Perovskite cell, perovskite cell assembly, laminated cell assembly and photovoltaic system

Abstract

The embodiment of the invention discloses a perovskite cell, a perovskite cell assembly, a laminated cell assembly and a photovoltaic system. The perovskite cell comprises a substrate; each cell unit comprises a first electrode layer, a perovskite functional layer and a second electrode layer which are stacked in sequence; the perovskite cell is provided with a plurality of first wire ducts, second wire ducts and third wire ducts along a first direction. The first wire slot penetrates through the first electrode layer; the second wire slot penetrates through the perovskite functional layer and is in an interval line segment mode along the second direction; the third wire slot at least penetrates through the second electrode layer; the first width of each cell unit in the same perovskite cell is greater than or equal to 3 mm and less than or equal to 6.2 mm, and the maximum width of the second wire slot in the first direction is greater than or equal to 50 microns and less than or equal to 146 microns; the geometric fill factor of the perovskite cell is greater than or equal to 97%. According to the scheme, the geometric fill factor can be increased by limiting the compression dead zone, and the performance of the perovskite cell is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of solar cell technology, and in particular to a perovskite cell, a perovskite cell module, a tandem cell module, and a photovoltaic system. Background Technology

[0002] In the fabrication of perovskite solar cells, a three-stage parallel laser etching process is typically used to divide a large-area cell into multiple series-connected sub-cells. A final laser edge-cleaning process removes the conductive deposited film from the edges. The first step (P1) involves using a laser to scribble the transparent conductive bottom electrode on the glass substrate surface before depositing the transport layer, creating electrically isolated independent regions. The second step (P2) involves laser scribing the perovskite functional layer above the bottom electrode, aiming to expose it without damaging the bottom electrode. The third step (P3) involves using a laser to at least cut the top electrode after top electrode fabrication, without damaging the bottom electrode, thus achieving electrical isolation between the cell units and forming a series structure through the contact between the upper and lower electrode layers. The P2 step is a critical step and can be etched using different types of lasers, including solid-state or gas laser sources with various pulse widths and wavelength combinations. The resulting groove morphology varies significantly depending on the process parameters. By optimizing the etching effect of the P2 process, the additional series resistance introduced in this step can be effectively reduced, thereby improving the overall fill factor of large-area components.

[0003] In current industrial production, the P2 process commonly uses solid-state lasers with wavelengths of 400-600 nm, and pulse widths can cover the nanosecond, picosecond, or femtosecond range. By setting reasonable repetition frequency (i.e., the number of pulse triggers per unit time), scanning speed, and single-pulse energy, the perovskite functional layer is etched using the superposition effect of Gaussian beams, forming continuous grooves under high pulse overlap conditions. The core requirement of this process is to ensure the cleanliness of the etched area, that is, to completely remove all functional layer material above the bottom electrode while preserving the original surface morphology of the bottom electrode, so that the subsequently deposited top electrode can form a reliable interconnect with the bottom electrode in the groove, constructing an effective series channel between battery cells.

[0004] However, the geometric fill factor of existing perovskite solar cells is generally low, which to some extent restricts further improvement in cell performance. How to maximally compress the dead zone to increase the geometric fill factor to over 97%, thereby improving the performance of perovskite solar cells and producing industrially viable products, has become one of the urgent technical problems to be solved in this field. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This invention provides a perovskite solar cell, a perovskite solar cell module, a tandem solar cell module, and a photovoltaic system. By using a second groove with spaced line segments, the width of the second groove is ensured to be within a reasonable range. The minimum contact area / width of the second groove is determined so as not to affect the performance of the module under different second electrode conditions. This allows for extreme compression of the dead zone to improve the geometric fill factor to over 97%, thereby enhancing the performance of the perovskite solar cell.

