279 results about "Muscle strength" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of medical health information, and particularly discloses a heart rehabilitation training control method based on muscle force and electrocardiosignal real-time monitoring, which comprises the following steps: firstly, calculating real-time myoelectricity intensity to quantify muscle load, synchronously analyzing electrocardiosignals and respiratory frequency to obtain a cardiopulmonary state, and correcting physiological indexes in combination with a trunk motion state; then, a multi-parameter fusion result is generated through a weighted fusion algorithm, and the relevance between the muscle force load and the heart response is comprehensively reflected; then, the system judges the training intensity through a preset threshold model, generates a voice feedback instruction in real time to adjust the action of the patient, and adaptively updates training parameters to match the rehabilitation progress of the individual; meanwhile, the system continuously monitors multi-parameter changes, and automatically triggers an early warning mechanism when abnormal risks are detected, so that training safety is ensured. According to the method, the limitation that a traditional scheme depends on a single index is overcome, and personalized and dynamic heart rehabilitation training closed-loop control is achieved.

The invention discloses a high-compliance impedance training method and system based on self-adaptive visual servo control and application of the high-compliance impedance training method and system. The training method comprises the steps that historical pose data and historical contact stress data are collected; performing feature processing to obtain stress pose information and generate a corresponding pose mapping relation; constructing a dynamic mapping model associated with the muscle force, the contact stress, the training track and the impedance parameters in combination with the stress pose information and the pose mapping relation; acquiring rehabilitation training information of a current patient, and generating and optimizing a preliminary expected trajectory; calculating deviation data of the real-time trajectory and the expected training trajectory; and an impedance adjusting model is constructed, the input of the impedance adjusting model comprises the deviation data and the real-time contact stress data, and the output of the impedance adjusting model is the impedance adjusting quantity. According to the invention, through visual real-time feedback, fuzzy PID adaptive adjustment and multi-feature fusion modeling, impedance adjustment training with better dynamic adaptability, higher safety, higher flexibility and high personalized precision can be realized.

The invention discloses bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis and application thereof in a product for enhancing athletic ability, and relates to the technical field of microorganisms. The invention provides an animal bifidobacterium subsp. Lactis MUS < + >, and the preservation number of the animal bifidobacterium subsp. Lactis MUS < + > is CGMCC (China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center) No.35626. The invention also provides a preparation method of the animal bifidobacterium subsp. Lactis MUS < + >. The animal bifidobacterium subsp. Lactis MUS + provided by the invention can increase the length of surrounding motor nerves and promote the development of the motor nerves; the total exercise distance is increased, and the exercise ability and endurance are promoted; body length or height development is promoted; muscle fibers are thickened, the muscle fiber density is increased, muscle fiber gaps are reduced, and muscle development is promoted; and the method has a very good application prospect in preparation of products for improving athletic ability or increasing muscle.

The invention discloses an anti-resistance exercise training system for old people based on intelligent wearable equipment, and relates to the technical field. The problems that in the prior art, a dynamic action monitoring error correction mechanism is lacked, exercise intensity adjustment is not personalized and real-time, interaction and data feedback functions do not exist, and equipment portability and wearing adaptability are insufficient are solved. The system collects data in real time through the whole body position intelligent wearable device, corrects non-standard actions through the action recognition feedback module, dynamically regulates the intensity through the exercise intensity evaluation module, reduces the risks of muscle strain, cardiovascular burden and the like, takes standardized action guidance, personalized intensity adaptation and data visualization as the core, ensures target muscle activation, and improves the training efficiency. The training effect is quantified, the operation is simple, the use threshold is reduced through voice guidance, the boring feeling is relieved through personalized plans and summary reports, the training achievement feeling and compliance of the old people are enhanced, the muscle strength can be improved through whole body position training, and the anti-resistance exercise requirement of the old people is met.

The utility model relates to an arm strength exerciser which comprises a spring tube and two grab handles. The bourdon tube is a cylindrical spiral bourdon tube with a certain length and comprises a middle main body part with a larger diameter and two end parts which are positioned at two ends of the middle main body part and have smaller diameters; and the two grab handles are respectively and fixedly sleeved on the two end parts. The main body is the cylindrical spiral bourdon tube, the grab handles are arranged at the two ends of the cylindrical spiral bourdon tube respectively, the two hands grasp the grab handles to elastically bend the bourdon tube during exercise, so that the muscle strength of the arms is exercised, and the bourdon tube has the advantages of being simple in structure and convenient to use.

