Fattening feed for yaks in high-cold and high-altitude areas in Tibet

Abstract

The invention discloses fattening feed for yaks in high-cold and high-altitude areas in Tibet. The fattening feed is prepared from a coarse feed component, a concentrated feed component and an additive component, wherein the coarse feed component accounts for 60%-70% of dry matter of daily ration, and the coarse feed component comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 25%-30% of improved forage grass, 15%-20% of hybrid forage grass, 10%-15% of sudangrass, 15%-20% of corn straw, 10%-15% of hybrid sorghum sudanense for feeding and 5%-10% of black oat; the concentrated feed accounts for 30%-40% of dry matter of daily ration and comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 50%-55% of corn, 20%-25% of soybean meal, 8%-10% of wheat bran, 5%-8% of tenebrio molitor and 3%-5% of premix special for yaks. And the additive component is baking soda which accounts for 0.3%-0.6% of dry matters of the daily ration. According to Tibet high-altitude, high-cold and salinization environment adaptability verification, the method is resistant to the low temperature of-21 DEG C, 0.8% of salt and alkali and slightly cold-resistant and drought-resistant, the yield of fresh grass per mu reaches 7-25 tons, the problems that traditional forage grass is low in yield and weak in stress resistance in Tibet high-cold and high-altitude areas are solved, and stable supply of the forage grass is guaranteed; the roughage is diversified in collocation and covers high-protein, high-fiber and high-energy types.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of yak breeding technology, and in particular to a fattening feed for yaks in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet. Background Technology

[0002] As a unique and advantageous livestock species in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet, the yak is the core pillar of the local livestock economy. Its meat is rich in nutrients such as protein and unsaturated fatty acids, possessing dual value in ecological protection and livelihood security. The high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet are characterized by unique ecological environments of high altitude (3000-4500 meters), cold, arid, or saline-alkali soil. Harsh climate conditions, a short frost-free period, limited natural grassland resources, and uneven seasonal distribution make winter forage shortages particularly prominent, severely restricting the large-scale development of the yak fattening industry.

[0003] Traditional yak fattening mainly relies on natural grazing and supplementation with a single type of roughage, which faces many technical bottlenecks: Low utilization rate of forage resources. Traditional roughage is mostly natural pasture grass and corn stalks that have not been optimized and are nutritionally unbalanced. The crude protein content is insufficient (generally less than 10%) and the fiber lignification is high, resulting in low feed intake and poor digestion and absorption in yaks. The fattening cycle is as long as 18-24 months, and the slaughter efficiency is low. The forage varieties are not well adapted. The existing forage in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet lacks stress resistance and has unstable yield, making it difficult to meet the forage supply demand of large-scale fattening. An improper combination of concentrate and roughage feed, with the addition of concentrate feed being arbitrary and lacking targeted formula design during the traditional fattening process, can easily lead to digestive system diseases such as rumen acid-base imbalance and acidosis in yaks, while also resulting in the waste of nutrients such as protein and energy. Ignoring the special environmental requirements of Tibet's high-altitude and cold regions for feed, existing feed formulations do not fully combine the physiological characteristics of yak rumen with the forage resources of Tibet's high-altitude and cold regions, making it difficult to meet the requirements of nutritional supply and environmental adaptability.

[0004] With the advancement of livestock industry restructuring and ecological protection policies in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet, the industrialized fattening model of grass-livestock synergy and crop-livestock integration has become the mainstream of development, and the demand for efficient, high-quality, and environmentally suitable specialized fattening feeds for the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet is becoming increasingly urgent.

[0005] Therefore, a fattening feed for yaks in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet is proposed. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This application aims to at least partially solve one of the technical problems in the aforementioned technologies.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, the first aspect of this application proposes a fattening feed for yaks in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet, the feed consisting of roughage components, concentrate components, and additive components; Roughage constitutes 60%-70% of the dry matter in the diet, including the following raw materials by weight percentage: Improved forage 25%-30%, hybrid forage 15%-20%, Sudan grass 10%-15%, corn stalks 15%-20%, forage hybrid sorghum 10%-15%, black oats 5%-10%; Concentrated feed components account for 30%-40% of the dry matter of the diet, including the following raw materials by weight percentage: corn 50%-55%, soybean meal 20%-25%, wheat bran 8%-10%, yellow mealworms 5%-8%, and yak-specific premix 3%-5%; The additive component is sodium bicarbonate, which accounts for 0.3%-0.6% of the dry matter in the diet.

