Programmable amplitude light event sensing device and method based on ion-electron coupling

Abstract

The invention discloses a programmable amplitude light event sensing device based on ion-electron coupling and a preparation method, and belongs to the technical field of machine vision systems. The preparation method disclosed by the invention comprises the following steps: dissolving an organic ion-electron mixed conductor material and a non-organic ion-electron mixed conductor material in a solvent to obtain an active layer solution; spin-coating the active layer solution on the surface of a working electrode to obtain a working electrode with an active layer; the working electrode with the active layer and the counter electrode are placed in the electrolyte, a loop is formed between the working electrode and the counter electrode, short circuit connection is formed, and the programmable amplitude light event sensing device based on ion-electron coupling is obtained. The method solves the technical problems that an existing device is difficult to meet machine vision with low power consumption, low delay, high information density and difficulty in dynamically adjusting the amplitude at the same time, and device preparation is complex.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of machine vision system technology, specifically relating to a programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling and its fabrication method. Background Technology

[0002] Machine vision systems have been widely applied in autonomous driving, smart manufacturing, and wearable devices, and are showing a strong trend towards edge deployment and processing of high-speed dynamic information with extremely low power consumption and sub-millisecond latency. Address-Event Representation (AER), by recording only brightness changes rather than fixed frames, naturally suppresses static redundant data, significantly reducing transmission bandwidth and energy consumption, and is therefore considered an important technology route for next-generation visual perception.

[0003] To achieve event-driven data acquisition, industry and academia currently employ three main hardware solutions. First, the AER / Lazzaro select-arbitrate architecture integrates logarithmic photodiodes, differential amplifiers, comparators, and selection logic within each pixel. Event triggering relies on threshold decisions, and event addresses are transmitted via a shared bus. As pixel density increases, this solution requires multi-layered metal interconnects and complex arbitration logic, drastically limiting bus bandwidth, and the static bias network also contributes to continuous power consumption. Second, CMOS dynamic vision sensors (DVS) use sample-and-hold and voltage comparators to detect brightness changes, providing microsecond-level temporal resolution, but the output is a continuous photocurrent, still requiring a threshold circuit to determine whether an event has occurred. Third, recently reported traditional semiconductor devices, dominated solely by electronic processes, necessitate multi-device architectures that artificially generate pulse-like outputs and achieve gain control through complex pixel-level circuitry. This architecture physically separates event detection from amplitude modulation, leading to pixel size expansion and a surge in static power consumption. Furthermore, photodetectors based on organic ion-electron hybrid conductors (OMIEC) cannot dynamically modulate the photocurrent output for event-driven light sensing, but instead exhibit a conventional steady-state or continuous light response as charge accumulates and ions slowly redistribute.

[0004] In summary, existing technologies suffer from at least the following common shortcomings. First, the pixel or unit structure is complex, typically relying on multiple transistors, comparators, gates, or external delay networks, requiring deep submicron lithography and multi-layer interconnects, resulting in high manufacturing costs and difficulty in further simplification. Second, existing solutions cannot simultaneously achieve millisecond-level self-reset spikes and continuously programmable amplitudes within the same device: AER / DVS can only output binary pulses and lacks analog amplitude information, while organic electrochemical phototransistors, although capable of adjusting photocurrent amplitude, have a steady-state current signal output, making it difficult to balance data sparsity and information richness. Finally, continuous photocurrent and arbitration logic together increase power consumption, limiting the system's application in low-power, long-endurance scenarios.

[0005] Therefore, there is an urgent need for a novel hardware solution with an extremely simple device structure that can intrinsically generate optical event spikes without any threshold comparison or multi-layer processing, and can achieve continuously programmable spike amplitude, so as to simultaneously meet the machine vision requirements of low power consumption, low latency, high information density, and dynamically adjustable amplitude. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to provide a programmable amplitude optical event sensor device and method based on ion-electron coupling, in order to solve the technical problem that existing devices are unable to simultaneously meet the machine vision requirements of low power consumption, low latency, high information density, and dynamic amplitude control.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention employs the following technical solution: This invention discloses a method for fabricating a programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling, comprising the following steps: Organic ion-electron hybrid conductor materials and non-organic ion-electron hybrid conductor materials are dissolved in a solvent to obtain an active layer solution; The active layer solution is spin-coated onto the surface of the working electrode to obtain a working electrode with an active layer. By placing the working electrode with the active layer and the counter electrode in the electrolyte, a circuit is formed between the electrodes and a short-circuit connection is established, resulting in a programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling.

[0008] Furthermore, the solvent is dichloromethane or trichloromethane; The mass ratio of the organic ionic-electron hybrid conductor material to the nonionic-electron hybrid conductor material is 1:0.3-1:4; the volume ratio of the sum of the masses of the organic ionic-electron hybrid conductor material and the nonionic-electron hybrid conductor material to the solvent is 20 mg:1 mL.

[0009] Further, the organic ion-electron hybrid conductor material and the non-ion-electron hybrid conductor material are dissolved in a solvent and then magnetically heated and stirred to obtain an active layer solution; The magnetic heating and stirring temperature is 30~70℃, and the time is more than 6 hours.

[0010] Furthermore, the working electrode is an indium tin oxide electrode or a gold electrode; the thickness of the active layer is 20~150 nm.

[0011] Furthermore, the electrolyte is an acidic electrolyte, an alkaline electrolyte, a neutral electrolyte, or a solid electrolyte; The acidic electrolyte contains 10 -3 M-1M HCl, 10-3 M-1M Al2(SO4)3; The alkaline electrolyte contains 10 -3 M -1 K2CO3; The neutral electrolyte contains 10 -3 M -1 MgSO4, 10 -3 M-1M CaCl2 and 10 -3 M -1M NaCl; The solid electrolyte contains 0.3%-3% sodium chloride hydrogel by mass.

[0012] Furthermore, the organic ionic-electron hybrid conductor material is PgBDT-T; the nonionic-electron hybrid conductor material is Y6; The preparation method of the PgBDT-T includes the following steps: Under a N2 atmosphere, compounds 16,16'-((2,6-dibromobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-4,8-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2,5,8,11,14-pentahexadecane), 2,5-bis(trimethyltinyl)thiophene, Pd2(dba)3, and P(o-tol)3 were mixed, and N,N-dimethylformamide was added. After stirring and cooling, the resulting polymer was precipitated into hexane and then filtered. The filtered product was then extracted, concentrated, precipitated, and filtered in sequence to obtain PgBDT-T. The amounts of compound 16,16'-((2,6-dibromobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-4,8-diyl)bis(oxo))bis(2,5,8,11,14-pentahexadecane), compound 2,5-bis(trimethyltinyl)thiophene, Pd2(dba)3, P(o-tol)3, and N,N-dimethylformamide are used in the following proportions: 70-142 mg, 37.6-6.4 mg, 1.51-3.06 mg, 2.01-4.09 mg, and 6-10 mL; the stirring temperature is 110-130°C.

