Head-mounted therapeutic apparatus for treating tinnitus through transcranial direct current stimulation and sound

Abstract

The invention discloses a head-mounted therapeutic apparatus for treating tinnitus through transcranial direct current stimulation and sound, which comprises an annular head band, and the two ends of the annular head band are connected through a first buckle structure; the inner side of the annular head band is connected with a longitudinal head band through a second buckle structure; the therapeutic apparatus further comprises electrode modules which are respectively arranged on the annular head band and the longitudinal head band. The sound modules are arranged on the two sides of the annular head band respectively; the control module is respectively connected with the electrode module and the sound module through lines; and the power supply module is arranged on the annular head band. By synchronously applying electrical stimulation and sound treatment, the tinnitus treatment effect is improved, the operation is simple and convenient, and the wearing adaptability is high.

Description

A head-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy. Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a therapeutic device, specifically a head-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus treatment using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy, belonging to the field of medical device technology. Background Technology

[0002] Tinnitus is a health problem faced by 10%-15% of adults worldwide. It manifests as a subjective abnormal sound even without an external sound source, often accompanied by comorbidities such as anxiety, insomnia, and depression, forming a vicious cycle of "tinnitus perception - emotional distress - heightened attention," severely impacting quality of life. Currently, there is no specific drug treatment, and non-pharmacological interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy and noise masking have limited effectiveness. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and sound therapy are clinically recognized effective methods. tDCS modulates the excitability of the cerebral cortex using a weak direct current of 0.5-2mA, stimulating key brain regions such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). This can both inhibit abnormal activity in tinnitus-related neural networks and improve mood and sleep; approximately 30% of patients experience significant symptom relief after bilateral DLPFC stimulation. Sound therapy, through personalized sounds such as white noise and natural sounds, promotes the remodeling of auditory cortex neural plasticity, reduces tinnitus awareness, breaks the vicious cycle, and is a fundamental approach to tinnitus management. However, existing devices have some problems: limited functionality prevents tDCS from achieving precise coordination of time and parameters with sound therapy, and lacks personalized integration solutions for tinnitus characteristics and comorbidities; the separate design requires the simultaneous operation of multiple devices, resulting in tangled cables, cumbersome procedures, and reduced patient compliance; combined treatments often rely on hospital settings, lack portability, and are difficult to meet the needs of long-term home treatment for chronic tinnitus. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a head-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus that combines transcranial direct current stimulation with sound therapy. This invention, by simultaneously applying electrical stimulation and sound therapy, is easy to operate and highly adaptable.

[0005] The technical solution of this invention: A headband-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus treatment using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy, comprising a ring-shaped headband, the two ends of which are connected by a first buckle structure; a longitudinal headband is connected to the inner side of the ring-shaped headband via a second buckle structure; the therapeutic device further comprises: an electrode module, respectively disposed on the ring-shaped headband and the longitudinal headband; the electrode module is used to provide transcranial direct current stimulation; a sound module, respectively disposed on both sides of the ring-shaped headband; the sound module is used to play sound; a control module, disposed on the ring-shaped headband; the control module is connected to the electrode module and the sound module via circuitry; the control module is used to store preset schemes and synchronously control the electrode module and the sound module to work together; and a power supply module, disposed on the ring-shaped headband, connected to and supplying power to the electrode module, the sound module, and the control module.

[0006] The aforementioned headband-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy includes a first buckle structure comprising multiple connecting slots at one end of a ring-shaped headband and a connecting buckle at the other end of the ring-shaped headband; a buckle pin is rotatably connected to the connecting buckle; after the end of the ring-shaped headband with the connecting slot passes through the connecting buckle, the buckle pin passes into the corresponding connecting slot.

[0007] The aforementioned headband-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy includes a second buckle structure comprising multiple connecting countersunk holes at both ends of a longitudinal headband and fasteners symmetrically arranged on the inner side of an annular headband. Each fastener includes a cylindrical portion connected to the annular headband, an outer frustum portion of the cylindrical portion, and a lower bottom surface of the frustum portion connected to the cylindrical portion. After the fastener is connected to the corresponding connecting countersunk hole, the outer end face of the fastener does not protrude from the connecting countersunk hole.