The invention relates to the technical field of foot health and motion monitoring, in particular to a multi-motion-scene-oriented foot motion data acquisition and intelligent analysis guidance method, which comprises the following steps of: acquiring foot three-dimensional static form and plantar pressure data through a foot correction shaping box, and establishing a foot geometric model with an anatomical mark; then, a nine-axis inertial measurement unit and a pressure sensor at a shoelace knob in the shoe are used for collecting time sequence foot motion data of multiple motion scenes; extracting multi-modal features after fusion, inputting the multi-modal features into a pre-training multi-task model, and outputting exercise habit classification, technical action scoring and injury risk assessment; finally, a sports biomechanics knowledge base is adjusted, and personalized suggestions of posture correction, muscle strength training and equipment adjustment are generated. The method is suitable for various exercise scenes, accurate in data acquisition, comprehensive in analysis dimension and high in guidance suggestion pertinence, the exercise normalization of the user can be effectively improved, and the exercise injury risk can be reduced.

The utility model discloses a joint torque measuring device, which comprises a base provided with a slide rail and used for bearing a force measuring unit and abutting against a static limb joint of a joint to be measured; the force measuring unit is mounted on the sliding rail in a sliding manner and is used for receiving and measuring the acting force of a movable limb joint of the joint to be measured; and the displacement measuring unit is arranged on the base and is used for measuring the displacement of the force measuring unit. The device can be used for measuring torques of joints of all positions of a human body, such as joints of upper and lower limbs or fingers, the muscle strength and motion function conditions of the joints can be evaluated only by adjusting the sizes of all parts of the device to be matched with the sizes of the corresponding joints and limbs, and basis is provided for formulation and adjustment of rehabilitation treatment when the device is applied to the rehabilitation treatment; accordingly, a corresponding rehabilitation training scheme is designed, and the patient is helped to recover muscle strength and motion functions.

The invention provides a virtual reality-based joint movement injury rehabilitation mode generation method and a virtual reality-based joint movement injury rehabilitation mode generation system, and relates to the technical field of virtual reality, and the method comprises the following steps: analyzing a rehabilitation path according to movement joint injury data of a user; performing rehabilitation limb posture decomposition based on the rehabilitation analysis path to generate a rehabilitation analysis view; a multi-modal sensor unit is used for collecting rehabilitation feedback actions of a user, and matching recognition of physiological parameters and rehabilitation constraints is carried out in a rehabilitation analysis view; and according to the posture deviation feedback, performing amplitude and muscle power guidance feedback of the rehabilitation limb posture, and synchronously performing virtual reality visual display. The technical problem that in the prior art, most VR rehabilitation systems mainly pay attention to visual feedback, so that only the motion appearance can be evaluated, and the compensatory motion mode cannot be recognized is solved, real-time monitoring and guidance on the force exerting correctness are achieved through combination of posture decomposition and physiological parameter projection, and the effect that the correctness of force exerting is improved is achieved. Therefore, the compensatory motion mode is effectively blocked.

The invention discloses a breast cancer postoperative upper limb function rehabilitation assisting method and system, and the method achieves the precise rehabilitation through multi-dimensional data collection and intelligent scheme generation: collecting the joint movement range, muscle strength index, lymphedema data, VAS pain score and Borg fatigue index of the upper limb of a patient, and carrying out the fusion to generate an upper limb function feature set; dividing the rehabilitation process into four stages, and generating a rehabilitation target corresponding to each stage by means of a preset mapping mechanism based on the feature set; generating a candidate rehabilitation scheme by applying a rehabilitation scheme generation model based on machine learning according to the staged rehabilitation target; through a prediction model based on multi-dimensional evaluation, rehabilitation prediction scores are generated in combination with the upper limb function feature set and the candidate rehabilitation schemes, and the candidate scheme with the highest score is selected as the optimal rehabilitation scheme. Personalized and dynamic management of upper limb rehabilitation after the breast cancer operation is achieved, and adaptability and effectiveness of a rehabilitation scheme are improved.