[0013] Further, the preparation method of the compound 16,16'-((2,6-dibromobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-4,8-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxahexadecane) is as follows: Liquid bromine was added to a mixture of compound 4,8-bis((2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxadecan-16-yl)oxy)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene and DCM. After stirring, the resulting reaction solution was added to water containing sodium thiosulfate, followed by extraction to obtain an organic phase. The organic phase was dried and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a crude product. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 16,16'-((2,6-dibromobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-4,8-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxadecadecane). The ratio of the compound 4,8-bis((2,5,8,11,14-pentahexadec-16-yl)oxy)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene, DCM, and liquid bromine is 1.0~2.0 g, 10~20 mL, and 0.58~1.16 g, respectively; the stirring is carried out at room temperature for 5~6 h; and the volume ratio of water containing sodium thiosulfate to the reaction liquid is 20:1~25:1.

[0014] Furthermore, the preparation method of the compound 4,8-bis((2,5,8,11,14-pentahexadec-16-yl)oxy)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene is as follows: Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-4,8-dione, zinc, sodium hydroxide, and water were mixed under a nitrogen atmosphere and stirred. Then, compound 2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxane-16-yl-4-methylbenzenesulfonate and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide were added, and the mixture was stirred again to allow the reaction to proceed. After the reaction was complete, the resulting mixture was extracted in water. The resulting organic phase was dried in Na2SO4 and then concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a crude product. The crude product was purified using silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 4,8-bis((2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxane-16-yl)oxy)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene:; The ratio of the following components is as follows: benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-4,8-dione, zinc, sodium hydroxide, water, compound 2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxane-16-yl-4-methylbenzenesulfonate, and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide. The stirring time is 1.2–2.0 g: 0.779–1.30 g: 3.27–5.45 g: 17–29 mL: 6.312–10.52 g: 0.1317–0.220 g. The stirring time is 1–2 h. The re-stirring temperature is 100–110 °C, and the stirring time is 12–24 h.

[0015] Further, the preparation method of the compound 2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxane-16-yl-4-methylbenzenesulfonate is as follows: Pentaethylene glycol monomethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran were mixed under a nitrogen atmosphere, and then sodium hydroxide and deionized water were added at 0°C to obtain a mixture. p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride was added to the mixture, stirred, and the resulting product was extracted. The resulting organic phase was then dried and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain compound 2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxane-16-yl-4-methylbenzenesulfonate. The ratios of pentaethylene glycol monomethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, sodium hydroxide, deionized water, and toluenesulfonyl chloride are 3.0–5.0 g, 12–20 mL, 1.43–2.37 g, 12–18 mL, and 2.95–4.92 g, respectively.

[0016] The present invention also discloses a programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling prepared by the above-described preparation method.

[0017] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: This invention discloses a method for fabricating a programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling. It employs an organic ion-electron hybrid conductor material as the donor and a non-ion-electron hybrid conductor material as the acceptor. This makes it difficult for electrons to transfer from the acceptor to the electrolyte, instead allowing them to transfer at the electrodes to generate a positive current spike. Correspondingly, holes are compensated by anions at the semiconductor-electron interface, forming a built-in field. This hole accumulation further enhances the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers, causing the photocurrent to rapidly return to its initial state, generating an extremely low steady-state photocurrent. This enables the acquisition of dynamic information while ignoring static information. Furthermore, the energy levels of the organic and non-ion-electron hybrid conductor materials change under voltage stimulation, and the voltage can also drive ions in the electrolyte to enter or exit the thin film. This allows the method to regulate the response amplitude, thereby fabricating an amplitude-tunable optical event sensor. This solves the problem of existing devices failing to simultaneously meet the requirements of low power consumption, low latency, high information density, and dynamically adjustable amplitude in machine vision technology.

[0018] Furthermore, the fabrication method of this invention achieves event-driven photoresponse in a single device, greatly simplifying the fabrication process of existing event-driven vision sensors. Moreover, due to the characteristics of organic semiconductors—when an external voltage is applied, ions can be driven to enter or exit the thin film in advance to generate doping or dedoping—the device disclosed in this invention can effectively control the peak current intensity when different voltages are applied between the working electrode and the counter electrode, broadening the adjustment methods and introducing a new weighting adjustment method for its applications.

[0019] This invention also discloses a programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling, prepared using the above-described method. This device has an active layer composed of a blend of organic and non-organic ion-electron hybrid conductors. Since organic materials are typically voltage-sensitive, adjusting the voltage applied across the organic material primarily affects its physical and chemical properties by altering the electric field strength, such as influencing carrier injection and transport, mobility, and electrochemical doping. Utilizing this characteristic, we successfully controlled the current amplitude by changing the voltage applied across the working electrode and the counter electrode.

[0020] Furthermore, since voltage can effectively regulate the amplitude of the peak current, the behavior of the device is further enriched; in addition, the device disclosed in this invention can control the amplitude by adjusting the thickness of the active layer, the bottom electrode of the working electrode, and the type of the counter electrode. This provides a foundation for its fabrication as a programmable amplitude optical event sensor.

[0021] Furthermore, the device disclosed in this invention has excellent versatility, is applicable to a variety of working environments, and can still function normally in extremely acidic environments; and according to relevant experimental results, because the material itself is photosensitive, it also has a certain response to small changes in light intensity during device fabrication, with a minimum detection limit of 0.053 mW / cm². 2 Because the neural network fabricated by the device of the present invention suppresses the energy consumption of sensing and conversion during front-end operation, the total energy consumption of the device in each inference process can be reduced to 0.064 mJ, which is extremely low compared to SNN that relies solely on binary pulses. Attached Figure Description