[0008] The aforementioned headband-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy includes an electrode module comprising multiple first electrodes fixedly connected to the inner side of a ring-shaped headband and a second electrode slidably connected to a longitudinal headband. The longitudinal headband has a groove. The upper end of the second electrode has a stud, which passes through the groove and is connected to a nut. The inner end face of the nut abuts against the longitudinal headband. Both the first and second electrodes have grooves, and cotton pads are placed in the grooves.

[0009] The aforementioned head-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy has an adjustable current intensity range of 0.5mA to 2mA for the electrode module.

[0010] The aforementioned headband-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy includes a control module comprising a housing located on the side of a ring-shaped headband, with a control board inside the housing; a display screen and control buttons are respectively provided on the outside of the housing, and the control board is connected to the electrode module, sound module, power module, display screen, and control buttons via circuitry.

[0011] The aforementioned head-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy includes a power module comprising a battery compartment located on the side of the ring-shaped headband and a charging interface located on the control module.

[0012] The aforementioned head-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy has a sound module with a frequency response range of 20Hz to 20kHz, and preset sounds include white noise, natural sound, narrowband noise, or music.

[0013] In the aforementioned head-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy, when the control module is configured with anode and cathode electrodes, two electrodes are selected to be connected to the positive and negative output terminals of the stimulation circuit, while the remaining electrodes are disconnected, thereby enabling personalized selection of stimulation targets.

[0014] The aforementioned head-mounted tinnitus treatment device combining transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy features a control module with a built-in personalized parameter matching algorithm. By inputting the patient's tinnitus dominant frequency, loudness, disease duration, and age, the system automatically calculates the optimal electrical stimulation current intensity, sound therapy center frequency, sound intensity, and working duration based on a preset formula, achieving personalized collaborative operation. The formula for calculating the electrical stimulation current intensity is as follows: ,in, For optimal current intensity, , , , , where is the duration of the patient's tinnitus, and is the patient's age; the formula for calculating the center frequency of the sound is: ,in, The center frequency of the sound The core frequency of the patient's reported tinnitus; the formula for calculating sound intensity is: ,in, This represents sound intensity, with a value ranging from 40dB to 70dB. The correction term represents the subjective intensity of the tinnitus sound; the formula for calculating working hours is: ,in, This refers to the duration of a single work session.

[0015] Compared with existing technologies, this invention has the following beneficial effects: 1. By integrating an electrode module, a sound module, a control module, and a power module into a head-mounted structure, and with the control module synchronously controlling electrical stimulation and sound therapy, this invention achieves integrated and synergistic output of transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy. This structure avoids the problems of complex operation and difficulty in matching parameters caused by using multiple devices separately, ensuring consistency between electrical stimulation and sound intervention in time and parameters. This facilitates the simultaneous regulation of the auditory cortex and emotion-related brain regions, thereby improving the comprehensive treatment effect of tinnitus and its accompanying symptoms such as anxiety and insomnia, and significantly enhancing patient compliance and home use convenience.

[0016] 2. The present invention, through the first and second buckle structures, enables multi-level adjustment and effective fixation according to the patient's head circumference. This not only improves the flexibility and stability of the headband adjustment, but also ensures the relative stability of the electrode module and the scalp, and the sound module and the ear position during wearing. This helps to maintain the accuracy and consistency of electrical stimulation and sound output, thereby improving the treatment effect and wearing comfort.

[0017] 3. This invention limits the electrical stimulation current intensity to the range of 0.5mA to 2mA, consistent with the safe and effective stimulation parameters recommended in clinical studies. This setting ensures effective regulation of the excitability of the cerebral cortex while avoiding discomfort or safety risks caused by excessive current, thereby improving the safety and reliability of the treatment.

