Synchronization signal bursts, signal design and system frame acquisition within new radios

Abstract

Systems, methods, and tools for synchronization signal bursts, signal design, and / or system frame acquisition are disclosed. A synchronization signal (SS) block or burst may be received. The SS block or burst may include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and / or a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). A first cell ID may be determined, and / or a plurality of SSS sequences may be generated. An m0 value (e.g., a first cyclic offset) may be determined from a set of m0 values, e.g., based on the generated plurality of SSS sequences. An n1 value (e.g., a second cyclic offset) may be determined from a set of n1 values. A second cell ID may be determined based on, for example, the m0 value and the n1 value. A third cell ID may be determined based on, for example, the second cell ID and the first cell ID.

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application of patent application No. 202210341731.7, filed on March 29, 2022, entitled "Synchronization Signal Burst, Signal Design, and System Frame Acquisition in a New Radio System". Patent application No. 202210341731.7 is a divisional application of patent application No. 201880009922.5, filed on February 2, 2018, entitled "Synchronization Signal Burst, Signal Design, and System Frame Acquisition in a New Radio System".

[0002] Cross-referencing This application claims the benefit of the following applications: U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 454,524, filed February 3, 2017; U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 500,752, filed May 3, 2017; U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 519,745, filed June 14, 2017; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 556,171, filed September 8, 2017, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Background Technology

[0003] Emerging 5G system use cases can be broadly categorized as follows: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URRLLC). This broad categorization of use cases can be based on the requirements defined by ITU-R, NGMN, and 3GPP. Use cases can focus on one or more requirements, such as higher data rates, higher spectral efficiency, lower power consumption, higher energy efficiency, lower latency, and higher reliability. A wide frequency band from 700 MHz to 80 GHz can be considered for various deployment scenarios. Summary of the Invention

[0004] Methods, procedures, and tools for synchronization signal bursts, signal design, and / or system frame acquisition in New Radio (NR) are disclosed. Synchronization signal (SS) blocks can be defined based on SS bursts, where one or more SS bursts can define an SS burst set. SS blocks that can be activated, enabled, or transmitted can be determined. Information about the activatable, enabled, or transmitted SS blocks can be provided to another entity. Based on the activatable, enabled, or transmitted SS blocks, OFDM symbol indices, intra-radio frame slot indices, radio frame numbers, and / or micro-slot indices can be identified. Quasi-co-located (QCL) indications and / or rate matching indications can be provided (e.g., for SS blocks).

[0005] A synchronization signal (SS) burst can be received. This SS burst may include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and / or a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). A first cell ID carried by the PSS (e.g., within the PSS) can be determined. For example, multiple SSS sequences can be generated based on a first M sequence and a second M sequence. An m0 value (e.g., a first cyclic offset) can be determined, for example, based on the generated multiple SSS sequences from a set of m0 values ​​(e.g., a first cyclic offset set). An n1 value (e.g., a second cyclic offset) can be determined from a set of n1 values ​​(e.g., a second cyclic offset set). For example, a second cell ID carried by the SSS (e.g., within the SSS) can be determined based on the m0 value and the n1 value. For example, a third cell ID can be determined based on the second cell ID carried by the SSS and the first cell ID carried by the PSS.

[0006] A portion of the System Frame Number (SFN) can be determined based on a scrambling code. The scrambling code may be based on a third cell ID. A portion of the SFN (e.g., another portion) can be obtained within an SS burst. For example, the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) can be determined based on the fact that the determined portion of the SFN is identical to the portion of the SFN obtained within the SS burst. Attached Figure Description

[0007] A more detailed understanding can be obtained from the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, by way of example, wherein: Figure 1A This is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary communication system that can implement one or more of the disclosed embodiments.

[0008] Figure 1B It is shown that, according to the embodiment, it is possible to Figure 1A The diagram shows an exemplary wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) used within the communication system.

[0009] Figure 1C It is shown that, according to the embodiment, it is possible to Figure 1A The system diagram shows an exemplary radio access network (RAN) and an illustrative core network (CN) used within the communication system.

[0010] Figure 1D It is shown that, according to the embodiment, it is possible to Figure 1A The system diagram shown is of another exemplary RAN and another exemplary CN used within the communication system.

[0011] Figure 2 An exemplary structure for a burst set of synchronization signals (SS) is shown.

[0012] Figure 3 Another exemplary SS burst set composition structure is shown.

[0013] Figure 4 Another exemplary SS burst set composition structure is shown.

[0014] Figure 5 An example of obtaining a system frame number is shown.

[0015] Figure 6 Another example of system frame number acquisition is shown.

[0016] Figure 7 An exemplary multi-stage system frame number acquisition (3 stages) is shown.

[0017] Figure 8 An exemplary multi-stage system frame number acquisition (4 stages) is shown.

[0018] Figure 9 Another exemplary multi-stage system frame number acquisition is shown.

[0019] Figure 10 An exemplary system frame number (SFN) acquisition is shown by detecting, decoding, concatenating, and combining the most significant bit (MSB) of the SFN with multiple least significant bits (LSB).

[0020] Figure 11 An exemplary SFN acquisition is shown, which involves detecting, decoding, cascading, and combining multiple parts of the SFN.

[0021] Figure 12 An exemplary system frame number acquisition with confirmation 1 is shown.

[0022] Figure 13 An exemplary system frame number acquisition with confirmation 1 is shown.

[0023] Figure 13A and 13B An exemplary procedure for obtaining system frame numbers with periodic adjustments is shown.

[0024] Figure 14 An exemplary scan root for the ZC255 sequence is shown.

[0025] Figure 15 An exemplary scan root for the ZC127 sequence is shown.

[0026] Figure 16 An exemplary SS sequence is shown.

[0027] Figure 17 Another exemplary SS sequence is shown.

[0028] Figure 18 Another exemplary SS sequence is shown.

[0029] Figure 19 An exemplary design for a new radio (NR) assisted synchronization signal (SSS) sequence is shown.

[0030] Figure 20 An exemplary quasi-co-occurrence (QCL) indication for a synchronization signal (SS) block is shown.

[0031] Figure 21 Another exemplary QCL instruction for SS blocks is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0032] A detailed description of illustrative embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. While this description provides detailed examples of possible implementations, it should be noted that these details are for illustrative purposes only and are in no way intended to limit the scope of this application.

[0033] Figure 1A This diagram illustrates an exemplary communication system 100 that can implement one or more of the disclosed embodiments. The communication system 100 can be a multiple access system providing content such as voice, data, video, messaging, and broadcasting to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 enables multiple wireless users to access such content by sharing system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communication system 100 can use one or more channel access methods, such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Zero-Tail Unique Word DFT Extended OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), Unique Word OFDM (UW-OFDM), Resource Block Filtering OFDM, and Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), etc.

[0034] like Figure 1AAs shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110, and other networks 112. However, it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network components. Each WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. For example, any of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”. WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), mobile stations, fixed or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, pagers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hotspots or Mi-Fi devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearable devices, head-mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in industrial and / or automated processing chain environments), consumer electronic devices, and devices operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, etc. Any of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0035] The communication system 100 may also include base station 114a and / or base station 114b. Each of base stations 114a and 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate its access to one or more communication networks (e.g., CN 106 / 115, Internet 110, and / or other networks 112). For example, base stations 114a and 114b may be base transceiver stations (BTS), node B, e-node B, home node B, home e-node B, gNB, NR node B, site controller, access point (AP), and wireless routers, etc. Although each base station 114a and 114b is described as a single component, it should be understood that base stations 114a and 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network components.

[0036] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, and RAN 104 / 113 may also include other base stations and / or network components (not shown), such as base station controllers (BSCs), radio network controllers (RNCs), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive radio signals at one or more carrier frequencies, and base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be named cells (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide radio service coverage for a specific geographic area that is relatively fixed or may change over time. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, a cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, that is, each transceiver corresponds to one sector of the cell. In one embodiment, base station 114a may use multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may use multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, by using beamforming, signals can be transmitted and / or received in a desired spatial direction.

[0037] Base stations 114a and 114b can communicate with one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d via air interface 116, which can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, millimeter wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Air interface 116 can be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0038] More specifically, as described above, the communication system 100 can be a multiple access system and can use one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA, etc. For example, base station 114a in RAN 104 / 113 and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement a certain radio technology, such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), wherein the radio technology can use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish air interfaces 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0039] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may use some kind of radio technology, such as evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA), wherein the radio technology may use Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTA Pro (LTE-A Pro) to establish air interface 116.

[0040] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a certain radio technology, such as NR radio access, wherein the radio technology may use a novel radio (NR) to establish air interface 116.

[0041] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can jointly implement LTE radio access and NR radio access (e.g., using the dual connectivity (DC) principle). Thus, the air interface used by WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0042] In other embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement the following radio technologies, such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., WiMAX), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Provisional Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Provisional Standard 95 (IS-95), Provisional Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE), and GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0043] Figure 1ABase station 114b can be, for example, a wireless router, home node B, home e node B, or access point, and can use any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as, a business premises, residence, vehicle, campus, industrial facility, air corridor (e.g., for drone use), and road, etc. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can establish a wireless local area network (WLAN) by implementing a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN) by implementing a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15. In yet another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can establish a picocell or femtocell by using a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-APro, NR, etc.). Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b can be directly connected to the Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b does not necessarily need to access the Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0044] RAN 104 / 113 can communicate with CN 106 / 115, which can be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d. This data can have different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, fault tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, and mobility requirements, etc. CN106 / 115 can provide call control, billing services, location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or can perform advanced security functions such as user authentication. Although in Figure 1A While not shown, it should be understood that RAN 104 / 113 and / or CN 106 / 115 can communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs that use the same RAT or a different RAT as RAN 104 / 113. For example, in addition to connecting to RAN 104 / 113 which uses NR radio technology, CN 106 / 115 can also communicate with other RANs (not shown) that use GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technologies.

[0045] CN 106 / 115 may also act as a gateway for WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing Simple Old-Style Telephone Service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a system of globally interconnected computer networks and devices using common communication protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or Internet Protocol (IP) from the TCP / IP Internet Protocol suite. Network 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT or a different RAT as RAN 104 / 113.

[0046] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d in communication system 100 may include multi-mode capability (e.g., WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may include multiple transceivers communicating with different wireless networks on different wireless links). For example, Figure 1A The WTRU 102c shown can be configured to communicate with base station 114a using cellular-based radio technology, and with base station 114b using IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0047] Figure 1B This is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary WTRU 102. (See diagram below.) Figure 1B As shown, WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive unit 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a numeric keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripheral devices 138. It should be understood that, while remaining consistent with the embodiments, WTRU 102 may also include any sub-combination of the foregoing components.

[0048] Processor 118 can be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), and a state machine, etc. Processor 118 can perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other function that enables WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 can be coupled to transceiver 120, and transceiver 120 can be coupled to transmitting / receiving unit 122. Although Figure 1B While the processor 118 and transceiver 120 are described as separate components, it should be understood that the processor 118 and transceiver 120 can also be integrated into a single electronic component or chip.