[0006] According to one aspect of the present invention, a perovskite solar cell is provided, the perovskite solar cell comprising: Base; Multiple battery cells are located on one side of a substrate. Each battery cell includes a first electrode layer, a perovskite functional layer, and a second electrode layer stacked sequentially. Each battery cell has a first width along a first direction. The perovskite solar cell has multiple first grooves, multiple second grooves, and multiple third grooves arranged along a first direction; the perovskite solar cell is divided into multiple battery cells connected in series by the multiple first grooves, multiple second grooves, and multiple third grooves; the first grooves penetrate the first electrode layer; the second grooves penetrate the perovskite functional layer and are arranged in a spaced line segment pattern along the second direction, which is different from the first direction and the second direction; the third grooves penetrate at least the second electrode layer. The first width of each cell in the same perovskite solar cell is greater than or equal to 3 mm and less than or equal to 6.2 mm; In the same perovskite solar cell, the maximum width of the second groove of each cell in the first direction is greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 146 micrometers. The geometric fill factor of perovskite solar cells is greater than or equal to 97%.

[0007] Optionally, when the second electrode layer is made of the first material, it has a first conductivity parameter, and the width of the second groove in the first direction is greater than or equal to a first minimum value. When the second electrode layer is made of the second material, it has a second conductivity parameter, and the width of the second groove in the first direction is greater than or equal to a second minimum value. The first conductivity parameter is greater than the second conductivity parameter, and the values ​​of the first minimum value and the second minimum value are different.

[0008] Optionally, the first minimum value is less than the second minimum value.

[0009] Optionally, when the second electrode layer includes a metallic second electrode layer, the minimum width of the second groove in the first direction is 15 micrometers.

[0010] Optionally, when the second electrode layer includes a metal oxide second electrode layer, the minimum width of the second groove in the first direction is 22 micrometers.

[0011] Optionally, when the width of the battery cell in the first direction is 5 mm, the width of the second groove in the first direction is less than or equal to 110 micrometers.

[0012] Optionally, the second electrode layer includes at least one of a copper metal second electrode layer, a silver metal second electrode layer, and a gold metal second electrode layer.

[0013] Optionally, the second electrode layer includes at least one of indium tin oxide metal oxide second electrode layer, indium tungsten oxide metal oxide second electrode layer, fluorine-doped tin oxide metal oxide second electrode layer, indium zinc oxide metal oxide second electrode layer, and indium cobalt oxide metal oxide second electrode layer.

[0014] Optionally, the geometric fill factor of the perovskite solar cell satisfies the following relationship: GFF=1-[(WP1+WP2+WP3+WL1+WL2) / Wcell]≥97%; Wherein, GFF is the geometric fill factor of the perovskite solar cell, Wcell is the width of a single cell in the first direction, WP1 is the width of the first groove in the first direction, WP2 is the width of the second groove in the first direction, WP3 is the width of the third groove in the first direction, WL1 is the interval between the first groove and the second groove, and WL2 is the interval between the second groove and the third groove.

[0015] Optionally, the third groove penetrates the second electrode layer, or the third groove penetrates the second electrode layer and part of the perovskite functional layer, or the third groove penetrates the second electrode layer and the entire perovskite functional layer without damaging the first electrode layer.

[0016] According to another aspect of the present invention, a perovskite solar cell assembly is provided, the perovskite solar cell assembly comprising any embodiment of the present invention.

[0017] According to another aspect of the present invention, a stacked battery assembly is provided, which is made of perovskite battery according to any embodiment of the present invention.

[0018] According to another aspect of the present invention, a photovoltaic system is provided, which includes a perovskite cell module and / or a tandem cell module according to any embodiment of the present invention.

[0019] The technical solution provided in this invention features a battery cell with a width greater than or equal to 3 mm and less than or equal to 6.2 mm in the first direction. This avoids the problem of excessively small widths in the first direction, which would increase dead area loss and significantly raise the difficulty and cost of laser scribing. Conversely, it avoids excessively large widths in the first direction (Y), which would significantly increase the internal series resistance of the perovskite cell, leading to a significant decrease in geometric fill factor and efficiency, and a reduction in current collection efficiency, thus affecting module performance. Therefore, selecting a battery cell with a width greater than or equal to 3 mm and less than or equal to 6.2 mm in the first direction is a compromise. Within this range, the loss caused by series resistance is acceptable; the dead area ratio is relatively low, and the light utilization efficiency is high. The difficulty, cost, and yield of laser scribing are relatively controllable under current technology; and it can effectively balance carrier collection efficiency and thin film uniformity requirements. Furthermore, the maximum width of the second groove 200 in the first direction Y is greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 146 micrometers, and the geometric fill factor is greater than or equal to 97%, which improves the geometric fill factor of the perovskite solar cell and enhances its performance.