[0018] 4. This invention sets the frequency response range of the sound module to 20Hz–20kHz and presets multiple therapeutic sound types to cover the audible frequency range of the human ear and the common tinnitus frequency range. This setting can meet the personalized needs of different patients for sound type and frequency, which is conducive to promoting the plasticity reorganization of auditory cortex nerves and enhancing the effect of sound therapy on tinnitus habituation and mood regulation. Attached Figure Description

[0019] Figure 1 is a structural schematic diagram of the present invention; Figure 2 is a structural schematic diagram of the other side of the present invention; Figure 3 is a structural schematic diagram of the second snap-fit ​​structure.

[0020] The labels in the attached diagram are as follows: 1-ring headband, 2-longitudinal headband, 3-electrode module, 4-sound module, 5-control module, 6-power module, 7-first buckle structure, 8-second buckle structure, 30-first electrode, 31-second electrode, 32-slide groove, 33-stud, 34-nut, 35-groove, 36-cotton pad, 50-housing, 51-display screen, 52-control button, 60-battery compartment, 61-charging interface, 70-connecting groove, 71-connecting buckle, 72-pin, 80-connecting countersunk hole, 81-fastener, 82-cylindrical part, 83-frustum part. Detailed Implementation

[0021] The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, but this should not be construed as limiting the present invention.

[0022] Example: A headband-type therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy, as shown in Figures 1-3, includes a ring-shaped headband 1. The ring-shaped headband 1 is made of medical-grade silicone and high-strength elastic plastic composite, with a soft and skin-friendly outer layer and a supportive inner layer. The two ends of the ring-shaped headband 1 are connected by a first buckle structure 7. The first buckle structure 7 includes multiple connecting grooves 70 at one end of the ring-shaped headband 1 and a connecting buckle 71 at the other end. A metal pin 72 is rotatably connected to the connecting buckle 71. After the end of the ring-shaped headband 1 with the connecting groove 70 passes through the connecting buckle 71, the pin 72 is inserted into the corresponding connecting groove 70, thereby realizing multi-level adjustment to adapt to the wearing needs of users with different head circumferences and improve wearing stability. The inner side of the ring-shaped headband 1 is connected to a longitudinal headband 2 via a second buckle structure 8. The longitudinal headband 2 is also made of medical-grade silicone and flexible plastic, with good fit and cushioning performance. The second buckle structure 8 includes multiple countersunk holes 80 at both ends of the longitudinal headband 2 and fasteners 81 symmetrically arranged inside the annular headband 1, as shown in Figure 3. Each fastener 81 includes a cylindrical portion 82 fixedly connected to the annular headband 1 and an outer frustum portion 83, with the lower surface of the frustum portion 83 connected to the cylindrical portion 82. When the fastener 81 is inserted into the corresponding countersunk hole 80, its outer end face does not protrude from the countersunk hole 80, thus avoiding pressure on the scalp from local protrusions and improving wearing comfort. The treatment device also includes an electrode module 3, as shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively disposed on the annular headband 1 and the longitudinal headband 2. The electrode module 3 is used to provide transcranial direct current stimulation. The electrode module 3 includes multiple first electrodes 30 fixedly disposed inside the annular headband 1 and second electrodes 31 slidably connected to the longitudinal headband 2. Both the first electrodes 30 and the second electrodes 31 are made of silver / silver chloride composite material, which has advantages such as stable conductivity and low skin irritation. The longitudinal headband 2 has a longitudinally extending groove 32. The second electrode 31 passes through the groove 32 via a stud 33 and is connected to a nut 34. The inner end face of the nut 34 abuts against the longitudinal headband 2, thereby adjusting and fixing the position of the second electrode 31 within the groove 32, allowing the electrode to accurately correspond to the target stimulation area such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The electrical stimulation current intensity output by the electrode module 3 is adjustable from 0.5mA to 2mA. The control module 5 can make precise adjustments according to a preset scheme or user needs to ensure stimulation effect and safety. The inner end faces of the first electrode 30 and the second electrode 31 are both provided with grooves 35. Cotton pads 36 are placed in the grooves 35. The cotton pads 36 are made of sterile medical absorbent cotton, which has good water absorption and biocompatibility. They can be soaked in conductive gel or physiological saline before use.After the cotton pad 36 is embedded in the groove 35, its outer end face is slightly higher than the end face of the electrode body by 0.5-1mm. When worn, it forms a close, flexible contact with the scalp, increasing the conductive contact area between the electrode and the scalp, reducing contact resistance, and ensuring the stability and uniformity of transcranial direct current stimulation. It also buffers the direct pressure of the electrode on the scalp, reducing irritation caused by direct friction between the electrode and the skin, and improving comfort during prolonged wear. Furthermore, the cotton pad 36 is designed for disposable or removable washing and replacement, facilitating regular replacement to maintain hygiene and avoid bacterial growth or decreased conductivity due to repeated use, further improving the safety and practicality of the treatment.