[0049] Transmit / receive component 122 may be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, transmit / receive component 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. As an example, in another embodiment, transmit / receive component 122 may be a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals. In yet another embodiment, transmit / receive component 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive RF and optical signals. It should be understood that transmit / receive component 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0050] Although Figure 1B While the transmit / receive component 122 is described as a single component, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive components 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may use MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive components 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) that transmit and receive radio signals via the air interface 116.

[0051] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by transmitter / receiver 122 and demodulate signals received by transmitter / receiver 122. As described above, WTRU 102 can have multimode capability. Therefore, transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers that allow WTRU 102 to communicate using various RATs such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0052] The processor 118 of WTRU 102 can be coupled to a speaker / microphone 124, a numeric keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit), and can receive user input data from these components. The processor 118 can also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the numeric keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. Furthermore, the processor 118 can access information from and store data in any suitable memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. Non-removable memory 130 can include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of storage device. Removable memory 132 can include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, and a secure digital storage (SD) card, etc. In other embodiments, the processor 118 can access information from and store data in memory that is not actually located in WTRU 102; for example, such memory could be located in a server or home computer (not shown).

[0053] The processor 118 can receive power from the power source 134 and can be configured to distribute and / or control that power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 can be any suitable device that powers the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell battery packs (such as nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), nickel-zinc (Ni-Zn), nickel metal compound (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, and fuel cells, etc.

[0054] The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) related to the current location of the WTRU 102. As a supplement or replacement to the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from base stations (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) via the air interface 116, and / or determine its location based on signal timing received from two or more nearby base stations. It should be understood that, while remaining consistent with the embodiments, the WTRU 102 may acquire location information using any suitable positioning method.

[0055] The processor 118 may also be coupled to other peripheral devices 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules providing additional features, functions, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, peripheral devices 138 may include accelerometers, electronic compasses, satellite transceivers, digital cameras (for photos and / or videos), Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, vibration devices, television transceivers, hands-free headsets, Bluetooth® modules, FM radio units, digital music players, media players, video game console modules, internet browsers, virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) devices, and activity trackers, etc. Peripheral devices 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: gyroscopes, accelerometers, Hall effect sensors, magnetometers, orientation sensors, proximity sensors, temperature sensors, time sensors, geolocation sensors, altimeters, light sensors, touch sensors, magnetometers, barometers, gesture sensors, biometric sensors, and / or humidity sensors.

[0056] WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex wireless device, wherein for the full-duplex wireless device, the reception or transmission of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex wireless device may include an interference management unit 139 to reduce and / or substantially eliminate self-interference by means of hardware (e.g., a choke coil) or by means of a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or by means of processor 118) for signal processing. In one embodiment, WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex wireless device, wherein for the half-duplex device, the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., relative to transmission) and downlink (e.g., relative to reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0057] Figure 1C This diagram illustrates a system diagram of RAN 104 and CN 106 according to one embodiment. As described above, RAN 104 can communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116 using E-UTRA radio technology. Furthermore, RAN 104 can also communicate with CN 106.

[0058] RAN 104 may include eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c; however, it should be understood that RAN 104 may include any number of eNodeBs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. Each of eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c may include one or more transceivers communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, for example, eNodeB 140a may use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a.

[0059] Each of eNodeB 160a, 160b, and 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, etc. For example... Figure 1C As shown, nodes B160a, 160b, and 160c can communicate with each other via the X2 interface.

[0060] Figure 1C The CN 106 shown may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Serving Gateway (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing components is described as part of the CN 106, it should be understood that any of these components may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0061] The MME 162 can connect to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface and can act as a control node. For example, the MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, performing bearer activation / deactivation processes, and selecting a specific serving gateway during the initial attach process of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, etc. The MME 162 can also provide control plane functionality for handover between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) using other radio technologies (such as GSM and / or WCDMA).

[0062] The SGW 164 can connect to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 typically routes and forwards user data packets to / from WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. Furthermore, the SGW 164 can perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during handover between eNBs, triggering paging processing when DL data is available to WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and managing and storing the context of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, etc.

[0063] SGW 164 can be connected to PGW 146, which can provide packet-switched network (e.g., Internet 110) access for WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0064] CN 106 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 106 can provide circuit-switched network (e.g., PSTN 108) access for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c to facilitate communication between WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c and conventional landline communication equipment. For example, CN 106 may include or communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server), and the IP gateway may act as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. Furthermore, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0065] Although Figure 1A-1D The WTRU is described as a wireless terminal; however, it should be understood that in some typical embodiments, such a terminal may use a wired communication interface (e.g., temporary or permanent) with the communication network.

[0066] In a typical embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0067] A WLAN employing an Infrastructure Basic Services Set (BSS) model may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more Stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may access or interface with a Distributed System (DS) or other types of wired / wireless networks that send traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic originating outside the BSS and destined for a STA can be delivered to the STA via the AP. Traffic originating from a STA and destined for a destination outside the BSS can be sent to the AP for delivery to the appropriate destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be sent via the AP; for example, a source STA can send traffic to the AP, and the AP can deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic can be sent between the source and destination STAs (e.g., directly therebetween) using Direct Link Establishment (DLS). In some typical embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z Tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using the Standalone BSS (IBSS) mode does not have an access point (AP) and is located within the IBSS or the STAs using the IBSS (e.g., all STAs) can communicate directly with each other. Here, the IBSS communication mode is sometimes referred to as the "ad-hoc" communication mode.

[0068] When operating in 802.11ac infrastructure mode or a similar mode, the AP can transmit beacons on a fixed channel (e.g., the primary channel). The primary channel can have a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz bandwidth) or a width dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel can be the operating channel of the BSS and can be used by STAs to establish connections with the AP. In some typical embodiments, carrier-sensing multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) can be implemented (e.g., in an 802.11 system). For CSMA / CA, STAs, including the AP (e.g., each STA), can sense the primary channel. If a particular STA senses / detects and / or determines that the primary channel is busy, that particular STA can fall back. Within a given BSS, at any given time, only one STA (e.g., only one station) can be transmitting.

[0069] High-throughput (HT) STAs can communicate using channels with a width of 40 MHz (e.g., by combining a 20 MHz main channel with adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz channel).

[0070] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs can support channels with widths of 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz, and / or 160MHz. 40MHz and / or 80MHz channels can be formed by combining consecutive 20MHz channels. A 160MHz channel can be formed by combining eight consecutive 20MHz channels or by combining two non-consecutive 80MHz channels (this combination is referred to as an 80+80 configuration). For the 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, data is transmitted and passed through a segmented parser that splits the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time-domain processing can be performed independently on each stream. The streams can be mapped onto two 80MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by the STA performing the transmission. On the receiver of the STA performing the reception, the above operations for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Media Access Control (MAC).

[0071] 802.11af and 802.11ah support sub-1 GHz operating modes. Compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac, the channel operating bandwidth and carrier are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, while 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a typical embodiment, 802.11ah can support instrument-type control / machine-type communication (e.g., MTC devices in macro coverage areas). MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities including supporting (e.g., only supporting) certain and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life exceeding a threshold (e.g., maintaining a very long battery life).

[0072] For a WLAN system that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (e.g., 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah), the WLAN system includes a channel that can be designated as the primary channel. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be set and / or limited by a single STA, which is derived from all STAs operating in the BSS that support the minimum bandwidth operating mode. In the example regarding 802.11ah, even if the APs and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes, the width of the primary channel can be 1 MHz for STAs that support (e.g., only support) the 1 MHz mode (e.g., MTC type devices). Carrier sensing and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings can depend on the status of the primary channel. If the main channel is busy (e.g., because the STA (which only supports 1MHz operating mode) is transmitting to the AP), then the entire available band can be considered busy even if most of the frequency band remains idle and available.

[0073] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. Depending on the country code, the total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz.

[0074] Figure 1D This diagram illustrates a system diagram of RAN 113 and CN 115 according to one embodiment. As described above, RAN 113 can communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116 using NR radio technology. Furthermore, RAN 113 can also communicate with CN 115.

[0075] RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c; however, it should be understood that RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with the embodiments. Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a and 180b may use beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c. Thus, for example, gNB 180a may use multiple antennas to transmit radio signals to and / or receive radio signals from WTRU 102a. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to WTR 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement Cooperative Multipoint (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive cooperative transmissions from gNBs 180a and 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0076] WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using transmissions associated with scalable parameter configurations. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing can be different for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the radio transmission spectrum. WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of different or scalable lengths (e.g., containing different numbers of OFDM symbols and / or varying absolute durations).

[0077] gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in standalone and / or non-standalone configurations. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c without accessing other RANs (e.g., eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c). In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can use one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c as mobile anchors. In standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can use signals in unlicensed frequency bands to communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c communicate / connect with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c simultaneously with other RANs (e.g., eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c). For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate substantially simultaneously with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c, as well as one or more eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c, by implementing DC principles. In a non-standalone configuration, eNodeBs 160a, 160b, and 160c can act as mobile anchors for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput to service WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0078] Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, support network slicing, implement dual connectivity, implement interoperability processing between NR and E-UTRA, route user plane data to User Plane Functions (UPF) 184a and 184b, and route control plane information to Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMF) 182a and 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c can communicate with each other via the Xn interface.

[0079] Figure 1DThe CN 115 shown may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and may include Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing components is described as part of CN 115, it should be understood that any of these components may be owned and / or operated by entities other than CN operators.

[0080] AMF 182a and 182b can connect to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c in RAN 113 via the N2 interface and can act as control nodes. For example, AMF 182a and 182b can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different needs), selecting specific SMF183a and 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signaling, and mobility management, etc. AMF 182a and 1823b can use network slicing to customize the CN support provided to WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c based on the service type used by WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c. As an example, different network slices can be established for different use cases, such as services that rely on Ultra Reliable Low Latency (URLLC) access, services that rely on Enhanced Massive Mobile Broadband (eMBB) access, and / or services for Machine Type Communication (MTC) access, etc. AMF 162 can provide control plane functions for switching between RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that use other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies like WiFi.

[0081] SMFs 183a and 183b can connect to AMFs 182a and 182b in CN 115 via the N11 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can also connect to UPFs 184a and 184b in CN 115 via the N4 interface. SMFs 183a and 183b can select and control UPFs 184a and 184b, and can configure traffic routing through UPFs 184a and 184b. SMFs 183a and 183b can perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, and providing downlink data notifications. PDU session types can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0082] UPF 184a and 184b can connect to one or more of gNB 180a, 180b, and 180c in CN 113 via the N3 interface, thus providing packet-switched network (e.g., Internet 110) access for WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c to facilitate communication between WTRU 102a, 102b, and 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF 184 and 184b can perform other functions such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multihomed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, and providing mobility anchoring processing, etc.

[0083] CN 115 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 115 may include or can communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between CN 115 and CN 108. Furthermore, CN 115 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a and 185b via the N3 interface connected to UPFs 184a and 184b and the N6 interface between UPFs 184a and 184b and DNs 185a and 185b.

