Detecting proximity to human body using positioning and sensing measurements

Abstract

Techniques for wireless communication are disclosed. In an aspect, a user equipment (UE) receives one or more first wireless signals from each of two or more wearable devices associated with a user of the UE, and transmits one or more second wireless signals on at least one transmit beam, wherein the at least one transmit beam is transmitted in at least one direction or according to at least one characteristic, the at least one direction or the at least one characteristic reducing radio frequency exposure to a body region of the user, wherein the body region of the user is determined based at least in part on the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices, and wherein the body region of the user indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the body of the user is estimated to be present.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] All aspects of this disclosure relate to wireless technology. Background Technology

[0002] Wireless communication systems have evolved through many generations, including first-generation analog radiotelephone service (1G), second-generation (2G) digital radiotelephone service (including transitional 2.5G and 2.75G networks), third-generation (3G) high-speed data, wireless services with internet capabilities, and fourth-generation (4G) services (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). Currently, many different types of wireless communication systems are in use, including cellular systems and Personal Communication Services (PCS) systems. Known examples of cellular systems include cellular analog Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS), as well as digital cellular systems based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), and others.

[0003] The fifth-generation (5G) wireless standard, known as New Radio (NR), delivers higher data speeds, more connections, better coverage, and other improvements. According to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance (NGC), the 5G standard is designed to provide higher data rates, more accurate positioning (e.g., based on Positioning Reference Signals (RS-P), such as downlink, uplink, or sidelink Positioning Reference Signals (PRS)), and other technological enhancements compared to previous standards. These enhancements, along with the use of higher frequency bands, advancements in PRS processes and technologies, and the high-density deployment of 5G, enable highly accurate positioning based on 5G or 6G. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The following is a simplified summary of the invention relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Therefore, this summary should not be considered an exhaustive overview relating to all conceived aspects, nor should it be considered to identify key or decisive elements relating to all conceived aspects or to depict the scope associated with any particular aspect. Thus, the sole purpose of this summary is to present, in a simplified form, certain concepts relating to one or more aspects involving the mechanisms disclosed herein, prior to the detailed description presented below.

[0005] In one aspect, a method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE) includes: receiving one or more first wireless signals from each of two or more wearable devices associated with a user of the UE; and transmitting one or more second wireless signals on at least one transmit beam, wherein the at least one transmit beam is transmitted in at least one direction or according to at least one characteristic that reduces radio frequency exposure to a body region of the user, wherein the body region of the user is determined at least in part based on the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices, and wherein the body region of the user indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body is estimated to exist.

[0006] In one aspect, a method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE) includes: receiving one or more reflections of one or more sensing signals; and transmitting one or more wireless signals on at least one transmission beam in at least one direction avoiding a body region of the user of the UE, wherein the body region of the user is determined at least in part based on the one or more reflections, and wherein the body region of the user indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body may exist.

[0007] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being individually or in combination configured to: receive one or more first wireless signals via the one or more transceivers from each of two or more wearable devices associated with a user of the UE; and transmit one or more second wireless signals via the one or more transceivers on at least one transmit beam, wherein the at least one transmit beam is transmitted in at least one direction or according to at least one characteristic that reduces radio frequency exposure to a body region of the user, wherein the body region of the user is determined at least in part based on the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices, and wherein the body region of the user indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body is estimated to exist.

[0008] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being individually or in combination configured to: receive one or more reflections of one or more sensing signals via the one or more transceivers; and transmit one or more wireless signals via the one or more transceivers in at least one direction on at least one transmit beam that avoids a body region of a user of the UE, wherein the body region of the user is determined at least in part based on the one or more reflections, and wherein the body region of the user indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body may exist.

[0009] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes: components for receiving one or more first wireless signals from each of two or more wearable devices associated with a user of the UE; and components for transmitting one or more second wireless signals on at least one transmit beam, wherein the at least one transmit beam is transmitted in at least one direction or according to at least one characteristic that reduces radio frequency exposure to a body region of the user, wherein the body region of the user is determined at least in part based on the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices, and wherein the body region of the user indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body is estimated to exist.

[0010] In one aspect, a user equipment (UE) includes: components for receiving one or more reflections of one or more sensing signals; and components for transmitting one or more wireless signals on at least one transmission beam in at least one direction avoiding a body region of the user, wherein the body region of the user is determined at least in part based on the one or more reflections, and wherein the body region of the user indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body may exist.

[0011] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: receive one or more first wireless signals from each of two or more wearable devices associated with a user of the UE; and transmit one or more second wireless signals on at least one transmit beam, wherein the at least one transmit beam is transmitted in at least one direction or according to at least one characteristic that reduces radio frequency exposure to a body region of the user, wherein the body region of the user is determined at least in part based on the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices, and wherein the body region of the user indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body is estimated to exist.

[0012] In one aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: receive one or more reflections of one or more sensing signals; and transmit one or more wireless signals on at least one transmit beam in at least one direction avoiding a body region of the user, wherein the body region of the user is determined at least in part based on the one or more reflections, and wherein the body region of the user indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body may exist.

[0013] Based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description, other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Attached Figure Description

[0014] The accompanying drawings are provided to help describe various aspects of this disclosure, and are provided for illustrative purposes only and not to limit the aspects.

[0015] Figure 1 Example wireless communication systems according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0016] Figure 2A and Figure 2B Example wireless network architectures based on various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated.

[0017] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C It is a simplified block diagram of several examples of components that can be used in user equipment (UE), base stations and network entities and configured to support communications as taught herein.

[0018] Figure 4A and Figure 4B Different types of sensing are illustrated.

[0019] Figure 5 This is a graph representing an example channel estimation of the multipath channel between a receiver device and a transmitter device according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0020] Figure 6 This is a diagram illustrating an example of real-time specific absorption (SAR) calculation based on various aspects of this disclosure.

[0021] Figure 7 This is an illustration illustrating an example of determining a user's body regions based on the user having multiple wearable devices, according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0022] Figure 8 This is an illustration of an example of determining a user's body area based on the plane in which the wearable device is located, according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0023] Figure 9 This is an illustration of an example of three orthogonal planes determined by planar connection of three wearable devices according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0024] Figure 10 This is an illustration of an example of determining one or more user body regions near a sensing device according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0025] Figure 11 and Figure 12 Example methods of wireless communication according to various aspects of this disclosure are illustrated. Detailed Implementation

[0026] Various aspects of this disclosure are provided below in the description of various examples provided for illustrative purposes and in the accompanying drawings. Alternative aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of this disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of this disclosure.

[0027] Overall, various aspects involve optimizing transmit power. Some aspects are more specifically related to determining beam-specific transmit power optimizations. In some examples, wearable devices are used to detect body regions to achieve specific absorption rate (SAR) or other power conditioning compliance. In some examples, user equipment (UE) (e.g., a smartphone) measures the two-dimensional angle of arrival relative to one or more wearable devices of the user (such as headsets, smartwatches, etc.) and, based on these measurements, detects areas where at least a portion of the user's body may be present and within the UE's transmit path. Based on information about the detected body regions, the UE selects an uplink transmit beam or adjusts the characteristics of that beam to avoid the identified body regions or reduce / minimize exposure.

[0028] In some examples, sensing measurements are used to detect body regions. In this case, the UE (e.g., a smartphone) uses monostation sensing or bistation sensing (utilizing one or more wearable devices) to determine one or more body regions. The UE then selects a transmission beam or adjusts the characteristics of that beam based on the detected body regions.

[0029] Specific aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to achieve one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by detecting body regions, the described techniques can be used to determine beam-specific transmit power optimizations while ensuring SAR compliance.

[0030] The terms “exemplary” and / or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and / or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as superior to or better than other aspects. Similarly, the term “aspects of this disclosure” does not require that all aspects of this disclosure include the features, advantages, or modes of operation discussed.

[0031] Those skilled in the art will understand that any of a variety of different techniques and skills can be used to represent the information and signals described below. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be mentioned throughout the following description can be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the specific application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, and so on.

[0032] Furthermore, many aspects are described according to a sequence of actions to be performed by elements of, for example, a computing device. It will be appreciated that the various actions described herein can be performed by a particular circuit (e.g., an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)), by program instructions executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence of actions described herein can be considered to be entirely embodied in any form of non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a corresponding set of computer instructions that, when executed, will cause or command the associated processor of the device to perform the functionality described herein. Therefore, various aspects of this disclosure can be embodied in a variety of different forms, all of which are contemplated within the scope of the claimed subject matter. Furthermore, for each aspect described herein, any corresponding form of any such aspect may be described herein as, for example, "a logical component configured to perform the described actions."

[0033] As used herein, unless otherwise stated, the terms “User Equipment” (UE) and “Base Station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular Radio Access Technology (RAT). In general, a UE can be any wireless communication device used by a user to communicate over a wireless communication network (e.g., mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, consumer asset positioning device, wearable device (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., car, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.). A UE can be mobile or can (e.g., at certain times) be stationary and can communicate with a Radio Access Network (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” can be interchangeably referred to as “Access Terminal” or “AT,” “Client Equipment,” “Wireless Equipment,” “Subscriber Equipment,” “Subscriber Terminal,” “Subscriber Station,” “User Terminal” or “UT,” “Mobile Equipment,” “Mobile Terminal,” “Mobile Station,” or variations thereof. In general, a UE can communicate with a core network via the RAN, and through the core network, a UE can connect to external networks such as the Internet and to other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms for connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UE, such as through wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard, etc.).

[0034] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs to communicate with the UE, depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may alternatively be referred to as an Access Point (AP), Network Node, Node B, Evolved Node B (eNB), Next Generation eNB (ng-eNB), New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as gNB or gNodeB), etc. The base station may primarily be used to support the UE's radio access, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UE. In some systems, the base station may only provide edge node signaling functions, while in others, it may provide additional control and / or network management functions. The communication link through which the UE can transmit signals to the base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., reverse traffic channel, reverse control channel, access channel, etc.). The communication link through which the base station can transmit signals to the UE is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., paging channel, control channel, broadcast channel, forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein, the term “Traffic Channel (TCH)” may refer to the uplink / reverse traffic channel or the downlink / forward traffic channel.

[0035] The term "base station" can refer to a single physical transmit / receive point (TRP) or multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, when the term "base station" refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP can be the antenna of a base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. When the term "base station" refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP can be the antenna array of a base station (e.g., in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or in the case of beamforming at the base station). When the term "base station" refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP can be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected via a transmission medium to a common source) or a remote radio headend (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, a non-co-located physical TRP can be the serving base station from which the UE receives measurement reports and a neighboring base station where the UE is measuring its reference radio frequency (RF) signal. Since, as used herein, a TRP is the point by which a base station transmits and receives radio signals, references to transmitting from or receiving at a base station should be understood to refer to a specific TRP of the base station.

[0036] In some specific implementations supporting UE positioning, the base station may not support the UE's radio access (e.g., it may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the UE), but may instead transmit reference signals to the UE for measurement and / or receive and measure signals transmitted by the UE. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., in the case of transmitting signals to the UE) and / or as a location measurement unit (e.g., in the case of receiving and measuring signals from the UE).

[0037] An “RF signal” refers to an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transmits information across the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may send a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels, a receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal” where the context clearly indicates that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0038] Figure 1An example wireless communication system 100 according to various aspects of this disclosure is illustrated. The wireless communication system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled "BS") and various UEs 104. Base station 102 may include macro cell base stations (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low-power cellular base stations). In one aspect, the macro cell base station may include an eNB and / or an ng-eNB (wherein the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an LTE network), or a gNB (wherein the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an NR network), or a combination of both, and the small cell base station may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0039] Base station 102 can collectively form a RAN and interface with core network 170 (e.g., evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC)) via backhaul link 122, and interface with one or more location servers 172 (e.g., location management function (LMF) or secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)) via core network 170. Location server 172 can be part of core network 170 or can be external to core network 170. Location server 172 can be integrated with base station 102. UE 104 can communicate with location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, UE 104 can communicate with location server 172 via base station 102 currently serving UE 104. UE 104 can also communicate with location server 172 via another path, such as via application server (not shown), via another network, such as via wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., AP 150 described below), etc. For signaling purposes, communication between UE 104 and location server 172 can be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., via core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection 128), wherein intermediate nodes (if present) are omitted from the signaling diagram for clarity.