The embodiment of the invention provides a limb constant-speed motion control method and system based on surface myoelectricity triggering, and belongs to the technical field of constant-speed equipment. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring data of surface myoelectricity; calculating the strength of the electromyographic signals according to the surface electromyographic data to obtain analysis data of muscle activity; adjusting and driving the limbs according to the analysis data of the muscle activity and the data of the surface myoelectricity to obtain activity data; the training condition is analyzed according to the activity data, and limb constant-speed movement control information is obtained. Residual strength of muscles can be fully utilized to actively participate in exercise, and the requirements of users in different rehabilitation stages are met.

This utility model discloses a rehabilitation device for lower limb dysfunction with adjustable angle, relating to the field of rehabilitation technology. It includes a base frame and a computer operating unit. The computer operating unit is installed on the top of the base frame, which has an adjustable support unit on top and a body support unit on top of the adjustable support unit. The device utilizes four square blocks on both sides inside the foot pedal. Two of the blocks have Velcro fasteners (first type) on top, and the other two have Velcro fasteners (second type) on top. During use, the patient places their foot on the foot pedal, and the Velcro fasteners (first and second types) securely fix the foot to the pedal. This effectively prevents the foot from slipping or becoming unstable on the foot pedal due to weakened muscle strength or poor balance during rehabilitation training, thus ensuring the smooth progress and safety of rehabilitation training.

The application discloses a lower limb venous thrombosis prevention training device and particularly relates to the field of training devices. The device comprises a support frame, both sides of the bottom of the support frame are provided with placing grooves, a sliding block is slidably connected to the support frame, a limiting groove is fixedly connected with the sliding block and slidably connected to the support frame, two driving racks are symmetrically arranged on the two sides of the sliding block and fixedly connected with the sliding block, two first driving gears are respectively engaged with the corresponding driving racks, each first driving gear is rotatably connected to the support frame, two flexible shoes are symmetrically arranged and each flexible shoe can be detachably connected with the limiting groove and the first driving gear, and a driving assembly can be driven by a user to move the sliding block. The application solves the problem that the existing prevention training device is not suitable for the elderly patients with insufficient muscle strength and improves the initiative of patient training.

The application discloses a kind of equipment for limb training in intensive care unit, the side of square plate is fixedly connected with rotating frame, the inner wall of rotating frame is rotatably connected with rotating shaft, the surface of rotating shaft is fixedly connected with rotating rod, rotating rod can adjust the distance between each finger sleeve, the end of rotating rod away from rotating frame is fixedly connected with first spring, the end of first spring away from rotating rod is fixedly connected with finger sleeve, the end of rotating shaft away from finger sleeve is fixedly connected with rotating disc, the arc surface of rotating disc is rotatably connected with multiple limit plates, first elastic plate can push limit plate to turn back original angle, can make rotating rod rotate according to the size of patient's hand, so as to adjust every two adjacent finger sleeve to appropriate interval, when patient inserts finger in finger sleeve, patient's finger can be opened, rehabilitation exercise is used, early rehabilitation exercise is carried out, it is significant to recover muscle strength physical ability, shorten hospitalization day, reduce ICU related psychological stress disorder etc.

The invention relates to the technical field of rehabilitation training equipment, and discloses a gynecological postpartum pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation training device based on pressure sensing, which comprises a training bed, the bottom of the training bed is fixedly connected with a supporting seat for supporting and fixing the training bed, and one side of the top of the training bed is provided with a positioning pillow for positioning the head of a user. By adding and arranging a dynamic adjusting mechanism, when a user carries out postpartum pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation training, the mechanism firstly collects pressure data in the training process in real time through a pressure sensor, precise regulation and control over the current intensity of an electromagnetic coil base are achieved in cooperation with a PID controller, and then the attaching number of magnetic particles in magnetic suspension is changed; and secondly, the dynamic adjustment mode can automatically adapt to training resistance according to muscle strength levels and rehabilitation stages of different lying-in women, the resistance of a person with weak muscle strength is reduced, muscle injury is avoided, and the problem that the fixed resistance of traditional equipment cannot be subjected to personalized adaptation is thoroughly solved.