[0084] In view of Figure 1A-1D And about Figure 1A-1D The corresponding descriptions herein refer to one or more of the functions described below, which can be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown): WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNodeB 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185 ab, and / or any other one or more devices described herein. These emulation devices can be one or more devices configured to simulate one or more of the functions described herein. For example, these emulation devices can be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0085] The simulation equipment may be designed to perform one or more tests on other devices in a laboratory environment and / or a carrier network environment. For example, the one or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions while being implemented and / or deployed, wholly or partially, as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network, to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The simulation equipment may be directly coupled to other devices to perform tests, and / or may use over-the-air wireless communication to perform tests.

[0086] One or more simulation devices can perform one or more functions, including all functionalities, without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the simulation devices can be used in test scenarios, such as test laboratories and / or wired and / or wireless communication networks that are not deployed (e.g., under test), to perform tests on one or more components. The one or more simulation devices can be test equipment. The simulation devices can transmit and / or receive data using direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (which, for example, may include one or more antennas).

[0087] Emerging 5G system use cases can be broadly categorized as follows: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). This broad categorization of use cases can be based on the requirements defined by ITU-R, NGMN, and 3GPP. Use cases can focus on one or more requirements, such as higher data rates, higher spectral efficiency, lower power consumption, higher energy efficiency, lower latency, and higher reliability. A wide frequency band from 700 MHz to 80 GHz can be considered for various deployment scenarios.

[0088] As carrier frequency increases, path loss can become a limiting factor in ensuring adequate coverage. Transmission in millimeter-wave systems may suffer from non-line-of-sight losses (e.g., diffraction loss, penetration loss, oxygen absorption loss, and leaf surface loss). During initial access, base stations and / or WTRUs can overcome high path loss and / or discover each other. For example, beamforming signals can be generated using antenna components to compensate for path loss by providing beamforming gain. Beamforming techniques can include digital, analog, and hybrid beamforming.

[0089] It can provide LTE initial synchronization and / or broadcast channels.

[0090] During cell search, the WTRU can acquire time and / or frequency synchronization with the cell and can detect the cell ID. An LTE synchronization signal can be transmitted in the 0th and / or 5th subframe of one or more (e.g., each) radio frames, and / or this LTE synchronization signal can be used for time and / or frequency synchronization during initialization. As part of the system acquisition process, the WTRU can synchronize (e.g., sequentially) OFDM symbols, time slots, subframes, half-frames, and / or radio frames (e.g., based on the synchronization signal). This synchronization signal can be a primary synchronization signal (PSS) and / or a secondary synchronization signal (SSS). The primary synchronization signal (PSS) can be used to acquire time slot, subframe, and / or half-frame boundaries. The PSS can provide the Physical Layer Cell Identity (PCI) within a cell identity group. The secondary synchronization signal (SSS) can be used to acquire radio frame boundaries. The SSS enables the WTRU to determine cell identity groups in the range of 0 to 167.

[0091] After synchronization (e.g., successful synchronization) and / or PCI acquisition, the WTRU can decode the Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) (e.g., by means of the Cell Specific Reference Signal (CRS)) and / or acquire Master Information Block (MIB) information about system bandwidth, System Frame Number (SFN), and / or PHICH configuration.

[0092] As an example, LTE synchronization signals and / or PBCH can be transmitted according to a standardized period (e.g., continuous transmission).

[0093] As an example, in a new type of radio (NR), a highly standardized synchronization signal (SS) burst structure can be as follows. PSS, SSS, and / or PBCH can be transmitted within SS blocks, one or more SS blocks can constitute an SS burst, and / or one or more SS blocks can constitute an SS burst set. Since one or more SS blocks can constitute an SS burst, and / or one or more SS blocks can constitute an SS burst set, PSS, SSS, and / or PBCH can be transmitted within SS bursts and / or SS burst sets. One or more of the following aspects can be provided and addressed herein: Detailed design for SS burst composition and / or structure can be provided. Information indicating within SS bursts can be provided. A standardized SS burst structure can be provided (e.g., to support single-beam and / or multi-beam deployments). Design regarding timing indication can be provided (e.g., for SS bursts that can cover single-beam and / or multi-beam operation). Detailed SS burst composition and / or structure can be provided.

[0094] The SS burst structure within NR (e.g., a new SS burst structure) can affect system frame acquisition. As an example, LTE system frame acquisition, for instance, can be performed by scrambling and / or transmitting one or more system frame numbers (SFNs) within the PBCH payload. As an example, designs for acquiring system frame numbers and / or extending SFNs (e.g., based on SS burst set structures) can be provided (e.g., for NR) to address the introduction of SS blocks and / or burst structures.

[0095] The SS burst set structure within NR can be redesigned for system performance and / or synchronization delay (e.g., optimal system performance and synchronization delay). Sequence designs conforming to the SS burst structure within NR are available.

[0096] It is possible to design and / or construct SS burst sets.

[0097] The design and / or construction of SS burst sets may take into account one or more of the following aspects: radio frame number, time slot number, subframe number, minimum time slot number, system frame number, periodicity and / or coherent combination of signals.

[0098] SS blocks can be defined for radio frames. SS block indices can be indicated within radio frames. SS block indices can be time indices of the SS blocks. As an example, the time index of the SS block within a radio frame can be used to identify one or more SS blocks within that radio frame.

[0099] SS blocks can be defined for SS bursts. SS blocks can be defined for sets of SS bursts. As an example, a time index specific to SS blocks within an SS burst can be used. Another time index can be used for an SS burst index, which can be specific to one or more SS bursts within an SS burst set. The SS burst index can be common to SS blocks within one or more SS bursts. SS block indices can be indicated within SS bursts, and / or SS burst indices can be indicated within sets of SS bursts. SS blocks can be defined for sets of SS bursts. SS block indices can be indicated within sets of SS bursts. One or more SS blocks within an SS burst set can be identified using the time index of SS blocks within the SS burst set. SS blocks can be confined within a predetermined window. SS blocks can be distributed over the period (e.g., the entire period) of the SS burst set. SS blocks can be confined. SS blocks (e.g., all SS blocks) can be confined within half-radio frames or 5ms windows. For example, SS blocks can be confined within the first or second half-radio frames or within the first or second 5ms window of a 10ms radio frame. Whether an SS block is confined to the first or second half-radio frame, or the first or second 5ms window of a 10ms radio frame, can be predetermined, for example, by default or indicated by an indicator. For example, the WTRU can be instructed on where to receive the SS block (e.g., the first or second radio frame) based on the half-radio frame indication.

[0100] For a frequency band, an SS block can correspond to K OFDM symbols (e.g., based on the default subcarrier spacing). K can be constant. The signal multiplexing structure within an SS block can be fixed. A set of SS blocks can correspond to M SS bursts. An SS burst can correspond to N SS blocks. A set of SS bursts can correspond to L SS blocks. L can be any number of SS blocks. . Figure 2 An exemplary SS burst set design and / or structure is illustrated.

[0101] Figure 2 Examples for constructing and / or designing SS blocks, bursts, and / or burst sets are shown. An SS burst may correspond to N SS blocks, and / or an SS burst set may correspond to M SS bursts. SS blocks may be defined based on SS bursts, and / or SS bursts may be defined based on SS burst sets. SS block indices may be indicated within SS bursts, and / or SS burst indices may be indicated within SS burst sets.

[0102] Figure 3 Examples of constructing and / or designing SS blocks, bursts, and / or burst sets are shown. An SS burst set can correspond to L SS blocks. SS blocks can be defined based on an SS burst set. SS block indices can be indicated within an SS burst set.

[0103] Figure 4Examples for constructing and / or designing SS blocks, bursts, and / or burst sets are shown. A radio frame may correspond to N SS blocks, and / or an SS burst set may correspond to M radio frames. SS blocks may be defined based on radio frames. Radios may be defined based on SS burst sets. SS block indices may be indicated within radio frames, and / or radio frame indices may be indicated within SS burst sets.

[0104] As described herein, an SS burst may correspond to N SS blocks, and / or a set of SS bursts may correspond to M SS bursts. A set of SS bursts may correspond to L SS blocks. One or more of M, N, or L (e.g., M and N, or L) may use fixed values. The values ​​of M, N, and / or L may be designed such that the values ​​of M, N, and / or L are cell-specific, gNB-specific, and / or Transmitter Receiver Point (TRP)-specific. In some examples (e.g., alternative examples), the values ​​of M, N, and / or L may not be fixed and / or may be changed. M and / or N may be updated and / or provided. Parameters M, N, and / or L may be configured.

[0105] The WTRU can be configured with information about which SS blocks (e.g., within an SS burst set) can be transmitted. The WTRU can provide information to the gNB and / or TRP about which SS blocks (e.g., within an SS burst set) can be activated, enabled, and / or transmitted. The WTRU can be in idle mode. When the WTRU is in idle mode, it can provide information to the gNB and / or TRP about which SS blocks (e.g., which SS blocks) within the SS burst set can be activated, enabled, and / or transmitted via initial UL transmission, NR-PRACH message 1, and / or message 3, etc. When in connected mode, the WTRU can provide information to the gNB and / or TRP about which SS blocks (e.g., which SS blocks) within the transmission SS burst set can be activated, enabled, deactivated, and / or deactivated via WTRU feedback (e.g., UCI, such as NR-PUCCH) and / or via MAC-CE and / or Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, etc.

[0106] Based on the received SS blocks, the WTRU can identify one or more of the following (e.g., all of the following): The WTRU can identify the OFDM symbol index, the slot index within the radio frame, the radio frame number, and / or the minimum slot index. For initial cell selection, the default SS burst set period can be based on (e.g., a function of the frequency band and / or frequency range) the frequency band and / or frequency range. The WTRU can assume a default SS burst set period, for example, which can be determined based on the frequency band and / or frequency range on which the WTRU is operating. SS blocks can be repeated according to the SS burst set period. The NR-PBCH content within the repeated SS blocks can be different and / or can be changed. Sets of SS block time locations (e.g., a single set) can be specified for frequency ranges, frequency bands, and / or subbands.

[0107] An SS block may contain one or more signals. For example, an SS block may contain one or more of the following: NR-PSS, NR-SSS, and / or NR-PBCH. Signal types may be included within an SS block. For example, another type (e.g., a second type) of PBCH signal may be included within an SS block (e.g., an auxiliary NR-PBCH signal may be included within an SS block). Another type (e.g., a third type) of SS signal (e.g., a third SS and / or NR-SS signal) and / or NR-PSS and / or NR-SSS may be included within an SS block. Other signal types (e.g., a motion reference signal (MRS) and / or a measurement reference signal) may be included. One or more other channels (e.g., data transmission and / or control information) may be multiplexed within an SS block. One or more signals (e.g., NR-PBCH, a second NR-PBCH, a second type NR-PBCH, a third NR-PBCH, and / or a third type SS signal) may be deactivated within one or more SS blocks.