[0022] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling and the active layer used in this invention. Wherein: a-Programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling; b-Active layer; Figure 2 The synthetic route for PgBDT-T; Figure 3 The 1H NMR spectrum of compound S2 2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxane-16-yl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate; Figure 4 The 1H NMR spectrum of compound S4 4,8-bis((2,5,8,11,14-pentahexadec-16-yl)oxy)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene; Figure 5The 1H NMR spectrum of compound S5 16,16'-((2,6-dibromobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-4,8-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxahexadecane); Figure 6 Demonstration of dynamic pattern recognition using pixel arrays; Wherein: a- Schematic diagram of the actual effect of the array; b- Photocurrent characteristics of each pixel in the array; c- Shows the photocurrent characteristics of each pixel in the array under 0V bias, with other lighting conditions the same as in figure b; Figure 7 Implementation and performance of hybrid time-domain amplitude coding neural networks; Wherein: a-Schematic diagram of neural network; b-2D t-SNE projection of the original frame data of four action categories (walking, running, jumping, and jumping jacks); c-t-SNE projection of the IEES convolution output, showing obvious class separation; Figure 8 Devices fabricated with active layers of different donor-acceptor ratios, and their current response to varying light intensities; Wherein: a-active layer is PgBDT-T:Y6 = 1:0; b-active layer is PgBDT-T:Y6 = 0:1; and the light intensity varies from 1 to 10 mW / cm². 2 At 1 mW / cm 2 Gradually increase, then at 5 mW / cm 2 Gradually increase to 100mW / cm 2 The illumination time was 20 seconds, and the light-off time was 20 seconds. Figure 9 The current response of devices fabricated with active layers of different donor-acceptor ratios as a function of light intensity; Wherein: a-active layer is PgBDT-T:Y6 = 1:0.12; b-active layer is PgBDT-T:Y6 = 1:0.2; light intensity variation and illumination time are related to... Figure 8 same; Figure 10 The current response of devices fabricated with active layers of different donor-acceptor ratios as a function of light intensity; Wherein: a-active layer is PgBDT-T:Y6 = 1:0.3; b-active layer is PgBDT-T:Y6 = 1:1; light intensity variation and illumination time are related to... Figure 8 same; Figure 11 The current response of devices fabricated with active layers of different donor-acceptor ratios as a function of light intensity; Wherein: a-active layer is PgBDT-T:Y6 = 1:2; b-active layer is PgBDT-T:Y6 = 1:3; light intensity variation and illumination time are related to... Figure 8 same; Figure 12 For devices with different ratios of active layers, the response speed varies with different light intensities; Figure 13 The current response of different active layer thicknesses to different light intensities; Where: a - active layer thickness is 20nm; b - active layer thickness is 50nm; c - active layer thickness is 95nm; d - active layer thickness is 110nm; e - active layer thickness is 130nm; f - the peak current of devices with different active layer thicknesses is a function of the change in light intensity. Figure 14 The current response of an event-driven photoresponse device in an acidic electrolyte in response to different light intensities; Wherein: a-electrolyte is Al2(SO4)3; b-electrolyte is NH4Cl; Figure 15 The current response of an event-driven photoresponse device in a neutral electrolyte with varying light intensities; Wherein: a-electrolyte is CaCl2; b-electrolyte is NaCl; Figure 16 The current response of an event-driven photoresponse device in an alkaline electrolyte K2CO3 with varying light intensities; Figure 17 This describes the current response of an event-driven photoresponse device in a solid electrolyte sodium chloride hydrogel. The light intensity is 100 mW / cm². 2 ; Figure 18 The current response of event-driven photoresponse devices with different electrodes to different light intensities; Wherein: a-The substrate of the working electrode is ITO (tin-doped indium oxide), and the counter electrode is silver chloride; b-The substrate of the working electrode is gold, and the counter electrode is gold; c-The substrate of the working electrode is gold, and the counter electrode is silver; d-The substrate of the working electrode is gold, and the counter electrode is silver oxide. Figure 19 Forward voltage regulation; Where: a - the peak current density in the on and off states of the applied electrode relative to the reference electrode (0-0.24 V) varies with light intensity; b - the relationship between the amplitude coefficient and the power exponent with voltage; where blue represents the on state and red represents the off state; Figure 20 For negative voltage regulation; Where: a - the peak current density in the on state relative to the reference electrode (0--0.24 V) varies with light intensity; b - the peak current density in the off state varies with light intensity; c - the relationship between the amplitude coefficient and the power exponent with voltage; where blue represents the on state and red represents the off state; Figure 21 Minimum detection limit; Where: a - the response of the on-state current to light intensity; b - the response of the off-state current to light intensity; the red line represents the standard deviation of dark current noise (0.11 μA / cm). 2 Three times that of ) Figure 22 For each inference, compare the energy. Detailed Implementation

[0023] To enable those skilled in the art to understand the features and effects of the present invention, the terms and expressions used in the specification and claims are explained and defined in general below. Unless otherwise specified, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the ordinary meaning understood by those skilled in the art regarding the present invention, and in case of conflict, the definitions in this specification shall prevail.

[0024] The theories or mechanisms described and disclosed herein, whether right or wrong, should not in any way limit the scope of the invention, that is, the contents of the invention can be implemented without being limited by any particular theory or mechanism.

[0025] In this document, all features defined by numerical ranges or percentage ranges, such as numerical values, quantities, contents, and concentrations, are for the sake of brevity and convenience only. Accordingly, descriptions of numerical ranges or percentage ranges should be considered as covering and specifically disclosing all possible sub-ranges and individual numerical values ​​(including integers and fractions) within those ranges.

[0026] In this article, unless otherwise specified, “contains,” “includes,” “containing,” “has,” or similar terms cover the meanings of “composed of” and “mainly composed of,” for example, “A contains a” covers the meanings of “A contains a and others” and “A contains only a.”

[0027] For the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of the technical features in each implementation scheme or embodiment are described herein. Therefore, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, the technical features in each implementation scheme or embodiment can be combined arbitrarily, and all possible combinations should be considered within the scope of this specification.

[0028] This invention provides a method for fabricating a programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling, comprising the following steps: Step 1: Preparation of active layer solution First, an organic ion-electron hybrid conductor material was used as the donor, and a high-performance organic semiconductor material (non-ion-electron hybrid conductor material) with energy levels matching the donor material was used as the acceptor material. These materials were dissolved in chloroform at a specific weight ratio (1:0.3~1:4) to prepare a solution. The solution was then stirred at 30℃~70℃ for at least 6 hours in a magnetically heated stirrer. Step 2: Prepare the working electrode The working electrode can be either indium tin oxide (ITO) or a gold electrode. ITO electrodes can be obtained commercially. Gold electrodes are prepared using vacuum evaporation. Both the ITO and gold electrode substrates require ultrasonic cleaning for 30-60 minutes each in detergent solution, deionized water, acetone, and isopropanol. The cleaned substrates are then dried with nitrogen and subjected to UV ozone cleaning for 15-30 minutes before further use. Gold electrode preparation: The cleaned glass substrate is prepared using vacuum evaporation (first depositing 2-4 nm of chromium, then immediately depositing 50-60 nm of gold. The area of ​​the gold electrode is determined by the mask used for evaporation). Finally, the prepared gold electrode is subjected to UV ozone cleaning for 15-30 minutes. Step 3: Prepare the active layer The active layer solution prepared in step 1 was spin-coated onto the working electrode; and active layers of different thicknesses (20~150 nm) were prepared by adjusting the spin-coating speed or the concentration of the solution; finally, the obtained film was wiped off with a cotton swab soaked in ethanol to obtain the desired active layer area, which is directly related to the photocurrent amplitude. Step 4: Select an electrolyte suitable for the environment The working electrode can be placed in different electrolytes depending on the usage conditions. Currently, our tests show that it can work normally in acidic electrolytes (0.1M HCl, 0.1M Al2(SO4)3), alkaline electrolytes (0.1M K2CO3), neutral electrolytes (0.1M MgSO4, 0.1M CaCl2, 0.1M NaCl), and solid electrolytes (0.1M sodium chloride hydrogel). Step 5: Select the counter electrode Since the programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling of the present invention utilizes light stimulation to generate excitons, and the excitons dissociate and transport to form a current, a counter electrode is required to form a circuit. The programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling of the present invention can be applied to a variety of counter electrodes. Different counter electrodes only change the photocurrent amplitude. The counter electrodes can be gold, silver / silver chloride electrodes (Warner Instruments E205), silver, and silver oxide, etc. Finally, a 0V bias voltage is applied between the two electrodes, i.e., a short circuit is established, forming a complete biological-like adaptive light event sensor device; it exhibits a significant spike response to changes in light intensity and has a relatively fast response time; for example... Figure 1 Figure a shows a schematic diagram of the structure of an optical event sensor. Figure 1 b is the structural formula of the material used in the active layer; This invention employs a photoelectrode design concept, utilizing the dual carrier transport characteristics of organic ion-electron hybrid conductors, which can transport both ions and electrons. It combines organic ion-electron hybrid conductors with non-organic ion-electron hybrid conductors to form an energy-level matched bulk heterojunction structure. A programmable amplitude optical event sensor was successfully fabricated on a single device. This monolayer device efficiently combines the response generated by photostimulation with ion-mediated modulation. It utilizes the interaction between ions in the electrolyte and organic materials in the bulk heterojunction to generate an intrinsic feedback mechanism—electrochemical doping dynamically regulates charge transport—driving the photocurrent back to equilibrium and enabling selective detection of light intensity changes. This achieves simple fabrication and convenient use.

