A photovoltaic module temperature control system and method based on phase change material

Abstract

This application provides a photovoltaic module temperature control system and method based on phase change materials. The temperature control system includes: a housing for connection to the backsheet of the photovoltaic module and having a first accommodating space inside; two sets of spacer components that divide the first accommodating space into three accommodating cavities arranged along a first direction and containing phase change materials; the phase change temperatures of the three phase change materials increasing sequentially from the side closest to the photovoltaic module to the side furthest from the photovoltaic module; and a driving mechanism for switching the spacer components between a first state and a second state. In the first state, the spacer components block heat transfer between any two adjacent phase change materials; in the second state, the spacer components form thermal bridges between any two adjacent phase change materials. The temperature control system provided in this application, through multi-layered phase change materials combined with active thermal regulation, accurately adapts to the heat load and stably controls the temperature of the photovoltaic module.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of photovoltaic thermal management technology, specifically relating to a photovoltaic module temperature control system and method based on phase change materials. Background Technology

[0002] The photoelectric conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cells decreases significantly with increasing operating temperature, making temperature control crucial for improving power generation. Traditional active cooling methods (such as forced air cooling and water cooling) suffer from high energy consumption and complex structures. In contrast, passive cooling methods, which utilize phase change materials (PCMs) to absorb a large amount of latent heat during phase change to achieve constant temperature control, show promising application prospects due to their simple structure and lack of additional energy consumption.

[0003] However, existing photovoltaic heat dissipation solutions based on phase change materials mostly use a single or fixed ratio of phase change materials, and their thermal management behavior mainly relies on the material's own physical properties and passive responses to the external environment. When faced with complex operating conditions such as drastic changes in daytime irradiance, fluctuations in ambient temperature, and intermittent cloud cover, the heat storage and release processes of such systems are difficult to dynamically adapt to the actual heat load, resulting in insufficient precision and timeliness in the control of photovoltaic module operating temperature. The overall thermal management performance and adaptability still have room for improvement. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of the above-mentioned defects or deficiencies in the prior art, the first aspect of the present invention provides a photovoltaic module temperature control system based on phase change materials, comprising:

[0005] A housing for connecting to the backsheet of a photovoltaic module, and having a first receiving space inside;

[0006] Two sets of spacer components divide the first accommodating space into three accommodating cavities. The three accommodating cavities are arranged along a first direction and contain phase change materials inside. The first direction is perpendicular to the surface of the back sheet. From the side closer to the photovoltaic module to the side farther away from the photovoltaic module, the phase change temperature of the three layers of phase change materials increases sequentially.

[0007] A driving mechanism is connected to the spacer assembly for driving the spacer assembly to switch between a first state and a second state; in the first state, the spacer assembly blocks heat transfer between any two adjacent phase change materials; in the second state, the spacer assembly forms a thermal bridge between any two adjacent phase change materials.

[0008] A control module, electrically connected to the drive mechanism, is used to control the switching state of the drive mechanism according to the temperature of each layer of phase change material.

[0009] According to the technical solution provided by the present invention, the inner wall of the first accommodating space is provided with a groove corresponding to the spacer assembly, the groove extending along a second direction, the second direction being perpendicular to the first direction; the spacer assembly includes:

[0010] Multiple heat insulation panels are arranged along a third direction, with one end fixedly connected by a first baffle and the other end connected by a detachable second baffle. The third direction is perpendicular to both the first and second directions. Two adjacent heat insulation panels are connected by a pair of arc-shaped heat-conducting elements, and an installation groove is formed between the pair of arc-shaped heat-conducting elements and the two heat insulation panels.

[0011] Multiple rotating rollers are rotatably mounted in the mounting slots and have a circular cross-section. Each rotating roller includes a heat-conducting part and heat-insulating parts disposed on both sides of the heat-conducting part. The heat-conducting part and the heat-insulating part are arranged radially along the rotating roller. In the first state, the heat-conducting part and the heat-insulating part are arranged along the first direction. In the second state, the heat-conducting part and the heat-insulating part are arranged along the third direction.

[0012] According to the technical solution provided by the present invention, the driving mechanism includes two driving units, which are respectively disposed at both ends of the housing. Each driving unit includes two driving components, which include:

[0013] A transmission rod, which is connected to all rotating rollers on the same heat insulation plate via multiple driven hinge rods;

[0014] A driving device is provided inside the housing, and its output end is connected to one end of the transmission rod via an active hinge rod, for driving all rotating rollers on the same heat insulation plate to rotate via the transmission rod.

[0015] According to the technical solution provided by the present invention, a set of heat-conducting pipes are embedded in each layer of the phase change material. The heat-conducting pipes are arranged in a serpentine manner in the phase change material, and the inlet end and outlet end extend from both ends of the shell respectively, for connecting the refrigerant outlet and refrigerant inlet of the refrigerant circulation equipment respectively.

[0016] According to the technical solution provided by the present invention, both the inlet and outlet ends of the heat pipe are fitted with connecting pipes, and flat overlapping sections are formed on the connecting pipes; thermoelectric generators are provided at both ends of the shell corresponding to each layer of the phase change material, the hot end of the thermoelectric generator extends into the phase change material, and the cold end is fixed on the overlapping section; the output end of the thermoelectric generator is electrically connected to the battery of the photovoltaic module or the battery built into the temperature control system.

[0017] According to the technical solution provided by the present invention, a detachable heat-conducting plate is provided on the side of the housing near the photovoltaic module, and the heat-conducting plate and the housing together form the first accommodating space; an elastic heat-conducting pad is provided on the side of the heat-conducting plate near the photovoltaic module, and one side of the elastic heat-conducting pad is attached to the back plate of the photovoltaic module.

[0018] According to the technical solution provided by the present invention, the heat insulation plate is provided with a plurality of micropores.

[0019] A second aspect of the present invention provides a photovoltaic module temperature control method, the method being applied to the photovoltaic module temperature control system described above, the method comprising:

[0020] The temperature of each layer of phase change material is acquired in real time;

[0021] When it is determined that the temperature of the current phase change material is greater than or equal to the phase change temperature of the next phase change material, the drive mechanism is controlled to switch states so that a thermal bridge is formed between the current phase change material and the next phase change material.

[0022] When the temperature of the phase change material with the highest phase change temperature is greater than the set temperature, the refrigerant circulation device is started to drive the refrigerant to circulate in each group of heat pipes.

[0023] According to the technical solution provided by the present invention, the method further includes:

[0024] When the temperature of all phase change materials is detected to be lower than the phase change temperature of the lowest phase change temperature layer among the three layers, and the backsheet temperature of the photovoltaic module is lower than the set start-up temperature, the drive mechanism is controlled to drive the spacer module to switch states so that a continuous thermal bridge is formed between all phase change materials.