[0040] In addition to other functions, base station 102 may perform functions associated with one or more of the following: transmitting user data, radio channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection establishment and release, load balancing, distribution of Non-Access Stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment tracking, RAN Information Management (RIM), paging, location, and delivery of warning messages. Base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via EPC / 5GC) on backhaul link 134, which may be wired or wireless.

[0041] Base station 102 can wirelessly communicate with UE 104. Each base station in base station 102 can provide communication coverage for a corresponding geographic coverage area 110. In one aspect, one or more cells can be supported by base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used to communicate with a base station (e.g., via a frequency resource, which is referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, frequency band, etc.) and can be associated with an identifier (e.g., Physical Cell Identifier (PCI), Enhanced Cell Identifier (ECI), Virtual Cell Identifier (VCI), Cell Global Identifier (CGI), etc.) used to distinguish cells operating via the same or different carrier frequencies. In some cases, different cells can be configured according to different protocol types that can provide access for different types of UEs (e.g., Machine Type Communication (MTC), Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), or other protocol types). Since a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” can refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station supporting the logical communication entity, depending on the context. Furthermore, since the TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms "cell" and "TRP" can be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term "cell" can also refer to the geographical coverage area of ​​a base station (e.g., a sector), provided that a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within a portion of the geographical coverage area 110.

[0042] While the geographic coverage areas 110 of adjacent macro cell base stations 102 may partially overlap (e.g., in handover areas), some areas within geographic coverage areas 110 may substantially overlap with larger geographic coverage areas 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled "SC" for "small cell") may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage areas 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell base stations and macro cell base stations can be referred to as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include a home eNB (HeNB) that can provide service to a restricted group referred to as a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG).

[0043] The communication link 120 between base station 102 and UE 104 may include uplink (also known as reverse link) transmission from UE 104 to base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also known as forward link) transmission from base station 102 to UE 104. The communication link 120 may use MIMO antenna techniques, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link 120 may use one or more carrier frequencies. Carrier allocation may be asymmetric for the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to the downlink compared to the uplink).

[0044] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a WLAN access point (AP) 150 that communicates with a wireless local area network (WLAN) station (STA) 152 via a communication link 154 in unlicensed spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in unlicensed spectrum, the WLAN STA 152 and / or WLAN AP 150 may perform a free channel assessment (CCA) or listen-before-talk (LBT) process before communication to determine whether the channel is available.

[0045] Small cell base station 102' can operate in licensed and / or unlicensed spectrum. When operating in unlicensed spectrum, small cell base station 102' can employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5GHz unlicensed spectrum as WLAN AP 150. Small cell base station 102' employing LTE / 5G in unlicensed spectrum can improve the coverage and / or increase the capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, Licensed Assisted Access (LAA), or MULTEFIRE. ® .

[0046] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a millimeter-wave (mmW) base station 180, which can operate at mmW and / or near-mmW frequencies to communicate with the UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that contains radio frequency (RF). EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and wavelengths between 1 mm and 10 mm. Radio waves in this band can be referred to as millimeter waves. Near-mmW extends down to frequencies of 3 GHz with wavelengths of 100 mm. Ultra-high frequency (SHF) bands extend between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, and are also referred to as centimeter waves. Communication using mmW / near-mmW radio bands has high path loss and relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 can utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) on the mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Furthermore, it should be understood that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also use mmW or near-mmW and beamforming for transmission. Therefore, it should be understood that the foregoing examples are merely illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0047] Transmit beamforming is a technique used to focus RF signals in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omnidirectionally). Using transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thus providing the receiving device with a faster and stronger RF signal (in terms of data rate). To change the directivity of the RF signal during transmission, the network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of one or more transmitters broadcasting the RF signal. For example, the network node can use an array of antennas (called a "phased array" or "antenna array") that forms an RF beam that can be "manipulated" to be pointed in different directions without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, RF currents from the transmitters are fed to individual antennas with the correct phase relationship, such that radio waves from the individual antennas add up in the desired direction to increase radiation, while canceling out in the undesired direction to suppress radiation.

[0048] Transmit beams can be quasi-co-located, meaning they appear to the receiver (e.g., the UE) as having the same parameters regardless of whether the network node's own transmit antennas are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-located (QCL) relationships. Specifically, a given type of QCL relationship means that certain parameters of a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived based on information about the source reference RF signal on the source beam. Therefore, if the source reference RF signal is QCL type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of the second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of the second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of the second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is of type QCL D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial reception parameters of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0049] In receive beamforming, a receiver uses a receive beam to amplify an RF signal detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver may increase the gain setting of an antenna array in a particular direction and / or adjust the phase setting of the antenna array in a particular direction to amplify the RF signal received from that direction (e.g., increase its gain level). Therefore, when a receiver is described as performing beamforming in a certain direction, it means that the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or that the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain of all other receive beams available to the receiver in that direction. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signal received from that direction.

[0050] The transmit and receive beams can be spatially correlated. Spatial correlation means that parameters for a second beam (e.g., transmit or receive beam) for a second reference signal can be derived based on information about a first beam (e.g., receive or transmit beam) for a first reference signal. For example, a UE can use a specific receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., a synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam for transmitting an uplink reference signal (e.g., a sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam.

[0051] It is important to note that, depending on the entity forming the "downlink" beam, the beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if the base station is forming a downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to the UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. However, if the UE is forming a downlink beam, the downlink beam is a receive beam for receiving the downlink reference signal. Similarly, depending on the entity forming the "uplink" beam, the beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if the base station is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink receive beam, while if the UE is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink transmit beam.

[0052] The electromagnetic spectrum is typically subdivided into various categories, bands, channels, etc., based on frequency / wavelength. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been designated as frequency ranges FR1 (410MHz to 7.125GHz) and FR2 (24.25GHz to 52.6GHz). It should be understood that although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6GHz, in various documents and articles, FR1 is often (interchangeably) referred to as the "sub-6GHz" band. A similar naming issue sometimes occurs with FR2, which is often (interchangeably) referred to as the "millimeter wave" band in documents and articles, although this differs from the designation used by the International Telecommunication Union. ® Extremely high frequency (EHF) bands (30 GHz to 300 GHz) are designated as “millimeter wave” bands.

[0053] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are generally referred to as intermediate frequency (IF) bands. Recent 5G NR studies have designated the operating bands for these IF bands as the frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz to 24.25 GHz). Bands falling within FR3 can inherit FR1 and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus effectively extend the features of FR1 and / or FR2 to IF band frequencies. Furthermore, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been designated as the frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz to 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz to 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz to 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0054] In light of the foregoing, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that, as used herein, the term "below 6 GHz" and the like can broadly refer to frequencies less than 6 GHz, within FR1, or including intermediate frequency band frequencies. Furthermore, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that, as used herein, the term "millimeter wave" and the like can broadly refer to frequencies that can include intermediate frequency band frequencies, within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1 and / or FR5, or within the EHF band.

[0055] In multi-carrier systems such as 5G, one carrier frequency is referred to as the "primary carrier," "anchor carrier," "primary serving cell," or "PCell," and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as "secondary carriers," "secondary serving cells," or "SCell." In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by UE 104 / 182 and the cell, where UE 104 / 182 performs an initial Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates an RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels and can be a carrier on a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). The secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that can be configured and used to provide additional radio resources once an RRC connection is established between UE 104 and the anchor carrier. In some cases, the secondary carrier can be a carrier on an unlicensed frequency. Secondary carriers may contain only necessary signaling information and signals. For example, since the primary uplink and primary downlink carriers are typically UE-specific, those UE-specific signaling information and signals may not exist in the secondary carrier. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 within a cell can have different downlink primary carriers. The same applies to the uplink primary carrier. The network can change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Since a "serving cell" (whether PCell or SCell) corresponds to the carrier frequency / component carrier through which a base station communicates, the terms "cell," "serving cell," "component carrier," and "carrier frequency" can be used interchangeably.

[0056] For example, still refer to Figure 1One of the frequencies used by the macro cell base station 102 can be an anchor carrier (or "PCell"), and the other frequencies used by the macro cell base station 102 and / or the mmW base station 180 can be secondary carriers ("SCell"). Simultaneous transmission and / or reception on multiple carriers allows the UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rates. For example, compared to the data rate obtained by a single 20MHz carrier, two aggregated 20MHz carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically double the data rate (i.e., 40MHz).

[0057] The wireless communication system 100 may also include a UE 164, which can communicate with the macro cell base station 102 via communication link 120 and / or with the mmW base station 180 via mmW communication link 184. For example, the macro cell base station 102 may support PCells and one or more SCells for the UE 164, and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0058] In some cases, UE 164 and UE 182 may be able to communicate via sidelink. A sidelink-capable UE (SL-UE) can communicate with base station 102 via communication link 120 using the Uu interface (i.e., the air interface between the UE and the base station). SL-UEs (e.g., UE 164, UE 182) can also communicate directly with each other via radio sidelink 160 using the PC5 interface (i.e., the air interface between sidelink-capable UEs). Radio sidelink (or simply "sidelink") is an adaptation of core cellular technology (e.g., LTE, NR) standards that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without the need for communication through a base station. Sidelink communication can be unicast or multicast and can be used for device-to-device (D2D) media sharing, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication (e.g., cellular V2X (cV2X) communication, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communication, emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more SL-UEs in a group of SL-UEs utilizing sidelink communication may be located within the geographical coverage area 110 of base station 102. Other SL-UEs in this group may be outside the geographical coverage area 110 of base station 102, or may be unable to receive transmissions from base station 102 for other reasons. In some cases, the groups of SL-UEs communicating via sidelink communication may utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system, where each SL-UE transmits to every other SL-UE in the group. In some cases, base station 102 facilitates the scheduling of resources used for sidelink communication. In other cases, sidelink communication is performed between the individual SL-UEs without involving base station 102.

[0059] On one hand, the sidelink 160 can operate via a wireless communication medium of interest that can be shared with other vehicles and / or infrastructure access points and other RATs for wireless communication. "Medium" can include one or more time, frequency, and / or space communication resources (e.g., covering one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with wireless communication between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs. On another hand, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of unlicensed frequency bands shared among various RATs. While different licensed frequency bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by government entities such as the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), these systems (particularly those employing small cell access points) have recently expanded their operation to unlicensed frequency bands such as those used by wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies (most notably the IEEE 802.11x WLAN technology commonly referred to as "Wi-Fi"). Example systems of this type include various variants of CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), and so on.

[0060] It should be noted that, although Figure 1 Only two of these UEs are exemplified as SL-UEs (i.e., UE 164 and UE 182), but any UE in the exemplified UEs can be an SL-UE. Furthermore, although only UE 182 is described as capable of beamforming, any UE in the exemplified UEs (including UE 164) can be capable of beamforming. When SL-UEs are capable of beamforming, they can beamform toward each other (i.e., toward other SL-UEs), toward other UEs (e.g., UE 104), toward base stations (e.g., base station 102, base station 180, small cell 102', access point 150), etc. Therefore, in some cases, UE 164 and UE 182 can utilize beamforming via sidelink 160.

[0061] exist Figure 1 In the example, the UE shown (for simplicity, in) Figure 1Any UE (shown as a single UE 104) can receive signal 124 from one or more Earth-orbiting spacecraft (SV) 112 (e.g., satellites). In one aspect, SV 112 may be part of a satellite positioning system that allows UE 104 to use as an independent source of location information. Satellite positioning systems typically include a system of transmitters (e.g., SV 112) positioned such that a receiver (e.g., UE 104) can determine its location on or above the Earth based at least in part on positioning signals (e.g., signal 124) received from the transmitters. Such transmitters typically transmit signals marked with a set number of repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) codes. While typically located in SV 112, transmitters may sometimes be located at ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and / or other UEs 104. UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive signal 124 in order to derive geographic location information from SV 112.