This application belongs to the field of ergonomics, and specifically relates to a method for analyzing physiological fatigue in sitting posture based on the fusion of subjective and objective factors. It includes: Step 1, conducting muscle strength tests before and after continuous sitting posture and collecting electromyographic (EMG) signal data; Step 2, extracting EMG signal features from the EMG signal data and obtaining objective fatigue indicators based on these features; Step 3, obtaining subjective fatigue indicators based on a human body zonal subjective fatigue evaluation scale; Step 4, fusing the objective and subjective fatigue indicators to obtain the physiological fatigue state of the human body in sitting posture. This application objectively and accurately reflects the physiological fatigue state through certain physiological parameters of the human body, simultaneously considering the characteristics of physiological parameter indicators and the subjective feelings of the human body. It can solve the problem of accurately evaluating the physiological fatigue state in sitting posture, and has significant and practical engineering application value for scientifically and rationally conducting research on sitting posture design, seating design, and fatigue relief.

The invention relates to the technical field of rehabilitation training, in particular to a double-leg buckling function rehabilitation device. Comprising a supporting table, a base plate, a backrest plate, guide rails, movable blocks, a limiting frame and the like, the base plate and the backrest plate are installed on the supporting table, the guide rails are symmetrically arranged on the supporting table, the movable blocks are arranged in the guide rails in a sliding mode, and the limiting frame used for containing the feet of a patient is rotatably installed on the movable blocks. The double-shaft motor drives the ejector rod to achieve passive flexion movement, and the device is suitable for an early postoperative stage or a patient with weak muscle force; meanwhile, the patient is supported to autonomously generate force to complete active buckling training, progressive resistance can be applied through a spring system to enhance the training intensity, passive training, active training and resistance training are integrated through the design, the patient does not need to replace equipment in the whole rehabilitation process, the equipment investment and management cost of a medical institution are effectively reduced, and the rehabilitation training efficiency is improved. And continuity and efficiency of rehabilitation training are improved.

This utility model relates to the field of experimental tools for mice, specifically an ankle joint fixation device for testing mouse muscle strength. It includes an ankle joint fixator, a U-shaped clamping member mounted on one side of the ankle joint fixator, a threaded opening at the bottom of the ankle joint fixator, and a tightening bolt threaded onto the threaded opening. Several height adjustment slots are provided on the surface of the clamping member, which is used to clamp and position the sensor. In this ankle joint fixation device for testing mouse muscle strength, the U-shaped ankle joint fixator, combined with the clamping member and tightening bolt, can firmly and stably fix the mouse's ankle joint. This fixation method effectively avoids the mouse struggling and moving during the test, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the muscle strength test. The height adjustment slots on the side of the clamping member, as well as the threaded sleeve and locking bolt on the upper part of the ankle joint fixator, allow the height of the device to be flexibly adjusted according to actual needs.

The utility model relates to the technical field of medical instruments, in particular to an ankle pump exercise training device which comprises a pedal plate, adjusting shafts are movably installed at the left end and the right end of the pedal plate in a penetrating mode, a connecting assembly is jointly movably installed between the two adjusting shafts in a penetrating mode, and an elastic assembly is movably connected to the front end of the connecting assembly. And the lower end of the elastic component is fixedly connected with the lower inner wall surface of the pedal plate. According to the ankle pump exercise training device, the angle between the connecting assembly and the pedal can be adjusted through the arranged adjusting shaft, the ankle pump exercise training device adapts to leg lengths and exercise requirements of different users, it is guaranteed that the optimal training effect can be achieved when the users conduct ankle pump exercise, and meanwhile the ankle pump exercise training device is convenient to use. A force adjusting knob in the elastic assembly can adjust the elastic force of the elastic belt according to the rehabilitation process and the physical condition of the user, the training intensity is gradually increased, and the muscle strength and the joint flexibility are improved.

The present invention provides a polypeptide and a use thereof for promoting muscle hyperplasia and improving athletic performance, since the polypeptide provided by the present invention has activity for regulating the performance of proteins such as p-AMPK, AKT, mTOR and the like in a muscle hyperplasia pathway, by administering an effective amount of the polypeptide provided by the present invention or a composition containing the polypeptide to an individual, the activity of the polypeptide is improved, and the activity of the polypeptide is improved. The muscle hyperplasia and the muscle strength of the individual can be promoted, so that the effects of preventing or treating diseases related to muscle damage and improving the exercise performance can be achieved.