[0025] According to the technical solution provided by the present invention, the method further includes:

[0026] After the refrigerant circulation equipment is started, the output power change of the photovoltaic module is monitored in real time;

[0027] If the output power of the photovoltaic module does not recover to the expected range within the set time, the set temperature is dynamically corrected according to the change in output power, and the operating parameters of the refrigerant circulation equipment are adjusted accordingly.

[0028] Compared with existing technologies, the advantages of this invention are as follows: By employing a multi-layered phase change material structure with a phase change temperature gradient distribution, and innovatively integrating spacer components and intelligent control modules that can actively regulate the interlayer heat transfer state, the limitations of traditional single phase change material systems in adapting to fluctuating heat loads are effectively overcome. This design enables the system to actively manage the heat transfer path and timing between low-temperature, medium-temperature, and high-temperature phase change material layers based on real-time thermal conditions, thereby achieving more precise and timely storage and scheduling of photovoltaic module waste heat. This not only significantly broadens the effective temperature control range of the system under complex irradiation and ambient temperature changes, improving the initiative and accuracy of temperature regulation, but also enhances the overall thermal management capability and energy utilization efficiency of the system by optimizing the sequential utilization of the latent heat of each layer of phase change material, providing a reliable solution for photovoltaic modules to maintain efficient and stable operation under various operating conditions. Attached Figure Description

[0029] Other features, objects, and advantages of this application will become more apparent from the following detailed description of non-limiting embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings:

[0030] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the photovoltaic module temperature control system provided in Example 1;

[0031] Figure 2 Provided for the embodiments of this application Figure 1 The diagram shows the structure of the photovoltaic module temperature control system after the protective shell is hidden.

[0032] Figure 3 Provided for the embodiments of this application Figure 2 Enlarged structural diagram at point A;

[0033] Figure 4 for Figure 2 The diagram shows the structure of the photovoltaic module temperature control system behind the hidden cover.

[0034] Figure 5 for Figure 4 Enlarged structural diagram at point B;

[0035] Figure 6 for Figure 4 The diagram shows the structure of the photovoltaic module temperature control system after concealing the phase change material and the second baffle.

[0036] Figure 7 for Figure 6 Enlarged structural diagram at point C;

[0037] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the shell;

[0038] Figure 9A top view of the structure after the first and second baffles are connected with the heat insulation board;

[0039] Figure 10 The flowchart shows the steps of the photovoltaic module temperature control method provided in Example 2.

[0040] The text labels in the figure represent: 1. Shell; 2. Cover plate; 3. Support plate; 4. Phase change material; 5. Control module; 6. Protrusion; 7. Heat insulation plate; 8. Second baffle; 9. Arc-shaped heat-conducting component; 10. Elastic buffer pad; 11. Rotating roller; 12. Heat-conducting part; 13. Heat insulation part; 14. Rotating shaft; 15. Transmission rod; 16. Driven hinge rod; 17. Drive device; 18. Active hinge rod; 19. Protective shell; 20. Heat-conducting pipe; 21. Connecting pipe; 22. Overlap section; 23. Thermoelectric generator; 24. Heat-conducting plate; 25. Micropore; 26. Protective plate; 27. Slide groove; 28. First baffle. Detailed Implementation

[0041] The present application will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and not intended to limit it. Furthermore, it should be noted that, for ease of description, only the parts relevant to the invention are shown in the accompanying drawings.

[0042] It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features described in this application can be combined with each other. This application will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0043] Example 1

[0044] As mentioned in the background section, regarding the technical issues, please refer to... Figures 1-9 This embodiment proposes a photovoltaic module temperature control system based on phase change material 4, including:

[0045] Housing 1, which is used to connect to the backsheet of the photovoltaic module and has a first receiving space inside;

[0046] Two sets of spacer components divide the first accommodating space into three accommodating cavities. The three accommodating cavities are arranged along a first direction and contain phase change material 4 inside. The first direction is perpendicular to the surface of the back sheet. The phase change temperature of the three layers of phase change material 4 increases sequentially from the side closer to the photovoltaic module to the side farther away from the photovoltaic module.

[0047] A driving mechanism is connected to the spacer assembly for driving the spacer assembly to switch between a first state and a second state; in the first state, the spacer assembly blocks heat transfer between any two adjacent phase change material layers 4; in the second state, the spacer assembly forms a thermal bridge between any two adjacent phase change material layers 4.

[0048] The control module 5 is electrically connected to the drive mechanism and is used to control the switching state of the drive mechanism according to the temperature of each layer of phase change material 4.

[0049] Specifically, the photovoltaic module temperature control system based on phase change materials provided in this embodiment aims to solve the problems in the background technology of traditional single or fixed ratio phase change material heat dissipation schemes, which are difficult to dynamically adapt to the actual heat load and have insufficient temperature control accuracy and timeliness under complex working conditions such as drastic changes in daytime irradiance and fluctuations in ambient temperature. Through innovative structural design, it achieves active and precise control of photovoltaic module temperature, ensuring stable photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0050] The temperature control system has a flat, plate-like structure, which does not affect the normal light intake of the photovoltaic modules during installation. It is compact and occupies little space. The core is fixed to the back panel of the photovoltaic modules via a shell 1. The shell 1 is made of a composite material with high thermal insulation and mechanical strength (such as 6061 aluminum alloy with an insulation coating or polyurethane composite insulation board). This reduces unnecessary heat loss to the outside, ensuring that the waste heat transferred from the photovoltaic modules is concentrated in the first containment space, guaranteeing precise heat transfer between the four phase change material layers, and providing reliable structural support for the internal components. The shell 1 is a groove-shaped structure with one closed end and the other open. The closed end is integrally molded to ensure airtightness, while the open end is fitted with a removable cover plate 2. The two are connected by bolts. This removable design not only facilitates subsequent maintenance and replacement of the internal components but also forms the first containment space for accommodating the phase change material 4, spacer components, and other core components. The left and right sides of the housing 1 are symmetrically welded with support plates 3 of the same material as the housing 1. The support plates 3 are evenly provided with 4-6 through holes for matching screws along the length direction. These through holes correspond one-to-one with the preset mounting holes of the photovoltaic module back panel. During installation, the screws can be passed through the through holes and screwed into the threaded holes of the back panel to achieve tight fixation, which effectively ensures the fit between the housing 1 and the photovoltaic module back panel and reduces the contact thermal resistance during the heat transfer process.