[0062] In satellite positioning systems, the use of signal 124 can be enhanced by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS), which can be associated with or otherwise made available to one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example, SBAS can include augmentation systems that provide integrity information, differential correction, etc., such as Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), Multifunctional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), GPS-assisted geographic augmentation navigation, or GPS and geographic augmentation navigation system (GAGAN). Therefore, as used herein, a satellite positioning system can include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems.

[0063] On one hand, SV 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, SV 112 connects to an earth station (also referred to as a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn connects to elements in the 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a ground antenna) or a network node in a 5GC. This element will then provide access to other elements in the 5G network and ultimately to entities outside the 5G network, such as internet web servers and other user equipment. Thus, as a replacement or supplement to communication signals from ground base station 102, UE 104 can receive communication signals (e.g., signal 124) from SV 112.

[0064] The wireless communication system 100 may also include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, which are indirectly connected to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as "side links"). Figure 1 In one example, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations in base station 102 (e.g., UE 190 can indirectly obtain cellular connectivity through this D2D P2P link), and has a D2D P2P link 194 with a WLAN STA 152 connected to WLAN AP 150 (UE 190 can indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity through this D2D P2P link). In one example, D2D P2P links 192 and 194 can utilize any known D2DRAT (such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), Wi-Fi Direct). ® ,Bluetooth ® (etc.) to support.

[0065] Figure 2A An example wireless network architecture 200 is illustrated. For instance, the 5GC 210 (also referred to as the Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be functionally viewed as control plane (C-plane) functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane (U-plane) functions 212 (e.g., UE gateway functions, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.), which work together to form the core network. The user plane interface (NG-U) 213 and the control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210, specifically to user plane functions 212 and control plane functions 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, the ng-eNB 224 can also connect to the 5GC 210 via the NG-C 215 to the control plane function 214 and the NG-U 213 to the user plane function 212. Furthermore, the ng-eNB 224 can communicate directly with the gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, the next-generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. Either or both of the gNBs 222 or ng-eNBs 224 can communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein).

[0066] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230 that can communicate with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance to the UE 204. The location server 230 may be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each may correspond to a single server. The location server 230 may be configured to support one or more location services for the UE 204 that can be connected to the location server 230 via the core network, the 5GC 210, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). Furthermore, the location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively, may be located outside the core network (e.g., a third-party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or a service server).

[0067] Figure 2B Another example wireless network architecture 240.5GC 260 is illustrated (which can correspond to...). Figure 2A5GC 210 can be functionally considered as a control plane function provided by Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 264 and a user plane function provided by User Plane Function (UPF) 262, which work together to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). The functions of AMF 264 include: registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transmission of session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any UE described herein) and Session Management Function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy service for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transmission of short message service (SMS) messages between UE 204 and Short Message Service Function (SMSF) (not shown), and Security Anchoring Functionality (SEAF). AMF 264 also interacts with Authentication Server Function (AUSF) (not shown) and UE 204 and receives an intermediate key established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) authentication, AMF 264 retrieves security material from the AMF. AMF 264 also includes Security Context Management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF and uses this key to derive an access network-specific key. AMF 264 functionality also includes location service management for regulated services, transmission of location service messages between UE 204 and Location Management Function (LMF) 270 (which acts as location server 230), transmission of location service messages between NG-RAN 220 and LMF 270, Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for EPS interoperability, and UE 204 mobility event notification. Furthermore, AMF 264 also supports non-3GPP... ® (Third Generation Partner Program) Access network functionality.

[0068] The functions of UPF 262 include: acting as an anchor point for intra-RAT / inter-RAT mobility (where applicable), acting as an external Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session point interconnecting to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic orientation), lawful eavesdropping (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for user plane (e.g., uplink / downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in downlink), uplink traffic verification (Service Data Flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport-level packet marking in uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and delivering and forwarding one or more "end markers" to the source RAN node. UPF 262 can also support the delivery of location service messages between UE 204 and location servers (such as SLP 272) on the user plane.

[0069] The functions of SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet Protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, service orientation configuration at UPF 262 for routing services to the correct destination, partial control of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface through which SMF 266 communicates with AMF 264 is called the N11 interface.

[0070] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which can communicate with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance to the UE 204. The LMF 270 can be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each can correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more location services for the UE 204, which can connect to the LMF 270 via the core network, the 5GC 260, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). SLP 272 can support similar functions to LMF 270, but while LMF 270 can communicate with AMF 264, NG-RAN 220 and UE 204 on the control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols designed to convey signaling messages rather than voice or data), SLP 272 can communicate with UE 204 and external clients (e.g., third-party server 274) on the user plane (e.g., using protocols designed to carry voice and / or data, such as Transmit Control Protocol (TCP) and / or IP).

[0071] Another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274 that can communicate with LMF 270, SLP 272, 5GC 260 (e.g., via AMF 264 and / or UPF 262), NG-RAN 220, and / or UE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., location estimation) of UE 204. Therefore, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may be referred to as a Location Services (LCS) client or an external client. The third-party server 274 may be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules distributed across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each may correspond to a single server.

[0072] User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect 5GC 260, and specifically connect UPF 262 and AMF 264 to one or more gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 in NG-RAN 220. The interface between gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 and AMF 264 is referred to as the "N2" interface, and the interface between gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 and UPF 262 is referred to as the "N3" interface. The gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 of NG-RAN 220 can communicate directly with each other via backhaul connection 223, referred to as the "Xn-C" interface. One or more of gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224 can communicate with one or more UEs 204 through a radio interface, referred to as the "Uu" interface.

[0073] The functionality of the gNB 222 can be divided among the gNB Central Unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more gNB Distributed Units (gNB-DU) 228, and one or more gNB Radio Units (gNB-RU) 229. The gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes base station functions other than those specifically allocated to the gNB-DU 228, including user data delivery, mobility control, radio access network sharing, location, session management, etc. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 typically hosts the Radio Resource Control (RRC), Serving Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), and Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222. The gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that typically hosts the Radio Link Control (RLC) and Media Access Control (MAC) layers of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and a cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between gNB-CU 226 and one or more gNB-DU 228 is referred to as the "F1" interface. The physical (PHY) layer functionality of gNB 222 is typically managed by one or more independent gNB-RU 229s, which perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission / reception. The interface between gNB-DU 228 and gNB-RU 229 is referred to as the "Fx" interface. Therefore, UE 204 communicates with gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with gNB-DU 228 via the RLC and MAC layers, and with gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer.

[0074] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C Several example components (represented by corresponding boxes) are illustrated, which can be incorporated into UE 302 (which may correspond to any UE described herein), base station 304 (which may correspond to any base station described herein), and network entity 306 (which may correspond to or embody any network function described herein, including location server 230 and LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent of UE 302). Figure 2A and Figure 2BThe NG-RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260 infrastructures depicted herein (such as dedicated networks) support the operations described herein. It should be understood that these components may be implemented in different specific implementations in different types of devices (e.g., in ASICs, in System-on-Chip (SoCs), etc.). The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other devices in the communication system. For example, other devices in the system may include components similar to those described as providing similar functionality. Furthermore, a given device may contain one or more of these components. For example, a device may include multiple transceiver components that enable the device to operate on multiple carriers and / or communicate via different technologies.

[0075] UE 302 and base station 304 each include one or more Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, which provide components (e.g., components for transmitting, components for receiving, components for measuring, components for tuning, components for avoiding transmission, etc.) for communication via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown), such as NR networks, LTE networks, and / or GSM networks. WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356 for communication with other network nodes (such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNB, gNB), etc.) via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) through a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., a time / frequency resource set in a specific spectrum). WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 can be configured in different ways to transmit and encode signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, etc.) according to a specified RAT, and conversely, to receive and decode signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, etc.). Specifically, WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 each include: one or more transmitters 314 and 354 for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358, respectively; and one or more receivers 312 and 352 for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively.

[0076] In at least some cases, UE 302 and base station 304 each further include one or more short-range radio transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. Short-range radio transceivers 320 and 360 can be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and provide access over a wireless communication medium of interest via at least one designated RAT (e.g., Wi-Fi, LTE Direct, Bluetooth). ® ZIGBEE ® Z-WAVE ® Components (e.g., components for transmitting, components for receiving, components for measuring, components for tuning, components for avoiding transmission, etc.) that enable communication between PC5, Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), Wireless Access for Vehicle Environments (WAVE), Near Field Communication (NFC), Ultra Wideband (UWB), etc., and other network nodes (such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc.). Short-range transceivers 320 and 360 can be configured in different ways to transmit and encode signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, etc.) respectively according to a specified RAT, and conversely, to receive and decode signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, etc.) respectively. Specifically, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 each include: one or more transmitters 324 and 364 for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368, respectively; and one or more receivers 322 and 362 for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368, respectively. As a specific example, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 can be Wi-Fi transceivers, Bluetooth transceivers, etc. ® Transceiver, Zigbee ® and / or Z-WAVE ® Transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and / or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) transceivers.

[0077] In at least some cases, UE 302 and base station 304 also include satellite signal interfaces 330 and 370, each including one or more satellite signal receivers 332 and 372, and optionally including one or more satellite signal transmitters 334 and 374, respectively. In some cases, base station 304 may be a terrestrial base station that can communicate with a spacecraft (e.g., spacecraft 112) via satellite signal interface 370. In other cases, base station 304 may be a spacecraft (or other non-terrestrial entity) that uses satellite signal interface 370 to communicate with terrestrial networks and / or other spacecraft.

[0078] Satellite signal receivers 332 and 372 can be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and can provide components for receiving and / or measuring satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. When satellite signal receivers 332 and 372 are satellite positioning system receivers, satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 can be Global Positioning System (GPS) signals, Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, BeiDou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) signals, etc. When satellite signal receivers 332 and 372 are non-terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 can be communication signals originating from a 5G network (e.g., carrying control and / or user data). Satellite signal receivers 332 and 372 can include any suitable hardware and / or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Satellite signal receivers 332 and 372 may request appropriate information and operations from other systems, and in at least some cases, use measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm to perform calculations to determine the locations of UE 302 and base station 304, respectively.

[0079] Optional satellite signal transmitters 334 and 374 (when present) can be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and can be provided with components for transmitting satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. When satellite signal transmitter 374 is a satellite positioning system transmitter, the satellite positioning / communication signal 378 can be a GPS signal, GLONASS signal, etc. ® Signals include Galileo signals, BeiDou signals, NAVIC signals, and QZSS signals. When satellite signal transmitters 334 and 374 are NTN transmitters, satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 can be communication signals originating from a 5G network (e.g., carrying control and / or user data). Satellite signal transmitters 334 and 374 can include any suitable hardware and / or software, respectively, for transmitting satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378. Satellite signal transmitters 334 and 374 can request appropriate information and operations from other systems.

[0080] Base station 304 and network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 380 and 390, which provide components (e.g., transmitting components, receiving components, etc.) for communicating with other network entities (e.g., other base stations 304, other network entities 306). For example, base station 304 may use one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 304 or network entities 306 via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. As another example, network entity 306 may use one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base stations 304 via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or to communicate with other network entities 306 via one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces.

[0081] Transceivers can be configured to communicate via wired or wireless links. A transceiver (whether wired or wireless) includes transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362). In some embodiments, the transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., implementing transmitter and receiver circuitry in a single device), in some embodiments it may include separate transmitter and receiver circuitry, or in other embodiments it may be implemented in a different manner. The transmitter and receiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceiver 380 and network transceiver 390 in some embodiments) may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. Wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, which allows the corresponding device (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform transmit beamforming, as described herein. Similarly, wireless receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, which allows the corresponding device (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In one aspect, the transmitter and receiver circuitry may share the same multiple antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such that the corresponding device may perform only receive or only transmit at a given time, rather than both receive and transmit simultaneously. Wireless transceivers (e.g., WWAN transceivers 310 and 350, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may also include network listening modules (NLMs) for performing various measurements.