[0020] In summary, the technical solution provided by the embodiments of the present invention ensures that the line width of the second line slot of the module is within a reasonable range in the mode of the second line slot being in the form of spaced line segments. It determines the minimum contact area / width of the second line slot that does not affect the performance of the module under different second electrode conditions, thereby maximally compressing the dead zone and increasing the geometric fill factor to over 97%, thus improving the performance of the perovskite cell.

[0021] It should be understood that the description in this section is not intended to identify key or essential features of the embodiments of the present invention, nor is it intended to limit the scope of the invention. Other features of the invention will become readily apparent from the following description. Attached Figure Description

[0022] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the accompanying drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0023] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a perovskite solar cell provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of another perovskite solar cell provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of another perovskite solar cell provided in an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 4 yesFigure 2 A partial top-view structural diagram. Detailed Implementation

[0024] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present invention, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort should fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0025] It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," etc., in the specification, claims, and accompanying drawings of this invention are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that such data can be interchanged where appropriate so that the embodiments of the invention described herein can be implemented in orders other than those illustrated or described herein. Furthermore, the terms "comprising" and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion; for example, a process, method, system, product, or apparatus that comprises a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those steps or units explicitly listed, but may include other steps or units not explicitly listed or inherent to such processes, methods, products, or apparatus.

[0026] like Figures 1-4 As shown, Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a perovskite solar cell provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of another perovskite solar cell provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of another perovskite solar cell provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 4 yes Figure 2The diagram shows a partial top view of the perovskite solar cell 001, which includes: a substrate 1; multiple battery cells 002 located on one side of the substrate 1, each battery cell 002 including a first electrode layer 2, a perovskite functional layer 3, and a second electrode layer 4 stacked sequentially; each battery cell 002 has a first width along a first direction Y; the perovskite solar cell 001 is provided with multiple first grooves 100, multiple second grooves 200, and multiple third grooves 300 along the first direction Y; the perovskite solar cell 001 is divided into multiple battery cells 002 connected in series by the multiple first grooves 100, multiple second grooves 200, and multiple third grooves 300; the first A groove 100 penetrates the first electrode layer 2; a second groove 200 penetrates the perovskite functional layer 3 and is arranged in a spaced-out line segment pattern along the second direction X, while the first direction Y and the second direction X are different; a third groove 300 penetrates at least the second electrode layer 4; the first width of each cell 002 in the same perovskite cell 001 is greater than or equal to 3 mm and less than or equal to 6.2 mm; the maximum width of the second groove 200 of each cell 002 in the same perovskite cell 001 in the first direction Y is greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 146 micrometers; the geometric fill factor of the perovskite cell 001 is greater than or equal to 97%. Thus, the geometric fill factor of the perovskite cell 001 can be improved, and the performance of the perovskite cell 001 can be enhanced.

[0027] In this embodiment, the product of the width L3 of the dead zone in the first direction Y and the dimension of the battery cell 002 in the second direction X is the dead zone area. The product of the width WP2 of the second groove 200 in the first direction Y and the dimension of the battery cell 002 in the second direction X is the contact area between the second electrode layer 4 and the first electrode layer 2 in each battery cell 002.

[0028] In this embodiment of the invention, the battery cell 002 of the perovskite solar cell 001 includes a substrate 1, a first electrode layer 2, a perovskite functional layer 3, and a second electrode layer 4. The first electrode layer 2 is etched in a first process P1 to form a first groove 100. The perovskite functional layer 3 is etched in a second process P2 to form a second groove 200. The second groove 200 includes a plurality of sub-grooves 201, and the plurality of sub-grooves 201 are arranged along a second direction X at a preset spacing; the perovskite functional layer 3 and the second electrode layer 4 are etched in a third process P3 to form a third groove 300. Figure 4 In the middle, L1 is the dimension of the sub-groove 201 in the second direction X, and d is the value of the spacing distance of the sub-groove 201 in the second direction X.