The invention discloses a lower limb load sensing rehabilitation walker and a load structure, and belongs to the technical field of rehabilitation instruments, the lower limb load sensing rehabilitation walker comprises a support, a sliding sleeve is slidably arranged on the support, and a connecting belt is fixedly mounted on the outer side of the sliding sleeve. The waist bandage is fixed to the waist of the patient, then the upper limb plate and the lower limb plate are fixed to the limbs of the patient for assembly, and in cooperation with the supporting plate and the supporting spring arranged at the bottom of the lower limb plate in a sliding mode, when the feet of the patient make contact with the ground, part of body gravity can be counteracted through the elastic force of the supporting spring on the supporting plate; meanwhile, the weight can be flexibly adjusted according to the rehabilitation stage in cooperation with a supporting force adjusting mechanism, the elastic force of a supporting spring can be increased for a patient with weak muscle force in the initial rehabilitation stage so as to reduce the actual weight of the foot, and the elastic force can be gradually reduced along with the rehabilitation progress so as to increase the weight of the foot; progressive load sensing training is achieved, and the sensing adaptive capacity of the lower limbs to load pressure is practically improved.

A device for relieving the right shoulder muscles of a right-handed player when playing a stringed instrument, while simultaneously utilizing the resulting free fall force of the right arm to stabilize the instrument. The device consists of a body support that connects the upper bout of the instrument to the player's torso and an armrest that attaches to the rib of the upward-facing lower bout of the instrument, allowing the right upper arm to rest comfortably. When playing a stringed instrument, the right arm must be constantly held in a forward-raised and laterally abducted position due to the instrument's size, using muscle strength to prevent its weight from altering the instrument's playing position. The armrest allows the upper arm to rest comfortably, thus completely relieving the right shoulder muscles. The body support prevents the upper bow of the instrument from being levered forward and upward when the right arm, with its falling force, acts backward and downward on the lower bow. The device causes the force of fall released by the relaxation of the right shoulder muscles to clamp and fix the instrument between the arm, the leg on which it stands, the body support and the contact point between the base of the instrument and the upper body of the player.

This utility model discloses a dance training device, including a non-slip base, a strength training structure, an adjustment structure, a back training structure, and an arm stretching training structure. A support is mounted on the upper surface of the non-slip base. The strength training structure is mounted at one end of the support, a seat cushion is mounted on the upper surface of the support, and an adjustment structure is mounted at the other end of the support. The back training structure is mounted on the top rear side of the upper surface of the non-slip base, and the arm stretching training structure is mounted on top of the back training structure. The strength training structure of this utility model typically utilizes mechanical principles, applying action and reaction forces to the human body to enhance muscle strength. When the user operates it, the resistance device generates reverse resistance, which the user must overcome to complete the movement, thereby achieving the purpose of strength training. The support provides a fixed position for the strength training structure, ensuring its stability during training.

The utility model discloses a horizontal rehabilitation device for heart disease, which comprises a base, an adjustably arranged pedal assembly arranged on one side of the base and a lying table arranged on the other side of the base, the pedal assembly comprises a support arranged on the base, a lapping plate is arranged on the support, and the lapping plate is arranged on the base. A connecting frame capable of adjusting the placing angle is hinged to the lapping plate, and a rotating wheel with a pedal plate is arranged on the connecting frame; a handheld assembly is further arranged on one side of the support and comprises a supporting frame arranged on the support and a traction belt assembly arranged on the supporting frame in an adjustable mode. The rotating wheels with the pedal plates are adjustably arranged to adapt to the leg length of a patient, the traction belt assembly is arranged to be matched with upper limb exercise of the patient, anaerobic exercise of muscle strength is facilitated, comprehensive recovery of the heart after an operation is facilitated, the structure is simple and compact, and use is flexible.

The invention discloses a video-based omni-directional remote rehabilitation training system, a video-based omni-directional remote rehabilitation training method and a medium, which are characterized in that a digital standardized training video library classified according to four stages of PT physical therapy is established, and more than 700 digital standardized training videos such as joint activity, balance training, gait correction and the like are covered; it is ensured that the training content is scientific and covers the whole period and all directions of rehabilitation training; rehabilitators generate personalized training schemes in combination with rehabilitation scene types (hospitalization / home / community / old-age care institutions) and clinical data and in combination with remote video evaluation of the rehabilitators, and training requirements in different environments are met. By capturing actions of limb joint angles, joint point motion trails and muscle force changes, a training action deviation rate is calculated and is fed back and output to a rehabilitation teacher in a grading manner, so that the training standardability is remarkably improved; rehabilitators can manage multiple patients online at the same time, remotely check training percentage data, adjust schemes and generate rehabilitation notes, and efficient, accurate and personalized rehabilitation guidance services are provided for the patients.