[0082] As used herein, various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360 in some specific embodiments, and network transceivers 380 and 390) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some specific embodiments) may generally be described as "transceiver," "at least one transceiver," or "one or more transceivers." Therefore, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wireless transceiver can be inferred from the type of communication performed. For example, backhaul communication between network devices or servers will typically involve signaling via a wired transceiver, while wireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a base station (e.g., base station 304) will typically involve signaling via a wireless transceiver.

[0083] UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 also include other components that can be used in conjunction with the operations disclosed herein. UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 each include one or more processors 342, 384, and 394 for providing functionality related to, for example, wireless communication and for providing other processing functionality. Thus, processors 342, 384, and 394 may provide components for processing, such as components for determining, components for calculating, components for receiving, components for transmitting, components for indicating, etc. In one aspect, processors 342, 384, and 394 may include, for example, one or more general-purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuits, or various combinations thereof.

[0084] UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 each include memory circuitry implementing memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device) for maintaining information (e.g., information indicating reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, etc.). Therefore, memories 340, 386, and 396 can provide components for storage, retrieval, maintenance, etc. In some cases, UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 may each include sensing components 348, 388, and 398. Sensing components 348, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuitry that is part of or coupled to processors 342, 384, and 394, respectively, which, when executed, enable UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. In other aspects, sensing components 348, 388, and 398 may be external to processors 342, 384, and 394 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, sensing components 348, 388, and 398 may be memory modules stored in memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively, which enable UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein when executed by processors 342, 384, and 394 (or modem processing system, another processing system, etc.). Figure 3A Possible locations of sensing component 348 are illustrated. The sensing component may be part of, for example, one or more WWAN transceivers 310, memory 340, one or more processors 342, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. Figure 3B Possible locations of sensing component 388 are illustrated. The sensing component may be part of, for example, one or more WWAN transceivers 350, memory 386, one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. Figure 3C Possible locations of sensing component 398 are illustrated. The sensing component may be part of, for example, one or more network transceivers 390, memory 396, one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component.

[0085] UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to one or more processors 342 to provide components for sensing or detecting motion and / or orientation information independent of motion data derived from signals received by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and / or satellite signal interfaces 330. By way of example, sensor 344 may include accelerometers (e.g., microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices), gyroscopes, geomagnetic sensors (e.g., compasses), altimeters (e.g., barometric altimeters), and / or any other type of motion detection sensor. Furthermore, sensor 344 may include multiple different types of devices and combine their outputs to provide motion information. For example, sensor 344 may use a combination of multi-axis accelerometers and orientation sensors to provide the ability to calculate positioning in two-dimensional (2D) and / or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.

[0086] In addition, UE 302 includes a user interface 346 that provides components for providing instructions to a user (e.g., audible and / or visual instructions) and / or for receiving user input (e.g., when the user actuates a sensing device such as a keypad, touchscreen, microphone, etc.). Although not shown, base station 304 and network entity 306 may also include user interfaces.

[0087] Referring more specifically to one or more processors 384, in the downlink, IP packets from network entity 306 can be provided to processor 384. One or more processors 384 can implement functionality for the RRC layer, Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, and Media Access Control (MAC) layer. One or more processors 384 may provide: RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting system information (e.g., Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with upper-layer PDU delivery, error correction via Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC Service Data Units (SDUs), resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel priority ordering.

[0088] Transmitter 354 and receiver 352 implement Layer 1 (L1) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, including the physical (PHY) layer, may include: error detection on the transport channel, forward error correction (FEC) decoding / decoding of the transport channel, interleaving, rate matching, mapping to the physical channel, modulation / demodulation of the physical channel, and MIMO antenna processing. Transmitter 354 processes the mapping to the signal constellation based on various modulation schemes (e.g., Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), M-Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK), M-QAM). The decoded and modulated symbols can then be split into parallel streams. Each stream can then be mapped to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) subcarriers, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domains, and then combined using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a stream of time-domain OFDM symbols. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially pre-decoded to generate multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from the channel estimator can be used to determine the decoding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. Channel estimates can be derived from reference signals transmitted by UE 302 and / or channel condition feedback. Each spatial stream can then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. The transmitter 354 can use the corresponding spatial stream to modulate an RF carrier for transmission.

[0089] At UE 302, receiver 312 receives signals via its corresponding antenna 316. Receiver 312 recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides this information to one or more processors 342. Transmitter 314 and receiver 312 implement Layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Receiver 312 can perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for UE 302. If multiple spatial streams are destined for UE 302, they can be combined by receiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. Receiver 312 then uses a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to transform the OFDM symbol stream from the time domain to the frequency domain. The frequency domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. Symbols and reference signals on each subcarrier are recovered and demodulated by determining the most probable signal constellation points transmitted by base station 304. These soft decisions can be based on channel estimates calculated by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals originally transmitted by base station 304 on the physical channel. Then, data and control signals are provided to one or more processors 342, which implement layer 3 (L3) and layer 2 (L2) functionality.

[0090] In the downlink, one or more processors 342 provide demultiplexing, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing between the transport and logical channels to recover IP packets from the core network. One or more processors 342 are also responsible for error detection.

[0091] Similar to the functionality described in conjunction with downlink transmissions performed by base station 304, one or more processors 342 provide: RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIB) acquisition, RRC connectivity, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression and security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with upper-layer PDU delivery, error correction via ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction via Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ), priority handling, and logical channel priority ordering.

[0092] The channel estimate derived by the channel estimator from the reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 304 can be used by the transmitter 314 to select an appropriate decoding and modulation scheme and facilitate spatial processing. The spatial stream generated by the transmitter 314 can be provided to different antennas 316. The transmitter 314 can use the corresponding spatial stream to modulate the RF carrier for transmission.

[0093] Uplink transmissions are processed at base station 304 in a manner similar to that described in conjunction with the receiver function at UE 302. Receiver 352 receives signals via its corresponding antenna 356. Receiver 352 recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides this information to one or more processors 384.

[0094] In the uplink, one or more processors 384 provide demultiplexing, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing between the transport channel and the logical channel to recover IP packets from UE 302. IP packets from one or more processors 384 can be provided to the core network. One or more processors 384 are also responsible for error detection.

[0095] For convenience, UE 302, base station 304 and / or network entity 306 are in Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3CThe example shown herein includes various components that can be configured according to the various examples described herein. However, it should be understood that the illustrated components may have different functionalities in different designs. Specifically, Figures 3A to 3C Various components are optional in alternative configurations, and various aspects include configurations that can vary due to design choices, cost, equipment usage, or other considerations. For example, in Figure 3A In certain cases, specific implementations of UE 302 may omit WWAN transceiver 310 (e.g., wearable devices, tablets, personal computers (PCs), or laptops may have Wi-Fi and / or Bluetooth). ® The short-range wireless transceiver 320 can be omitted (e.g., cellular only), or the satellite signal interface 330 can be omitted, or the sensor 344 can be omitted, etc. In another example, in Figure 3B In certain cases, specific implementations of base station 304 may omit WWAN transceiver 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi "hotspot" access point without cellular capabilities), or short-range wireless transceiver 360 (e.g., cellular only), or satellite signal interface 370, etc. For the sake of brevity, examples of various alternative configurations are not provided herein, but will be readily understood by those skilled in the art.

[0096] Various components of UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306 can be communicatively coupled to each other via data buses 308, 382, ​​and 392, respectively. In one aspect, data buses 308, 382, ​​and 392 can form or be part of a communication interface for UE 302, base station 304, and network entity 306, respectively. For example, in cases where different logical entities are embodied in the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality integrated into the same base station 304), data buses 308, 382, ​​and 392 can provide communication between these different logical entities.

[0097] Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3C The components can be implemented in various ways. In some specific implementations, Figure 3A , Figure 3B and Figure 3CThe components can be implemented in one or more circuits, such as, for example, one or more processors and / or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and / or combine at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide that functionality. For example, some or all of the functionalities represented by blocks 310 to 346 may be implemented by the processor and memory components of UE 302 (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of the processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionalities represented by blocks 350 to 388 may be implemented by the processor and memory components of base station 304 (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of the processor components). Furthermore, some or all of the functionalities represented by blocks 390 to 398 may be implemented by the processor and memory components of network entity 306 (e.g., by executing appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of the processor components). For simplicity, various operations, actions, and / or functions are described herein as being performed "by the UE," "by the base station," "by the network entity," etc. However, it should be understood that such operations, actions and / or functions can actually be performed by specific components or combinations of components of the UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306, etc. (such as processors 342, 384, 394, transceivers 310, 320, 350 and 360, memory 340, 386 and 396, sensing components 348, 388 and 398, etc.).

[0098] In some designs, network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, network entity 306 may operate differently from the network operator or cellular network infrastructure (e.g., NG RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260). For example, network entity 306 may be a component of a private network that can be configured to communicate with UE 302 via base station 304 or independently of base station 304 (e.g., via a non-cellular communication link such as Wi-Fi).

[0099] Wireless communication signals transmitted between the UE and the base station (e.g., radio frequency (RF) signals configured to carry orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols according to wireless communication standards such as LTE, NR, etc.) can be used for environmental sensing (also known as "RF sensing" or "radar"). Environmental sensing using wireless communication signals can be considered as consumer-grade radar with advanced detection capabilities, enabling contactless / device-free interaction with devices / systems, etc. Wireless communication signals can be cellular communication signals, such as LTE or NR signals, WLAN signals such as Wi-Fi signals, etc. As a specific example, wireless communication signals can be OFDM waveforms as utilized in LTE and NR. High-frequency communication signals, such as millimeter-wave (mmW) RF signals, are particularly advantageous for use as radar signals because higher frequencies provide at least more accurate ranging (distance) detection.

[0100] Potential use cases for RF sensing include: health monitoring use cases, such as heart rate detection and respiratory rate monitoring; gesture recognition use cases, such as human activity recognition, keystroke detection, and sign language recognition; context information acquisition use cases, such as location detection / tracking, direction finding, and distance estimation; and automotive radar use cases, such as intelligent cruise control and collision avoidance.

[0101] There are different types of sensing, including single-station sensing (also known as "active sensing") and dual-station sensing (also known as "passive sensing"). Figure 4A and Figure 4B These different types of sensing are illustrated. Specifically, Figure 4A This is illustration 400 illustrating a single-station sensing scenario, and Figure 4B This is illustration 430, illustrating a dual-station sensing scenario. Figure 4A In this configuration, the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) are co-located in the same sensing device 404 (e.g., a UE). The sensing device 404 transmits one or more RF sensing signals 434 (e.g., uplink or sidelink location reference signals (PRS) in the case of a UE), and some of the RF sensing signals 434 are reflected from a target object 406. Based on channel estimation of the reflections 436 of the RF sensing signals 434, the sensing device 404 can measure various properties of the reflections 436 (e.g., time of arrival (ToA), angle of arrival (AoA), phase shift, Doppler, etc.) to determine the characteristics of the target object 406 (e.g., size, shape, speed, motion state, etc.).

[0102] exist Figure 4B In this architecture, the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) are not co-located; that is, they are separate devices (e.g., the UE and the base station). It should be noted that although... Figure 4BThe example illustrates the use of a downlink RF signal as the RF sensing signal 432, but uplink or sidelink RF signals can also be used as the RF sensing signal 432. In the downlink scenario, as shown in the figure, the transmitter is the base station and the receiver is the UE, while in the uplink scenario, the transmitter is the UE and the receiver is the base station.

[0103] For more detailed information, please refer to [link / reference]. Figure 4B Transmitter device 402 sends RF sensing signals 432 and 434 (e.g., positioning reference signal (PRS)) to sensing device 404, but some of the RF sensing signals 434 are reflected from the target object 406. Based on channel estimation of the RF sensing signals 432 received directly from the transmitter device and the reflection 436 of the RF sensing signals 434 reflected from the target object 406, sensing device 404 can measure various properties (e.g., ToA, AoA, phase shift, Doppler, etc.) of the RF sensing signals 432 and the reflection 436 to determine the characteristics (e.g., size, shape, velocity, motion state, etc.) of the target object 406.