[0029] This invention also provides an organic ion-electron hybrid conductor material (PgBDT-T), the synthesis route of which is as follows: Figure 2 The compounds pentaethylene glycol monomethyl ether (S1), benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-4,8-dione (S3) and 2,5-bis(trimethyltinyl)thiophene (S6) are purchased and can be used directly without additional purification. The specific preparation process includes the following steps: Synthesis of compound S2: Pentaethylene glycol monomethyl ether (S1, 3.0 g, 11.89 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (THF, 7 mL) were mixed in a 100 mL dry culture flask under a N2 atmosphere; then sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 1.43 g, 36.00 mmol) and deionized water (H2O, 12 mL) were added at 0 °C; then, p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (TsCl, 2.95 g, 15.47 mmol) was dissolved in THF (5 mL) and slowly added to the mixture, and stirred at room temperature for 12 hours; then, the mixture was poured into water and extracted with dichloromethane (DCM); then, the organic phase was dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), and concentrated under reduced pressure to give product S2, which could be used directly without further purification (3.19 g, yield 66.2%, colorless liquid). 1 H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform- d) δ7.74 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.13–4.08 (m, 2H), 3.66–3.54 (m, 14H), 3.53 (s, 4H), 3.50–3.47 (m, 2H), 3.32 (s, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H). Figure 3 The 1H NMR spectrum of compound S2; Synthesis of compound S4: Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-4,8-dione (S3, 1.2 g, 5.45 mmol), zinc (Zn, 0.779 g, 11.98 mmol), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 3.27 g, 81.75 mmol), and H2O (17 mL) were mixed in a 100 mL dry flask under a nitrogen atmosphere. After stirring for 1 hour, S2 (6.312 g, 15.53 mmol) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB, 0.1317 g, 0.41 mmol) were added, and the mixture was stirred at 100 °C for another 12 hours. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was poured into water and extracted with DCM; the organic phase was dried in anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the crude product; the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluting agent was ethyl acetate (EA)) to give compound S4 (2.61 g, yield 69.23%, reddish-brown liquid). 1 H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform- d ) δ7.55 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (t, J = 4.7 Hz, 2H), 3.87–3.83 (m, 2H), 3.74 (dd, J = 6.1,3.6 Hz, 2H), 3.71–3.69 (m, 2H), 3.67–3.61 (m, 10H), 3.51 (dd, J = 5.8, 3.6 Hz, 2H), 3.34 (s, 3H). Figure 4 The 1H NMR spectrum of compound S4; Synthesis of compound S5: S4 (2.0 g, 2.89 mmol) and DCM (20 mL) were added to a 50 mL dry flask; liquid bromine (Br2, 1.16 g, 7.23 mmol) was slowly added with stirring; after stirring the mixture at room temperature for 6 hours, the reaction solution was added to water containing sodium thiosulfate; and then extracted with DCM. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the crude product; the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (eluent was a mixture of methanol (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM) (1:60, v / v)); to obtain the pure compound (1.18 g, yield 47.95%, green, viscous liquid). 1 H NMR (600 MHz, Chloroform- d ) δ 7.55 (s, 1H), 4.35 – 4.32 (m, 2H), 3.97 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H),3.84 (s, 2H), 3.72 (s, 4H), 3.68 (s, 4H), 3.65 – 3.61 (m, 4H), 3.54 (s, 2H),3.36 (s, 3H); Figure 5 The image shows the 1H NMR spectrum of compound S5.

[0030] Synthesis of PgBDT-T: Under a N2 atmosphere, compounds S5 (142 mg, 0.17 mmol), S6 (68 mg, 0.17 mmol), Pd2(dba)3 (3.08 mg, 0.003 mmol), and P(o-tol)3 (4.09 mg, 0.013 mmol) were added to a dry 25 mL flask, followed by the addition of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 6 mL). The mixture was stirred at 110 °C for 12 h. After cooling to room temperature, the polymer was precipitated in 30 mL of hexane and filtered. The polymer was extracted sequentially with hexane, acetone, methanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and chloroform using a Soxhlet extractor. The chloroform fraction was concentrated and precipitated back to hexane, and filtered to obtain PgBDT-T (60 mg, 44.5% yield, blackish-red solid).

[0031] This invention also provides an application of the aforementioned programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling. The device is fabricated into a 3x3 array, where each pixel is a small event-driven photoresponse device. Utilizing the device's different responses to varying light intensities and voltages, the pixels are divided into two regions with different operating parameters—pixels 1, 2, 4, and 5 operate under 0V bias and low illumination (5 mW / cm²). 2) operates, while pixels 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9 receive higher illumination (30 mW / cm²) under a 0.2V bias. 2 The study recorded the temporal evolution of pixel responses while projecting different light patterns onto the array. Four different letter patterns ('X', 'J', 'T', and 'U') were projected onto the array sequentially. In the initial 'X' pattern stage, pixels 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 were activated for illumination. Although the operating conditions of different pixels in the entire array were different, characteristic photocurrent spikes were still generated. During the subsequent transition to the letter 'J', only pixels that experienced the illumination change produced response spikes—pixels 2 and 8 produced positive spikes due to the new illumination, while pixel 9 exhibited a negative spike due to the transition to darkness. Pixels that maintained their original illumination (such as pixel 7) maintained their baseline current levels. Similar response selectivity was observed during the transitions to the 'T' and 'U' patterns. Figure 6 'a' represents a schematic diagram of the fabricated array, and a schematic diagram showing different letters appearing under different lighting conditions at different times. Figure 6 b represents the photocurrent characteristics of each pixel in the above applications. Figure 6 c represents the photocurrent characteristics of each pixel when it operates at 0V. Figure 6 This demonstrates the potential for large-scale application of the optical event sensor device of the present invention, and its ability to effectively save on data acquisition. Furthermore, the amplitude modulation under different voltages further illustrates that the device of the present invention has the characteristic of adjustable amplitude, representing a significant improvement compared to traditional neural networks that only offer 0 or 1 modulation.