[0051] Inside the first containment space, two sets of parallel spacer components are arranged sequentially along a first direction perpendicular to the surface of the photovoltaic module backsheet, uniformly dividing the first containment space into three independent stacked containment cavities. Each containment cavity has the same volume, ensuring a balanced amount of phase change material 4 and achieving consistent thermal management. All three containment cavities are filled with solid-liquid phase change material 4, and a stepped design is adopted with the phase change temperature increasing sequentially from near to far (from the photovoltaic module backsheet to the furthest direction). Specifically, n-nonadecane (C4) with a phase change temperature of 32℃ can be selected. 19 H 40 ), n-docosahexadecane at 40.5℃ (C 21 H 44 ), n-Trecosane (C) at 47.5℃ 23 H 48 The three phase change materials 4 are used as three layers. This stepped distribution design breaks the temperature adaptability limitation of traditional single phase change materials. It can sequentially activate phase change materials 4 in different temperature ranges to absorb latent heat according to the real-time heating of photovoltaic modules. This avoids the problem of single materials being quickly saturated with heat storage when the heat load increases sharply or not being fully utilized when the heat load is low. It significantly improves the system's adaptability to fluctuating heat loads.

[0052] Two sets of spacer components are located between three layers of phase change materials 4. Their function is to switch the heat transfer state of adjacent cavities under the drive mechanism. In the first state, which blocks heat transfer, the layers of phase change materials 4 do not affect each other, and heat transfer mainly occurs between the phase change materials 4 with lower phase change temperatures and the photovoltaic module backsheet. In the second state, which forms a thermal bridge, heat can be transferred between adjacent layers through the thermal bridge, achieving multi-layer material synergistic heat storage. This switchable design allows the system to actively regulate the heat transfer path, making it more flexible and targeted than traditional passive cooling systems. The drive mechanism is connected to the two sets of spacer components and can accurately receive commands from the control module 5, smoothly driving the spacer components to switch between the two states, ensuring the continuity of thermal management and preventing interruptions or fluctuations in heat transfer due to state switching. The control module 5 adopts an integrated circuit board structure, which is electrically connected to the drive mechanism through high-temperature resistant wires. The control module 5 has built-in temperature acquisition units such as NTC thermistor sensors. The sensor probes are embedded in the center of the three-layer phase change material 4, which can collect the actual temperature of each layer of material in real time and convert it into an electrical signal and transmit it to the main control chip. The built-in preset control logic allows the system to actively respond according to the temperature signal. Compared with the "passive adaptation" of the traditional passive heat dissipation system, it has achieved a breakthrough of "active regulation", which effectively improves the timeliness and accuracy of temperature control.

[0053] The photovoltaic module temperature control system operates as follows: In the initial daytime phase, the photovoltaic module begins to heat up under irradiation. This heat is rapidly transferred through the bonded shell 1 to the first layer of phase change material 4 near the backsheet. At this time, the temperature of the first layer of phase change material 4 gradually increases. The control module 5 monitors in real time that its temperature is lower than the phase change temperature of the second layer of phase change material 4. The drive mechanism keeps the spacer in its first state, blocking interlayer heat transfer. The first layer of phase change material 4 independently absorbs heat and undergoes a phase change, utilizing the latent heat of phase change to stabilize the photovoltaic module temperature. As the daytime irradiation intensity increases, the heat generated by the photovoltaic module increases, and the temperature of the first layer of phase change material 4 continues to rise until it reaches or exceeds the phase change temperature of the second layer of phase change material 4. The control module 5 immediately outputs a switching command to the drive mechanism, driving the corresponding spacer to switch to the second state, forming a thermal bridge. The excess heat absorbed by the first layer of phase change material 4 is transferred to the second layer of phase change material 4 through the thermal bridge. The second layer of phase change material 4 begins a phase change and absorbs a large amount of latent heat, achieving synergistic effect between the two layers. Simultaneous heat storage; if the irradiance increases further, the temperature of the second phase change material 4 rises to be equal to or higher than the phase change temperature of the third phase change material 4. The control module 5 drives another set of spacer components to switch to the second state, and the heat is transferred to the third phase change material 4. The three layers of materials work together to store heat and prevent the photovoltaic module temperature from rising continuously. When the irradiance weakens in the evening, the heat generated by the photovoltaic module decreases, and the temperature of the three phase change materials 4 is lower than the phase change temperature of the next adjacent layer, the control module 5 controls the two sets of spacer components to switch back to the first state, blocking the interlayer heat transfer. The shell 1 slows down the heat release rate of each layer of phase change material 4, so that it slowly releases heat or maintains a stable temperature through internal heat circulation, slows down heat loss, and prevents the photovoltaic module temperature from dropping too quickly. Throughout the process, the shell 1 always ensures the accurate transfer and efficient utilization of heat between the phase change material 4 layers, effectively copes with the heat load fluctuations under complex working conditions, and solves the problem of insufficient adaptability and accuracy of traditional phase change material heat dissipation systems.

[0054] Furthermore, the inner wall of the first accommodating space is provided with a groove 27 corresponding to the spacer assembly, the groove 27 extending along a second direction, the second direction being perpendicular to the first direction; the spacer assembly includes:

[0055] Multiple heat insulation panels 7 are arranged along a third direction and one end is fixedly connected by a first baffle 28, and the other end is connected by a detachable second baffle 8. The third direction is perpendicular to the first direction and perpendicular to the second direction. Two adjacent heat insulation panels 7 are connected by a pair of arc-shaped heat-conducting elements 9, and an installation groove is formed between the pair of arc-shaped heat-conducting elements 9 and the two heat insulation panels 7.

[0056] Multiple rotating rollers 11 are rotatably mounted in the mounting slots and have a circular cross-section. Each rotating roller 11 includes a heat-conducting part 12 and heat-insulating parts 13 disposed on both sides of the heat-conducting part 12. The heat-conducting part 12 and the heat-insulating part 13 are arranged radially along the rotating roller 11. In the first state, the heat-conducting part 12 and the heat-insulating part 13 are arranged along the first direction. In the second state, the heat-conducting part 12 and the heat-insulating part 13 are arranged along the third direction.

[0057] Specifically, on the inner wall of the first accommodating space, a pair of protrusions 6 are integrally formed for each set of spacer components. The pair of protrusions 6 are arranged opposite each other and extend along the second direction (perpendicular to the first direction). A groove 27 is formed between them that precisely matches the shape of the spacer component. The width of the groove 27 is matched with the thickness of the spacer component to effectively prevent the spacer component from shaking or shifting during state switching, ensuring the relative position stability between adjacent accommodating cavities. The multiple heat insulation plates 7 of the spacer component can be made of high-strength ceramic fiber board material. This material not only has excellent heat insulation performance and can further block unexpected heat conduction, but also has good mechanical strength and can withstand the volume pressure during the phase change of the phase change material 4. The multiple heat insulation plates 7 are evenly arranged along the third direction (perpendicular to the first and second directions). One end of each plate is fixedly connected to the first baffle 28 by bolts or other means, and the other end is installed by a pin to the second baffle 8. This design of fixing one end and detaching the other end not only ensures the overall structural stability of the spacer component, but also facilitates the installation, maintenance and replacement of the rotating roller 11.