[0104] More specifically, as described above, a transmitter device (e.g., a base station) may transmit a single RF signal or multiple RF signals to a sensing device (e.g., a UE). However, due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels, a receiver may receive multiple RF signals corresponding to each transmitted RF signal. Each path may be associated with a cluster of one or more channel taps. Generally, the time when the receiver detects the first channel tap cluster is considered to be the ToA of the RF signal on the site line (LOS) path (i.e., the shortest path between the transmitter and receiver). Subsequent channel tap clusters are considered to have been reflected from the object between the transmitter and receiver and therefore follow the non-LOS (NLOS) path between the transmitter and receiver.

[0105] Therefore, return to the reference. Figure 4B RF sensing signal 432 follows the LOS path between transmitter device 402 and sensing device 404, while RF sensing signal 434 follows the NLOS path between transmitter device 402 and sensing device 404 due to reflection from target object 406. Transmitter device 402 may have transmitted multiple RF sensing signals 432 and 434, some of which follow the LOS path and others follow the NLOS path. Alternatively, transmitter device 402 may have transmitted a single RF sensing signal in a sufficiently wide beam, a portion of which follows the LOS path (RF sensing signal 432) and a portion of which follows the NLOS path (RF sensing signal 434).

[0106] Based on the ToA of the LOS path, the ToA of the NLOS path, and the speed of light, sensing device 404 can determine the distance to a target object. For example, sensing device 404 can calculate the distance to the target object as the difference between the ToA of the LOS path and the ToA of the NLOS path multiplied by the speed of light. Furthermore, if sensing device 404 is capable of receiving beamforming, it can determine the approximate direction to the target object as the direction (angle) of the receiving beam that receives the RF sensing signal following the NLOS path. That is, sensing device 404 can determine the direction to the target object as the angle of arrival (AoA) of the RF sensing signal, which is the angle of the receiving beam used to receive the RF sensing signal. Sensing device 404 can then optionally report this information to transmitter device 402, its serving base station, an application server associated with the core network, an external client, a third-party application, or another sensing entity. Alternatively, sensing device 404 may report the ToA measurement to transmitter device 402 or other sensing entities (e.g., if sensing device 404 itself does not have the processing capability to perform the calculation), and transmitter device 402 may determine the distance to target object 406 and optionally determine the direction to the target object.

[0107] It should be noted that if the RF sensing signal is an uplink RF signal sent by the UE to the base station, the base station will perform object detection based on the uplink RF signal, just as the UE does based on the downlink RF signal.

[0108] Wireless communication-based radar signals can be used to estimate the range (distance), velocity (Doppler), and angle (AoA) of a target. However, performance (e.g., resolution and the maximum values ​​of range, velocity, and angle) can depend on the design of the reference signal.

[0109] Figure 5 This is a graph 500 illustrating an example channel estimation of a multipath channel between a receiver device (e.g., any of the UEs or base stations described herein) and a transmitter device (e.g., any other of the UEs or base stations described herein) according to various aspects of this disclosure. The channel estimation expresses the strength of a radio frequency (RF) signal (e.g., a positioning reference signal (PRS)) received through the multipath channel as a function of time delay and may be referred to as the channel energy response (CER), channel impulse response (CIR), or power delay distribution (PDP) of the channel. Therefore, the horizontal axis represents time (e.g., milliseconds), and the vertical axis represents signal strength (e.g., decibels). It should be noted that a multipath channel is a channel between a transmitter and a receiver where the RF signal follows multiple paths or multipaths due to transmission on multiple beams and / or due to the propagation characteristics of the RF signal (e.g., reflection, refraction, etc.).

[0110] exist Figure 5 In the example, the receiver detects / measures multiple (four) channel taps of the RF signal. Each channel tap is a cluster of one or more rays and corresponds to the multipath followed by the RF signal between the transmitter and receiver. Therefore, the channel tap represents the arrival time and signal strength of the RF signal on the multipath. Multiple channel taps may exist because the RF signal is transmitted on different transmit beams (and therefore at different angles), or due to the propagation characteristics of the RF signal (e.g., it may follow different paths due to reflection), or both. Note that although... Figure 5 Channel taps with two to five rays are illustrated, but as will be understood, channel taps may have more or fewer rays than the illustrated number.

[0111] exist Figure 5 In the example, the channel tap detected at time T3 is composed of stronger rays compared to the channel tap detected at time T1. This could be due to obstacles on the LOS path between the transmitter and receiver. Alternatively or additionally, there may be strong reflectors along the NLOS path corresponding to the channel tap detected at time T3.

[0112] Maximum radio frequency (RF) exposure to human tissue is typically limited by regulations. For example, in the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) limits RF exposure to human skin to 4 square centimeters (cm²). 2 On the surface, an average of 1 milliwatt (mW) / cm is taken. 2 There are two metrics commonly used to track compliance with maximum permitted RF exposure: specific absorption rate (SAR) and maximum permitted exposure (MPE).

[0113] SAR is commonly used as a measure of RF exposure at frequencies below 6 GHz. SAR is given in watts per kilogram and measures the RF power absorbed by a given volume of tissue. SAR can also be expressed in watts per cubic centimeter (cm³). 3 Measurements are taken in watts per centimeter (W / cm²). MPE addresses the exposure problem in the millimeter-wave band, which can potentially heat human tissue. 2 Power density (PD) is expressed in units. SAR and MPE / PD compliance are not treated independently. Instead, the sum of normalized SAR exposure and normalized MPE / PD exposure is capped by the following equation:

[0114]

[0115] MPE compliance is further complicated by the need to determine the proximity of human tissue. UEs typically include a framework of sensors and algorithms to determine the proximity of human tissue. This is usually performed using inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors and proximity sensors to determine whether the UE is "on" or "away" from the body surface. The results are quantified and reported as a Detection Result Index (DRI). The DRI determines how much PD exposure is considered acceptable. A DRI of 0 indicates the presence of human tissue against the surface of the UE. When the DRI equals 0, the Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) level is limited to 8 dBm. That is, the maximum permissible EIRP is 8 dBm when the distance to the tissue is zero. As the DRI increases from 10 mm to 140 mm (meaning an increase in distance to human tissue), the EIRP can increase to 34 dBm. Note that EIRP equals... .

[0116] Figure 6 Figure 600 illustrates an example of real-time SAR calculation according to various aspects of this disclosure. Figure 6 In the example, each box represents the instantaneous transmission power over a certain time period (e.g., 5 seconds). Figure 6 It also illustrates the reserved power level and SAR limit, which refers to the minimum power level that violates SAR at 100% duty cycle.

[0117] Real-time SAR calculations obtain power reports from all transmitters (e.g., NR, LTE, Wi-Fi, etc.) and acquire Device Status Index (DSI) to determine human proximity. Real-time SAR calculations use this information to calculate power limits for the next time period (e.g., 5 seconds). Figure 6 As shown, the transmission power varies over time; however, a certain level of reserved power is always maintained. Figure 6 It is also shown that instantaneous power can exceed SAR limits, but average transmit power should remain below SAR limits. Therefore, for the current power level, the transmitter can borrow previously unused power and future power within a certain time window (e.g., 6 minutes) (while still ensuring reserved power levels). Thus, instantaneous transmit power can be optimized to achieve SAR compliance while maximizing transmit power to improve uplink coverage. Broadly speaking, this can be termed "smart transmission."

[0118] As discussed above, uplink transmit power (from the UE) is typically reduced to prevent any risk of physical harm to the user, in accordance with SAR compliance. Specifically, uplink transmit power should be lower when the UE is close to certain parts of the user's body, such as the head or heart. However, transmit power can be increased in the millimeter-wave band to improve uplink coverage, provided that normalized RF exposure requirements are met, as millimeter waves are highly dependent on beamforming and power boosting to maintain uplink coverage.

[0119] Previous solutions for improving uplink coverage primarily addressed transmit power optimization across both sub-6 GHz and millimeter-wave bands to enhance uplink coverage. However, as further described herein, the use of additional RF localization and sensing measurements to measure directional SAR can be additionally considered.

[0120] This disclosure provides techniques for addressing the aforementioned aspects using positioning and / or sensing measurements in addition to IMUs and proximity sensors. In some scenarios, it is assumed that the person being detected may be equipped with wearable devices such as headphones / earbuds, smart rings, smartwatches, etc.

[0121] As the first technique described herein, the selection of the uplink transmission beam or its characteristics can be based on determining the user's body region. This body region can be determined based, for example, location measurements from multiple wearable devices obtained by the user's smartphone.

[0122] Figure 7 Figure 700 illustrates an example of determining a user's body regions based on the user having multiple wearable devices, according to various aspects of this disclosure. Figure 7 In the example, there exists a single user equipped with a smartphone (referred to as "P") and three wearable devices 710-1, 710-2 and 710-3 (collectively referred to as wearable device 710) (e.g., two headsets / earbuds and a smartwatch).

[0123] refer to Figure 7 Consider the following workflow. First, the smartphone P (or other UE) measures the range and two-dimensional AoA (e.g., azimuth and elevation angles) associated with each wearable device in the wearable device 710, which are denoted as "r1" and "r2". “r2” and “ "and "r3" and " As is known in the art, a smartphone P can be based on wireless signals (e.g., Bluetooth) transmitted to and received from a corresponding wearable device 710. ®(UWB, Wi-Fi, NR, etc.) are used to determine ranging and AoA. The smartphone P can then estimate its own location relative to the wearable device 710. Bluetooth can be used. ® These measurements can be performed using technologies such as UWB, Wi-Fi, and NR.

[0124] Secondly, the smartphone P determines a three-dimensional “body region” in which at least a portion of the user’s body may exist or be located. This can be done using prior assumptions about the shape of the human body. For example, the area below or surrounding the headphones can be considered a body region. In this case, for example, the smartphone P can determine the area below the headphones based on knowing that the two wearable devices 710-1 and 710-2 are “headphones” and the distances and angles to the headphones and the smartwatch (e.g., the area “below” the headphones will face the smartwatch). The smartphone P can also determine the body region based on posture (e.g., standing, sleeping, walking) information and / or (e.g., orientation information relative to the Earth’s magnetic field) from the wearable device 710. The smartphone P can also use visual input (e.g., from a front or rear camera) to determine the user’s body region. Processed audio picked up by the smartphone P’s microphone can also provide some information that can be used to determine the user’s body region.

[0125] Third, given an ongoing millimeter-wave communication session (with successful uplink transmission permission), the smartphone P may choose (1) one or more receiver TRPs that do not intersect the determined body region with the uplink transmission beam and / or one or more uplink transmission beams that do not intersect the determined body region (in which case, the transmission power does not need to be capped) and / or (2) one or more receiver TRPs that do intersect the determined body region with the uplink transmission beam and / or one or more uplink transmission beams that intersect the determined body region (in which case, the smartphone P limits the transmission power of the beam or modifies some other characteristics of the beam to comply with SAR limits). As will be understood, the former option is preferred, but may not always be possible.

[0126] Therefore, a smartphone (or other UE) may receive one or more first wireless signals from each of two or more wearable devices (e.g., wearable device 710) associated with the user of the smartphone. The smartphone (or other UE) may determine the user's body region based at least in part on the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices. The user's body region may indicate a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body is estimated to exist. The smartphone (or other UE) may then transmit one or more second wireless signals on at least one transmit beam in at least one direction or according to at least one characteristic (e.g., transmit power), which reduces / minimizes radio frequency exposure to the user's body region. For example, the at least one direction may avoid or at least minimize the intersection of the at least one transmit beam with the user's determined body region. Alternatively, if the determined body region cannot be avoided, the transmit power of the one or more second wireless signals may be reduced to comply with SAR limits, thereby minimizing radio frequency exposure to the body region.

[0127] In some cases, even if location estimates indicate otherwise, the smartphone P may be close to the user's body (e.g., near the stomach). This can happen, for example, when the wearable device is in a plane that is very different from the plane of the body. Figure 8 Figure 800 illustrates an example of determining a user's body region based on the plane where the wearable device is located, according to various aspects of this disclosure. Figure 7 As in the example, there exists a single user equipped with a smartphone (denoted as "P") and three wearable devices (denoted as A, B, and C) (e.g., two headsets and a smartwatch).