[0032] Furthermore, this patent, based on event-driven capabilities, constructs a hybrid amplitude-time coding neural network, combining the advantages of artificial neural networks and pulse-time networks to achieve real-time video recognition. At the hardware front end, a 3×3×16 convolutional kernel with bias voltage encoding is applied; each pixel multiplies its light intensity by its weights to simulate weights and emits a pulse, the pulse amplitude representing the product; the summed pulse amplitudes constitute a fully convolutional feature map, which is transmitted in pulse form to the long-term and short-term memory layers for classification. This simplifies frame capture and analog-to-digital conversion, significantly accelerating data processing and reducing power consumption. Using this neural network, this invention successfully classified four typical motion categories on the Weizmann human motion dataset, achieving 100% test accuracy, surpassing that of spiking neural networks. Video frames are projected onto a 4×4 IEES cross array; illumination provides the input, and the bias voltage of each pixel encodes 3×3×16 convolutional weights; amplitude-modulated pixel spikes are aggregated to form a feature map, which is directly transmitted to an LSTM classifier and successfully classifies the four action categories of walking, running, jumping, and jumping jacks. Figure 7 a is the 4×4 IEES cross array diagram shown. Figure 7 b and Figure 7 c represents the two-dimensional t-SNE projection of the original frame data for the four action categories and the t-SNE projection output after convolution by the optical event sensor, showing obvious category separation. This figure mainly demonstrates the application of our optical event sensor in neural networks. Utilizing its adjustable amplitude, a novel hybrid amplitude time-coded neural network is constructed, perfectly combining the advantages of artificial neural networks and spiking neural networks, achieving 100% test accuracy. This illustrates the potential of the device of this invention to address the needs of low-latency, high-information-density machine vision and brain-like computing.

[0033] The present invention will be further illustrated below with reference to specific embodiments. It should be understood that these embodiments are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Furthermore, it should be understood that after reading the teachings of this invention, those skilled in the art can make various alterations or modifications to the invention, and these equivalent forms also fall within the scope defined by the appended claims.

[0034] The following examples use instruments and equipment conventional in the art. Experimental methods in the following examples, unless otherwise specified, are generally performed under conventional conditions or as recommended by the manufacturer. All raw materials used in the following examples are conventional commercially available products with specifications conventional in the art. In this specification and the following examples, unless otherwise specified, "%" refers to weight percentage, "parts" refers to parts by weight, and "ratio" refers to weight proportion.

[0035] Example 1 The prepared programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling includes a working electrode, an active layer material coated on the working electrode, an electrolyte (0.1M HCl aqueous solution), and a counter electrode; wherein the active layer material has a thickness of 130 nm and an area of ​​0.8*0.75 cm². 2 ; The specific fabrication method of a programmable amplitude optical event sensor with different active layer ratios is as follows: Step 1: Preparation of active solution PgBDT-T (donor) and Y6 (acceptor) were added to a liquid chromatography inlet bottle according to different weight ratios, and chloroform was added to prepare solutions with donor and acceptor ratios of 1:0, 1:0.12, 1:0.2, 1:0.3, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 0:1 at 20 mg / mL. The solutions were stirred at 30°C for 1 h in a magnetically heated stirrer to obtain active layer solutions with different donor and acceptor ratios. Step 2: Prepare the working electrode First, the glass substrate was cleaned by ultrasonically cleaning a 15*15 mm glass substrate for 30 minutes each with detergent, deionized water, acetone, and isopropanol. The cleaned glass substrate was then dried with nitrogen and subjected to 15 minutes of ultraviolet ozone cleaning. The cleaned glass substrate was then subjected to vacuum evaporation, first depositing a 2 nm chromium layer, followed immediately by a 60 nm thick gold layer. The gold electrode area was 10*10 mm. Step 3: Preparation of the active layer The prepared electrode was subjected to UV ozone cleaning for 15 minutes. Then, 20 μL of a blend solution with different donor-acceptor ratios was spin-coated onto the gold substrate at 2000 rpm. The resulting film was wiped clean of excess material using an alcohol solution, leaving a 0.6 cm thick film. 2 The thin film is convenient for testing; Step Four: Select the electrolyte and working electrode; place the electrode in a 0.1M HCl aqueous solution, and use a silver / silver chloride electrode (Warner Instruments E205) as the reference electrode and counter electrode; apply a 0V bias voltage between the two electrodes, and the device is the simple optical event device obtained; it will have a significant peak response to changes in light intensity and a relatively fast response.

[0036] This embodiment aims to illustrate the fabrication principle and approach of the easily fabricated optical event sensor device of the present invention. Although a single organic ion-electron hybrid conductor material possesses both electron and ion carrier transport properties, during operation, ions and electron-holes can only work together to generate a unidirectional response—just as the hole generated by the material PgBDT-T (P-type material) used in this invention flows away from the working electrode when illuminated, generating a single negative Faraday current. Figure 8 a represents the photocurrent response of PgBDT-T (donor-acceptor ratio 1:0) under different light intensities. It can be seen that it generates larger negative transient currents and steady-state Faraday currents with increasing light intensity, but does not exhibit event phenomena. Y6 (donor-acceptor ratio 0:1) also exhibits only single carrier transport characteristics. Because it is a non-OMIEC material, charge transfer is more difficult, resulting in a smaller negative current (<10 μA / cm²) at the same light intensity. 2 );like Figure 8 As shown in b.

[0037] As the inventive principle shows, adding non-OMIEC Y6 will hinder charge transport, causing the Faraday current to disappear. Simultaneously, because a large number of electrons dissociated at the interface cannot transfer from Y6 into the electrolyte, they can only be led out through the working electrode. Therefore, a positive peak current is generated at the moment of illumination; for example... Figure 9As shown, when the donor-to-acceptor ratio is greater than 1:0.3, such as 1:0.12 and 1:0.2, the device has only a small forward current and a significant Faraday current under high light intensity. This will greatly increase power consumption in device applications and is not conducive to application.