[0108] The SS block index can be indicated using one or more of the following signals: NR-SS, NR-PBCH, another NR-SS of another type (e.g., a third NR-SS), another NR-PBCH, another type of NR-PBCH (e.g., an auxiliary NR-PBCH), etc. The SS block index can be carried within the payload of the PBCH signal and / or channel. For example, when indicating the SS block index (e.g., by using NR-PBCH, another NR-PBCH, and / or other types of NR-PBCH), the SS block index can be carried within the payload of the PBCH signal and / or channel. The SS block index can be embedded within one or more of the following using implicit features (e.g., CRC masking and / or sequence scrambling): NR-PBCH, another NR-PBCH, and / or other types of NR-PBCH. The WTRU may not assume that the gNB and / or TRP will transmit the same number of physical beams (one or more). WTRU may not assume that gNB and / or TRP will transmit the same number of physical beams (one or more) on one or more (different) SS blocks within an SS burst and / or within an SS burst set.

[0109] System frames can be obtained.

[0110] System frames can be obtained using SS blocks and / or bursts.

[0111] The SS block index can be used to indicate a radio frame number. When the SS block index indicates one or more... During radio frames, A system frame can be indicated as follows: SFN = f(SFN within PBCH, SS block index). The SS block index can be obtained from the LSB of the SFN. Each bit is represented, and it can be indicated by an SS block. The SFN within the PBCH can be represented by the MSB of the SFN. Each bit is represented and can be indicated within the NR-PBCH signal and channel (e.g., via the NR-PBCH payload).

[0112] Figure 5An exemplary system frame number (SFN) acquisition using the SS block index is illustrated. At 502, the WTRU can detect the SS block and / or the associated SS block index. At 504, the WTRU can derive the LSB of the SFN from the received SS block and / or the associated SS block index. At 506, the WTRU can receive the NR-PBCH. At 508, the WTRU can derive the MSB of the SFN from the received NR-PBCH signal and / or the channel. At 510, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) by combining the LSBs indicated and / or transported within the SS block and / or the MSBs indicated and / or transported within the NR-PBCH signal and / or the channel.

[0113] The SS burst index can be used to indicate the radio frame number. When the SS burst index indicates one or more... During radio frames, A system frame can be indicated as follows: SFN = f(SFN within PBCH, SS burst index). The SS burst index can be obtained by targeting the SFN LSB. Each bit is represented, for example, it can be indicated using SS bursts. The SFN within the PBCH can be represented by the SFN MSB. Each bit is represented, for example, it can be indicated within the NR-PBCH signal and channel.

[0114] Figure 6 An exemplary system frame number (SFN) acquisition is illustrated using SS blocks and / or bursts. At 602, the WTRU can detect the SS burst and / or associated SS burst index. At 604, the WTRU can derive the LSB of the SFN from the received SS burst and / or associated SS burst index. At 606, the WTRU can receive the NR-PBCH. At 608, the WTRU can derive the MSB of the SFN. For example, the WTRU can derive the MSB of the SFN from the received NR-PBCH payload. At 610, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU can acquire the SFN by combining the LSB that can be indicated and / or delivered within the SS burst and the MSB that can be indicated and / or delivered within the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel.

[0115] It can provide multi-stage system frame acquisition.

[0116] Figure 7 An exemplary multi-stage system frame number acquisition is illustrated (e.g., using a 3-stage approach). The SNF can be a function of one or more of the following parameters: SS block / burst index, scrambling code, and / or SNF within the NR-RBCH. The SFN can be f(SS block / burst index, scrambling code, SNF within the NR-RBCH).

[0117] An exemplary multi-stage frame number acquisition can be performed as follows: At 702, the WTRU can select an SS block and / or a burst. At 704, the WTRU can obtain a first portion of the SFN from the received SS block / burst. At 706, the WTRU can receive the NR-PBCH. At 708, the WTRU can obtain a second portion of the SNF from the scrambling code. At 710, the WTRU can obtain a third portion of the SNF from the NR-PBCH signal and / or the channel (e.g., the payload). At 712, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU can obtain the SFN (e.g., after multiple stages) by combining the first portion of the SFN indicated within the SS block, the second portion of the SFN indicated within the scrambling code, and / or the third portion of the SFN indicated within the NR-PBCH payload.

[0118] Figure 8 An exemplary system frame number (SFN) acquisition is illustrated (e.g., multi-stage system frame number acquisition, such as acquisition via 4 stages). The SFN can be based on (e.g., a function of one or more of the following parameters): the SS block index, the SS burst index, the scrambling code, and / or the SFN within the NR-PBCH. The SFN can be f(SS block index, SS burst index, scrambling code, SFN within the NR-PBCH). An exemplary multi-stage system frame number acquisition can be performed as follows: At 802, the WTRU can detect an SS block. At 804, the WTRU can obtain a first portion of the SFN from the received SS block. At 806, the WTRU can detect an SS burst. At 808, the WTRU can obtain a second portion of the SFN from the received SS burst. At 810, the WTRU can receive the NR-PBCH. At 812, the WTRU can obtain a third portion of the SFN from the scrambling code. At 814, the WTRU can obtain a fourth portion of the SFN from the NR-PBCH payload.

[0119] In 816, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU can acquire the SFN by combining the first part of the SFN (indicated within the SS block), the second part of the SFN (indicated within the SS burst), the third part of the SFN (indicated within the scrambling code), and / or the fourth part of the SFN (indicated within the NR-PBCH payload) (e.g., through multiple stages).

[0120] Figure 9An exemplary multi-stage system frame number acquisition is illustrated. This exemplary multi-stage system frame number acquisition can be performed as follows: At 902, the WTRU can detect the SS block. At 904, the WTRU can acquire the first portion of the LSB of the SFN from the received SS block. At 906, the WTRU can receive the NR-PBCH. At 908, the WTRU can acquire the second portion of the LSB of the SFN from the scrambling code. At 910, the WTRU can acquire the MSB of the SFN from the NR-PBCH payload.

[0121] In 912, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU can acquire the SFN by combining the first part of the LSB of the SFN (e.g., indicated within the SS block), the second part of the LSB of the SFN (e.g., indicated within the scrambling code), and / or the MSB of the SFN (e.g., indicated within the NR-PBCH payload).

[0122] System frame acquisition can be provided. One or more of the following methods can be applied.

[0123] WTRU can receive SS block signals.

[0124] WTRU can detect SS block time indicators within an SS burst set. SS block time indicators can be represented as... Its range can be from 1 to L-1, for example = 0, 1, 2, …, L-1.

[0125] WTRU can detect the time indication of the SS block. Obtain the first part of the SFN. For example, the WTRU can obtain the first part of the SFN from the detected SS block time indication via the following equation:

[0126] The first part of the SFN can be 0 or 1.

[0127] The WTRU can descramble and / or decode the NR-PBCH channel. The WTRU can use a scrambling code and / or an offset version of the scrambling code to descramble the NR-PBCH signal.

[0128] The scrambling code can be scrambling code 0, 1, 2...Z-1. The scrambling code 0, 1, 2...Z-1 can be called the original scrambling code.

[0129] The scrambling code offset (e.g., using a J-code offset) can be a scrambling code J, J+1…Z-1, 0, 1…J-1. The scrambling code offset can be a cyclic offset of the J-code of the original scrambling code.

[0130] The number of bits in the second part of the SFN can be determined (e.g., obtained) based on the following formula: The number of bits in the second part of SFN =

[0131] The WTRU can determine (e.g., obtain) the bit content (e.g., specific bit content) of the second part of the SFN from the detected scrambling offset, for example, using the following table (assuming J=4):

[0132] Table 1: The second part of SFN (J = 4) For J=8, the second part of SFN can be 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, and / or 111.

[0133] The WTRU can obtain the third part of the SFN from the NR-PBCH payload. This third part of the SFN can be equal to the SFN bits carried by the PBCH (e.g., those shown in the output).

[0134] The WTRU can obtain the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) by concatenating and / or combining the first part of the SFN obtained from the SS block, the second part of the SFN obtained from the scrambling code, and / or the third part of the SFN transported within the NR-PBCH payload. Examples of concatenation and / or combination are as follows: Figure 10 As shown.

[0135] For example, if obtained via SS block index ; obtained through the detected scrambling code and offset ; and / or obtained via decoding the PBCH payload Then the SFN (for example, the entire SFN) can be:

[0136] One or more portions (e.g., different portions) of the SFN bits can be obtained via the PBCH payload, SS block index, and / or one or more combinations (e.g., different combinations) of scrambling codes and offsets. For example, based on design and system parameters, a first portion of the SFN bits can be obtained via the detected scrambling code and offset, a second portion of the SFN bits can be obtained via the SS block index or time index, and / or a third portion of the SFN bits can be obtained via the PBCH payload. Figure 11 An example of acquisition is shown. One or more portions of SFN bits (e.g., different portions) can be obtained and / or acquired, for example, by detecting and / or decoding SS blocks and PBCH signals and channels. One or more portions of SFN bits (e.g., different portions) can be concatenated and / or combined to form an SFN bit set (e.g., a final set).

[0137] The SS block index can be transported within the PBCH. For example, the SS block index can be explicitly carried within the payload within the PBCH and / or implicitly carried within the signal. For example, as described, an explicitly referential indication can be in the form of bits transported as payload within the PBCH. Implicitly referential indications that are part of a signal, such as signal initialization and / or offsets within a signal but not included (e.g., explicitly included) as part of the payload.

[0138] System frames based on operating mode can be acquired.

[0139] Various periods can be used (e.g., a set of periods for SS burst sets). Periods can be predefined as the default period for SS burst set transmissions. This default period can be represented as... A number of radio frames. A periodic set can be represented as... One radio frame.

[0140] The WTRU can detect SS blocks based on, for example, a default period. For instance, during initial access, the WTRU can detect SS blocks based on a default period. The WTRU can then determine the time of the detected SS blocks. The first part of SFN is obtained using the following equation:

[0141] The WTRU can use a default period and / or one or more periods from a set of periods. For example, during idle mode, the WTRU can use a default period and / or one or more periods from a set of periods. The network can indicate a period to the WTRU. After the WTRU receives the indicated period, it can override the default period. The period used for adjustment can be indicated using the NR-PBCH. The NR-PBCH can carry one or more bits (e.g., several bits) to indicate the period. The WTRU can obtain the updated period. For example, the WTRU can obtain the updated period after decoding the NR-PBCH. The period used for adjustment can be indicated using minimal system information.

[0142] WTRU can use the following equation to determine the time indication of the detected SS block. To obtain the first part of SFN:

[0143] During RRC connection mode, the WTRU can use one or more cycles from the cycle set. The network can indicate the cycle to the WTRU. After the WTRU receives the indicated cycle, it can overwrite the previously used cycle. The cycle used for adjustment can be indicated using dedicated signaling (e.g., RRC signaling). The RRC signaling can carry one or more bits (e.g., several bits) to indicate the cycle dedicated to the WTRU.

[0144] WTRU can use the following equation to determine the time indication of the detected SS block. To obtain the first part of SFN:

[0145] It can perform system frame acquisition with confirmation.