[0008] In addition, the fattening feed for yaks in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet proposed in this application may also have the following additional technical features: As a further description of the above technical solution: The improved forage is an artificially bred variety of Reed, with a crude protein content of 18%-22%, lignin content of 13%-20%, and reducing sugar content of 6.34%-7.29% on a dry matter basis during its vegetative growth period, and a hydrocyanic acid content of ≤12mg / kg throughout its entire growth period.

[0009] As a further description of the above technical solution: The hybrid forage is an annual grass obtained by continuous selection after artificial distant hybridization of sorghum and Sudan grass, with a crude protein content of 10.2%-13.05% on a dry matter basis.

[0010] As a further description of the above technical solution: Corn stalks are crushed to a particle size of 2-3 cm or modified by ammoniation. In the roughage component, improved forage, hybrid forage and forage hybrid sorghum were processed into silage and then mixed evenly with hay corn stalks, Sudan grass and black oats.

[0011] As a further description of the above technical solution: Yak-specific premix contains calcium, phosphorus, salt, as well as iron, zinc, copper, and fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E. The mass fraction of calcium is 1.5%-2%, phosphorus is 0.8%-1%, and salt is 0.5%-1%.

[0012] As a further description of the above technical solution: The concentrated feed components are processed into pelleted feed with a particle size of 3-5mm and a particle density of 1.2-1.4g / cm³.

[0013] As a further description of the above technical solution: When applying feed in the early fattening stage, roughage should account for 70%-75% of the dry matter of the diet, and concentrate should account for 25%-30% of the dry matter of the diet. When applying feed in the later stages of fattening, roughage should account for 60%-65% of the dry matter of the diet, and concentrate should account for 35%-40% of the dry matter of the diet.

[0014] As a further description of the above technical solution: The early fattening period lasts 1-30 days, and the late fattening period lasts 60-120 days.

[0015] Advantages of this invention: According to this application, the fattening feed for yaks in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet has passed the adaptability verification of the high-altitude, cold and saline-alkali environment of Tibet. It can withstand low temperature of -21℃ and 0.8% salinity and alkali, and is slightly cold and drought resistant. The average fresh grass yield per mu reaches 7-25 tons, which solves the pain points of low yield and weak stress resistance of traditional forage in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet, and ensures a stable supply of forage. The roughage is diversified, covering high-protein, high-fiber, and high-energy types. The concentrate is precisely formulated with corn, soybean meal, yellow mealworms, etc., to supplement protein and energy. Combined with yak-specific premix and baking soda, it not only meets the nutritional needs of the fattening period, but also regulates the rumen acid-base balance, reduces the risk of acidosis, and significantly improves dry matter digestibility. By processing through silage, grinding and ammoniation, and combining it with concentrate pelleting technology, the palatability and conversion rate of feed can be improved. The ratio of roughage to concentrate can be dynamically adjusted from the early to the late fattening stage to adapt to the rumen adaptation pattern of yaks, which can shorten the fattening cycle and reduce feed waste. Combined with local raw material procurement, this can achieve cost reduction and efficiency improvement in both planting and breeding. The hydrocyanic acid content in the feed is lower than the national standard throughout the entire feeding cycle, the silage has no risk of mold growth, feeding is safe and there are no adverse reactions, ensuring the health of yaks and the quality of their meat; It can be flexibly adjusted according to the weight of yaks, fattening stage and local feed resources. The processing technology is simple, the feeding management is convenient, and it is suitable for core fattening groups of 300-400kg. It is suitable for semi-intensive industrialized breeding in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet and is easily accepted and promoted by farmers.

[0016] Additional aspects and advantages of this application will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0017] The following describes a fattening feed for yaks in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet, according to an embodiment of this application.