[0029] The third groove 300 may penetrate only the second electrode layer 4, or it may penetrate the second electrode layer 4 and part of the perovskite functional layer 3, or it may penetrate the second electrode layer 4 and all of the perovskite functional layer 3, until the first electrode layer 2 is exposed. The embodiments of the present invention are not specifically limited here.

[0030] It should be noted that when forming the third groove 300, if the third groove 300 penetrates the second electrode layer 4 and the entire perovskite functional layer 3, the first electrode layer 2 will be exposed but will not be damaged, thus ensuring the integrity of the first electrode layer 2.

[0031] Furthermore, the second electrode layer 4 is electrically connected to the first electrode layer 2 via the second groove 200. In this embodiment of the invention, the second electrode layer 4 can be a top electrode layer, and the first electrode layer 2 can be a bottom electrode layer.

[0032] In this embodiment of the invention, the drawback of the battery cell 002 having an excessively large width Wcell in the first direction Y (>6.2mm) is as follows: (1) As series resistance increases, fill factor and efficiency decrease significantly: The root cause is that the current needs to flow laterally along the first direction Y inside the battery cell 002 to reach the upper collecting electrode. The larger the width Wcell of the battery cell 002 in the first direction Y, the longer the average path for the current to reach the collecting electrode.

[0033] Impact: The perovskite layer and transport layer (especially the hole transport layer) in the perovskite functional layer 3 typically have low lateral conductivity. Long-distance lateral transport encounters significant resistance, leading to increased Joule heat loss.

[0034] The result is a significant decrease in the fill factor, leading to a decline in overall conversion efficiency. This is the primary drawback of the excessively large width Wcell of cell 002 in the first direction Y.

[0035] (2) Reduced current collection efficiency: The root cause is that after charge carriers (photogenerated electrons and holes) are generated in the perovskite functional layer 3, they need to diffuse to their respective transport layers and electrodes. An excessively large width means that charge carriers generated far from the collection electrode region are more likely to be lost due to recombination before reaching the electrode.

[0036] Impact: Especially when the carrier diffusion length is limited (either due to the perovskite material itself or the thin film quality), an excessively large width Wcell of the cell 002 in the first direction Y will cause the current far from the electrode region to be unable to be effectively collected, reducing the short-circuit current density.

[0037] (3) Higher requirements for film uniformity: Impact: Within a battery cell 002 with a large width Wcell in the first direction Y, any non-uniformities (thickness, composition, coverage) in the perovskite functional layer 3, such as the perovskite layer and transport layer, will be amplified. Local defects or low-performance regions have a greater impact on the overall performance of the battery cell 002, reducing the yield and average efficiency of the perovskite battery.

[0038] (4) Potential risk of localized overheating: Impact: Due to the increased series resistance, the current density distribution may be more uneven, and hot spots are more likely to be generated in areas far from the electrodes or in local high-resistance regions, which can accelerate material degradation and affect long-term stability.

[0039] The drawback of the battery cell 002 having a small width Wcell in the first direction Y (<3mm) is as follows: (1) The proportion of dead zones increases, and the effective area utilization rate decreases: The root cause is that the laser scribing lines (P1, P2, P3) themselves occupy a certain width, and these areas do not generate photocurrent, which are called "dead zones".

[0040] Impact: The smaller the width Wcell of cell 002 in the first direction Y, the more laser scribing lines are per unit area. The proportion of the total dead zone area to the total module area (dead zone loss) is larger. This means that the effective area ratio used for light absorption and power generation decreases, directly leading to a reduction in the overall short-circuit current density and efficiency of the module.

[0041] (2) The laser scribing process is more difficult and more costly: High precision requirements: The narrower width Wcell in the first direction Y requires more precise laser scribing control to ensure the positional accuracy and width consistency of the scribing lines, and to avoid damaging adjacent areas or causing short circuits / open circuits between battery cells 002.

[0042] Increased number of scribing operations: For perovskite solar cells of the same area, the smaller the width Wcell of cell 002 in the first direction Y, the longer the total scribing line length required (increased number of P2 lines), and the longer the processing time.

[0043] Yield challenges: Higher precision requirements and more scribing steps increase process complexity, which may lead to a decrease in yield or higher requirements for equipment performance, increasing manufacturing costs.