[0058] Two adjacent heat insulation plates 7 are fixedly connected by a pair of arc-shaped heat-conducting elements 9. The arc-shaped heat-conducting elements 9 are made of copper alloy with high thermal conductivity. Their arc-shaped structure can perfectly fit the circular cross-section of the rotating roller 11, forming a stable installation groove. When the rotating roller 11 switches to the second state, it can enhance the heat conduction efficiency between the heat-conducting part 12 and the heat insulation plate 7, making the thermal bridge more thermally conductive. The pair of arc-shaped heat-conducting elements 9 are symmetrically distributed on both sides of the heat insulation plate 7. The installation groove formed by the two heat insulation plates 7 is precisely matched with the diameter of the rotating roller 11, ensuring that the rotating roller 11 can rotate flexibly without radial displacement.

[0059] The rotating roller 11 has a circular cross-section. Its core consists of a central heat-conducting part 12 and two side heat-insulating parts 13. The two are integrally formed along the radial direction of the rotating roller 11. The heat-conducting part 12 can be made of oxygen-free copper, which has extremely high thermal conductivity and can quickly conduct heat between adjacent phase change materials 4. The heat-insulating part 13 can be made of high-temperature resistant ceramic material, which has outstanding heat insulation performance and can effectively block heat transfer. The curvature of the heat-conducting part 12 and the heat-insulating part 13 is adapted to the circular cross-section of the rotating roller 11, and their lengths are consistent with the length of the heat insulation plate 7. In the first state, the heat-conducting part 12 and the heat-insulating part 13 are arranged along the first direction. At this time, the heat-insulating part 13 is located between two adjacent phase change materials 4, and its excellent heat insulation performance blocks the heat transfer path and prevents heat crossflow. In the second state, the two are arranged along the third direction, and the heat-conducting part 12 directly connects the two adjacent phase change materials 4 to form an efficient thermal bridge, realizing rapid heat conduction. This structural design makes the state switching effect more thorough and solves the problems of incomplete heat blocking or low thermal conductivity of traditional interval structures.

[0060] The center of the rotating roller 11 is provided with a rotating shaft 14 that passes through both ends of the heat-conducting part 12. One end of the shaft passes through the first baffle 28 and is rotatably connected to the first baffle 28 through a sealed bearing. The other end passes through the second baffle 8 and is also rotatably connected through a sealed bearing. To further improve the sealing between the cavities and prevent leakage of the phase change material 4 during the phase change process, while reducing heat loss from the gaps, silicone rubber gaskets are attached to the sides of the first baffle 28 and the second baffle 8 near the cavities. The size of the gaskets is perfectly matched to the contact surfaces of the baffles and the heat insulation plate 7. After assembly, the gaskets are tightly pressed between the baffles and the heat insulation plate 7, forming a gapless seal that not only prevents leakage of the phase change material 4 but also blocks heat transfer at the gaps. Meanwhile, the polyurethane elastic buffer pad 10 on the side of the second baffle 8 away from the cavities can be tightly abutted after the cover plate 2 is assembled. On the one hand, it can buffer the pressure during the installation of the cover plate 2, avoiding rigid impact on the spacer assembly and protecting precision components such as the rotating roller 11 and the rotating shaft 14 from damage. On the other hand, the elastic compression further enhances the sealing between the second baffle 8 and the cover plate 2, reducing the risk of leakage at the gap between the cover plate 2 and the baffle. It can also compensate for dimensional errors during the assembly process, ensuring that the spacer assembly is always in a stable installation position, providing further assurance for the accuracy of state switching.

[0061] Furthermore, the driving mechanism includes two driving units, which are respectively disposed at both ends of the housing 1. Each driving unit includes two driving components, which include:

[0062] The transmission rod 15 is connected to all the rotating rollers 11 on the same heat insulation plate 7 via multiple driven hinge rods 16;

[0063] A drive device 17 is disposed inside the housing 1, and its output end is connected to one end of the transmission rod 15 via an active hinge rod 18. The drive device 17 is used to drive all the rotating rollers 11 on the same heat insulation plate 7 to rotate via the transmission rod 15.

[0064] Specifically, after the cover plate 2 is assembled with the shell 1, in addition to forming the first accommodating space, it also simultaneously encloses an independent second accommodating space on one side of the first accommodating space. This space adopts the same sealing and heat-insulating design as the first accommodating space and uses the same composite heat-insulating material as the shell 1 for isolation. The two ends of the rotating shaft 14 of the rotating roller 11, in addition to penetrating the first baffle 28 and the second baffle 8, further penetrate one closed end of the shell 1 and the cover plate 2 respectively. Sealed bearings are installed at the penetration points, which not only ensures the smoothness of the rotation of the rotating shaft 14 and reduces frictional resistance, but also prevents the leakage of the phase change material 4 through the sealing structure.

[0065] The drive mechanism adopts a symmetrical layout design, including two drive units, which are fixedly installed at both ends of the housing 1. Each drive unit has two stacked drive components corresponding to two sets of spacer components, that is, a total of four drive components. Among them, the two drive components used to drive the same set of spacer components in the two drive units form a group. This distributed drive layout can ensure that all rotating rollers 11 on the same heat insulation plate 7 can obtain uniform driving force, ensuring the unified opening or closing of the heat transfer path between adjacent cavities, and improving the consistency and reliability of interlayer thermal control. The drive rod 15 of the drive assembly can be made of high-strength aluminum alloy, which has good mechanical strength and is lightweight for easy transmission. It is located on the side of the cover plate 2 away from the receiving cavity, and is connected to the rotating shaft 14 of each rotating roller 11 through a driven hinge rod 16. The driven hinge rod 16 can be made of stainless steel. One end is hinged to the drive rod 15 through a hinge shaft, and the other end is sleeved on the rotating shaft 14 and fixed to the rotating shaft 14 through a key connection. This hinge connection design can smoothly convert the movement of the drive rod 15 into the rotational movement of the rotating shaft 14, with high power transmission efficiency and no jamming. At the same time, multiple driven hinge rods 16 are evenly distributed on the drive rod 15 to ensure that the driving force on each rotating shaft 14 is consistent, further ensuring the synchronous rotation of the rotating roller 11. The drive unit 17 uses a micro stepper motor, which can precisely control the rotation angle to ensure that the rotating roller 11 accurately switches to the first or second state. The drive unit 17 is fixedly installed in the second accommodating space. Its output shaft is connected to one end of the transmission rod 15 through the active hinge rod 18. The active hinge rod 18 is also made of stainless steel. One end is fixed to the output shaft of the drive unit 17 through a coupling, and the other end is hinged to the transmission rod 15 through a hinge shaft. Then, through the driven hinge rod 16, all rotating rollers 11 are driven to rotate synchronously. The housing 1 is also provided with a removable protective plate 26 corresponding to the second accommodating space. The protective plate 26 is used to protect the drive unit 17 and the control module 5.