[0038] Therefore, the proportion of Y6 is particularly important. Appropriately increasing the proportion of Y6 will increase the number of PN interfaces, thereby allowing more excitons to dissociate and increasing the peak value of the spike current; for example... Figure 10 As shown in Figure a, when PgBDT-T:Y6 = 1:0.3, it becomes a complete event phenomenon (i.e., a positive current response pulse is generated only at the instant of receiving light stimulation (the change in light intensity is greater than 0), the current is almost zero during continuous illumination (the change in light intensity is 0), and a negative current response pulse appears after the light stimulation is turned off (the change in light intensity is less than 0). As the ratio continues to increase, under the same change in light intensity, the peak value of the positive response current continues to increase, and at the end of illumination, the peak value of the negative off-state current response also gradually increases. The optimal ratio is reached when PgBDT-T:Y6 = 1:1 (see Figure a). Figure 10 b), at which point there is a relatively large current density (30 mW / cm). 2 Reaching 232 μA / cm 2 The response time reaches 71ms.

[0039] However, since Y6 is a non-OMIEC material, significantly increasing the proportion of Y6 will affect the interaction between the electrolyte and PgBDT-T, weakening the influence of ions in this process, thereby slowing down the response speed and reducing the peak current; for example... Figure 11 As shown in Figure a, when PgBDT-T:Y6 = 1:2, although the positive current response increases (the increase is less than 5 μA / cm) when subjected to light stimulation of the same intensity change. 2 However, its response speed has decreased (see...). Figure 12 When PgBDT-T:Y6 = 1:3 ( Figure 11 (b) Under the same light stimulation, the current response value decreased significantly.

[0040] In summary, this embodiment successfully found the optimal ratio of active layer material to be 1:1 by adjusting the ratio between the donor and acceptor. This ratio results in the largest peak current response and the shortest response time (ms level). At the same time, there is no steady-state Faraday current when receiving dynamic light stimulation, which greatly reduces power consumption.

[0041] Example 2 The prepared programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling includes a working electrode, an active layer material coated on the working electrode, an electrolyte (0.1M HCl aqueous solution), and a counter electrode; wherein the area of ​​the active layer material is 0.8*0.75cm². 2 ; Step 1: Preparation of active solution According to the donor-acceptor weight ratio (1:1), PgBDT-T and Y6 were added to the liquid phase injection bottle to prepare solutions of 5 mg / mL, 10 mg / mL and 20 mg / mL respectively, and stirred at 30°C for 1 h in a magnetic heating stirrer to obtain active solutions. Step 2: Prepare the working electrode First, the glass substrate was cleaned by ultrasonically cleaning a 15*15 mm glass substrate with detergent, deionized water, acetone, and isopropanol for 30 minutes each. The cleaned glass substrate was then dried with nitrogen and subjected to 15 minutes of ultraviolet ozone cleaning. The cleaned glass substrate was then subjected to vacuum evaporation, first depositing a 2 nm chromium layer, followed immediately by a 60 nm thick gold layer. The gold electrode area was 10*10 mm. Step 3: Prepare active layers of different thicknesses The prepared electrode was subjected to UV ozone cleaning for 15 minutes. Then, 20 μL of a 5 mg / mL blend solution was spin-coated onto a gold substrate at 2000 rpm, achieving a thickness of 25 nm. Similarly, 20 μL of a 10 mg / mL blend solution was spin-coated onto the gold substrate at 2000 rpm and 4000 rpm, achieving thicknesses of 95 nm and 50 nm, respectively. Finally, 20 μL of a 20 mg / mL blend solution was spin-coated onto the gold substrate at 2000 rpm and 4000 rpm, achieving thicknesses of 130 nm and 110 nm, respectively. Excess material was removed by wiping with an alcohol solution, leaving a 0.6 cm thick film. 2 The thin film is convenient for testing; Step 4: Select the electrolyte and working electrode The electrode was placed in a 0.1M HCl aqueous solution, with a silver / silver chloride electrode (Warner Instruments E205) used as the reference electrode and counter electrode. A 0V bias voltage was applied between the two electrodes, and the resulting device was a simple optical event sensor.

[0042] This embodiment aims to illustrate the advantages of material selection in the optical event sensor of the present invention. Since one of the active layer materials selected in this invention is an organic ion-electron hybrid conductor, one of its characteristics is that it can be bulk doped, meaning that ions from the electrolyte can enter the active layer to participate in the charge balance and transport within the film. Therefore, we can further adjust the amplitude of the photocurrent by adjusting the film thickness; for example... Figure 13 As shown, under the same change in light intensity, the peak current density gradually increases with the continuous increase of the active layer thickness. This is partly because, for the same area, the further back the film is, the more active layer molecules it contains. Therefore, under the same light intensity, more active materials receive light stimulation and generate excitons, resulting in dissociation. On the other hand, due to the increase in film thickness, there are more donor materials, which can undergo more complete swelling before receiving light and interact with ions in the electrolyte.

[0043] Example 3 The fabricated programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling includes a substrate, a working electrode, an active layer material coated on the working electrode, an electrolyte (0.1M HCl aqueous solution), and a counter electrode; wherein the active layer material has a thickness of 130nm and an area of ​​0.8*0.75cm. 2 According to the design principle of this invention, the electrolyte provides ions to rapidly suppress "excitation" and return to a steady state; experimental verification shows that hydrogen ions (H+) in the electrolyte system... + The concentration gradient of the electrolyte is a key parameter that determines the peak current and the rapid suppression of "excitation". If the cations in the electrolyte have a strong ability to gain electrons (such as copper ions), a steady-state Faraday current will appear, increasing power consumption. In addition, the electrode materials and active layer materials of this invention need to be stable in the electrolyte so that stable event driving can be achieved.

[0044] The following are specific fabrication methods for a programmable amplitude optical event sensor device operating in different environments: Step 1: Preparation of active solution According to the donor-acceptor weight ratio (1:1), PgBDT-T and Y6 were added to the liquid phase injection bottle to prepare a 20 mg / mL solution, and stirred at 30°C for 1 h in a magnetically heated stirrer. Step 2: Prepare the working electrode First, the glass substrate was cleaned by ultrasonically cleaning a 15*15 mm glass substrate with detergent, deionized water, acetone, and isopropanol for 30 minutes each. The cleaned glass substrate was then dried with nitrogen and subjected to 15 minutes of ultraviolet ozone cleaning. The cleaned glass substrate was then subjected to vacuum evaporation, first depositing a 2 nm chromium layer, followed immediately by a 60 nm thick gold layer. The gold electrode area was 10*10 mm. Step 3: Preparation of the active layer The prepared electrode was subjected to UV ozone cleaning for 15 minutes. Then, 20 μL of a 20 mg / mL blend solution was spin-coated onto a gold substrate at 2000 rpm to a thickness of 130 nm. The resulting film was then wiped clean of excess material using an alcohol solution, leaving a 0.6 cm thick film. 2 The thin film is convenient for testing; Step 4: Select Electrolyte To adapt to different working environments and increase the versatility of our devices, this embodiment selects 0.1M Al2SO4, 0.1M NH4Cl and 0.1M HCl aqueous solutions as acidic electrolytes; 0.1M K2CO3 aqueous solution as alkaline electrolytes; 0.1M CaCl2 and 0.1M NaCl aqueous solutions as neutral electrolytes; and 0.1M sodium chloride hydrogel as a solid electrolyte. Step 5: Select the counter electrode The working electrode is placed in the electrolyte, and the silver / silver chloride electrode (Warner Instruments E205) is used as the reference electrode and counter electrode. A 0 V bias voltage is applied between the two electrodes. This device is the simple optical event sensor obtained in this embodiment. Figure 14 , 15 Figures 1 and 16 show the changes in photocurrent of a programmable optical event sensor in acidic, neutral, and alkaline electrolytes with different light intensities. It can be seen that in an acidic environment (high hydrogen ion concentration), the photocurrent response is larger for the same change in light intensity, while the photocurrent response is not significantly different in neutral and alkaline environments. Figure 17 This is a schematic diagram of a programmable optical event sensor device in a solid electrolyte, showing the change in light intensity with different amounts of light. Due to the inherent problems of impaired ion mobility and low mobility in hydrogel electrolytes, and the fact that the hydrogel's fabrication process causes it to absorb some light, it exhibits a smaller photocurrent response under the same change in light intensity.