[0044] (3) Increased resistance in the interconnect region (P2 / P3): Impact: While the lateral resistance of a single cell 002 is reduced, the number of interconnect points (the P2 / P3 region, where adjacent cells 002 are connected via the transparent conductive oxide and metal electrodes of cell 002) increases. These interconnect points themselves have contact resistance and the resistance of the second electrode layer 4. The increased number of interconnect points increases the proportion of this portion of the total resistance in the total series resistance, which can also lead to efficiency loss if the interconnection process is imperfect.

[0045] (4) More sensitive to edge effects: Impact: The edge regions formed by laser scribing may contain defects, damage, or different material properties. The smaller the width of the battery cell 002, the larger the proportion of these edge regions relative to the total area of ​​the battery cell 002, and the more significant their negative effects on the performance of the battery cell 002.

[0046] In summary, if the width Wcell of the battery cell 002 in the first direction Y is too small, the dead area loss will increase and the difficulty and cost of laser scribing process will increase significantly; if the width Wcell of the battery cell 002 in the first direction Y is too large, the internal series resistance of the perovskite battery 001 will increase significantly, the series resistance will increase, the fill factor and efficiency will decrease significantly, the current collection efficiency will decrease, and thus affect the performance of the module.

[0047] It should be noted that the perovskite battery 001 in this embodiment of the invention is not limited to multiple battery cells 002 connected in series in sequence. It can also be other connection methods between battery cells 002. For example, the perovskite battery 001 is divided into at least two parts, in which the battery cells 002 in one part of the perovskite battery 001 are connected in series, and the battery cells 002 in the other part of the perovskite battery 001 are connected in series. The two parts converge in the middle region, or other regional series-parallel connection forms. This embodiment of the invention does not make specific limitations here.

[0048] The technical solution provided in this invention provides that the width Wcell of the battery cell 002 in the first direction Y is greater than or equal to 3 mm and less than or equal to 6.2 mm. This avoids two problems: firstly, a narrow width Wcell in the first direction Y would increase dead area loss and significantly increase the difficulty and cost of laser scribing; secondly, a wide width Wcell in the first direction Y would significantly increase the internal series resistance of the perovskite solar cell 001, leading to a significant decrease in fill factor (FF) and efficiency, and a reduction in current collection efficiency, thus affecting module performance. Therefore, choosing a battery cell 002 with a width Wcell greater than or equal to 3 mm and less than or equal to 6.2 mm in the first direction Y is a compromise. Within this range, the loss caused by series resistance is acceptable; the dead area ratio is relatively low, and the light utilization efficiency is high. The difficulty, cost, and yield of laser scribing are relatively controllable under current technology; and it can effectively balance carrier collection efficiency and thin film uniformity requirements. Furthermore, the maximum value of the width WP2 of the second groove 200 in the first direction Y is greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 146 micrometers, and the geometric fill factor (GFF) is greater than or equal to 97%, which improves the geometric fill factor of the perovskite solar cell 001 and enhances the performance of the perovskite solar cell 001.

[0049] It should be noted that, for the second process P2 etching to form the second groove 200, which is a continuous line segment pattern, the maximum value of the width WP2 of the second groove 200 in the first direction Y is calculated using the formula GFF=1-[(WP1+WP2+WP3+WL1+WL2) / Wcell]≥97%.

[0050] By optimizing the etching process of the second process P2 to form the second groove 200, it is ensured that the etching cleanliness and contact area of ​​the second groove 200 formed by the second process P2 etching meet the transmission requirements of the photocurrent inside the module without increasing the proportion of dead area. For a 1m×2m perovskite cell, a qualified product needs GFF ≥ 97% (industry-leading level); GFF is an indicator that measures the proportion of the effective power generation area in the perovskite cell to the total area. A higher GFF means that the active area used for power generation in the perovskite module accounts for a larger proportion, the dead area is smaller, and the light can be utilized more effectively, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite cell. The width Wcell of a conventional single cell 002 in the first direction Y is 5mm; in the perovskite cell manufacturing process, P1 and P3 are respectively used to etch and divide the first electrode layer 2 and the second electrode layer 4 to form a module structure with equal widths connected in series. If the GFF needs to be greater than or equal to 97%, the following expression exists: GFF=1-[(WP1+WP2+WP3+WL1+WL2) / Wcell]≥97%; Wherein, Wcell is the width of a conventional single battery cell 002 in the first direction Y, WP1 is the width of the first groove 100 in the first direction Y, WP2 is the width of the second groove 200 in the first direction Y, WP3 is the width of the third groove 300 in the first direction Y, WL1 is the interval between the first groove 100 and the second groove 200, and WL2 is the interval between the second groove 200 and the third groove 300.