[0018] This embodiment is designed for fattening yaks weighing 300-350kg in high-altitude (3000-4500 meters) and frigid environments in the high-altitude and frigid regions of Tibet. The fattening cycle is 120 days, and a semi-intensive feeding mode is adopted. All feed ingredients are selected from varieties that can be grown or are easily purchased locally in the high-altitude and frigid regions of Tibet. For roughage raw materials and pretreatment Improved forage was prepared by selecting the Ganlu No. 2 cold-resistant strain from Nagqu, Tibet, which has passed the adaptability verification. The plants were harvested when they reached a height of 1.5 meters and then ensiled (with the addition of lactic acid bacteria and the moisture content controlled at 72%). The silage time was 30 days, with a crude protein content of 19.5% (dry matter basis) and a hydrocyanic acid content of 8 mg / kg. Hybrid forage, grown in greenhouses in Tibet, harvested every 45 days, after being crushed into fibrous strands during the heading stage (plant height 2.2 meters) and then ensiled, with a crude protein content of 12.8% (dry matter basis). Sudan grass: fresh grass is directly harvested, chopped into 3-5 cm pieces, and adjusted for palatability before use. Dry matter digestibility is 65%. Corn stalks are collected after the local corn harvest, shredded to 2.5 cm, and then ammoniated (ammoniation ratio is 3% of the dry weight of the stalks) to reduce the degree of lignification and increase the utilization rate to 58%. Hybrid sorghum for feed, processed into silage, has a pleasant sweet and sour taste and a sugar content of 8% (dry matter basis). Black oats, with hay shredded to 1 cm, are rich in beta-glucan, which improves the rumen environment.

[0019] Concentrated feed raw materials and pretreatment Corn, after being crushed and sieved through a 2.0mm sieve, serves as a primary energy source, with a starch content of 72%. Soybean meal, with a crude protein content of 43.5%, is ground and mixed with other concentrated feed ingredients; Wheat bran contains 28% dietary fiber and helps regulate feed flowability. Yellow mealworms, dried and powdered, contain 58% protein, providing a high-quality source of animal protein. This premixed feed for yaks contains calcium (calcium carbonate), phosphorus (dicalcium phosphate), salt, and trace elements of iron, zinc, and copper (iron 5000mg / kg, zinc 3000mg / kg, copper 800mg / kg) and vitamins A, D, and E (vitamin A 150000IU / kg, vitamin D 30000IU / kg, vitamin E 800mg / kg). The calcium content is 1.8%, the phosphorus content is 0.9%, and the salt content is 0.8%.

[0020] Baking soda, with a purity of ≥99.5%, regulates the acid-base balance of the rumen.

[0021] Concentrated feed pelleting After the above-mentioned concentrated feed ingredients are mixed evenly according to the formula, they are processed into pellets with a particle size of 4mm and a density of 1.3g / cm³ using a ring die pellet mill to improve feed intake and feed conversion rate. The pelleting temperature is controlled at 85℃ to avoid loss of nutrients.