[0066] The drive unit 17 located near the end of the cover plate 2 has its output shaft passing through the cover plate 2 and connected to the active hinge rod 18. The drive unit 17 located away from the end of the cover plate 2 has its output shaft passing through the closed end of the housing 1 and connected to the active hinge rod 18. Both passing positions are equipped with sealed bearings to ensure that the sealing and heat preservation performance is not affected. In addition, the system is equipped with a pair of protective shells 19. The protective shells 19 can be made of engineering plastic material, which has good weather resistance and protection. They are detachably connected to both ends of the housing 1 by screws and fit tightly with the cover plate 2 and the closed end of the housing 1. The interior of the protective shell 19 forms an independent protective space, which completely encloses the transmission rod 15, driven hinge rod 16, active hinge rod 18 and output shaft of the drive unit 17. It can effectively block the corrosion of the drive components by external dust, rainwater, corrosive gases, etc., and avoid damage caused by human touch. It significantly improves the operational stability and service life of the drive mechanism. The detachable design facilitates the subsequent inspection, maintenance or replacement of the drive components, taking into account both protection and maintenance convenience.

[0067] When the control module 5 detects that the temperature of a certain layer of phase change material 4 has reached or exceeded the phase change temperature of the next layer of phase change material 4, and it is necessary to switch the state of the interval component, the control module 5 sends a drive command to the two corresponding drive components; after receiving the command, the drive device 17 starts to rotate, driving the transmission rod 15 to move through the active hinge rod 18; during the movement of the transmission rod 15, it synchronously pulls all the corresponding rotating shafts 14 to rotate through the evenly distributed driven hinge rods 16 on it. Since the driven hinge rods 16 are fixedly connected to the rotating shafts 14, the rotating shafts 14 drive the rotating rollers 11 to rotate synchronously in the mounting slot; when the rotating rollers 11 rotate 9 After 0°, the control module 5 controls the drive device 17 to stop running. At this time, the rotating roller 11 switches from the first state to the second state, and the heat-conducting part 12 is arranged along the third direction to form a thermal bridge that connects adjacent phase change materials 4. Conversely, when it is necessary to block heat transfer, the control module 5 issues a reverse command, and the drive device 17 rotates in the opposite direction. Through the same transmission path, it drives the rotating roller 11 to rotate 90° in the opposite direction and return to the first state. The heat insulation part 13 is arranged along the first direction to block interlayer heat transfer. During the entire driving process, the four drive components work in pairs to ensure that all rotating rollers 11 of the two sets of spacers switch synchronously without any difference in timing.

[0068] Furthermore, a set of heat-conducting pipes 20 are embedded in each layer of the phase change material 4. The heat-conducting pipes 20 are arranged in a serpentine pattern in the phase change material 4, and the inlet end and outlet end extend from both ends of the shell 1, respectively, to connect the refrigerant outlet and refrigerant inlet of the refrigerant circulation equipment.

[0069] Specifically, each layer of phase change material 4 contains an independent set of heat pipes 20. The heat pipes 20 can be made of copper with high thermal conductivity, and their thin walls and smooth surfaces can quickly conduct the latent heat stored in the phase change material 4 while reducing physical obstacles to the solid-liquid phase change process of the phase change material 4. The heat pipes 20 are arranged in a tight serpentine pattern within the phase change material 4. Compared with a straight arrangement, this arrangement maximizes the contact area with the phase change material 4, thereby improving heat exchange efficiency and ensuring that heat from all areas of the phase change material 4 can be quickly transferred to the heat pipes 20, avoiding temperature control dead zones caused by local heat accumulation. At the same time, the serpentine path precisely avoids the installation position of the spacer component, so as not to affect the switching of the spacer component between the first and second states, and to ensure the fit between the phase change material 4 and the heat pipes 20. Furthermore, when the phase change material 4 undergoes a solid-liquid phase change and expands or contracts in volume, the serpentine structure of the heat pipe 20 has a certain elastic deformation capability, which can adapt to the volume change of the phase change material 4. The heat pipe 20 will not deform, fall off or break due to phase change pressure, and the structure has excellent stability.

[0070] The inlet end of the heat pipe 20 penetrates the pre-set through hole in the cover plate 2 along the second direction, and the outlet end penetrates the corresponding through hole in the closed end of the shell 1 along the same direction. Both penetration points are fitted with high-temperature resistant fluororubber sealing sleeves, which tightly fit the outer wall of the heat pipe 20 and the inner wall of the through hole. The inlet end of the heat pipe 20 is connected to the refrigerant outlet of the refrigerant circulation device via a pipe, and the outlet end is connected to the refrigerant inlet of the refrigerant circulation device, forming a closed refrigerant circulation loop. The refrigerant circulation device can use a miniature low-power refrigerant pump, effectively reducing the overall energy consumption of the system and conforming to the energy-saving design concept. Furthermore, the refrigerant circulation device is electrically connected to the control module 5, enabling intelligent start-stop control based on the temperature of the phase change material 4, avoiding ineffective energy consumption. The core advantage of this design is that the control module 5 only starts the refrigerant circulation device when the temperature of the third layer of phase change material 4, which has the highest phase change temperature, exceeds a set threshold (e.g., 55℃). This not only compensates for the shortcomings of traditional passive heat dissipation under extreme heat loads but also avoids the high energy consumption problem of long-term continuous operation of traditional active heat dissipation, achieving intelligent control of "start-on-demand, precise heat dissipation."

[0071] Furthermore, the inlet and outlet ends of the heat pipe 20 are both fitted with connecting pipes 21, and flat overlapping sections 22 are formed on the connecting pipes 21; thermoelectric generators 23 are provided at both ends of the housing 1 corresponding to each layer of phase change material 4, the hot end of the thermoelectric generator 23 extends into the phase change material 4, and the cold end is fixed on the overlapping section 22; the output end of the thermoelectric generator 23 is electrically connected to the battery of the photovoltaic module or the battery built into the temperature control system.

[0072] Specifically, the inlet end of the heat pipe 20 passes through the pre-set through hole of the cover plate 2 and is fitted with a connecting pipe 21 by interference fit. The outlet end passes through the through hole of the closed end of the shell 1 and is also fitted with a connecting pipe 21. The connecting pipe 21 can be made of brass with high thermal conductivity. A flat overlapping section 22 is integrally formed on the connecting pipe 21. The overlapping section 22 is made by stamping process and its surface is polished, resulting in high flatness. It can form a large area of ​​tight fit with the cold end of the thermoelectric generator 23, increasing the contact area with the thermoelectric generator 23, significantly improving the heat exchange efficiency of the cold end, and providing structural protection for the thermoelectric generator 23 to maintain a stable temperature difference.