[0128] refer to Figure 8 We can assume that smartphone P is located at the origin of a spherical coordinate system (relative to the reference frame). Assuming a planar array is used at smartphone P (a two-dimensional planar array is needed to estimate both the horizontal (or azimuth) and vertical (or zenith) angles, and thus estimate three-dimensional positioning), smartphone P can estimate the unknown parameters of wearable devices A, B, and C respectively. , and Then, the smartphone P can calculate the equation of plane ABC and also the shortest distance to that plane (denoted as d0). More specifically, a single plane can pass through three non-collinear points. Once the equation of such a plane is found (using known techniques in three-dimensional coordinate geometry), the shortest distance between the smartphone P and that plane can also be found (again using known techniques). The purpose of estimating the shortest distance between the smartphone P and a plane passing through these three wearable devices is to extrapolate that distance to an estimate of the distance between the smartphone P and the user's body.

[0129] However, plane ABC may not substantially overlap with the same plane in which the user's body is located, such as when the smartwatch (e.g., node C) is raised or tilted to one side of the user's body. In such cases, it is necessary to calculate the angle between plane ABC and the yz plane (assuming the user is standing). Therefore, the projection of plane ABC onto the three orthogonal planes (e.g., Figure 9 (As shown). The user's body area can then be determined based on plane ABC and the projection plane.

[0130] Figure 9 Figure 900 illustrates an example of three orthogonal planes determined based on planar connections of three wearable devices according to various aspects of this disclosure. Figure 9 In the example, the plane ABC passing through the wearable device is labeled "ABC plane". Three projective / orthogonal planes, labeled "xy plane", "yz plane", and "xz plane", pass through the earpiece. The three-dimensional region encompassing all four planes can be considered as the user's body region of the smartphone P. For example, the three-dimensional region can correspond to a sphere centered at the intersection of the four planes.

[0131] It should be noted that while the foregoing has generally described a user of a smartphone P with at least three wearable devices (e.g., two earphones and a smartwatch), the user may alternatively have only two wearable devices. In this case, the smartphone P can be used as a third point to determine plane ABC.

[0132] This disclosure also provides techniques for selecting uplink transmission beams based on environmental sensing measurements (e.g., single-site or dual-site sensing results). In the case of environmental sensing (or simply "sensing"), the body region can be determined directly based on channel impulse response (CIR), channel energy response (CER), or other channel estimates of the sensed signal reflected from a target object (e.g., another person) near the sensing device (e.g., a smartphone).

[0133] Figure 10 Figure 1000 illustrates an example of determining one or more body regions of a user near a sensing device according to various aspects of this disclosure. Figure 10In the example, there are four people in a given area (labeled 1010a to 1010d, and collectively referred to as person 1010), one of whom (person 1010a) is equipped with a smartphone (referred to as "P") and one or more wearable devices.

[0134] Consider the following workflow. First, smartphone P performs sensing measurements to identify one or more distinct body regions near smartphone P. Smartphone P can perform monostation sensing (e.g., using Wi-Fi, UWB, NR, etc.), such as... Figure 4A The illustration is shown in Figure 400. Alternatively or additionally, the smartphone P can participate in dual-station or multi-station sensing with wearable devices. For example, see reference... Figure 4B As shown in Figure 430, each of the one or more wearable devices may act as a transmitter device 402, and the smartphone P may act as a receiver device 404. Alternatively, the smartphone P may act as a transmitter device 402, and each wearable device may act as a receiver device 404 and report its measurements to the smartphone P.

[0135] Secondly, the smartphone P identifies one or more distinct "body regions." This can be accomplished using prior assumptions about the human body shape and pattern-matching or machine learning methods used to detect the human body using sensor measurements. It should be noted that... Figure 10 In the example, smartphone P may be able to "sensor" and identify some people nearby (e.g., people 1010a to 1010c), but may not be able to reliably sense individuals further away (e.g., person 1010d). Therefore, smartphone P may not be able to determine the body regions of some people nearby.

[0136] Third, given an ongoing millimeter-wave communication session (with successful uplink transmission permission), the smartphone P may choose (1) one or more receiver TRPs of an uplink transmission beam that does not intersect with the determined body region and / or one or more uplink transmission beams that do not intersect with the determined body region (in which case, transmission power does not need to be capped) and / or (2) one or more receiver TRPs of an uplink transmission beam that intersects with the determined body region and / or one or more uplink transmission beams that intersect with the determined body region (in which case, the transmission power of the beam will need to be capped, or some other characteristics of the beam will need to be modified to meet the required SAR limits). As will be understood, the former option is preferred, but may not always be possible.

[0137] It should be noted that although the foregoing has described how the smartphone P sends an uplink transmit beam to the TRP, it will be understood that the transmit beam may alternatively be the sidelink transmit beam sent to the sidelink UE.

[0138] Figure 11 An example method 1100 for wireless communication according to various aspects of this disclosure is illustrated. In one aspect, method 1100 may be performed by a UE (e.g., any UE described herein).

[0139] At 1110, the UE receives one or more first wireless signals from each of two or more wearable devices associated with the user of the UE. In one aspect, operation 1110 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, one or more processors 342, memory 340 and / or sensing components 348, any or all of these components may be considered as parts for performing the operation.

[0140] At 1120, the UE transmits one or more second radio signals on at least one transmit beam, wherein the at least one transmit beam is transmitted in at least one direction or according to at least one characteristic that reduces radio frequency exposure to the user's body area, wherein the user's body area is determined at least in part based on one or more first radio signals received from each of two or more wearable devices, and wherein the user's body area indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body is estimated to exist. In one aspect, operation 1120 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range radio transceivers 320, one or more processors 342, memory 340, and / or sensing components 348, any or all of which may be considered as components for performing the operation.

[0141] Figure 12 An example method 1200 for wireless communication according to various aspects of this disclosure is illustrated. In one aspect, method 1200 may be performed by a UE (e.g., any UE described herein).

[0142] At 1210, the UE receives one or more reflections of one or more sensing signals. In one aspect, operation 1210 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, one or more processors 342, memory 340 and / or sensing components 348, any or all of these components may be considered as parts for performing the operation.

[0143] At 1220, the UE transmits one or more radio signals on at least one transmit beam in at least one direction avoiding the user's body region, wherein the user's body region is determined at least partially based on one or more reflections, and wherein the user's body region indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body may exist. In one aspect, operation 1220 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 310, one or more short-range radio transceivers 320, one or more processors 342, memory 340, and / or sensing components 348, any or all of these components may be considered as parts for performing the operation.

[0144] As will be understood, the technical advantage of methods 1100 and 1200 is that they enable beam-specific transmit power optimization and coverage enhancement while ensuring SAR compliance.

[0145] As can be seen in the detailed description above, different features are grouped together in the examples. This manner of disclosure should not be construed as an intention to include more features in the example clauses than are expressly mentioned in each clause. Rather, the various aspects of this disclosure may include fewer features than those in the individual example clauses disclosed. Therefore, the following clauses should be regarded accordingly as incorporated into the description, where each clause may serve as a separate example. Although each dependent clause may refer in the clause to a specific combination with one of the other clauses, the aspect of that dependent clause is not limited to that specific combination. It should be understood that other example clauses may also include combinations of aspects of a dependent clause with the subject matter of any other dependent or independent clause, or combinations of any feature with other dependent and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed herein expressly include these combinations unless expressly stated or readily inferred that a particular combination is not intended for use (e.g., contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). Furthermore, it is contemplated that aspects of a clause may be included in any other independent clause, even if that clause does not directly depend on the independent clause.

[0146] Specific implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:

[0147] Clause 1. A method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: receiving one or more first wireless signals from each of two or more wearable devices associated with a user of the UE; and transmitting one or more second wireless signals on at least one transmit beam, wherein the at least one transmit beam is transmitted in at least one direction or according to at least one characteristic, the at least one direction or the at least one characteristic reducing radio frequency exposure to a body region of the user, wherein the body region of the user is determined at least in part based on the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices, and wherein the body region of the user indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body is estimated to exist.

[0148] Clause 2. The method according to Clause 1, wherein the user's body area is determined based on the type of each of the two or more wearable devices and the distance and angle to each of the two or more wearable devices.

[0149] Clause 3. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 2, wherein: the one or more first wireless signals received from each of two or more wearable devices carry posture information, orientation information, or both of the two or more wearable devices; and the user's body area is determined at least in part based on the posture information, orientation information, or both of the two or more wearable devices.

[0150] Clause 4. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 3, wherein the user's body area is determined at least in part based on visual input obtained by the UE.

[0151] Clause 5. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 4, the method further comprising: determining a distance and angle to each of the two or more wearable devices based at least in part on the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices; determining the position of the UE relative to the two or more wearable devices based on the distance and the angle to each of the two or more wearable devices; determining a first plane intersecting at least the two or more wearable devices based on the distance and the angle to each of the two or more wearable devices; determining a shortest distance between the position of the UE and the first plane; and determining the user's body region based at least in part on the shortest distance and the first plane.

[0152] Clause 6. The method according to Clause 5, the method further comprising: determining the projection of the first plane onto two or more second planes orthogonal to the first plane, wherein the user's body region is determined based on the intersection of the first plane with the two or more second planes.

[0153] Clause 7. The method according to Clause 6, wherein the body region is a sphere centered at the intersection of the first plane and the two or more second planes.

[0154] Clause 8. The method according to any one of Clauses 5 to 7, wherein the position of the UE is represented as the origin of a spherical coordinate system.

[0155] Clause 9. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 8, wherein the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices include one or more sensing signals transmitted by each of the two or more wearable devices.

[0156] Clause 10. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 9, the method further comprising: determining multiple body regions of a plurality of persons, including the body region of the user, based on one or more sensing signals transmitted by each of the two or more wearable devices or at least one or both of the UEs.

[0157] Clause 11. The method according to Clause 10, wherein the at least one direction avoids the plurality of body regions.

[0158] Clause 12. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 11, wherein the at least one transmitting beam is transmitted in the at least one direction that reduces radio frequency exposure to the user's body area.

[0159] Clause 13. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 12, wherein the at least one direction does not intersect with the user's body area.

[0160] Clause 14. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 13, wherein the at least one transmit beam is transmitted based on at least one characteristic of reducing radio frequency exposure to the user's body area.

[0161] Clause 15. The method according to Clause 14, wherein the at least one characteristic includes the transmission power of the at least one transmission beam.

[0162] Clause 16. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 15, wherein the at least one transmit beam is: at least one uplink transmit beam or at least one sidelink transmit beam.

[0163] Clause 17. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 16, wherein the at least one transmitting beam is a millimeter-wave transmitting beam.

[0164] Clause 18. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 17, wherein the one or more first wireless signals received from each of two or more wearable devices are: one or more Bluetooth devices. ® A signal, one or more Wi-Fi signals, one or more ultra-wideband (UWB) signals, one or more new radio signals, or any combination thereof.

[0165] Clause 19. The method according to any one of Clauses 1 to 18, wherein the two or more wearable devices comprise: at least one headset, at least one smartwatch, at least one smart ring, or any combination thereof.

[0166] Clause 20. A method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: receiving one or more reflections of one or more sensing signals; and transmitting one or more wireless signals on at least one transmit beam in at least one direction avoiding a body region of a user of the UE, wherein the body region of the user is determined at least in part based on the one or more reflections, and wherein the body region of the user indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body may exist.

[0167] Clause 21. The method according to Clause 20, the method further comprising: transmitting the one or more sensing signals.

[0168] Clause 22. The method according to any one of Clauses 20 to 21, wherein the one or more sensing signals are transmitted by one or more wearable devices associated with the user of the UE.

[0169] Clause 23. The method according to any one of Clauses 20 to 22, the method further comprising: determining multiple body regions of a plurality of persons, including the body region of the user, based at least in part on the one or more reflections.