[0146] It can obtain, for example, a system frame number with confirmation. Figure 12 An exemplary system frame number (SNF) acquisition with confirmation is shown. One or more of the following can be performed: At 1202, the WTRU can receive and / or detect the SS signal. At 1204, the WTRU can receive and / or detect the SS burst. At 1206, the WTRU can obtain the first part of the SNF from the received SS burst. At 1208, the WTRU can receive the NR-PUBCH signal and / or the channel. At 1210, the WTRU can detect the scrambling code. At 1212, the WTRU can obtain the first part of the SFN from the detected scrambling code.

[0147] At 1214, the WTRU can compare the first part of the SFN (e.g., obtain the first part of the SFN from the received SS burst). If the first part of the SFN obtained from the received SS burst is different from the first part of the SFN obtained from the detected scrambling code, at 1202, the WTRU can detect the SS signal. If the first part of the SFN obtained from the received SS burst is the same as the first part of the SFN obtained from the detected scrambling code, at 1216, the WTRU can confirm that the first part of the SFN was successfully acquired.

[0148] At 1218, the WTRU may obtain a second portion of the SFN from the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel (e.g., payload). At 1220, the WTRU may determine (e.g., acquire) the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU may obtain the SFN by combining a first portion of the SFN (e.g., indicated within the SS burst) with a second portion of the SFN (e.g., indicated within the NR-PBCH, such as the signal and / or payload within the NR-PBCH).

[0149] An example of obtaining a confirmed system frame number can be performed as follows. For example, the system frame number or a portion thereof can be transmitted to the WTRU. The system frame number can be transmitted to the WTRU in one or more ways (e.g., more than one way simultaneously). The system frame number can be transmitted to the WTRU via a scrambling sequence or scrambling code used, for example, the PBCH. The system frame number can be transmitted to the WTRU simultaneously via the PBCH payload. Bits can be transmitted to the WTRU. For example, an even number or a non-even number of bits can be transmitted to the WTRU. The same number of system frame numbers or different numbers of system frame numbers can be transmitted to the WTRU (e.g., by using one or more methods). For example, an X-bit system frame number can be transmitted to the WTRU (e.g., via the PBCH payload), and a Y-bit system frame number can be transmitted to the WTRU (e.g., via PBCH scrambling). X can be 10 bits, and Y can be 2, 3, or 4 bits. Y can be a subset of X. For example, a portion of the system frame number's bits (e.g., a first portion) can be transmitted to the WTRU (e.g., via a scrambling sequence or scrambling code), and another portion of the system frame number's bits (e.g., a second portion) can be transmitted to the WTRU (e.g., via the PBCH payload). The first and second portions of the system frame number's bits may overlap (e.g., completely or partially). The first and second portions of the system frame number's bits may not overlap. When the first and second portions of the system frame number's bits completely overlap, the first and second portions of the system frame number's bits may be identical. When the first and second portions of the system frame number's bits partially overlap, some of the first and second portions of the system frame number's bits may be identical. When the first and second portions of the system frame number's bits do not overlap, the first and second portions of the system frame number's bits may be different. The identical portions of the system frame number's bits can be used for acknowledgment.

[0150] Figure 13 An example of obtaining a system frame number with confirmation is shown. At 1302, the WTRU can detect the SS signal. At 1304, the WTRU can detect SS bursts and / or SS blocks. At 1306, the WTRU can obtain the LSB of the SFN. For example, the WTRU can obtain the LSB of the SFN from the received SS bursts and / or SS blocks. At 1308, the WTRU can (e.g., simultaneously) detect the scrambling code. At 1310, the WTRU can obtain the LSB of the SFN from the detected scrambling code.

[0151] At 1312, the WTRU can compare the LSB of the SFN obtained from the received SS burst and / or the LSB of the SFN obtained from the detected scrambling code. At 1314, if the LSB of the SFN (e.g., obtained from the received SS block or SS burst, such as obtained from the PBCH payload within the SS block or burst) is not the same as the LSB of the SFN obtained from the detected scrambling code, at 1302, the WTRU can detect the SS signal. At 1314, if the LSB of the SFN (e.g., obtained from the received SS block or SS burst, such as obtained from the PBCH payload within the SS block or burst) is the same as the LSB of the SFN obtained from the detected scrambling code, the WTRU can confirm that the LSB of the SFN has been successfully acquired. At 1316, the WTRU can receive the NR-PBCH signal and / or the channel (e.g., from the PBCH payload within the SS block or burst). At 1318, the WTRU can obtain the MSB of the SFN from the NR-PBCH signal and / or the channel (e.g., from the PBCH payload within the SS block or burst). At 1320, the WTRU can obtain the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU can obtain the SFN by combining the LSB indicated within the SS block or burst with the MSB indicated within the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel.

[0152] An SS block or SS burst may contain one or more of the following: PSS, SSS, and / or PBCH. PBCH may contain PBCH payload and / or PBCH data demodulation reference signal (DMRS). PBCH payload or bits may be scrambled, for example, by a scrambling sequence or scrambling code. The scrambling sequence or scrambling code may be based on (e.g., entirely or partially based on) the cell ID. The scrambling sequence or scrambling code may be a function of the cell ID or a function of the cell ID and one or more other IDs and / or indices. For example, the scrambling sequence or scrambling code may be a function of the cell ID and / or timing information. The scrambling sequence or scrambling code may be determined by the cell ID and / or timing information index (e.g., SS block index, SFN, etc.).

[0153] One or more SFN acquisitions can be used for one or more SS burst set cycles, for example, to optimize system performance. For example, an SFN acquisition can be used and / or associated with a cycle, and / or another SFN acquisition can be used and / or associated with another cycle.

[0154] It can perform system frame acquisition based on SS period with period adjustment.

[0155] Figure 13A , 13B An example flow for system frame acquisition with periodic adjustment is shown. Figure 13A , 13B This describes features that can be associated with system frame acquisition with periodic adjustment. For example, the feature may include one or more of the following.

[0156] At 1350, the WTRU can detect and / or receive signals as SS block bursts. At 1352, the WTRU can determine whether an adjustment to the SS burst set period (e.g., adjustment information) has been received. At 1354, the WTRU can receive information about SS burst set adjustments and / or transmitted SS blocks from the NR-PBCH, minimum system information, and / or RRC signaling. For example, the WTRU can receive the NR-PBCH, minimum system information, and / or RRC signaling to obtain and / or determine adjustment information. The WTRU can receive adjustment information from the NR-PBCH, minimum system information, and / or RRC signaling to adjust and / or update the SS burst set period.

[0157] If no adjustment is received, WTRU can use a default period (e.g., the default SS period) for detection. For example, the default SS burst set period can be 20 ms and / or It can be equal to 2 radio frames. One radio frame can be 10ms.

[0158] If an adjustment is received, a predefined period set can be used at 1368. The predefined period set can be {5ms, 10ms, 20ms, 40ms, 80ms, 160ms} and / or Can be equal to .

[0159] The cycle can be short or long. The cycle can be the default.

[0160] If no period adjustment is received, at 1356, the WTRU can use the default SS burst set period. During this default SS burst set period, at 1358, a portion of the SFN (e.g., the first portion) can be obtained. For example, a portion of the SFN (e.g., the first portion) can be obtained from the received SS blocks and / or SS bursts. The WTRU can obtain the first portion of the SFN from the SS block index or time index. The SS block index or time index can be indicated by the NR-PBCH DMRS (e.g., implicitly indicated). The WTRU can obtain (e.g., directly obtained) the first portion of the SFN from the NR-PBCH DMRS. The WTRU can obtain the first portion of the SFN from the SS block index or time index indicated by the NR-PBCH (e.g., explicitly indicated). The WTRU can decode, for example, the NR-PBCH to obtain the SS block index or time index (e.g., if needed). SFN_1 can be equal to floor (Ndefault x SSBlockID / L). At 1360, the WTRU can detect, descramble, and / or decode the NR-PBCH. In 1362, the WTRU can obtain the second part of the SFN. For example, the WTRU can obtain the second part of the SFN from the scrambling code and / or offset (SFN_2). The WTRU can follow Table 2.

[0161]

[0162] Table 2 In 1364, the WTRU can obtain the third part of the SFN. For example, the WTRU can obtain the third part of the SFN (SFN_3) from the PBCH payload. In 1366, multiple parts of the SFN (e.g., 3 parts) can be combined. For example, multiple parts of the SFN (e.g., 3 parts) can be combined to generate the entire SFN [SFN_3, SFN_2, SFN_1].

[0163] It can receive period adjustments. If a period adjustment is received, at 1370, WTRU can determine whether the period is long or short. WTRU can also determine whether the period is the default.

[0164] For short-period adjustments, one or more of the following can be applied. For short-period adjustments, at 1372, the WTRU can detect, descramble, and / or decode the NR-PBCH. For short-period adjustments, at 1374, the WTRU can obtain the first part (SFN_1) of the SFN from the scrambling code and / or offset described herein. For short-period adjustments, at 1376, the WTRU can obtain the second part (SFN_2) of the SFN from the PBCH payload. At 1378, the two parts can be combined. For example, the two parts can be combined to generate SFN [SFN_2, SFN_1] (e.g., the entire SFN [SFN_2, SFN_1]).

[0165] For long-cycle adjustments, one or more of the following can be applied. For long-cycle adjustments, at 1380, the WTRU can obtain the first part of the SFN from the received SS block or SS burst. For example, the WTRU can obtain the first part of the SFN from the SS block index or time index indicated (e.g., implicitly indicated) by the NR-PBCH DMRS. The WTRU can obtain (e.g., directly) the first part of the SFN from the NR-PBCH DMRS. The WTRU can obtain the first part of the SFN from the SS block index or time index indicated (e.g., explicitly indicated) by the NR-PBCH. At 1382, the WTRU can decode the NR-PBCH. For example, the WTRU can decode the NR-PBCH to obtain the SS block index or time index (e.g., if needed). For long-cycle adjustments, SFN_1 can be equal to floor(Nadapt,ix SSBlockID / L). For long-cycle adjustments, the WTRU can detect, descramble, and / or decode the NR-PBCH. For long-cycle adjustments, at 1384, WTRU can obtain the second part of SFN (SFN_2) from PBCH payload. At 1386, multiple parts (e.g., two parts) can be combined to generate the entire SFN [SFN_2, SFN_1].

[0166] For the default period adjustment, the WTRU may perform the operations described herein. For example, for the default period adjustment, if no period adjustment is received, the WTRU may perform the operations described herein. One or more of the following may be applied.

[0167] Indicators can be used to represent and / or obtain 5 ms timing indications, boundaries, and / or It can be equal to a 0.5 radio frame timing indicator. This indicator can be a 1-bit indicator. This indicator can be operated by NR-PBCH, Residual Minimum System Information (RMSI), and / or RRC signaling. This indicator (e.g., a 1-bit indicator) can be indicated via DMRS (such as NR-PBCHDMRS) (e.g., implicit indication).

[0168] The SFN can be derived from one or more of the following: The SFN can be derived from the PBCH-DMRS. The SFN can be derived from the SS block index and / or the SS block timing index. The SFN can be derived from the scrambling code. The SFN can be derived from the PBCH payload. The SFN can be derived from the CRC mask.