[0051] While compressing the dead zone ratio, the following points need to be noted: 1. To avoid the first slot 100 and the third slot 300 being too close to each other, resulting in leakage current due to short-circuit interconnection before and after lamination packaging; 2. Focusing system principle: The smaller the focused spot size, the smaller the distance between the light outlet of the focusing head and the processing film surface. If the focusing head is too close to the processing film surface, the probability of lens contamination will increase significantly. Considering the above two points in the actual processing process, and combined with the experimental simulation results, the width WP1 of the first slot 100 in the first direction Y and the width WP3 of the third slot 300 in the first direction Y must be greater than or equal to 10 micrometers.

[0052] While reducing the proportion of dead zones, the following points should also be noted: 1. During the preparation process of laser-etched perovskite components, the functional films of each layer are affected by factors such as temperature and pressure, which may cause etch deformation. To avoid overlapping interference of P1-P2-P3 etched lines after deformation, the deformation of the grooves is within ±5 micrometers due to the influence of different preparation processes. 2. To avoid overlapping interference of the first groove 100, the second groove 200, and the third groove 300 caused by unavoidable errors such as mechanical errors of processing equipment and visual positioning errors, the cumulative error in the linewidth direction is within ±5 micrometers. Considering the above two points, and taking into account the laser positioning accuracy (±5 micrometers) and the groove morphology variation coefficient (CV<15%), the interval WL1 between the first groove 100 and the second groove 200 and the interval WL2 between the second groove 200 and the third groove 300 are set to 10 micrometers to avoid groove overlap.

[0053] For a battery cell 002 with a width Wcell of 5mm in the first direction Y: the width WP1 of the first groove 100 in the first direction Y and the width WP3 of the third groove 300 in the first direction Y must be greater than or equal to 10 micrometers; the spacing WL1 between the first groove 100 and the second groove 200 and the spacing WL2 between the second groove 200 and the third groove 300 are set to 10 micrometers; the width WP2 of the second groove 200 in the first direction Y must be ≤110 micrometers; and the dead zone width L3 in the first direction Y must be ≤150 micrometers, which can achieve GFF≥97%.

[0054] The width Wcell of the battery cell 002 in the first direction Y is in the range of 3mm-6.2mm, satisfying GFF≥97%. The width WP1 of the first groove 100 in the first direction Y and the width WP3 of the third groove 300 in the first direction Y must be greater than or equal to 10 micrometers. When the interval WL1 between the first groove 100 and the second groove 200 and the interval WL2 between the second groove 200 and the third groove 300 are set to 10 micrometers, the maximum value of the width WP2 of the second groove 200 in the first direction Y is greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 146 micrometers.

[0055] It should be noted that the minimum value of the width WP2 of the second groove 200 in the first direction Y is determined by the conductivity of the first electrode layer 2 and the second electrode layer 4. The contact area is related to the interface contact condition and is not affected by the width Wcell of the battery cell in the first direction Y.

[0056] Optionally, based on the above technical solution, when the second electrode layer 4 is made of the first material, it has a first conductivity parameter, and the width of the second groove 200 in the first direction Y is greater than or equal to the first minimum value. When the second electrode layer 4 is made of the second material, it has a second conductivity parameter, and the width of the second groove 200 in the first direction Y is greater than or equal to the second minimum value. In this case, the first conductivity parameter is greater than the second conductivity parameter, and the values ​​of the first minimum value and the second minimum value are different.