[0170] Clause 24. The method according to Clause 23, wherein the at least one direction avoids the plurality of body areas.

[0171] Clause 25. The method according to any one of Clauses 20 to 24, wherein the at least one transmit beam is: at least one uplink transmit beam or at least one sidelink transmit beam.

[0172] Clause 26. The method according to any one of Clauses 20 to 25, wherein the at least one transmitting beam is a millimeter-wave transmitting beam.

[0173] Clause 27. A user equipment (UE) comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being individually or in combination configured to: receive one or more first wireless signals via the one or more transceivers from each of two or more wearable devices associated with a user of the UE; and transmit one or more second wireless signals via the one or more transceivers on at least one transmit beam, wherein the at least one transmit beam is transmitted in at least one direction or according to at least one characteristic, the at least one direction or the at least one characteristic reducing radio frequency exposure to a body region of the user, wherein the body region of the user is determined at least in part based on the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices, and wherein the body region of the user indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body is estimated to exist.

[0174] Clause 28. The UE as described in Clause 27, wherein the user's body region is determined based on the type of each of the two or more wearable devices and the distance and angle to each of the two or more wearable devices.

[0175] Clause 29. The UE according to any one of Clauses 27 to 28, wherein: the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices carry posture information, orientation information, or both of the two or more wearable devices; and the user's body area is determined at least in part based on the posture information, orientation information, or both of the two or more wearable devices.

[0176] Clause 30. The UE according to any one of Clauses 27 to 29, wherein the user’s body area is determined at least in part based on visual input obtained by the UE.

[0177] Clause 31. The UE according to any one of Clauses 27 to 30, wherein the one or more processors are further configured individually or in combination to: determine, at least in part, a distance and angle to each of the two or more wearable devices based on the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices; determine the position of the UE relative to the two or more wearable devices based on the distance and the angle to each of the two or more wearable devices; determine a first plane intersecting at least the two or more wearable devices based on the distance and the angle to each of the two or more wearable devices; determine the shortest distance between the position of the UE and the first plane; and determine the user's body region based at least in part on the shortest distance and the first plane.

[0178] Clause 32. The UE according to Clause 31, wherein the one or more processors are further configured individually or in combination to: determine the projection of the first plane onto two or more second planes orthogonal to the first plane, wherein the user's body region is determined based on the intersection of the first plane with the two or more second planes.

[0179] Clause 33. The UE as described in Clause 32, wherein the body region is a sphere centered at the intersection of the first plane and the two or more second planes.

[0180] Clause 34. The UE according to any one of Clauses 31 to 33, wherein the position of the UE is represented as the origin of a spherical coordinate system.

[0181] Clause 35. The UE according to any one of Clauses 27 to 34, wherein the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices include one or more sensing signals transmitted by each of the two or more wearable devices.

[0182] Clause 36. The UE according to any one of Clauses 27 to 35, wherein the one or more processors are further configured individually or in combination to determine multiple body regions of a plurality of persons, including the body region of the user, based on one or more sensing signals transmitted by each of the two or more wearable devices or at least one or both of the UEs.

[0183] Clause 37. The UE as described in Clause 36, wherein the at least one direction avoids the plurality of body regions.

[0184] Clause 38. The UE according to any one of Clauses 27 to 37, wherein the at least one transmit beam is transmitted in the at least one direction that reduces radio frequency exposure to the user's body area.

[0185] Clause 39. The UE according to any one of Clauses 27 to 38, wherein the at least one direction does not intersect with the user's body area.

[0186] Clause 40. The UE pursuant to any one of Clauses 27 to 39, wherein the at least one transmit beam is transmitted based on at least one characteristic that reduces radio frequency exposure to the user's body area.

[0187] Clause 41. The UE as described in Clause 40, wherein the at least one characteristic includes the transmission power of the at least one transmit beam.

[0188] Clause 42. The UE according to any one of Clauses 27 to 41, wherein the at least one transmit beam is: at least one uplink transmit beam or at least one sidelink transmit beam.

[0189] Clause 43. The UE according to any one of Clauses 27 to 42, wherein the at least one transmit beam is a millimeter wave transmit beam.

[0190] Clause 44. The UE according to any one of Clauses 27 to 43, wherein the one or more first wireless signals received from each of two or more wearable devices are: one or more Bluetooth signals. ® A signal, one or more Wi-Fi signals, one or more ultra-wideband (UWB) signals, one or more new radio signals, or any combination thereof.

[0191] Clause 45. The UE pursuant to any one of Clauses 27 to 44, wherein the two or more wearable devices comprise: at least one headset, at least one smartwatch, at least one smart ring, or any combination thereof.

[0192] Clause 46. A user equipment (UE) comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors being individually or in combination configured to: receive one or more reflections of one or more sensing signals via the one or more transceivers; and transmit one or more wireless signals via the one or more transceivers in at least one transmission beam in at least one direction avoiding a body region of a user of the UE, wherein the body region of the user is determined at least in part based on the one or more reflections, and wherein the body region of the user indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body may exist.

[0193] Clause 47. The UE according to Clause 46, wherein the one or more processors are further configured individually or in combination to transmit the one or more sensing signals via the one or more transceivers.

[0194] Clause 48. The UE pursuant to any one of Clauses 46 to 47, wherein the one or more sensing signals are transmitted by one or more wearable devices associated with the user of the UE.

[0195] Clause 49. The UE according to any one of Clauses 46 to 48, wherein the one or more processors are further configured individually or in combination to determine, at least in part, multiple body regions of a plurality of persons, including the body region of the user, based on the one or more reflections.

[0196] Clause 50. The UE as described in Clause 49, wherein the at least one direction avoids the plurality of body regions.

[0197] Clause 51. The UE according to any one of Clauses 46 to 50, wherein the at least one transmit beam is: at least one uplink transmit beam or at least one sidelink transmit beam.

[0198] Clause 52. The UE according to any one of Clauses 46 to 51, wherein the at least one transmit beam is a millimeter wave transmit beam.

[0199] Clause 53. A user equipment (UE) comprising: means for receiving one or more first wireless signals from each of two or more wearable devices associated with a user of the UE; and means for transmitting one or more second wireless signals on at least one transmit beam, wherein the at least one transmit beam is transmitted in at least one direction or according to at least one characteristic that reduces radio frequency exposure to a body region of the user, wherein the body region of the user is determined at least in part based on the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices, and wherein the body region of the user indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body is estimated to exist.

[0200] Clause 54. The UE as described in Clause 53, wherein the user's body region is determined based on the type of each of the two or more wearable devices and the distance and angle to each of the two or more wearable devices.

[0201] Clause 55. The UE according to any one of Clauses 53 to 54, wherein: the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices carry posture information, orientation information, or both of the two or more wearable devices; and the user's body area is determined at least in part based on the posture information, orientation information, or both of the two or more wearable devices.

[0202] Clause 56. The UE according to any one of Clauses 53 to 55, wherein the user’s body area is determined at least in part based on visual input obtained by the UE.

[0203] Clause 57. The UE according to any one of Clauses 53 to 56, the UE further comprising: means for determining a distance and angle to each of the two or more wearable devices based at least in part on the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices; means for determining the position of the UE relative to the two or more wearable devices based on the distance and the angle to each of the two or more wearable devices; means for determining a first plane intersecting at least the two or more wearable devices based on the distance and the angle to each of the two or more wearable devices; means for determining a shortest distance between the position of the UE and the first plane; and means for determining the body region of the user based at least in part on the shortest distance and the first plane.

[0204] Clause 58. The UE according to Clause 57, the UE further comprising: means for determining the projection of the first plane onto two or more second planes orthogonal to the first plane, wherein the user's body region is determined based on the intersection of the first plane with the two or more second planes.

[0205] Clause 59. The UE as described in Clause 58, wherein the body region is a sphere centered at the intersection of the first plane and the two or more second planes.

[0206] Clause 60. The UE according to any one of Clauses 57 to 59, wherein the position of the UE is represented as the origin of a spherical coordinate system.

[0207] Clause 61. The UE according to any one of Clauses 53 to 60, wherein the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices include one or more sensing signals transmitted by each of the two or more wearable devices.

[0208] Clause 62. The UE according to any one of Clauses 53 to 61, the UE further comprising: a component for determining multiple body regions of a plurality of persons, including the body region of the user, based on one or more sensing signals transmitted by each of the two or more wearable devices or at least one or both of the UE.

[0209] Clause 63. The UE as described in Clause 62, wherein the at least one direction avoids the plurality of body regions.

[0210] Clause 64. The UE according to any one of Clauses 53 to 63, wherein the at least one transmit beam is transmitted in the at least one direction that reduces radio frequency exposure to the user's body area.

[0211] Clause 65. The UE according to any one of Clauses 53 to 64, wherein the at least one direction does not intersect with the user's body area.

[0212] Clause 66. The UE pursuant to any one of Clauses 53 to 65, wherein the at least one transmit beam is transmitted based on at least one characteristic that reduces radio frequency exposure to the user's body area.

[0213] Clause 67. The UE as described in Clause 66, wherein the at least one characteristic includes the transmission power of the at least one transmit beam.

[0214] Clause 68. The UE according to any one of Clauses 53 to 67, wherein the at least one transmit beam is: at least one uplink transmit beam or at least one sidelink transmit beam.

[0215] Clause 69. The UE according to any one of Clauses 53 to 68, wherein the at least one transmit beam is a millimeter wave transmit beam.

[0216] Clause 70. The UE according to any one of Clauses 53 to 69, wherein the one or more first wireless signals received from each of two or more wearable devices are: one or more Bluetooth signals. ® A signal, one or more Wi-Fi signals, one or more ultra-wideband (UWB) signals, one or more new radio signals, or any combination thereof.

[0217] Clause 71. The UE pursuant to any one of Clauses 53 to 70, wherein the two or more wearable devices comprise: at least one headset, at least one smartwatch, at least one smart ring, or any combination thereof.

[0218] Clause 72. A user equipment (UE) comprising: means for receiving one or more reflections of one or more sensing signals; and means for transmitting one or more wireless signals on at least one transmit beam in at least one direction avoiding a body region of a user of the UE, wherein the body region of the user is determined at least in part based on the one or more reflections, and wherein the body region of the user indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body may exist.

[0219] Clause 73. The UE as described in Clause 72 further includes: a component for transmitting the one or more sensing signals.

[0220] Clause 74. The UE pursuant to any one of Clauses 72 to 73, wherein the one or more sensing signals are transmitted by one or more wearable devices associated with the user of the UE.

[0221] Clause 75. The UE according to any one of Clauses 72 to 74, the UE further comprising: a component for determining, at least in part, multiple body regions of a plurality of persons, including the body region of the user, based on the one or more reflections.

[0222] Clause 76. The UE as described in Clause 75, wherein the at least one direction avoids the plurality of body regions.

[0223] Clause 77. The UE according to any one of Clauses 72 to 76, wherein the at least one transmit beam is: at least one uplink transmit beam or at least one sidelink transmit beam.

[0224] Clause 78. The UE according to any one of Clauses 72 to 77, wherein the at least one transmit beam is a millimeter wave transmit beam.

[0225] Clause 79. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: receive one or more first wireless signals from each of two or more wearable devices associated with a user of the UE; and transmit one or more second wireless signals on at least one transmit beam, wherein the at least one transmit beam is transmitted in at least one direction or according to at least one characteristic, the at least one direction or the at least one characteristic reducing radio frequency exposure to a body region of the user, wherein the user's body region is determined at least in part based on the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices, and wherein the user's body region indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body is estimated to exist.

[0226] Clause 80. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in Clause 79, wherein the user's body region is determined based on the type of each of the two or more wearable devices and the distance and angle to each of the two or more wearable devices.

[0227] Clause 81. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 79 to 80, wherein: the one or more first wireless signals received from each of two or more wearable devices carry posture information, orientation information, or both of the two or more wearable devices; and the user's body area is determined at least in part based on the posture information, orientation information, or both of the two or more wearable devices.

[0228] Clause 82. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 79 to 81, wherein the user’s body region is determined at least in part based on visual input obtained by the UE.