[0169] The features described herein (e.g., solutions) can be applied to super SFN (H-SFN).

[0170] It can execute one or more SS signals and / or sequence features.

[0171] One or more SS sequences (e.g., with SS bursts) can be executed using Zadoff-Chu sequences. The sequence length is selected to accommodate and / or validate one or more (e.g., different) SS bandwidths and / or one or more (e.g., different) FFT sizes. For example, a Zadoff Chu of length 63 (ZC63), a Zadoff Chu of length 127 (ZC127), and / or a Zadoff Chu of length 277 (ZC255).

[0172] For each sequence length (e.g., per sequence length), a root can be selected. For example, a root can be selected to achieve optimal results for SS signal and / or burst detection. One or more of the following can be performed for, for example, the root. The value of the root can vary from 1 to N-1. N can be the length of the Zadoff-Chu sequence. Equations can be used. To generate a ZC sequence. “n” can be the sampling point where the value is calculated, and / or “N” can be the sequence length. “root” can be the root used to generate the sequence. A detection threshold can be calculated for the root. The root can be calculated using simulation within an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with an SNR of 0 dB. The sequence may not be transmitted from the transmitter, and / or the receiver can determine (e.g., calculate) the correlation of the received data from the channel. A detection threshold can be selected, and / or the detection threshold can give a false alarm probability of 0.1. PSS transmission can be performed within the CDL channel mode. After passing through the channel mode, a part per million (PPM) of the carrier frequency offset (CFO) can be added to the data. One or more AWGN values ​​at SNR values ​​(e.g., different values) can be used. The received data can be associated with a copy of the PSS sequence. The highest peak value can be compared with the selected threshold. Comparing the highest peak value with the selected threshold determines the detection probability at the SNR (e.g., the selected SNR). The relationship between detection probability and the root selected for the Zadoff-Chu sequence can be plotted. Roots can be selected. For example, a root with optimal detection performance can be chosen. Selecting a root with optimal detection performance indicates that there is no detection probability bottleneck (no-flooring) when increasing the SNR, such as in the case of 1 PPM CFO.

[0173] Figure 14 Performance for the ZC255 sequence is shown. Performance at low SNRs can be consistent for one or more (e.g., all) roots. At higher SNRs (e.g., with increased CFO), some roots may exhibit poor flooring performance and / or perform poorly. For example, in Figure 14 In the example shown, the selected root 1 performs optimally. Figure 15As shown, the root value 62 can be selected for ZC 127. For example... Figure 14 As shown, root value 1 can be selected for ZC255. For the ZC 63 sequence, one of the root values ​​selected in LTE (e.g., root index number or root index 29) can be used.

[0174] Figure 14 and Figure 15 Exemplary performance for the ZC255 sequence and / or ZC127 sequence are shown respectively. Performance at low SNRs can be consistent for one or more (e.g., all) roots. At higher SNRs (e.g., with increased CFO), one or more roots may exhibit poorer performance and / or may perform poorly. Figure 14 As shown, for ZC255, root 1 performs optimally. Other roots may include 123 and / or 165. Figure 15 As shown, for ZC 127, the roots for optimal performance are 62, 65 and / or 75.

[0175] like Figure 15 As shown, the root value 62 can be selected for ZC 127. For example... Figure 14 As shown, the root value 1 can be selected for ZC 255. For the ZC63 sequence, one of the selected roots (e.g., in LTE), such as the root index number or root index 29, can be used.

[0176] A sequence (e.g., a base sequence) may contain one or more of the following: Root index 62 may be used for ZC 127, and / or root index 1 may be used for ZC255. Root indices 65 and / or 75 may be used for ZC127. Root indices 123 and 165 may be used for ZC255.

[0177] By using frequency repetition, time repetition, and / or frequency and time repetition, a sequence (e.g., a base sequence) can be used as a basic component for constructing longer sequences (one or more).

[0178] One or more (e.g., different) PSS sequences can be constructed using one or more (e.g., 3) base sequences (e.g., using selected roots) and / or one or more (e.g., different) repeating patterns. Constructing one or more PSS sequences using one or more base sequences (e.g., using selected roots) and / or one or more repeating patterns may include one or more of the following: One or more zero values ​​can be computed for FFT size, sequence length, and / or number of repeats. zpLen = , where zpLen can be the length of zero padding on one or more sides of the sequence (e.g., any side). nFFT can be the FFT size. zcSeqLEn can be the length of the ZC sequence. zcRep can be the number of repetitions of the ZC sequence. 1 can be for DC.

[0179] It can execute builds with repetitive steps.

[0180] If repetition is not performed, the length L can be calculated as (zcSeqLen - 1) / 2. The first length L (1:L) symbols can be the symbols of the selected sequence and / or can be mapped to L subcarriers (e.g., on the DC subcarrier side). The final length L symbols (L+2:zcSeqLen) can be the symbols of the selected sequence and / or can be mapped to L subcarriers (e.g., on one or the other side of the DC subcarrier). Zeros and / or zero padding for DC can be inserted on one or more sides (e.g., 2 sides) to construct, for example, the sequence (e.g., the final sequence). Figure 16 An example is shown where zeros and / or zero padding against DC are inserted on one or more sides (e.g., 2 sides) to construct the final sequence.

[0181] A sequence (e.g., the same sequence) can be used on one or more sides (e.g., any side) of a DC subcarrier. For example, if one or more sequences (e.g., two sequences) are repeated, a sequence (e.g., the same sequence) can be used on one or more sides (e.g., any side) of a DC subcarrier. Figure 17 An example is shown of using a sequence (e.g., the same sequence) on one or more sides (e.g., any side) of a DC subcarrier.

[0182] If four repetitions are performed, two sequences (e.g., the same sequence) can be used on each side of the DC subcarrier. Figure 18 An example is shown where the sequence is used twice (e.g., the same sequence) on each side of the DC subcarrier.

[0183] Figure 19 An exemplary new radio (NR) - auxiliary synchronization signal (SSS) design is illustrated.

[0184] At position 1902, an SSS sequence can be generated. This SSS sequence can be NR-SSS1904. An SSS sequence can be generated using one or more M sequences. For example, an SSS can be generated using the XOR of two M sequences. One or more of the following can be applied: A polynomial can be defined for the m sequence. For example, two generator polynomials can be defined for the m sequence. A cyclic offset (e.g., a ring offset) can be applied to the m sequence. For example, a cyclic offset (e.g., a ring offset) can be applied to the m sequence based on the cell ID (e.g., an NR cell ID). An SSS (e.g., NR-SSS) sequence can be generated using a polynomial with an N1 cyclic offset (e.g., a ring offset) and / or a polynomial with an N2 cyclic offset (e.g., a ring offset). For example, N1 can be equal to 127 and / or N2 can be equal to 9. An exemplary polynomial for these two polynomials can be f0(x) = x. 7 + x 4+ 1 and / or f1(x) = x 7 + x + 1. The polynomials for these two polynomials can be used for substitution and / or optimization. The initial state (e.g., the initial state of an SSS, such as NR-SSS) can be 0000001. Two (e.g., two different) M-sequences (e.g., M-sequences of the same length) can be generated using two (e.g., two different) polynomials (e.g., polynomials of the same order). 1000 (e.g., approximately 1000) cell IDs can be used and / or indicated. The cell IDS (e.g., the indicated and / or used cell IDs) can be referred to as nCellMax. One or more (e.g., different) methods can be used to indicate and / or use cell IDs.

[0185] For generating two (e.g., two different) M-sequences (e.g., M-sequences of the same length) from two (e.g., two different) polynomials (e.g., polynomials of the same order), one or more of the following can be applied.

[0186] M-sequences (e.g., different M-sequences) can be constructed from polynomials (e.g., irreducible primitive polynomials). For example, M-sequences (e.g., different M-sequences) are constructed from polynomials of a predetermined order (e.g., degree). For example, for order 7, there may be 18 (e.g., 18 different) available polynomials. This polynomial can be represented by octal values. For example, the polynomial can be represented by the following octal values: 203, 211, 217, 221, 235, 247, 253, 271, 277, 301, 313, 323, 325, 345, 357, 361, 367, 375.

[0187] One or more combinations of polynomials (e.g., two polynomials) from a set (e.g., a set of polynomials) can be used. One or more polynomials (e.g., irreducible primitive polynomials) can be used. For example, combinations of pairs of polynomials (e.g., irreducible primitive polynomials) (e.g., preferred pairs) can be used. Such combinations of pairs of polynomials (e.g., irreducible primitive polynomials) (e.g., preferred pairs) can produce golden coding.

[0188] The length of the M-sequence can be 127 and / or the polynomial can be of order 7 (e.g., 2^17 and 2^11, which can be a pair, such as a preferred pair, to generate the golden code): Octal 217 can be represented as binary 10001111, which can be converted to:

[0189] s1 = 1-2x Octal 2^11 can be represented as binary 10001001, which can be converted to: ,

[0190] s² = 1 - 2x Initialize both:

[0191] Possible combinations include [221, 203]. These combinations can correspond to the polynomial f0(x) = x 7 + x 4 + 1 and f1(x) = x 7 + x + 1.

[0192] It can indicate 1000 (e.g., approximately 1000) cell IDs. The indicated cell ID can be referred to as nCellMax. One or more (e.g., different) methods can be used to indicate the cell ID. One or more of the following can be applied.

[0193] The cell ID can be indicated (e.g., determined) by the SSS (e.g., SSS only). One or more cyclic offset (e.g., ring offset) parameters can be equal to a function (cell ID). For example, [m0, n1] can be equal to the function (cell ID). The cyclic offset (e.g., ring offset) parameter (e.g., m0) can be set to one or more (e.g., different) values. Figure 19 As shown, one or more cyclic offset parameters (e.g., values ​​of cyclic offset parameters) can be determined from one or more sets of cyclic offsets (e.g., ring offset sets). For example, a cyclic offset parameter (e.g., m0) can be determined (e.g., set) from a set of cyclic offsets (e.g., 0 to p-1). Figure 19 As shown, the cyclic offset set of m0 can contain 112 values. s1 is cyclically offset (e.g., circularly offset) by m0. For example, .like Figure 19 As shown, another cyclic offset parameter (e.g., n1) can be set to one or more (e.g., different) values. These one or more values ​​can be a set of cyclic offsets. Figure 19 As shown, the set of cyclic offsets for n1 can contain three values. The cyclic offset (e.g., n1) can be determined from the set of cyclic offsets (e.g., which may differ from the set of cyclic offsets that has a cyclic offset set (e.g., m0) set). For example, n1 can be set to a value from 0 to ceil(nCellMax / p), from 0 to floor(nCellMax / p), or other values ​​(e.g., some or all values). S2 can be cyclically offset by n1. For example, 2 (n1) (n) = 2((n+n1)mod127).

[0194] m0 can be set to some or all values ​​from 0 to 126 (e.g., 127 cyclic offsets), and / or n1 can be set to some or all values ​​from 0 to 8 (e.g., 9 cyclic offsets). For example, an SSS (e.g., NR-SSS) sequence can be generated using a polynomial with 127 cyclic offsets and / or a polynomial with 9 cyclic offsets. m0 can be set to 0-32, and / or n1 can be set to 0 to 32. m0 and / or n1 can be set to one or more combinations, for example, that can be predetermined and / or known to the receiver.