[0073] On both end faces of the housing 1, a thermoelectric generator 23 is provided corresponding to each layer of phase change material 4. The thermoelectric generator 23 can be made of bismuth telluride-based semiconductor material, which has the characteristics of high thermoelectric power generation efficiency and an operating temperature range that is compatible with the temperature range of phase change material 4, and can generate electricity stably in a temperature range of 30-60℃. The hot end of the thermoelectric generator 23 is fixed with high-temperature resistant thermally conductive adhesive and extends into the interior of phase change material 4 to a depth of 1 / 3-1 / 2 of the thickness of phase change material 4, ensuring that the hot end can fully contact phase change material 4 and quickly absorb its stored latent heat. The cold end is fixed to the overlapping section 22 of the connecting pipe 21 with thermally conductive silicone grease. The thermally conductive silicone grease fills the tiny gap between the cold end and the overlapping section 22, further reducing the contact thermal resistance, so that the cold end can quickly transfer heat to the refrigerant in the heat pipe 20 through the connecting pipe 21, forming an efficient heat dissipation channel, thereby maintaining a stable and large temperature difference between the hot end and the cold end of the thermoelectric generator 23 and ensuring power generation efficiency.

[0074] The positive and negative output terminals of the thermoelectric generator 23 are connected to the photovoltaic module's battery or the lithium battery built into the temperature control system via high-temperature resistant wires. The wires are encased in insulating protective tubes to prevent short circuits caused by contact with the casing 1 or other metal parts. The connection nodes are waterproof and sealed, enhancing safety and reliability for outdoor use. This connection design converts the energy stored in the phase change material 4 into electrical energy through the thermoelectric effect. The generated energy can be preferentially supplied to internal electrical components such as the control module 5, drive device 17, and refrigerant circulation equipment, achieving partial self-sufficiency of the system's electrical energy and reducing additional energy consumption by the photovoltaic module. Compared to heat dissipation systems without energy recovery, this reduces additional energy consumption, effectively solving the high energy consumption problem of traditional active cooling systems and further improving the system's energy efficiency and market competitiveness.

[0075] The coordinated operation of the thermoelectric generator 23 and the connecting pipe 21 is as follows:

[0076] During normal system operation, regardless of whether it is in passive heat storage mode or active heat dissipation mode, the phase change material 4 will maintain a high temperature by absorbing the waste heat from the photovoltaic module. The hot end of the thermoelectric generator 23 continuously absorbs heat from the phase change material 4, causing its temperature to rise. At the same time, the refrigerant in the heat pipe 20 (even when the refrigerant circulation equipment is not started, the refrigerant in the heat pipe 20 will naturally dissipate heat, and the heat dissipation efficiency is even higher after starting) quickly removes the heat from the cold end of the thermoelectric generator 23 through the overlapping section 22 of the connecting pipe 21, keeping the cold end at a lower temperature, thus forming a stable temperature difference between the hot and cold ends. According to the Seebeck effect, the thermoelectric generator 23 will convert the temperature difference into electrical energy, which will be continuously delivered to the battery for storage through the output wire. When the control mode is activated... When Block 5, drive device 17, or refrigerant circulation equipment needs to work, it directly draws electrical energy from the battery without needing to obtain it from the output end of the photovoltaic module, thus realizing the resource utilization of waste heat. Under extreme conditions, when the refrigerant circulation equipment is started, the refrigerant circulation speed in the heat pipe 20 is accelerated, the heat dissipation efficiency of the pipe 21 is further improved, the cold end temperature of the thermoelectric generator 23 is lower, the temperature difference is increased, and the power generation is also increased, which can provide more electrical energy to the system and ensure the stability of the power supply when the system is running under high load. The whole process is deeply coordinated with the temperature control logic of the system, which not only achieves precise temperature control of the photovoltaic module, but also completes the recovery and conversion of waste heat into electrical energy, which reduces system energy consumption and improves energy utilization efficiency, forming a virtuous cycle of "temperature control-power generation-self-sufficiency".

[0077] Furthermore, the housing 1 is provided with a detachable heat-conducting plate 24 on the side near the photovoltaic module, and the heat-conducting plate 24 and the housing 1 together form the first accommodating space; the heat-conducting plate 24 is provided with an elastic heat-conducting pad on the side near the photovoltaic module, and one side of the elastic heat-conducting pad is attached to the back plate of the photovoltaic module.

[0078] Specifically, a high thermal conductivity heat-conducting plate 24 is detachably connected to the side of the housing 1 closest to the photovoltaic module via bolts. This heat-conducting plate, along with the housing 1 and the cover plate 2, forms a sealed first and second receiving space. The connection points are sealed with sealant to ensure the overall thermal insulation and sealing performance is unaffected. This detachable design allows for maintenance of the internal modules without disassembling the entire housing, significantly reducing maintenance interference with the photovoltaic module's operation. An elastic thermally conductive pad is attached to the side of the heat-conducting plate 24 closest to the photovoltaic module's backsheet. This pad combines elasticity and thermal conductivity, deforming under installation pressure to fill the tiny gap between the heat-conducting plate 24 and the backsheet, significantly reducing contact thermal resistance and allowing waste heat from the photovoltaic module to be quickly conducted to the phase change material 4. It also adapts to the deformation of the photovoltaic module's backsheet due to temperature changes, preventing changes in contact area caused by deformation. A groove is provided on the housing 1 corresponding to the heat-conducting plate 24, with its depth precisely matching the thickness of the heat-conducting plate 24. After installation, the heat-conducting plate 24 is flush with the edge of the housing 1, ensuring a flat system surface, preventing uneven stress on the photovoltaic module, and improving installation stability.

[0079] Furthermore, the heat insulation plate 7 is provided with a plurality of micropores 25.

[0080] Specifically, the heat insulation plate 7 has multiple micropores 25 evenly distributed on it. These micropores 25 are manufactured using a laser blind-hole process, with a diameter that can be set to 0.5-1mm. The spacing between the micropores can be adjusted to ensure that the overall structural strength and heat insulation performance of the heat insulation plate 7 are not compromised, while providing a buffer space for the volume changes of the phase change material 4. The depth of the micropores 25 is controlled to be within 2 / 3 of the thickness of the heat insulation plate 7, without penetrating to the other side of the heat insulation plate 7. This maintains sufficient buffer space while ensuring no connecting channels between adjacent cavities, thus preventing crosstalk of the phase change material 4. When the phase change material 4 expands, some material can seep into the blind holes, relieving pressure in the cavities and preventing damage to the components. When it contracts, the gas inside the blind holes flows back to balance the negative pressure, ensuring a stable sealing environment.

[0081] Example 2

[0082] Based on the above embodiment 1, and referring to Figure 10 This embodiment provides a photovoltaic module temperature control method, applied to the photovoltaic module temperature control system described in Embodiment 1 above. The method includes steps S100-S300:

[0083] S100: Real-time acquisition of the temperature of each layer of phase change material 4.

[0084] Specifically, in step S100, the control module 5 uses an NTC thermistor sensor embedded in the three-layer phase change material 4 to collect temperature data at a frequency of once every 30 seconds. The collected signal is processed by a moving average filtering algorithm to eliminate abnormal interference and ensure that the temperature error is ≤ ±0.5℃.