[0045] This embodiment aims to illustrate that the programmable amplitude optical event sensor of the present invention can select the appropriate electrolyte according to different working environments, exhibiting great versatility. Furthermore, its successful implementation in a hydrogel electrolyte demonstrates the possibility of future large-area integration, realizing a simple, integrated device.

[0046] Example 4 The fabricated programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling includes a substrate, a working electrode, an active layer material coated on the working electrode, an electrolyte (0.1M HCl aqueous solution), and a counter electrode; wherein the active layer material has a thickness of 130nm and an area of ​​0.8*0.75cm. 2According to the design principle of this invention, the main function of the working electrode and the counter electrode is to transfer charge and form a circuit; therefore, the device structure of this invention allows for more electrode selection. Step 1: Preparation of active solution PgBDT-T and Y6 were added to a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) flask at a donor-to-acceptor weight ratio of 1:1 to prepare a 20 mg / mL solution. The solution was then stirred at 30°C for 1 h using a magnetic stirrer. Step 2: Prepare the working electrode a) Gold substrate electrode: First, clean the glass substrate. The 15*15 mm glass substrate was ultrasonically cleaned for 30 minutes each with detergent, deionized water, acetone, and isopropanol. The cleaned glass substrate was then dried with nitrogen and subjected to 15 minutes of ultraviolet ozone cleaning. The cleaned glass substrate was then vacuum-deposited, first depositing a 2 nm layer of chromium, followed immediately by a 60 nm thick gold layer. The gold electrode area was 10*10 mm. b) ITO substrate electrode: The glass substrate for this electrode was cleaned using the same method as the gold electrode. Step 3: Preparation of the active layer The prepared electrode was subjected to UV ozone cleaning for 15 minutes. Then, 20 μL of a 20 mg / mL blend solution was spin-coated onto the working electrode surface at 2000 rpm, achieving a thickness of 130 nm. The resulting film was then wiped clean of excess material using an alcohol solution, leaving a 0.6 cm thick film. 2 The thin film is convenient for testing; Step 4: Select Electrolyte 0.1M HCl aqueous solution was selected as the electrolyte; Step 5: Select the counter electrode The working electrode was placed in the electrolyte, and the silver / silver chloride electrode (Warner Instruments E205), gold electrode, silver electrode, and silver oxide electrode were used as the reference electrode and counter electrode. Applying a 0V bias voltage between the two electrodes creates the simple optical event sensor device obtained in this embodiment.

[0047] Figure 18 a, b, c, and d are schematic diagrams showing the photocurrent changes with different light intensities, respectively: ITO + active layer as the working electrode and silver chloride as the counter electrode; gold + active layer as the working electrode and gold as the counter electrode; gold + active layer as the working electrode and silver as the counter electrode; and gold + active layer as the working electrode and silver oxide as the counter electrode. It can be seen that using different electrode systems only changes the magnitude of the photocurrent peak; the characteristics of the event (responding only to changes in light intensity) remain unchanged.

[0048] This embodiment demonstrates that the amplitude of the device can be controlled by changing the combination of the working electrode and the counter electrode, enriching the means of amplitude control. Furthermore, the selection of different electrodes provides a reliable basis for future large-area integration. Because gold is chemically stable, both the bottom working electrode and the counter electrode can be gold electrodes, which greatly reduces the difficulty of integration.

[0049] The device of this invention primarily consists of an active layer formed by blending organic and non-organic ion-electron hybrid conductors. Organic materials are typically voltage-sensitive; adjusting the voltage applied across them primarily alters their physical and chemical properties by changing the electric field strength, such as influencing carrier injection and transport, mobility, and electrochemical doping. Utilizing this characteristic, we successfully controlled the current amplitude by altering the voltage applied across the working electrode and the counter electrode.

[0050] a) Apply a positive bias voltage (light intensity change ΔP = 30 mW / cm²) to the working electrode. -2 Applying a positive voltage is equivalent to attracting anions in the electrolyte to the vicinity of the working electrode, thus pre-doping the organic ion-electron hybrid conductor and reducing its current amplitude relative to the 0 V operating state. We extracted the change in current density with light intensity at 0 V and found that its peak value exhibits a power-law relationship with light intensity. , where α is the amplitude coefficient and β is the power exponent. When a positive voltage is applied, α decays exponentially with the voltage, while β is insensitive to the voltage. Figure 19 a) is a device with a working electrode of gold + active layer (donor:acceptor = 1:1), electrolyte of 0.1M HCl, and counter electrode of silver chloride, whose peak current varies with light intensity under different voltages. Figure 19 b represents the relationship between the amplitude coefficient and the power exponent as a function of the positive voltage.

[0051] , ; b) Apply a negative bias voltage (light intensity change ΔP = 30 mW cm) to the working electrode. -2 Applying a negative voltage attracts cations in the electrolyte to the vicinity of the working electrode, which facilitates the transfer of photogenerated electrons into the electrolyte, thus reducing the peak current density. For the parameters in the above formula, a negative bias will simultaneously reduce α and β. Figure 20 a and b represent the changes in peak current with light intensity in the on and off states of a device with a gold working electrode and an active layer (donor:acceptor = 1:1), an electrolyte of 0.1M HCl, and a silver counter electrode, respectively, under different voltages. Figure 20 c represents the relationship between the amplitude coefficient and the power exponent as a function of negative voltage.

[0052] Since voltage can effectively regulate the amplitude of the peak current, the behavior of the device is further enriched. Furthermore, the amplitude of the device of this invention can be controlled by adjusting the thickness of the active layer, the bottom electrode of the working electrode, and the type of the counter electrode. This provides a foundation for its fabrication as a programmable amplitude optical event sensor.