[0195] A cell ID can be determined (e.g., indicated) based on one or more combinations of PSS and / or SSS. For example, a cell ID can be determined (e.g., indicated) based on one or more cell IDs carried by one or more combinations of PSS and / or SSS. [m0,m1, NID2] can be equal to the function (cell ID). PSS can indicate one or more (e.g., 3) NID2. NID2 can be a cell ID carried by PSS (e.g., NR-PSS). For example, PSS can carry one or more (e.g., 3) cell IDs. ceil(nCellMax. / 3) can be set using the m0 and m1 offsets of s1 and s2. If nCellMax = 1008, ceil(nCellMax. / 3) can be equal to 336. The range of NID1 can be [0,335], as shown at 1906. NID1 can be a cell ID carried by SSS (e.g., NR-SSS).

[0196] The cyclic offset parameter (e.g., m0) can be set to one or more values. For example, m0 can be set to 0 to p-1 with or without an offset. This offset can be fixed, or, as shown, it can be a function of m1 and NID2. S1 can be cyclically offset by m0. For example, m1 can be set to one or more values. For example, m1 can be set to values ​​from 0 to... Values, from 0 to The value of s2, or other values. s2 can be circularly offset by n1. n1 can be equal to m1, a function of m1, or a function of m1 and one or more other parameters. For example, n1 = function(m1, NID2).

[0197] m0 can be 0 to 111. p can be equal to 112. For example, for a uniform distribution between 0 and 335, p can be equal to 112. m1 can be equal to 0, 1, or 2. As shown in 1908, NID2 can be equal to 0, 1, or 2. In the presence of offsets, m0 = m0 + offset, where the offset can be n1 + 1. 112 offsets (e.g., different offsets) can be used for the first sequence, and / or 9 offsets (e.g., different offsets) can be used for the second sequence (e.g., assuming 1008 cell IDs).

[0198] m0 can be set from 0 to 126 (e.g., p = 127); m1 can be set to 0, 1, 2; and / or NID2 can be set to 0, 1, 2. In the presence of an offset, m0 can be equal to m0 + the offset. This offset can be n1 + 1. [127, 127, 82] The offset can be used for the first sequence, for example, for different offsets corresponding to the second sequence (e.g., 3 different offsets).

[0199] NID2 can be set to 0, 1, or 2, as shown at 1912. m0 can be set to 0 through 32; and / or m1 can be set to 0 through 11. In the presence of an offset, m0 = m0 + offset, where the offset can be n1 + 1. 32 offsets can be used for the first sequence, and 12 offsets (e.g., different offsets) can be used for the second sequence (assuming 1056 cell IDs). For example, an SSS (e.g., a separate SSS) can be used to indicate 1056 cell IDs. The 12 offsets within a sequence and the 36 offsets within a sequence can indicate 1056 cell IDs (e.g., a total of 1056 unique cell IDs).

[0200] As provided herein, n1 can be equal to m1, can be a function of m1, or can be a function of m1 and one or more other parameters. The cyclic offset (e.g., ring offset) values ​​n1 and m0 can be derived from the cell ID carried by the NR-PSS (e.g., ...). ) and / or the cell ID operated by NR-SSS (e.g., To determine (e.g., jointly). For example, such as Figure 19 As shown, one or more cyclic offset values ​​can be determined by decorrelation of the SSS sequence. The cell ID can be given as... n1 Q can be a scaling factor. The value of Q can be equal to 1, or the value of Q can be greater than 1, for example, Q=1 or Q=5; and / or The offset can be 0. For example, an offset value can be omitted. The offset can be a non-zero value. For example, the offset can be a fixed value, or it can depend on one or more parameters (for example, the offset can be n1+1).

[0201] NID2, m0, and / or m1 can be set to one or more combinations, which may be, for example, predefined and / or known to the receiver.

[0202] One or more features (e.g., functions) targeting n1 and / or m0 can be used.

[0203] Quasi-common (QCL) indicators for synchronization signal (SS) blocks can be used. Figure 20 An exemplary quasi-common (QCL) indication for SS blocks is shown.

[0204] The WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that an SS block with an SS block index or time index (e.g., the same SS block index or time index) may be QCL. For example, the WTRU can determine that SS blocks with the same SS block index or time index under an SS burst set may be QCL. The gNB can indicate (e.g., indicate to the WTRU) when such determination cannot be made (e.g., assume). For example, the gNB may contain an identifier to indicate (e.g., indicate to the WTRU) that SS blocks with the same SS block index or time index may not be QCL. This identifier may be included in the PBCH payload, Residual Minimum System Information (RMSI), and / or other System Information (OSI). The identifier may indicate SS blocks with the same SS block index or time index that may not be QCL (e.g., all SS blocks). One or more flags may be used. For example, one or more flags may be used where flags for (e.g., each) SS blocks and / or groups of SS blocks (e.g., each) can be used to indicate a single SS block with an SS block (e.g., the same SS block) index or time index that may be QCL. One or more flags can be used for SS block groups, for example to indicate that a single SS block group can be QCL.

[0205] The WTRU may not be certain (e.g., assume) that an SS block with a different SS block index or time index is QCL. The gNB may indicate to the WTRU, for example, whether an SS block with a different SS block index is likely to be QCL. The gNB may use one or more of the following methods to indicate the QCL of an SS block with a different SS block index or time index. For example, the gNB may use a repetition factor (e.g., a single repetition factor), multiple repetition factors, and / or a toggle bitmap.

[0206] The gNB can use a repetition factor Q to, for example, indicate the QCL of an SS block. For instance, when the WTRU receives this indication, the WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that Q SS blocks are QCLs. The Q SS blocks can be consecutive and / or based on one or more predefined patterns. The Q SS blocks can be configured.

[0207] The gNB can use one or more repetition factors. For example, the gNB can use repetition factors Q1, Q2, etc. The gNB can use repetition factors to indicate the QCL of SS blocks. When the WTRU receives the indication, the WTRU may assume that Q1 SS blocks and Q2 SS blocks, etc., can be QCL. The Q1, Q2, ... SS blocks can be consecutive and / or based on one or more predefined patterns. The Q1, Q2, ... SS blocks can be configured. For example, the WTRU may assume that SS blocks with indices #0 to Q1-1 can be QCL. The WTRU may assume that SS blocks with indices Q1 to Q1+Q2-1 can be QCL.

[0208] The gNB can use a trigger bitmap to, for example, indicate the QCL of an SS block. The WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that an SS block with bit values ​​(e.g., the same bit values) can be QCL. For example, when the WTRU receives the QCL indication, the WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that an SS block with the same bit values ​​can be QCL. The WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with indices #0 and #1 can be QCL. The WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with indices #2, #3, and #4 can be QCL. The WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with indices #5 and #6 can be QCL. Figure 21 An exemplary QCL instruction for an SS block is shown.

[0209] QCL can be associated with spatial, average gain, delay, and / or Doppler parameters.

[0210] QCL indicators can be used for the largest SS block, SS block candidates, SS block nominal location, and / or the transmitted (e.g., the actually transmitted) SS block.

[0211] Rate matching indicators can be used.

[0212] For the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks, a rate matching indication using a bitmap can be used. For example, a rate matching indication using a bitmap can be used to enable the WTRU to perform rate matching for PDSCH and / or PDCCH reception and / or detection. The rate matching indication can be WTRU-specific. The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks indicated can be WTRU-specific. For example, a rate matching indication notifying the entire set or subset of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks can be indicated to the WTRU used to perform rate matching for PDSCH and / or PDCCH reception. A rate matching indication notifying the entire set or subset of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks can be indicated to the WTRU used to perform rate matching for PDSCH and / or PDCCH reception. Another rate matching indication notifying another entire set or subset of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks can be indicated to another WTRU used to perform rate matching for PDSCH and / or PDCCH reception. The rate matching indication can be carried within WTRU-specific signaling. For example, rate matching indications can be transmitted within RRC signaling. For example, rate matching indications can be transmitted within WTRU-specific L1 / 2 control channels (e.g., downlink control information (DCI), NR-PDCCH, MAC, and / or MAC control element (CE) signaling). For example, to handle the dynamic characteristics of rate matching (e.g., due to SS blocks, beams, and PDSCH or PDCCH), rate matching indications can be transmitted within WTRU-specific L1 / 2 control channels (e.g., downlink control information (DCI), NR-PDCCH, MAC, and / or MAC control element (CE) signaling).

[0213] Rate matching indicators (e.g., two-stage rate matching indicators) can be used. For example, rate matching can use a first stage and / or a second stage. The first stage can indicate the transmitted (e.g., the actual transmitted) SS block. The second stage can indicate the SS block for rate matching.

[0214] Rate matching can be performed using transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. For example, rate matching can be performed using one or more (e.g., all) actually transmitted SS blocks. Coarse rate matching can be performed for one or more (e.g., all) WTRUs. For example, a first stage can be coarse rate matching for one or more (e.g., all) WTRUs. Rate matching can be enhanced using WTRU-specific SS blocks that can affect the rate matching of WTRUs. If a subset (e.g., only a subset) of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks is required to perform rate matching for WTRUs, the indication may include (e.g., may include only) a subset of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. The indication may include (e.g., may include only) a subset of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks, but not the entire set of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. For example, in a second stage, the indication may include (e.g., may include only) a subset of actually transmitted SS blocks, and may not include the entire set of actually transmitted SS blocks. The second stage can be the final rate matching for the WTRU. Rate matching can be performed using a single stage. For example, rate matching can be performed using only stage 1 or only stage 2. Rate matching can be performed using two stages. For example, rate matching can be performed using a combination of stages 1 and 2.

[0215] Resources (e.g., indicated resources) can be reserved for the entire set or subset of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. For example, indicated resources (e.g., time and / or frequency resources) can be reserved for the entire set or subset of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. Rate matching can be performed on data channels (e.g., PDSCH) and / or control channels (e.g., PDCCH). For example, rate matching can be performed on data channels (e.g., PDSCH) and / or control channels (e.g., PDCCH) around the indicated transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. Rate matching can be performed on data channels (e.g., PDSCH) and / or control channels (e.g., PDCCH) for the entire set or subset of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks.

[0216] One or more of the following can be used to indicate the SS blocks that are actually transmitted (e.g., the entire set or a subset). For example, the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks (e.g., the entire set or a subset) can be indicated using a group bitmap. A group or SS / PBCH group can be a contiguous set of SS / PBCH blocks. A group bitmap can indicate which group or SS / PBCH group can be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). For example, one or more (e.g., all) SS / PBCH blocks within the indicated transmitted group or SS / PBCH group can be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted).