[0085] S200: When it is determined that the temperature of the current phase change material 4 is greater than or equal to the phase change temperature of the next phase change material 4, the driving mechanism is controlled to drive the interval component to switch states so that a thermal bridge is formed between the current phase change material 4 and the next phase change material 4.

[0086] Specifically, in step S200, the control module 5 compares the temperature of the three-layer phase change material 4 with the phase change temperature of the corresponding next layer in real time (the first layer compares with the second layer, and the second layer compares with the third layer), and can set a temperature hysteresis threshold of 2℃ to avoid frequent switching of the drive mechanism due to small temperature fluctuations. When the temperature of a certain layer of phase change material 4 is detected to be greater than or equal to the phase change temperature of the next layer for two consecutive sampling cycles (1 minute), the control module 5 sends a synchronous drive command to the two drive components at both ends of the corresponding interval component. After receiving the signal, the drive device 17 drives the output shaft to rotate 90° at a set speed, so that the rotating roller 11 switches from the first state to the second state, and forms a thermal bridge that connects the two adjacent layers of phase change material 4 by fitting with the arc-shaped heat conductor 9. The advantage of this step is that it dynamically adapts to changes in heat load. When the shallow phase change material 4 is close to saturation in heat storage, the interlayer heat transfer channel is opened in time, allowing heat to be transferred to the deep high phase change temperature material, avoiding a sudden rise in photovoltaic module temperature due to saturation of heat storage in a single material. At the same time, the synchronous drive at both ends ensures that the thermal bridge is formed uniformly, improving heat transfer efficiency.

[0087] S300: When the temperature of the phase change material 4 in the highest phase change temperature layer is greater than the set temperature, control the start of the refrigerant circulation device to drive the refrigerant to circulate in each group of heat pipes 20.

[0088] Specifically, in step S300, based on the phase change temperature of the third phase change material 4, a start-up threshold of 55°C is set (adjustable). When the temperature exceeds the threshold and both sets of spacer components have switched to the second state, the control module 5 starts the refrigerant circulation device, driving the refrigerant to circulate and exchange heat within the heat pipe 20; the system stops when the temperature drops below the phase change temperature of the third phase change material 4. This step focuses on the basis for setting the temperature, the start-up prerequisites, and the start-up and stop logic. The refrigerant type, heat pipe arrangement, and equipment structure have been detailed above, so they will not be repeated here. Only the triggering conditions and operating closed loop of active heat dissipation are clarified.

[0089] The control module 5 continuously monitors the temperature of the third-layer phase change material 4. When the temperature exceeds 55°C for two consecutive sampling cycles (1 minute), and both sets of spacer components have switched to the second state, it immediately sends a start command to the refrigerant circulation equipment. After the refrigerant circulation equipment starts, it drives the refrigerant to circulate within the serpentine pipe of the heat pipe 20. The refrigerant flows in from the inlet end, fully exchanges heat with the three-layer phase change material 4, quickly absorbs latent heat, and then flows out from the outlet end and returns to the equipment for cooling. When the control module 5 detects that the temperature of the third-layer phase change material 4 drops below its phase change temperature, it issues a stop command, and the refrigerant circulation equipment shuts down to avoid unnecessary energy consumption. This step compensates for the shortcomings of traditional passive heat dissipation under extreme conditions. Through the "on-demand start" active heat dissipation mode, it ensures the temperature stability of the photovoltaic modules while maximizing the reduction of system energy consumption.

[0090] Furthermore, the method also includes the following step S400. It should be noted that step S400 is not limited to being a subsequent step of step S300, but is only used to distinguish it from the steps mentioned above.

[0091] S400: When it is detected that the temperature of all phase change materials 4 is lower than the phase change temperature of the lowest phase change temperature layer among the three layers, and the backsheet temperature of the photovoltaic module is lower than the set start-up temperature, the drive mechanism is controlled to drive the spacer module to switch states so that a continuous thermal bridge is formed between all phase change materials 4.

[0092] Specifically, in step S400, the control module 5 continuously monitors the temperature of the three-layer phase change material 4 and the real-time temperature of the photovoltaic module backsheet during system operation. The set start-up temperature is a threshold preset based on the operating temperature and efficiency characteristics of the photovoltaic module and local typical low-temperature climate data, usually set in the range of 5℃ to 15℃, for example, it can be set to 10℃. This threshold is lower than the optimal operating temperature range of the photovoltaic module and is used to accurately identify whether the module is in a low-temperature start-up condition. When the following two conditions are met simultaneously: first, the temperature of all phase change materials 4 is lower than the phase change temperature of the lowest phase change temperature layer (i.e., the first layer) (e.g., 32℃), it indicates that the system as a whole is in a "cold state" and heat storage has not been activated; second, the temperature of the photovoltaic module backsheet is lower than the set start-up temperature (e.g., 10℃), it indicates that the module itself has a low temperature and its power generation performance is limited, and the control module 5 determines that the preheating mode needs to be activated.

[0093] At this time, the control module 5 sends a synchronization command to all drive components, and the drive device 17 drives all rotating rollers 11 to rotate 90° to the second state, so that the heat-conducting parts 12 between each layer are arranged along the third direction, forming a continuous thermal bridge between the first and third layers of phase change material 4. After this thermal bridge is opened, the residual heat in each layer and edge area inside the system can be quickly and evenly transferred, eliminating the thermal inertia caused by interlayer heat dissipation, thereby accelerating the temperature rise of the backsheet of the photovoltaic module in the early stage of sunlight exposure and improving the start-up power generation efficiency under low temperature conditions. This process does not require an external heating device, and low-power preheating is achieved only through the state switching of the structure itself.

[0094] Furthermore, after step S300, the following steps S500-S600 are also included. It should be noted that steps S500-S600 are consecutive steps. This does not mean that steps S500-S600 are subsequent steps of step S400, but is only to distinguish them from the steps mentioned above.

[0095] S500: After the refrigerant circulation equipment is started, monitor the output power change of the photovoltaic module in real time.

[0096] Specifically, in step S500, after the refrigerant circulation equipment starts active cooling, the control module 5 synchronously collects the output power data of the photovoltaic module in real time at a frequency of once per minute through the power sensor or the photovoltaic inverter communication interface. This power data is compared with the expected power range calculated based on the theoretical model of the current irradiance and module temperature to determine whether the current temperature control is sufficient to support the recovery of power generation performance. The system presets an adjustable time window (e.g., 10 minutes) as the judgment period, which takes into account both thermal inertia and the actual delay of power response.

[0097] S600: If the output power of the photovoltaic module does not recover to the expected range within the set time, the set temperature is dynamically corrected according to the change in output power, and the operating parameters of the refrigerant circulation equipment are adjusted accordingly.