[0023] As shown in Figure 1, sound modules 4 are respectively disposed on both sides of the annular headband 1. Sound modules 4 are used to play various therapeutic sounds. Sound modules 4 include a miniature wideband speaker and an acoustic cavity structure. The speaker is made of composite diaphragm material, with a frequency response range of 20Hz to 20kHz. Sound modules 4 are pre-loaded with various therapeutic sounds, including white noise, natural sound, narrowband noise, and music, to play personalized therapeutic sounds to patients and help alleviate tinnitus symptoms.

[0024] As shown in Figure 1, the control module 5 is mounted on the annular headband 1. The control module 5 is connected to the electrode module 3 and the sound module 4 via wiring. The control module 5 stores preset schemes and synchronously controls the electrode module 3 and the sound module 4 to work together. The control module 5 includes a sealed housing 50 and a control board inside. The housing 50 is made of ABS engineering plastic, providing good protection. The control board integrates a microprocessor, a memory chip, and a power regulation circuit. A display screen 51 and control buttons 52 are located on the outside of the housing 50. The display screen 51 uses an LCD module to display information such as working status, current intensity, sound mode, and treatment time. The control buttons 52 are used for mode switching and parameter adjustment. The control board is electrically connected to the electrode module 3, the sound module 4, the power module 6, the display screen 51, and the control buttons 52 via wires, enabling centralized control and collaborative management. When configuring the anode and cathode of the electrodes, the control module 5 can select two electrodes to be connected to the positive and negative output terminals of the stimulation circuit respectively according to the preset treatment plan, while the other electrodes are disconnected, thereby forming a specific stimulation circuit to achieve personalized selection of target points in different brain regions and meet the treatment needs of different patients.

[0025] The power module 6, as shown in Figure 1, is mounted on the annular headband 1 and is connected to and supplies power to the electrode module 3, the sound module 4, and the control module 5. The power module 6 includes a battery compartment 60 located on the side of the annular headband 1 and a charging interface 61 located on the control module 5. The battery compartment 60 contains a rechargeable lithium battery with a capacity of 1500mAh to 3000mAh, sufficient for multiple treatments. The charging interface 61 uses a USB interface for easy connection to conventional charging equipment, enabling fast charging and repeated use.