[0057] Specifically, when forming perovskite solar cells of the same size, the effective contact area between the second electrode layer 4 and the first electrode layer 2 is affected by the conductivity of the second electrode layer 4 and the interface contact condition. Therefore, under the same series resistance, the conductivity of the second electrode layer 4 is different, and the minimum value of the width WP2 of the second groove 200 in the first direction Y is different.

[0058] Optionally, based on the above technical solution, the first minimum value is less than the second minimum value.

[0059] Specifically, the better the conductivity of the second electrode layer 4, the smaller the minimum value of the width WP2 of the second groove 200 in the first direction Y.

[0060] Optionally, based on the above technical solution, when the second electrode layer 4 includes a metal second electrode layer, the minimum width of the second groove 200 in the first direction Y is 15 micrometers.

[0061] Optionally, based on the above technical solution, when the second electrode layer 4 includes a metal oxide second electrode layer, the minimum width of the second groove 200 in the first direction Y is 22 micrometers.

[0062] Specifically, generally speaking, metal electrodes have higher conductivity than metal oxide electrodes. Therefore, when the second electrode layer 4 is a metal electrode, the minimum effective contact area between the second electrode layer 4 and the first electrode layer 2 is set to be smaller than the minimum effective contact area between the second electrode layer 4 and the first electrode layer 2 when the second electrode layer 4 is a metal oxide electrode. Depending on the material of the second electrode layer, the minimum value of the width WP2 of the second groove 200 in the first direction Y is set, thereby setting different minimum effective contact areas between the second electrode layer 4 and the first electrode layer 2, which is more conducive to improving the performance of the perovskite solar cell 001. This setting ensures sufficient contact between the second electrode layer 4 and the first electrode layer 2 to transmit photocurrent without introducing additional series resistance.

[0063] Optionally, based on the above technical solution, when the width Wcell of the battery cell 002 in the first direction Y is 5 mm, the width WP2 of the second groove 200 in the first direction Y is less than or equal to 110 micrometers.

[0064] Optionally, based on the above technical solution, the second electrode layer 4 includes at least one of a copper metal second electrode layer, a silver metal second electrode layer, and a gold metal second electrode layer.

[0065] Specifically, when the second electrode layer 4 is a metal electrode, the material of the metal electrode includes, but is not limited to, one or a combination of copper, silver, or gold. Metals have good electrical conductivity and contain a large number of free electrons. These free electrons can move freely under the influence of an electric field, forming an electric current. Copper, silver, and gold are all metals with good electrical conductivity.

[0066] Optionally, based on the above technical solution, the second electrode layer 4 includes at least one of the following: indium tin oxide metal oxide second electrode layer, indium tungsten oxide metal oxide second electrode layer, fluorine-doped tin oxide metal oxide second electrode layer, indium zinc oxide metal oxide second electrode layer, and indium cobalt oxide metal oxide second electrode layer.

[0067] Specifically, when the second electrode layer 4 is a metal oxide, the material of the metal oxide electrode includes, but is not limited to, one or more combinations of indium tin oxide, indium tungsten oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or indium cobalt oxide. The top electrode can be fabricated using chemical vapor deposition, electron beam evaporation, thermal evaporation, magnetron sputtering, or printing methods.

[0068] The material of the first electrode layer 2 includes, but is not limited to, one or more combinations of indium tin oxide, indium tungsten oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, or indium zinc oxide. The methods for preparing the first electrode layer 2 include, but are not limited to, chemical vapor deposition, electron beam evaporation, thermal evaporation, magnetron sputtering, and printing.

[0069] This invention also provides a perovskite solar cell module, which includes a perovskite solar cell 001 according to any embodiment of this invention. This perovskite solar cell module is formed by encapsulating the perovskite solar cell 001 according to any embodiment of this invention, and possesses corresponding functional modules and beneficial effects, which will not be elaborated further here.

[0070] This invention also provides a tandem solar cell assembly, which is made from a perovskite solar cell according to any embodiment of this invention. This tandem solar cell assembly can be formed from a perovskite solar cell and crystalline silicon according to any embodiment of this invention, and possesses corresponding functional modules and beneficial effects, which will not be elaborated further here.

[0071] This invention also provides a photovoltaic system, which includes perovskite cell modules and / or tandem cell modules according to any embodiment of this invention, and has corresponding functional modules and beneficial effects, which will not be described in detail here.