The invention relates to the technical field of mechanical arm control methods, and discloses a muscle force evaluation and self-adaptive control method for a household remote control upper limb intelligent rehabilitation mechanical arm, which comprises the following steps: initializing a system, guiding the first elbow flexion by voice, and judging the anti-gravity capability according to an elbow joint flexion angle. Secondary elbow bending is carried out after different reverse resistances are applied, the resistance resistance is judged according to the elbow joint bending angle, a scale is converted into clinical muscle force classification, a main control board calculates self-adaptive traction force and realizes closed-loop control, meanwhile, whole-course data are uploaded to a cloud side, and remote terminal monitoring and parameter adjustment are supported; according to the invention, the evaluation logic conforms to the clinical standard, the detection precision is high, the system integration level is good, quantitative muscle force evaluation, individualized adaptive training and remote professional supervision can be realized, the system is suitable for household upper limb rehabilitation of stroke, nerve injury and postoperative patients, and the technical problems of inaccurate evaluation, fixed control and lack of remote management of existing equipment are effectively solved.

1. Name of the design product: Lip muscle trainer (tooth shape). 2. Use of the design product: Used for rehabilitation training of lip muscle strength. 3. Design points of the design product: Combination of shape and pattern. 4. Picture or photo best indicating the design points: Fig. 1.

The invention discloses an application of a prebiotic component in enhancing athletic ability and improving athletic performance. The prebiotic component is xylooligosaccharide. Animal experiments show that mice given with xylooligosaccharide can significantly improve the abundance of probiotics and enhance the muscle strength, constant-speed endurance and other movement functions of the mice. The xylooligosaccharide serving as an efficient prebiotic can be specifically utilized by specific probiotics in intestinal tracts, the abundance of the xylooligosaccharide is remarkably improved, growth of pathogenic bacteria is inhibited, then the micro-ecological environment of the intestinal tracts is optimized, and the exercise function improvement phenomena such as increase of muscle strength and delay of fatigue in endurance exercise are shown in behavioral tests. The cross-organ integration regulation and control from the intestinal microecology to the whole body physiological state and then to the athletic performance is reflected, so that the xylooligosaccharide has important significance in enhancing the athletic ability and improving the athletic performance.

This disclosure provides a wearable muscle strength assist device, comprising: a first rotating member with a first end located on the upper part of the wearer's shoulder and a second end located on the back of the wearer; a second rotating member with a first end connected to the second end of the first rotating member and the second end movable up and down; a first connecting portion with a first end connected to the second end of the second rotating member and the second end located on the outer surface of the wearer; a third rotating member with a first end connected to the second end of the first connecting portion; and a fourth rotating member with a first end connected to the second end of the third rotating member.

The application discloses a patient assisting getting-up bed, which comprises a sickbed body, an auxiliary getting-up assembly and an anti-side-sliding assembly, wherein the anti-side-sliding assembly comprises a linkage inflation unit and air bags, and the air bags are arranged at equal intervals on the upper surface of a second bed plate. In order to solve the problem that the ordinary assisting getting-up sickbed cannot control the body balance and causes side sliding when the patient with weak muscle strength suddenly gets up from the inclined position for a long time, the anti-side-sliding assembly is designed. Through the arrangement of the anti-side-sliding assembly, the air bag array can be automatically inflated when the patient gets up, so that the anti-side-sliding convex region is formed at the position of the upper body of the patient, the side sliding phenomenon is effectively avoided, and the flatness can be automatically recovered when the patient lies flat, and the anti-side-sliding assembly is particularly suitable for the patient with weak muscle strength.

1. The name of the design product: handgrip (spring). 2. The use of the design product: for wrist muscle strength training. 3. The design points of the design product: in shape. 4. The picture or photo that best shows the design points: perspective view 1.