[0217] The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks (e.g., the entire set or subset) can be indicated using a group bitmap (e.g., by using a bitmap within a group). A group or SS / PBCH group can be defined as a contiguous set of SS blocks and / or SS / PBCH blocks. A bitmap within the group and / or SS / PBCH group can indicate which SS / PBCH block will be transmitted (i.e., actually transmitted). For example, a bitmap within a group or SS / PBCH group can indicate which SS / PBCH block within the group or SS / PBCH group will be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). (Each) group or SS / PBCH group can have an SS / PBCH block transmission mode (e.g., the same or different modes). A group bitmap can indicate which group or SS / PBCH group will be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted).

[0218] The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks (e.g., the entire set or a subset) can be indicated using a group bitmap with the number of SS / PBCH blocks within the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) group. The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks may have a starting index (e.g., fixed or non-fixed starting index) of the SS / PBCH blocks within the group or SS / PBCH group. A group or SS / PBCH group can be defined as a contiguous set of SS / PBCH blocks. A group bitmap can be used to indicate which group or SS / PBCH group will be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). SS / PBCH blocks within a group can be contiguous (e.g., logically contiguous). The number of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks indicates the number of contiguous (e.g., logically contiguous) SS / PBCH blocks actually transmitted. For example, the number of SS / PBCH blocks transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may indicate the number of consecutive (e.g., logically consecutive) SS / PBCH blocks transmitted starting from a first index. The first index may be a fixed starting index. The first index may not be a fixed starting index. If a fixed starting index is possible, no indication (e.g., additional indication) may be required. If the first index is not a fixed starting index, an indication (e.g., additional indication) may be required. For example, additional indication may be needed to indicate the index (e.g., the first index or the starting index) of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks. The number of SS / PBCH blocks transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) within a group may be applied equally (e.g., jointly) to one or more (e.g., all) of the transmitted groups or SS / PBCH groups. The number of SS / PBCH blocks transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) within a group may not be applied equally (e.g., jointly) to one or more (e.g., all) of the transmitted groups or SS / PBCH groups.

[0219] The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks (e.g., the entire set or subset) can be indicated by using a bitmap within the group, showing the number of groups or SS / PBCH groups actually transmitted. The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) groups or SS / PBCH groups can have a fixed or variable group start index. Groups or SS / PBCH groups can be defined as contiguous SS / PBCH blocks. The bitmap within the group or SS / PBCH group indicates which SS / PBCH block within the group or SS / PBCH group will be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). (e.g., each) group or SS / PBCH group can have the same SS / PBCH block transmission pattern. (e.g., each) group or SS / PBCH group can have different SS / PBCH block transmission patterns. The bitmap within the group can or can not be applied equally (e.g., jointly) to one or more (e.g., all) transmitted groups or SS / PBCH groups. The number of groups or SS / PBCH groups transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) can indicate the number of consecutive groups or SS / PBCH groups that can be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). For example, the number of groups or SS / PBCH groups transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) can indicate the number of consecutive groups or SS / PBCH groups that can be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) starting from a first group or a fixed start group index. If the start group index or the first group is not fixed, an indication can be used to indicate the start group index or the first group of SS / PBCH groups.

[0220] The number of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks (e.g., the entire set or a subset) can be indicated by using the starting index of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks and / or the space (e.g., gaps) between one or more (e.g., two) consecutive SS / PBCH blocks. The space (e.g., gaps) can be fixed. The number of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks and / or the starting index of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks can be indicated. The space (e.g., gaps) can be indicated.

[0221] The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks can be indicated within the Residual Minimum System Information (RMSI) for higher and / or lower frequencies. The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks can be indicated within RRC signaling and / or L1 / 2 control signaling. The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks can be indicated within RRC signaling and / or L1 / 2 control signaling for higher and / or lower frequencies.

[0222] While the features and elements described above take into account LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR) and / or 5G-specific protocols, it should be understood that the features and elements described herein are not limited to LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR) and / or 5G-specific protocols, and may also be applicable to other wireless systems.

[0223] Although the features and elements have been described above in specific combinations, those skilled in the art will understand that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. Furthermore, the methods described herein can be implemented using a computer program, software, or firmware that can be included in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted via a wired or wireless connection) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, buffer memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (e.g., internal hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and optical media (e.g., CD-ROMs and Digital Universal Discs (DVDs)). The processor associated with the software is used to implement a radio frequency transceiver used in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, eNB, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

1. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), comprising: The processor is configured as follows: Receive one or more synchronization signals; as well as One or more identifiers (IDs) are determined based on one or more received synchronization signals.

2. The WTRU according to claim 1, wherein the one or more synchronization signals include a primary synchronization signal (PSS) and an auxiliary synchronization signal (SSS).

3. The WTRU of claim 2, wherein the SSS is associated with an SSS sequence.

4. The WTRU of claim 3, wherein the SSS sequence is associated with a first sequence having a first cyclic shift and a second sequence having a second cyclic shift.

5. The WTRU of claim 4, wherein the one or more IDs include a first ID and a second ID associated with the PSS.

6. The WTRU of claim 5, wherein the first cyclic shift uses the first ID and the second ID associated with the PSS, and the second cyclic shift uses the second ID.

7. The WTRU of claim 5, wherein the first ID is NID2 and the second ID is NID1.

8. The WTRU of claim 5, wherein the processor is configured to determine the second ID using the SSS and the first ID.

9. The WTRU of claim 5, wherein the one or more IDs include a third ID, and wherein the processor is configured to determine the third ID using the first ID and the second ID.

10. The WTRU of claim 9, wherein the scrambling sequence for the Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) is based on the third ID.

11. A method implemented in a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: Receive one or more synchronization signals; as well as One or more identifiers (IDs) are determined based on one or more received synchronization signals.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more synchronization signals include a primary synchronization signal (PSS) and an auxiliary synchronization signal (SSS).

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the SSS is associated with an SSS sequence.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the SSS sequence is associated with a first sequence having a first cyclic shift and a second sequence having a second cyclic shift.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the one or more IDs include a first ID and a second ID associated with the PSS.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the first cyclic shift uses the first ID and the second ID associated with the PSS, and the second cyclic shift uses the second ID.

17. The method of claim 15, wherein the first ID is NID2 and the second ID is NID1.

18. The method of claim 15, further comprising determining the second ID using the SSS and the first ID.

19. The method of claim 15, wherein the one or more IDs include a third ID, and wherein the method includes determining the third ID using the first ID and the second ID.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the scrambling sequence for the Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) is based on the third ID.

21. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) including a processor configured to: Receive one or more synchronization signals; The index is determined based on one or more received synchronization signals; and The system frame number (SFN) is determined based on one or more received synchronization signals.

22. The WTRU of claim 21, wherein the processor is configured to receive the one or more synchronization signals comprising: The processor is configured to receive an SS block from a plurality of SS blocks included in a set of synchronization signal (SS) bursts, each of the plurality of SS blocks included in the set of SS bursts including a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) transmission.

23. The WTRU of claim 22, wherein each of the plurality of SS blocks included in the SS burst set is associated with a corresponding SS block index, the corresponding SS block index identifying the corresponding SS block within the SS burst set.

24. The WTRU of claim 22, wherein the processor is configured to determine an index based on one or more received synchronization signals, comprising: The processor is configured to determine the corresponding SS block index for the received SS block based at least in part on the payload portion of the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block.

25. The WTRU of claim 24, wherein the processor is configured to determine the corresponding SS block index for the received SS block based on the implicit characteristics of the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block.

26. The WTRU of claim 25, wherein the implicit characteristic of the PBCH transmission includes a scrambling characteristic.

27. The WTRU of claim 22, wherein the processor is configured to determine the system frame number (SFN) based on one or more received synchronization signals, comprising: The processor is configured to determine the SFN based at least in part on the payload portion of the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block.

28. The WTRU of claim 27, wherein the processor is configured to determine the SFN based at least in part on the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block, comprising: The processor is configured to: One or more most significant bits (MSBs) of the SFN are derived from the PBCH payload transmitted based on the PBCH. as well as Derive one or more least significant bits (LSBs) of the SFN, wherein the one or more LSBs are associated with a scrambling code used for the PBCH transmission.

29. The WTRU of claim 22, wherein the processor is further configured to send a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) transmission indicating which of the plurality of SS blocks included in the SS burst set is received by the processor.

30. The WTRU of claim 22, wherein each of the plurality of SS blocks included in the SS burst set is associated with a corresponding transmission beam.

31. A method implemented in a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: Receive one or more synchronization signals; The index is determined based on one or more received synchronization signals; as well as The system frame number (SFN) is determined based on one or more received synchronization signals.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein receiving the one or more synchronization signals comprises receiving an SS block from a plurality of SS blocks included in a set of synchronization signal (SS) bursts, each of the plurality of SS blocks included in the set of SS bursts comprising a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) transmission.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein each corresponding SS block among the plurality of SS blocks included in the SS burst set is associated with a corresponding SS block index, the corresponding SS block index identifying the corresponding SS block within the SS burst set.

34. The method of claim 32, wherein determining the index based on one or more received synchronization signals comprises determining the corresponding SS block index for the received SS block based at least in part on the payload portion of the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein the corresponding SS block index for the received SS block is determined based on the implicit characteristics of the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the implicit characteristic of the PBCH transmission includes a scrambling characteristic.

37. The method of claim 32, wherein determining the system frame number (SFN) based on one or more received synchronization signals comprises determining the SFN at least in part based on the payload portion of the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block.

38. The method of claim 37, wherein determining the SFN based at least in part on the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block comprises: One or more most significant bits (MSBs) of the SFN are derived from the PBCH payload transmitted based on the PBCH. as well as Derive one or more least significant bits (LSBs) of the SFN, wherein the one or more LSBs are associated with a scrambling code used for the PBCH transmission.

39. The method of claim 32, further comprising sending a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) transmission, the PRACH transmission indicating which of the plurality of SS blocks included in the SS burst set is received by the processor.

40. The method of claim 32, wherein each of the plurality of SS blocks included in the SS burst set is associated with a corresponding transmission beam.

41. A method implemented in WTRU, the method comprising: Detect synchronization signal (SS); Detection of SS bursts and scrambling codes; The first least significant bit (LSB) of the system frame number (SFN) is derived based on the SS burst, and the second LSB of the SFN is derived based on the scrambling code; Compare the first LSB and the second LSB; Determine whether the first LSB and the second LSB are the same LSB; Receive Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) signals; The most significant bit (MSB) of the SFN is derived based on the NR-PBCH signal; and The SFN is obtained based on the first LSB and the MSB.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein obtaining the SFN comprises combining the first LSB and the MSB.

43. The method of claim 41, further comprising confirming successful acquisition of at least one of the first LSB and the second LSB.

44. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the WTRU comprising: processor; Transceiver; The transmitting / receiving element is configured to transmit and receive one or more of the following: infrared (IR) signals, ultraviolet (UV) signals, and visible light signals; speaker; Microphone; and One or more peripheral devices; The one or more peripheral devices mentioned above include one or more of the following: gyroscope, accelerometer, Hall effect sensor, magnetometer, orientation sensor, proximity sensor, temperature sensor, time sensor, geolocation sensor, altimeter, light sensor, touch sensor, magnetometer, barometer, gesture sensor, biometric sensor, and humidity sensor.

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