[0072] It should be understood that the various forms of processes shown above can be used, with steps reordered, added, or deleted. For example, the steps described in this invention can be executed in parallel, sequentially, or in different orders, as long as the desired result of the technical solution of this invention can be achieved, and no limitation is imposed herein.

[0073] The specific embodiments described above do not constitute a limitation on the scope of protection of this invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations, and substitutions can be made according to design requirements and other factors. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made within the spirit and principles of this invention should be included within the scope of protection of this invention.

Claims

1. A perovskite solar cell, characterized in that, include: Base; Multiple battery cells are located on one side of the substrate, and each battery cell includes a first electrode layer, a perovskite functional layer and a second electrode layer stacked sequentially. Along a first direction, each of the battery cells has a first width; The perovskite solar cell has a plurality of first grooves, a plurality of second grooves, and a plurality of third grooves arranged along the first direction; the perovskite solar cell is divided into a plurality of battery cells connected in series by the plurality of first grooves, the plurality of second grooves, and the plurality of third grooves; the first grooves penetrate the first electrode layer; the second grooves penetrate the perovskite functional layer, and the second grooves are arranged in a spaced line segment pattern along the second direction, the first direction being different from the second direction; the third grooves penetrate at least the second electrode layer; The first width of each of the cell cells in the same perovskite solar cell is greater than or equal to 3 mm and less than or equal to 6.2 mm; In the same perovskite solar cell, the maximum width of the second groove in the first direction is greater than or equal to 50 micrometers and less than or equal to 146 micrometers. The geometric fill factor of the perovskite solar cell is greater than or equal to 97%.

2. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, When the second electrode is made of the first material, it has a first conductivity parameter. The width of the second groove in the first direction is greater than or equal to a first minimum value. When the second electrode is made of the second material, it has a second conductivity parameter. The width of the second groove in the first direction is greater than or equal to a second minimum value. The first conductivity parameter is greater than the second conductivity parameter, and the values ​​of the first minimum value and the second minimum value are different.

3. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 2, characterized in that, The first minimum value is less than the second minimum value.

4. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 2, characterized in that, When the second electrode includes a metal second electrode layer, the minimum width of the second groove in the first direction is 15 micrometers.

5. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 2, characterized in that, When the second electrode layer comprises a metal oxide second electrode layer, the minimum width of the second groove in the first direction is 22 micrometers.

6. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, When the width of the battery cell in the first direction is 5 mm, the width of the second groove in the first direction is less than or equal to 110 micrometers.

7. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 4, characterized in that, The second electrode layer includes at least one of a copper metal second electrode layer, a silver metal second electrode layer, and a gold metal second electrode layer.

8. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 5, characterized in that, The second electrode includes at least one of the following: indium tin oxide metal oxide second electrode layer, indium tungsten oxide metal oxide second electrode layer, fluorine-doped tin oxide metal oxide second electrode layer, indium zinc oxide metal oxide second electrode layer, and indium cobalt oxide metal oxide second electrode layer.

9. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The geometric fill factor of the perovskite solar cell satisfies the following relationship: GFF=1-[(WP1+WP2+WP3+WL1+WL2) / Wcell]≥97%; Wherein, GFF is the geometric fill factor of the perovskite solar cell, Wcell is the width of a single cell in the first direction, WP1 is the width of the first groove in the first direction, WP2 is the width of the second groove in the first direction, WP3 is the width of the third groove in the first direction, WL1 is the interval between the first groove and the second groove, and WL2 is the interval between the second groove and the third groove.

10. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The third groove penetrates the second electrode layer, or the third groove penetrates the second electrode layer and part of the perovskite functional layer, or the third groove penetrates the second electrode layer and all of the perovskite functional layer without damaging the first electrode layer.

11. A perovskite solar cell module, characterized in that, Includes the perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1-10.

12. A stacked battery assembly, characterized in that, The stacked battery assembly is made of the perovskite battery according to any one of claims 1-10.

13. A photovoltaic system, characterized in that, Includes the perovskite solar cell module of claim 11 and / or the tandem solar cell module of claim 12.

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