three-dimensional architecture design, combined with a contactless fast-switching switch and an adaptive load distribution strategy, achieves deep complementarity between the "fast response" of lithium batteries and the "large capacity, long-term energy storage" of heat pump energy storage. This satisfies the high-frequency regulation requirements of the power grid (response time ≤20ms) while also enabling long-term energy transfer (energy storage duration ≥4h), improving the overall system efficiency to over 75% and addressing the functional limitations of single energy storage technologies. The above-ground modules adopt a containerized modular design, occupying a small area and allowing for rapid assembly; the underground modules utilize abandoned mines or underground spaces, eliminating the need for additional ground resources and solving the problem of large land area requirements inherent in traditional energy storage facilities, making them suitable for land-constrained urban densely populated areas.

[0107] Furthermore, a full-chain energy utilization mechanism is constructed, consisting of "medium-low temperature waste heat recovery - high-grade thermal energy storage - power generation - secondary waste heat heating". This mechanism transforms low-grade medium-low temperature energy, which is difficult to utilize directly, into high-grade thermal energy and electrical energy. At the same time, it efficiently recovers secondary waste heat during the power generation process. The overall energy utilization rate of the system is ≥80%, which is more than 20% higher than that of traditional energy storage systems.

[0108] The ground-air coordinated control system integrates core algorithms such as LSTM load forecasting, fault self-healing diagnosis, and dynamic power allocation. It can adaptively adjust the operation strategy according to the grid status, load demand, and module operating parameters, achieving smooth mode switching (switching time ≤ 5ms) and precise load allocation. Under scenarios such as load changes and grid fluctuations, voltage and frequency fluctuations are ≤ ±0.2%, effectively improving grid stability and system operation safety. At the same time, the BMS's SOH prediction and precise protection functions extend the life of lithium battery modules by more than 15%.

[0109] Furthermore, this invention shortens the system investment payback period by leveraging peak-valley electricity price arbitrage, revenue from ancillary service markets (frequency regulation and peak shaving), and energy cost savings through cascaded energy utilization. It also employs environmentally friendly working fluids and waste heat recovery technology to reduce fossil fuel consumption and carbon emissions, contributing to the achievement of "dual carbon" goals. The system adopts a modular design, allowing for flexible addition or removal of lithium battery modules and thermal storage well capacity according to actual needs, adapting to the energy demands of different application scenarios such as computing centers, new energy power plants, urban microgrids, and high-density residential areas.

[0110] Furthermore, the present invention also provides a method for operating a multi-element energy storage system with ground-air coordinated coupling, comprising:

[0111] The central controller collects real-time operating status parameters of the power grid, above-ground containerized lithium-ion battery energy storage modules, and underground heat pump energy storage modules. Based on load forecasting and grid commands, the central controller executes an adaptive load allocation strategy to dynamically coordinate the charging, discharging, and power generation behaviors of the above-ground containerized lithium-ion battery energy storage modules and the underground heat pump energy storage modules. According to the grid health status, the central controller controls the grid connection / off-grid switch to enable the system to adaptively switch between grid-connected, off-grid, and emergency power supply modes. External low-temperature waste heat is introduced into the high-temperature heat storage submodule of the underground heat pump energy storage module, and after being circulated by the heat pump, it is upgraded to high-grade heat energy and stored in the high-temperature heat storage unit, which is used to drive the heat engine cycle submodule to generate electricity. At the same time, the medium-temperature waste heat generated during the power generation process is stored in the medium-temperature heat storage unit of the medium-temperature heat storage submodule and used for heating as needed.

[0112] The system also includes one or more processors and memory.

[0113] The memory is used to store operable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations, including the flow of a ground-space coordinated multi-element energy storage system and its operation method as described in the foregoing embodiments, particularly... Figure 1 The flowchart of the method is shown.

[0114] Other aspects disclosed in the embodiments of the present invention also propose a computer-readable medium for storing software, the software including instructions executable by one or more computers, the execution of which causes the one or more computers to perform operations, including the flow of a ground-space coordinated multi-element energy storage system and operation method of the foregoing embodiments, particularly... Figure 1 The flowchart of the method is shown.

[0115] It should be recognized that embodiments of the present invention may be implemented or carried out by computer hardware, a combination of hardware and software, or by computer instructions stored in a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium.

[0116] The method can be implemented using standard programming techniques, including a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium configured with a computer program in the computer program, wherein the storage medium is configured such that the computer operates in a specific and predefined manner.

[0117] Each program can be implemented in a high-level procedural or object-oriented programming language to communicate with the computer system; however, if required, the program can be implemented in assembly or machine language.

[0118] In any case, the language can be either compiled or interpreted.