[0229] Clause 83. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 79 to 82, the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprising computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: determine, at least in part, a distance and angle to each of the two or more wearable devices based on the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices; determine, based on the distance and angle to each of the two or more wearable devices, a position of the UE relative to the two or more wearable devices; determine, based on the distance and angle to each of the two or more wearable devices, a first plane intersecting at least the two or more wearable devices; determine, based on the distance and angle to each of the two or more wearable devices, a shortest distance between the position of the UE and the first plane; and determine, at least in part, the body region of the user based on the shortest distance and the first plane.

[0230] Clause 84. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 83 further includes computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: determine the projection of the first plane onto two or more second planes orthogonal to the first plane, wherein the user's body region is determined based on the intersection of the first plane with the two or more second planes.

[0231] Clause 85. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 84, wherein the body region is a sphere centered at the intersection of the first plane and the two or more second planes.

[0232] Clause 86. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 83 to 85, wherein the position of the UE is represented as the origin of a spherical coordinate system.

[0233] Clause 87. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 79 to 86, wherein the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices include one or more sensing signals transmitted by each of the two or more wearable devices.

[0234] Clause 88. A nontransitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 79 to 87, the nontransitory computer-readable medium further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: determine multiple body regions of a plurality of persons, including the body region of the user, based on one or more sensing signals transmitted by each of the two or more wearable devices or at least one or both of the UEs.

[0235] Clause 89. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in Clause 88, wherein the at least one direction avoids the plurality of body regions.

[0236] Clause 90. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 79 to 89, wherein the at least one transmitting beam is transmitted in the at least one direction that reduces radio frequency exposure to the user's body area.

[0237] Clause 91. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 79 to 90, wherein the at least one direction does not intersect with the user's body region.

[0238] Clause 92. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 79 to 91, wherein the at least one transmitting beam is transmitted based on at least one characteristic of reducing radio frequency exposure to the user's body area.

[0239] Clause 93. The non-transitory computer-readable medium as described in Clause 92, wherein the at least one characteristic includes the transmission power of the at least one transmission beam.

[0240] Clause 94. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 79 to 93, wherein the at least one transmit beam is: at least one uplink transmit beam or at least one sidelink transmit beam.

[0241] Clause 95. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 79 to 94, wherein the at least one transmitting beam is a millimeter-wave transmitting beam.

[0242] Clause 96. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 79 to 95, wherein the one or more first wireless signals received from each of two or more wearable devices are: one or more Bluetooth signals. ® A signal, one or more Wi-Fi signals, one or more ultra-wideband (UWB) signals, one or more new radio signals, or any combination thereof.

[0243] Clause 97. A non-transitory computer-readable medium pursuant to any one of Clauses 79 to 96, wherein the two or more wearable devices comprise: at least one headset, at least one smartwatch, at least one smart ring, or any combination thereof.

[0244] Clause 98. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a user equipment (UE), cause the UE to: receive one or more reflections of one or more sensing signals; and transmit one or more wireless signals on at least one transmit beam in at least one direction avoiding a body region of the user, wherein the body region of the user is determined at least in part based on the one or more reflections, and wherein the body region of the user indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body may exist.

[0245] Clause 99. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 98 further includes computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: transmit the one or more sensing signals.

[0246] Clause 100. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 98 to 99, wherein the one or more sensing signals are transmitted by one or more wearable devices associated with the user of the UE.

[0247] Clause 101. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 98 to 100, the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the UE, cause the UE to: determine, at least in part, multiple body regions of a plurality of persons, including the body region of the user, based on the one or more reflections.

[0248] Clause 102. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Clause 101, wherein the at least one direction avoids the plurality of body regions.

[0249] Clause 103. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 98 to 102, wherein the at least one transmit beam is: at least one uplink transmit beam or at least one sidelink transmit beam.

[0250] Clause 104. A non-transitory computer-readable medium according to any one of Clauses 98 to 103, wherein the at least one transmitting beam is a millimeter-wave transmitting beam.

[0251] Those skilled in the art will understand that information and signals can be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and arts. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be mentioned throughout the above description can be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof.

[0252] Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that the various exemplary logic blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or a combination of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability between hardware and software, various exemplary components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above in general terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those skilled in the art may implement the described functionality in different ways for each specific application, but such specific implementation decisions should not be construed as departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0253] The various exemplary logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in conjunction with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic components, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. The general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in alternative embodiments, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors combined with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0254] The methods, sequences, and / or algorithms described in conjunction with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or a combination of both. The software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disks, removable disks, CD-ROMs, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. Example storage media are coupled to a processor such that the processor can read information from and write information to the storage medium. Alternatively, the storage medium may be integral with the processor. The processor and storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., a UE). Alternatively, the processor and storage medium may reside as discrete components in the user terminal.

[0255] In one or more examples, the described functionality may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functionality may be stored as one or more instructions or code on or transmitted via a computer-readable medium. A computer-readable medium includes both computer storage media and communication media, including any medium that facilitates the transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage medium may be any available medium accessible to a computer. By way of example and not limitation, such computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disc storage devices, disk storage devices or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store the desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and is accessible to a computer. Furthermore, any connection is appropriately referred to as a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included within the definition of a medium. As used herein, disks and optical discs include: compact optical discs (CDs), laser discs, optical discs, digital versatile discs (DVDs), floppy disks, and Blu-ray discs. Disks typically reproduce data magnetically, while optical discs reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of these should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0256] While the foregoing disclosure illustrates exemplary aspects of this disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications may be made herein without departing from the scope of this disclosure as defined by the appended claims. For example, the functions, steps, and / or actions of the method claims according to aspects of this disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Furthermore, no component, function, action, or instruction described or claimed herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly stated otherwise. Additionally, as used herein, the terms “set,” “group,” etc., are intended to include one or more of the stated elements. Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “having,” “comprising,” “including,” etc., do not exclude the presence of one or more additional elements (e.g., an element “having” A may also have B). Furthermore, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “at least partially based on” unless otherwise explicitly stated. Furthermore, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be open-ended when used in a series and is interchangeable with “and / or” unless otherwise expressly stated (e.g., if used in conjunction with “any” or “only one”), or these alternatives are mutually exclusive (e.g., “one or more” should not be interpreted as “one and more”). Additionally, although components, functions, actions, and instructions may be described or claimed in the singular, plural forms may also be considered unless expressly stated as limited to the singular. Therefore, as used herein, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “the” are intended to include one or more of the described elements. Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “at least one” and “one or more” include “one” component, function, action, or instruction that performs or is capable of performing the described or claimed functionality, and also include “two or more” components, functions, actions, or instructions that perform or are capable of performing the described or claimed functionality in combination.

Claims

1. A method for wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: Receive one or more first wireless signals from each of two or more wearable devices associated with the user of the UE; as well as One or more second wireless signals are transmitted on at least one transmit beam, wherein the at least one transmit beam is transmitted in at least one direction or according to at least one characteristic, the at least one direction or the at least one characteristic reducing radio frequency exposure to the user's body area, wherein the user's body area is determined at least in part based on the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices, and wherein the user's body area indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body is estimated to exist.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the user's body region is determined based on the type of each of the two or more wearable devices and the distance and angle to each of the two or more wearable devices.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein: The one or more first wireless signals received from each of two or more wearable devices carry gesture information, orientation information, or both of the two or more wearable devices; and The user's body area is determined at least in part based on the posture information, orientation information, or both of the two or more wearable devices.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the user's body region is determined at least in part based on visual input obtained by the UE.

5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: The distance and angle to each of the two or more wearable devices are determined at least in part based on the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices. The position of the UE relative to the two or more wearable devices is determined based on the distance measured to each of the two or more wearable devices and the angle. A first plane intersecting at least the two or more wearable devices is determined based on the distance measured to each of the two or more wearable devices and the angle. as well as Determine the shortest distance between the position of the UE and the first plane; as well as The user's body region is determined at least in part based on the shortest distance and the first plane.

6. The method according to claim 5, further comprising: The projection of the first plane onto two or more second planes orthogonal to the first plane is determined, wherein the user's body region is determined based on the intersection of the first plane and the two or more second planes.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the body region is a sphere centered at the intersection of the first plane and the two or more second planes.

8. The method of claim 5, wherein the position of the UE is represented as the origin of a spherical coordinate system.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices include one or more sensing signals transmitted by each of the two or more wearable devices.

10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: Multiple body regions of a plurality of persons, including the user’s body region, are determined based on one or more sensing signals sent by each of the two or more wearable devices or at least one or both of the UEs.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the at least one direction avoids the plurality of body regions.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one transmitting beam is transmitted in the at least one direction that reduces radio frequency exposure to the user's body area.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one direction does not intersect with the user's body area.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one transmit beam is transmitted based on at least one characteristic of reducing radio frequency exposure to the user's body area.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the at least one characteristic includes the transmission power of the at least one transmission beam.

16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one transmitting beam is: At least one uplink transmit beam, or At least one side link transmits a beam.

17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one transmitting beam is a millimeter-wave transmitting beam.

18. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more first wireless signals received from each of two or more wearable devices are: One or more Bluetooth ® Signal, One or more Wi-Fi signals, One or more ultra-wideband (UWB) signals, One or more new radio signals, or Any combination of them.

19. The method of claim 1, wherein the two or more wearable devices comprise: At least one earphone, At least one smartwatch, At least one smart ring, or Any combination of them.

20. A method for wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: Receive one or more reflections of one or more sensing signals; as well as One or more wireless signals are transmitted on at least one transmit beam in at least one direction that avoids the body region of the user of the UE, wherein the body region of the user is determined at least in part based on the one or more reflections, and wherein the body region of the user indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body may exist.

21. The method according to claim 20, further comprising: Send the one or more sensing signals.

22. The method of claim 20, wherein the one or more sensing signals are transmitted by one or more wearable devices associated with the user of the UE.

23. The method according to claim 20, further comprising: Multiple body regions of multiple people, including the user's body region, are determined based at least in part on the one or more reflections.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the at least one direction avoids the plurality of body regions.

25. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one transmitting beam is: At least one uplink transmit beam, or At least one side link transmits a beam.

26. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one transmitting beam is a millimeter-wave transmitting beam.

27. A user equipment (UE), the user equipment (UE) comprising: One or more memory units; One or more transceivers; and One or more processors, communicatively coupled to one or more memories and one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors are configured individually or in combination to: Receive one or more first wireless signals from each of two or more wearable devices associated with the user of the UE via the one or more transceivers; as well as One or more second wireless signals are transmitted via the one or more transceivers on at least one transmit beam, wherein the at least one transmit beam is transmitted in at least one direction or according to at least one characteristic that reduces radio frequency exposure to the user's body area, wherein the user's body area is determined at least in part based on the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices, and wherein the user's body area indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body is estimated to exist.

28. The UE of claim 27, wherein the user's body region is determined based on the type of each of the two or more wearable devices and the distance and angle to each of the two or more wearable devices.

29. The UE of claim 27, wherein the one or more processors are further configured individually or in combination to: The distance and angle to each of the two or more wearable devices are determined at least in part based on the one or more first wireless signals received from each of the two or more wearable devices. The position of the UE relative to the two or more wearable devices is determined based on the distance measured to each of the two or more wearable devices and the angle. A first plane intersecting at least the two or more wearable devices is determined based on the distance measured to each of the two or more wearable devices and the angle. as well as Determine the shortest distance between the position of the UE and the first plane; as well as The user's body region is determined at least in part based on the shortest distance and the first plane.

30. A user equipment (UE), the user equipment (UE) comprising: One or more memory units; One or more transceivers; and One or more processors, communicatively coupled to one or more memories and one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors are configured individually or in combination to: Receive one or more reflections of one or more sensing signals via the one or more transceivers; as well as One or more wireless signals are transmitted via the one or more transceivers on at least one transmit beam in at least one direction avoiding the body region of the user of the UE, wherein the body region of the user is determined at least in part based on the one or more reflections, and wherein the body region of the user indicates a three-dimensional space in which at least a portion of the user's body may exist.

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