[0098] Specifically, in step S600, if the output power of the photovoltaic module remains below the lower limit of the expected range (e.g., 95% of the theoretical value) within the set time, it indicates that the heat dissipation intensity triggered solely by the current set temperature is insufficient or the response is lagging. At this time, the control module 5 dynamically adjusts the set temperature downwards using a preset lookup table method based on the magnitude and trend of the power deviation (e.g., from a step down from 55℃ to 52℃). Simultaneously, according to the same feedback mechanism, the operating parameters of the refrigerant circulation equipment are adjusted accordingly, such as increasing the refrigerant pump speed from the basic level to a medium-high level, or continuing refrigerant circulation for a period after the temperature reaches the target to consolidate the heat dissipation effect. This closed-loop adjustment mechanism achieves real-time coupling between power generation performance and temperature control parameters, forming a complete feedback loop of "monitoring-judgment-adjustment," thereby maximizing the overall power generation efficiency of the system while ensuring that the module temperature does not exceed the safety limit.

[0099] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of this application and an explanation of the technical principles employed. Those skilled in the art should understand that the scope of the invention involved in this application is not limited to technical solutions formed by specific combinations of the above-described technical features, but should also cover other technical solutions formed by arbitrary combinations of the above-described technical features or their equivalents without departing from the inventive concept. For example, technical solutions formed by substituting the above features with (but not limited to) technical features with similar functions disclosed in this application.

Claims

1. A photovoltaic module temperature control system based on phase change materials, characterized in that, include: The housing (1) is used to connect to the backsheet of the photovoltaic module and has a first receiving space inside; Two sets of spacer components divide the first accommodating space into three accommodating cavities. The three accommodating cavities are arranged along a first direction and contain phase change material (4). The first direction is perpendicular to the surface of the back sheet. The phase change temperature of the three layers of phase change material (4) increases sequentially from the side closer to the photovoltaic module to the side farther away from the photovoltaic module. A driving mechanism is connected to the spacer assembly for driving the spacer assembly to switch between a first state and a second state. In the first state, the spacer assembly blocks heat transfer between any two adjacent phase change materials (4). In the second state, the spacer assembly forms a thermal bridge between any two adjacent phase change materials (4). Control module (5), which is electrically connected to the drive mechanism, is used to control the switching state of the drive mechanism according to the temperature of each layer of phase change material (4); The inner wall of the first accommodating space is provided with a groove (27) corresponding to the spacer assembly, the groove (27) extending along a second direction, the second direction being perpendicular to the first direction; the spacer assembly includes: Multiple heat insulation panels (7) are arranged along a third direction and one end is fixedly connected by a first baffle (28), and the other end is connected by a detachable second baffle (8). The third direction is perpendicular to the first direction and perpendicular to the second direction. Two adjacent heat insulation panels (7) are connected by a pair of arc-shaped heat-conducting elements (9). An installation groove is formed between the pair of arc-shaped heat-conducting elements (9) and the two heat insulation panels (7). Multiple rotating rollers (11) are rotatably mounted in the mounting slots and have a circular cross-section. Each rotating roller (11) includes a heat-conducting part (12) and heat-insulating parts (13) disposed on both sides of the heat-conducting part (12). The heat-conducting part (12) and the heat-insulating part (13) are arranged radially along the rotating roller (11). In the first state, the heat-conducting part (12) and the heat-insulating part (13) are arranged along the first direction. In the second state, the heat-conducting part (12) and the heat-insulating part (13) are arranged along the third direction. The heat insulation plate (7) is provided with a plurality of micropores (25), the depth of which is less than 2 / 3 of the thickness of the heat insulation plate (7).

2. The photovoltaic module temperature control system based on phase change material according to claim 1, characterized in that, The driving mechanism includes two driving units, which are respectively located at both ends of the housing (1). Each driving unit includes two driving components, which include: The transmission rod (15) is connected to all the rotating rollers (11) on the same heat insulation plate (7) by a plurality of driven hinge rods (16); The drive device (17) is located inside the housing (1), and its output end is connected to one end of the transmission rod (15) via an active hinge rod (18). It is used to drive all the rotating rollers (11) on the same heat insulation plate (7) to rotate via the transmission rod (15).

3. The photovoltaic module temperature control system based on phase change material according to claim 2, characterized in that, Each layer of the phase change material (4) is embedded with a set of heat pipes (20). The heat pipes (20) are arranged in a serpentine pattern in the phase change material (4), and the inlet end and outlet end extend from both ends of the shell (1) respectively, for connecting the refrigerant outlet and refrigerant inlet of the refrigerant circulation equipment respectively.

4. The photovoltaic module temperature control system based on phase change material according to claim 3, characterized in that, The heat pipe (20) has a connecting pipe (21) fitted at both the inlet and outlet ends, and a flat overlapping section (22) is formed on the connecting pipe (21); the two ends of the shell (1) are provided with thermoelectric generators (23) corresponding to each layer of phase change material (4), the hot end of the thermoelectric generator (23) extends into the phase change material (4), and the cold end is fixed on the overlapping section (22); the output end of the thermoelectric generator (23) is electrically connected to the battery of the photovoltaic module or the battery built into the temperature control system.

5. The photovoltaic module temperature control system based on phase change material according to claim 4, characterized in that, The housing (1) has a detachable heat-conducting plate (24) on the side near the photovoltaic module. The heat-conducting plate (24) and the housing (1) together form the first accommodating space. The heat-conducting plate (24) has an elastic heat-conducting pad on the side near the photovoltaic module. One side of the elastic heat-conducting pad is attached to the back plate of the photovoltaic module.

6. A method for temperature control of a photovoltaic module, characterized in that, The method is applied to the photovoltaic module temperature control system as described in claim 5, and the method includes: The temperature of each layer of phase change material (4) is acquired in real time; When it is determined that the temperature of the current phase change material (4) is greater than or equal to the phase change temperature of the next phase change material (4), the driving mechanism is controlled to drive the spacer component to switch states so that a thermal bridge is formed between the current phase change material (4) and the next phase change material (4). When the temperature of the phase change material (4) of the highest phase change temperature layer is greater than the set temperature, the refrigerant circulation device is started to drive the refrigerant to circulate in each group of heat pipes (20).

7. The photovoltaic module temperature control method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The method further includes: When the temperature of all phase change materials (4) is detected to be lower than the phase change temperature of the lowest phase change temperature layer in the three layers, and the backsheet temperature of the photovoltaic module is lower than the set start-up temperature, the drive mechanism is controlled to drive the spacer to switch states so that a continuous thermal bridge is formed between all phase change materials (4).

8. The photovoltaic module temperature control method according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that, The method further includes: After the refrigerant circulation equipment is started, the output power change of the photovoltaic module is monitored in real time; If the output power of the photovoltaic module does not recover to the expected range within the set time, the set temperature is dynamically corrected according to the change in output power, and the operating parameters of the refrigerant circulation equipment are adjusted accordingly.

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