[0119] Furthermore, for this purpose, the program can run on programmed application-specific integrated circuits.

[0120] The processes described herein (or variations and / or combinations thereof) can be executed under the control of one or more computer systems configured with executable instructions, and can be implemented by hardware or a combination thereof as code (e.g., executable instructions, one or more computer programs, or one or more applications) that commonly executes on one or more processors. The computer program includes a plurality of instructions executable by one or more processors.

[0121] Furthermore, the method can be implemented in any suitable computing platform, including but not limited to personal computers, minicomputers, mainframes, workstations, networked or distributed computing environments, standalone or integrated computer platforms, or in communication with charged particle tools or other imaging devices.

[0122] Various aspects of the present invention can be implemented in machine-readable code stored on a non-transitory storage medium or device, whether portable or integrated into a computing platform, such as a hard disk, optical read and / or write storage medium, RAM, ROM, etc., such that it can be read by a programmable computer, and when the storage medium or device is read by the computer, it can be used to configure and operate the computer to perform the processes described herein.

[0123] Furthermore, machine-readable code, or parts thereof, can be transmitted via wired or wireless networks.

[0124] When such media includes instructions or programs that combine with a microprocessor or other data processor to implement the steps described above, the invention described herein includes these and other different types of non-transitory computer-readable storage media.

[0125] It should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and are not intended to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can be made to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention, and all such modifications or substitutions should be covered within the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A multi-element energy storage system synergistically coupled with air, characterized by: include: Above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage modules, underground heat pump energy storage modules, and ground-air coordinated control systems; The above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage module includes a lithium-ion battery array (1), a battery management system (2), an energy storage converter (3), a transformer (4), and an auxiliary system (5). The input end of the energy storage converter (3) is connected to the lithium-ion battery array (1), and the output end is electrically connected to the ground-air coordinated control system through the transformer (4). The underground heat pump energy storage module includes a high-temperature heat storage submodule, a heat engine cycle submodule, and a medium-temperature heat storage submodule; the heat engine cycle submodule includes a generator (22), the output of which is electrically connected to the ground-air coordinated control system; The ground-air coordinated control system includes a switching switch (6), a central controller (7), and a grid connection / disconnection switch (8). The switching switch (6) has an input terminal that is connected to the output terminal of the transformer (4) and the output terminal of the generator (22), respectively, and an output terminal that is connected to the grid connection / disconnection switch (8). The central controller (7) is communicatively connected to the above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage module, the underground heat pump energy storage module, and the grid connection / disconnection switch (8), respectively, and is used to selectively connect the above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage module or the underground heat pump energy storage module by controlling the switching switch (6) according to load demand and grid status, and to realize the connection or disconnection with the external grid (28) or load through the grid connection / disconnection switch (8). The central controller (7) is also configured to: combine the characteristics of fast response of the lithium battery module and large capacity of the heat pump energy storage module, and use a combination algorithm of load decomposition, model predictive control and droop control for coordinated scheduling; the combination algorithm includes: decomposing the total load signal into a low-frequency component that adapts to the long-term stable output of the heat pump energy storage module and a high-frequency fluctuation component that adapts to the millisecond-level response of the lithium battery module through wavelet packet transform; the PLC of the central controller uses the CMPC algorithm to dynamically allocate power with the objective function of minimizing the overall energy consumption of the system and minimizing the module life loss, combined with the constraint conditions: wherein, is the lithium battery module output, is the heat pump storage module output; is the lithium battery loss coefficient, is the heat pump loss coefficient, is the SOC equalization weight; is the lithium battery remaining capacity, which is targeted at 50% to cope with sudden loads; the actual output of the lithium battery module and the heat pump storage module is adjusted respectively through the improved droop control.