[0053] Because the material itself is photosensitive, it also exhibits a certain response to small changes in light intensity during device fabrication, with a minimum detection limit of 0.053 mW / cm². 2 Its comfort level is lower than the lower limit for human reading comfort. See Figure 21 .

[0054] Low energy consumption. Because the neural network fabricated by the device of this invention suppresses the energy consumption of sensing and conversion during front-end operations, the total energy consumption of the device during each inference process can be reduced to 0.064 mJ, which is extremely low compared to SNNs that rely solely on binary pulses. Figure 22 As shown.

[0055] The above content is only for illustrating the technical concept of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention. Any modifications made to the technical solution based on the technical concept proposed in this invention shall fall within the scope of protection of the claims of this invention.

Claims

1. A method for fabricating a programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Organic ion-electron hybrid conductor materials and non-organic ion-electron hybrid conductor materials are dissolved in a solvent to obtain an active layer solution; The active layer solution is spin-coated onto the surface of the working electrode to obtain a working electrode with an active layer. By placing the working electrode with the active layer and the counter electrode in the electrolyte, a circuit is formed between the electrodes and a short-circuit connection is established, resulting in a programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling.

2. The method for fabricating a programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling according to claim 1, characterized in that, The solvent is dichloromethane or trichloromethane; The mass ratio of the organic ionic-electron hybrid conductor material to the nonionic-electron hybrid conductor material is 1:0.3-1:4; the volume ratio of the sum of the masses of the organic ionic-electron hybrid conductor material and the nonionic-electron hybrid conductor material to the solvent is 20 mg:1 mL.

3. The method for fabricating a programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling according to claim 1, characterized in that, The organic ionic-electronic hybrid conductor material and the non-ionic-electronic hybrid conductor material are dissolved in a solvent and then magnetically heated and stirred to obtain an active layer solution. The magnetic heating and stirring temperature is 30~70℃, and the time is more than 6 hours.

4. The method for fabricating a programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling according to claim 1, characterized in that, The working electrode is an indium tin oxide electrode or a gold electrode; the thickness of the active layer is 20~150 nm.

5. The method for fabricating a programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling according to claim 1, characterized in that, The electrolyte is an acidic electrolyte, an alkaline electrolyte, a neutral electrolyte, or a solid electrolyte; The acidic electrolyte contains 10 -3 M-1M HCl, 10 -3 M-1M Al2(SO4)3; The alkaline electrolyte contains 10 -3 M -1 K2CO3; The neutral electrolyte contains 10 -3 M -1 MgSO4, 10 -3 M-1M CaCl2 and 10 -3 M -1M NaCl; The solid electrolyte contains 0.3%-3% sodium chloride hydrogel by mass.

6. The method for fabricating a programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling according to claim 1, characterized in that, The organic ion-electron hybrid conductor material is PgBDT-T; The non-ionic-electronic hybrid conductor material is Y6; The preparation method of the PgBDT-T includes the following steps: Under a N2 atmosphere, compounds 16,16'-((2,6-dibromobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-4,8-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2,5,8,11,14-pentahexadecane), 2,5-bis(trimethyltinyl)thiophene, Pd2(dba)3, and P(o-tol)3 were mixed, and N,N-dimethylformamide was added. After stirring and cooling, the resulting polymer was precipitated into hexane and then filtered. The filtered product was then extracted, concentrated, precipitated, and filtered in sequence to obtain PgBDT-T. The amounts of compound 16,16'-((2,6-dibromobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-4,8-diyl)bis(oxo))bis(2,5,8,11,14-pentahexadecane), compound 2,5-bis(trimethyltinyl)thiophene, Pd2(dba)3, P(o-tol)3 and N,N-dimethylformamide are used in the following proportions: 70-142 mg, 37.6-6.4 mg, 1.51-3.06 mg, 2.01-4.09 mg and 6-10 mL; the stirring temperature is 110-130 °C.

7. The method for fabricating a programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling according to claim 6, characterized in that, The preparation method of the compound 16,16'-((2,6-dibromobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-4,8-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxahexadecane) is as follows: Liquid bromine was added to a mixture of compound 4,8-bis((2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxadecan-16-yl)oxy)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene and DCM. After stirring, the resulting reaction solution was added to water containing sodium thiosulfate, followed by extraction to obtain an organic phase. The organic phase was dried and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a crude product. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 16,16'-((2,6-dibromobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-4,8-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxadecadecane). The ratio of the compound 4,8-bis((2,5,8,11,14-pentahexadec-16-yl)oxy)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene, DCM, and liquid bromine is 1.0~2.0 g, 10~20 mL, and 0.58~1.16 g, respectively; the stirring is carried out at room temperature for 5~6 h; and the volume ratio of water containing sodium thiosulfate to the reaction liquid is 20:1~25:

1.

8. The method for fabricating a programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling according to claim 7, characterized in that, The preparation method of the compound 4,8-bis((2,5,8,11,14-pentahexadec-16-yl)oxy)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene is as follows: Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-4,8-dione, zinc, sodium hydroxide, and water were mixed under a nitrogen atmosphere and stirred. Then, compound 2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxane-16-yl-4-methylbenzenesulfonate and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide were added, and the mixture was stirred again to allow the reaction to proceed. After the reaction was complete, the resulting mixture was extracted in water. The resulting organic phase was dried in Na2SO4 and then concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a crude product. The crude product was purified using silica gel column chromatography to obtain compound 4,8-bis((2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxane-16-yl)oxy)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene:; The ratio of the following components is as follows: benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-4,8-dione, zinc, sodium hydroxide, water, compound 2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxane-16-yl-4-methylbenzenesulfonate, and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide. The stirring time is 1.2–2.0 g: 0.779–1.30 g: 3.27–5.45 g: 17–29 mL: 6.312–10.52 g: 0.1317–0.220 g. The stirring time is 1–2 h. The re-stirring temperature is 100–110 °C, and the stirring time is 12–24 h.

9. A method for fabricating a programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling according to claim 8, characterized in that, The preparation method of the compound 2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxane-16-yl-4-methylbenzenesulfonate is as follows: Pentaethylene glycol monomethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran were mixed under a nitrogen atmosphere, and then sodium hydroxide and deionized water were added at 0°C to obtain a mixture. p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride was added to the mixture, stirred, and the resulting product was extracted. The resulting organic phase was then dried and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain compound 2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxane-16-yl-4-methylbenzenesulfonate. The ratios of pentaethylene glycol monomethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, sodium hydroxide, deionized water, and toluenesulfonyl chloride are 3.0–5.0 g, 12–20 mL, 1.43–2.37 g, 12–18 mL, and 2.95–4.92 g, respectively.

10. A programmable amplitude optical event sensor based on ion-electron coupling, characterized in that, It is prepared by the preparation method described in any one of claims 1 to 9.

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