[0026] The control module 5 incorporates a personalized parameter matching algorithm. By inputting the patient's tinnitus dominant frequency, loudness, disease duration, and age, it automatically calculates the optimal electrical stimulation current intensity, sound therapy center frequency, sound intensity, and treatment based on a preset formula, achieving personalized collaborative operation. The formula for calculating the electrical stimulation current intensity is: ,in, The optimal current intensity is selected, with a range of 0.5mA to 2mA. , Frequency correction term (enhances stimulation when tinnitus frequency > 1kHz, and weakens stimulation when tinnitus frequency < 1kHz). Disease duration correction item (for disease duration ≤ 24 months, the current increases by 0.02mA for each additional month; for disease duration > 24 months, it is calculated as 24 months). , where is the duration of the patient's tinnitus (in months), and is the patient's age; age correction term (for patients older than 50, the current decreases by 0.01mA for each additional year of age; for patients ≤50, the correction term is 0); the formula for calculating the center frequency of the sound is: ,in, The sound center frequency (unit: Hz) is the core frequency of the tinnitus reported by the patient, obtained through clinical hearing testing (Hz). The sound intensity calculation formula is: ,in, Sound intensity (unit: dB SPL), with a value range of 40dB to 70dB; This is a disease course correction item (the longer the disease course, the more the sound intensity should be increased to enhance the habituation effect). To determine the subjective intensity of tinnitus sound, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to convert it into a quantified value (range 10dB–80dB); the working time calculation formula is as follows: ,in, The duration of a single work session (unit: minutes) ranges from 20 min to 35 min.

[0027] The execution flow of the above algorithm is as follows: 1. When the patient uses it for the first time, they input the data obtained from the clinical test through the accompanying APP or control module. , And personal information T, A; 2. The microprocessor built into the control module calls the above formula to automatically calculate and generate a personalized working parameter group ( , , , ); 3. During operation, the control module synchronizes the parameter changes of electrical stimulation and sound output in real time to ensure... and Linked adjustment, such as When the increase is 10%, 4. Enables users to fine-tune parameters via control buttons based on their subjective feelings (the fine-tuning range does not exceed ±20% of the algorithm's calculated value), and automatically records the adjustment data to optimize subsequent work plans.

[0028] Working Principle: This invention applies a weak direct current of 0.5mA to 2mA to the scalp via electrode module 3, forming a stable electric field distribution. The anode and cathode act on the target brain region, causing a shift in the membrane potential of local neurons, thereby regulating the excitability of nerve cells. Anode stimulation enhances cortical activity, while cathode stimulation inhibits overexcited areas, helping to reduce the abnormal discharge level of neural networks related to tinnitus and improve mood and sleep function, achieving a comprehensive intervention for tinnitus and its comorbid symptoms.

[0029] The sound therapy module 4 plays therapeutic sounds such as white noise, natural sounds, narrowband noise, or music, creating a mixed stimulus between external sounds and tinnitus sounds. This reduces the sensitivity of abnormal neurons in the auditory pathway through lateral inhibition mechanisms. Simultaneously, continuous sound stimulation promotes the plasticity reorganization of the auditory cortex, reduces excessive focus on tinnitus signals, and lowers the negative response of the emotional center to tinnitus, thereby gradually establishing a tinnitus habituation effect.

[0030] The collaborative control module 5 schedules electrical stimulation and sound parameters according to a preset program, ensuring synchronization of the two treatment methods in terms of time, intensity, and duration. Through a collaborative output mechanism, it achieves an organic combination of neuromodulation and auditory intervention, enhancing the overall effect of the combined treatment and avoiding the instability issues associated with single treatment methods.

[0031] Personalized stimulation therapy selectively connects multiple electrodes, and the control module 5 can flexibly configure the anode and cathode combinations to change the current pathway and electric field distribution, focusing stimulation on different target brain regions. Combined with the adjustable electrode position structure, it achieves precise matching to the characteristics of different patients' conditions, improving the targeting and effectiveness of treatment.

Claims

1. A headband-type therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy, comprising a ring-shaped headband (1), the two ends of which are connected by a first buckle structure (7); a longitudinal headband (2) is connected to the inner side of the ring-shaped headband (1) via a second buckle structure (8); characterized in that: The therapeutic device further includes: an electrode module (3), which is respectively disposed on the annular headband (1) and the longitudinal headband (2); the electrode module (3) is used to provide transcranial direct current stimulation; a sound module (4), which is respectively disposed on both sides of the annular headband (1); the sound module (4) is used to play sound; a control module (5), which is disposed on the annular headband (1); the control module (5) is connected to the electrode module (3) and the sound module (4) via circuits; the control module (5) is used to store preset schemes and synchronously control the electrode module (3) and the sound module (4) to work together; and a power module (6), which is disposed on the annular headband (1) and is connected to and supplies power to the electrode module (3), the sound module (4) and the control module (5).