2. The multi-element energy storage system with ground-air coordinated coupling as described in claim 1, characterized in that: In the underground heat pump energy storage module: The high-temperature thermal storage submodule includes a medium-low temperature heat source (9), pump I (10), heat exchanger I (11), compressor (12), heat exchanger II (13), throttle valve (14), high-temperature thermal storage unit (15), and pump II (16); the outlet of the medium-low temperature heat source (9) is connected to the inlet of pump I (10), the outlet of pump I (10) is connected to the high-temperature side inlet of heat exchanger I (11), and the high-temperature side outlet of heat exchanger I (11) is connected to the inlet of the medium-low temperature heat source (9), forming a first loop; the low-temperature side outlet of heat exchanger I (11) is connected to the compressor II (16). The compressor (12) inlet and the compressor (12) outlet are connected to the high-temperature side inlet of the heat exchanger II (13). The high-temperature side outlet of the heat exchanger II (13) is connected to the high-pressure side of the throttle valve (14). The low-pressure side of the throttle valve (14) is connected to the low-temperature side inlet of the heat exchanger I (11), forming a second loop. The low-temperature side outlet of the heat exchanger II (13) is connected to the inlet of the high-temperature heat storage unit (15). The outlet of the high-temperature heat storage unit (15) is connected to the low-temperature side inlet of the heat exchanger II (13) through the pump II (16), forming a third loop. The heat engine cycle submodule also includes pump III (17), heat exchanger III (18), turbine expander (19), heat exchanger IV (20), and working fluid pump (21); the outlet of the high-temperature heat storage unit (15) is connected to the high-temperature side inlet of the heat exchanger III (18) through pump III (17), and the high-temperature side outlet of the heat exchanger III (18) is connected to the inlet of the high-temperature heat storage unit (15), forming a fourth loop; the low-temperature side outlet of the heat exchanger III (18) is connected to the inlet of the turbine expander (19), the outlet of the turbine expander (19) is connected to the high-temperature side inlet of the heat exchanger IV (20), and the high-temperature side outlet of the heat exchanger IV (20) is connected to the low-temperature side inlet of the heat exchanger III (18) through the working fluid pump (21), forming a fifth loop; the turbine expander (19) is coaxially connected to the generator (22); The medium-temperature thermal energy storage submodule includes a medium-temperature thermal energy storage unit (23), pump V (24), pump VI (25), and radiator (26); the low-temperature side outlet of the heat exchanger IV (20) is connected to the inlet of the medium-temperature thermal energy storage unit (23), and the outlet of the medium-temperature thermal energy storage unit (23) is connected to the low-temperature side inlet of the heat exchanger IV (20), forming a sixth loop; the outlet of the medium-temperature thermal energy storage unit (23) is connected to the high-temperature side inlet of the radiator (26) through the pump VI (25), and the high-temperature side outlet of the radiator (26) is connected to the inlet of the medium-temperature thermal energy storage unit (23), forming a seventh loop.

3. The multi-element energy storage system with ground-air coordinated coupling as described in claim 2, characterized in that: The central controller (7) is also configured to support adaptive mode switching, including grid-connected operation mode, off-grid operation mode and emergency power supply mode, and can smoothly switch between modes by controlling the grid-connected and off-grid switches (8) according to the grid status, so as to independently supply power to critical loads by coordinating the output of the above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage module and the underground heat pump energy storage module in off-grid or emergency mode.

4. The multi-element energy storage system with ground-air coordinated coupling as described in claim 3, characterized in that: The central controller (7) establishes a system fault diagnosis model based on the fault tree analysis method, which is used to identify system faults in real time and automatically trigger protection measures or adjust operating parameters.

5. The multi-element energy storage system with ground-air coordinated coupling as described in claim 4, characterized in that: The high-temperature thermal storage unit (15) is a thermal storage well constructed using underground space and is filled with solid thermal storage material; the medium-temperature thermal storage unit (23) is filled with phase change thermal storage material.

6. The multi-element energy storage system with ground-air coordinated coupling as described in claim 5, characterized in that: The above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage module adopts a containerized modular structure; the switching switch (6) is a contactless solid-state relay switch, and the grid-connected switch (8) is a vacuum circuit breaker.

7. A method for operating a ground-space co-coupled multi-element energy storage system, based on the ground-space co-coupled multi-element energy storage system according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: Also includes: The central controller collects real-time operating status parameters of the power grid, above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage modules, and underground heat pump energy storage modules. Based on load forecasting and grid commands, the central controller executes an adaptive load allocation strategy to dynamically and collaboratively schedule the charging, discharging, and power generation behaviors of the above-ground containerized lithium battery energy storage module and the underground heat pump energy storage module. Based on the health status of the power grid, the central controller controls the grid connection and off-grid switch, enabling the system to adaptively switch between grid connection, off-grid and emergency power supply modes; The external medium- and low-temperature waste heat is introduced into the high-temperature heat storage submodule of the underground heat pump energy storage module. The heat pump then circulates and elevates the heat energy to a high-grade level, which is stored in the high-temperature heat storage unit and used to drive the heat engine cycle submodule to generate electricity. At the same time, the medium-temperature waste heat generated during the power generation process is stored in the medium-temperature heat storage unit of the medium-temperature heat storage submodule and used for heating as needed.

8. A computer device comprising a memory and a processor, wherein the memory stores a computer program, characterized in that: When the processor executes the computer program, it implements the steps of the multi-element energy storage system with ground-air coordinated coupling as described in any one of claims 1 to 6.

9. A computer-readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon, characterized in that: When the computer program is executed by the processor, it implements the steps of the multi-element energy storage system with ground-air coordinated coupling as described in any one of claims 1 to 6.

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