2. The head-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy according to claim 1, characterized in that: The first buckle structure (7) includes a plurality of connecting grooves (70) provided at one end of the annular headband (1) and a connecting buckle (71) provided at the other end of the annular headband (1); a buckle pin (72) is rotatably connected to the connecting buckle (71); after the end of the annular headband (1) with the connecting groove (70) passes through the connecting buckle (71), the buckle pin (72) passes into the corresponding connecting groove (70).

3. The head-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy according to claim 1, characterized in that: The second buckle structure (8) includes multiple connecting countersunk holes (80) at both ends of the longitudinal headband (2) and fasteners (81) symmetrically arranged inside the annular headband (1); the fastener (81) includes a cylindrical part (82) connected to the annular headband (1), an outer frustum part (83) of the cylindrical part (82), and the bottom surface of the frustum part (83) connected to the cylindrical part (82); after the fastener (81) is connected to the corresponding connecting countersunk hole (80), the outer end face of the fastener (81) does not protrude from the connecting countersunk hole (80).

4. The head-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy according to claim 1, characterized in that: The electrode module (3) includes a plurality of first electrodes (30) fixedly connected to the inner side of the annular headband (1) and a second electrode (31) slidably connected to the longitudinal headband (2); the longitudinal headband (2) is provided with a groove (32); the upper end of the second electrode (31) is provided with a stud (33), the stud (33) passes through the groove (32) and is connected to a nut (34), the inner end face of the nut (34) abuts against the longitudinal headband (2); the first electrode (30) and the second electrode (31) are both provided with grooves (35), and cotton pads (36) are provided in the grooves (35).

5. The head-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy according to claim 1, characterized in that: The electric stimulation current intensity of the electrode module (3) is adjustable from 0.5mA to 2mA.

6. The head-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy according to claim 1, characterized in that: The control module (5) includes a housing (50) located on the side of the annular headband (1), and a control board is built into the housing (50). A display screen (51) and a control button (52) are respectively provided on the outside of the housing (50). The control board is connected to the electrode module (3), the sound module (4), the power module (6), the display screen (51), and the control button (52) via circuits.

7. The head-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy according to claim 1, characterized in that: The power module (6) includes a battery compartment (60) located on the side of the ring headband (1) and a charging interface (61) located on the control module (5).

8. The head-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy according to claim 1, characterized in that: The frequency response range of the sound module (4) is 20Hz to 20kHz, and the preset sounds include white noise, natural sound, narrowband noise or music.

9. The head-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy according to claim 1, characterized in that: When configuring the anode and cathode of the electrodes, the control module (5) selects two electrodes to connect to the positive and negative output terminals of the stimulation circuit, while disconnecting the remaining electrodes, thereby realizing the personalized selection of stimulation targets.

10. The head-mounted therapeutic device for tinnitus using transcranial direct current stimulation and sound therapy according to claim 1, characterized in that: The control module (5) has a built-in personalized parameter matching algorithm. By inputting the patient's tinnitus dominant frequency, loudness, disease course, and age data, it automatically calculates the optimal electrical stimulation current intensity, sound therapy center frequency, sound intensity, and working duration based on a preset formula to achieve personalized collaborative work. The formula for calculating the electrical stimulation current intensity is: ,in, For optimal current intensity, ， ， ， , where is the duration of the patient's tinnitus, and is the patient's age; the formula for calculating the center frequency of the sound is: ,in, The center frequency of the sound The core frequency of the patient's reported tinnitus; the formula for calculating sound intensity is: ,in, This represents sound intensity, with a value ranging from 40dB to 70dB. For correction items, The subjective intensity of the tinnitus sound; the formula for calculating working hours is: ,in, This refers to the duration of a single work session.

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