[0022] Early fattening stage The total dry matter of the yak diet is 8.0 kg / head / day (2.67% of the yak's body weight), of which roughage accounts for 72% and concentrate accounts for 28%. The specific formulation is shown in the table below: Components Weight (kg / head / day) Percentage of dry matter in daily diet (%) Total amount of roughage 5.76 72 Improved forage 2.24 28 Hybrid forage 1.28 16 Sudan grass (freshly cut) 0.8 10 Ammoniated corn stalks 1.12 14 Hybrid sorghum silage 0.8 10 Black oat hay 0.52 6.5 Total amount of concentrate feed 2.24 28 Corn kernels 1.23 15.4 soybean meal 0.54 6.75 wheat bran 0.2 2.5 Yellow mealworm powder 0.18 2.25 Yak-specific premix 0.13 1.6 baking soda 0.04 0.5 Late fattening stage (days 60-120) The total dry matter of the yak's daily ration is 8.5 kg / head / day (2.83% of the yak's body weight), of which roughage accounts for 63% and concentrate accounts for 37%. The specific formulation is shown in the table below: Components Weight (kg / head / day) Percentage of dry matter in daily diet (%) Total amount of roughage 5.35 63 Improved forage 2.38 28 Hybrid forage 1.02 12 Sudan grass (freshly cut) 0.85 10 Ammoniated corn stalks 1.07 12.6 Hybrid sorghum silage 0.85 10 Black oat hay 0.18 2.1 Total amount of concentrate feed 3.15 37 Corn kernels 1.73 20.4 soybean meal 0.76 8.9 wheat bran 0.26 3.1 Yellow mealworm powder 0.25 2.9 Yak-specific premix 0.15 1.8 baking soda 0.05 0.6 Based on the above technical solution, the following feeding method is adopted: For the first 7-10 days of fattening, gradually replace the original feed. Add 30% of this formula feed on days 1-3, 60% on days 4-7, and completely replace it on days 8-10 to avoid rumen stress. Feed twice a day, at 9:00 AM and 6:00 PM. First, feed roughage, and 30 minutes later, feed concentrated feed pellets. After feeding, provide clean drinking water (water temperature ≥ 5℃, avoid ice water). The fattening period is from day 31 to day 59, during which the proportion of roughage is gradually reduced from 72% to 63%, and the proportion of concentrate is increased from 28% to 37%, with a daily adjustment of no more than 1%. In the early fattening stage, yaks are allowed 2 hours of outdoor activity per day, and in the later stage, their activity is restricted to 1 hour to reduce energy consumption. The yaks' feeding and fecal condition are observed daily, and they are weighed every 15 days. The proportion of concentrate feed is adjusted slightly according to their body condition (fluctuation range ±1%). Silage should be used as soon as possible after opening to avoid mold; ammonified corn stalks should be checked for odor and impurities before use to ensure feed hygiene.

[0023] In summary, the fattening feed for yaks in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet according to the embodiments of this application results in an average weight of 420-430 kg for yaks after 120 days of fattening, with an average daily weight gain of 0.67-0.75 kg, which is more than 50% higher than the traditional fattening feed for high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet (daily weight gain of 0.4-0.5 kg). The feed conversion ratio is 4.8:1, which is 22.6% lower than the traditional formula (6.2:1), significantly improving feed utilization efficiency. Throughout the fattening cycle, the yaks did not suffer from digestive system diseases such as rumen impaction and acidosis. The feces were formed at a rate of 100%, and the yaks were in good spirits. After slaughter, the meat was tender, with a protein content that was 8% higher than that of traditionally fattened yaks. The fat was evenly deposited, meeting the standards for high-quality meat. Among the roughage raw materials, the improved forage grass has a winter survival rate of 90% in Nagqu, Tibet. The hybrid forage grass greenhouse has an average fresh grass yield of 8 tons per mu, which fully meets the local forage supply. The concentrated feed raw materials are all varieties that are regularly supplied to the livestock market in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet, and are easy to purchase. Improved feed conversion rate and increased self-sufficiency in local forage have reduced the fattening cost per yak by 18% compared to traditional formulas, significantly improving breeding efficiency and meeting the industrial development needs of integrated crop and livestock farming and grass-livestock synergy in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet.

[0024] In the description of this specification, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of indicated technical features. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one of that feature. In the description of this application, "multiple" means at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0025] In the description of this specification, the references to terms such as "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "example," "specific example," or "some examples," etc., indicate that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of this application. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples. Moreover, without contradiction, those skilled in the art can combine and integrate the different embodiments or examples described in this specification, as well as the features of different embodiments or examples.

[0026] Although embodiments of this application have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting this application. Those skilled in the art can make changes, modifications, substitutions and variations to the above embodiments within the scope of this application.

Claims

1. A fattening feed for yaks in the high-altitude, cold regions of Tibet, characterized in that, The feed consists of roughage components, concentrate components, and additive components; Roughage constitutes 60%-70% of the dry matter in the diet, including the following raw materials by weight percentage: Improved forage 25%-30%, hybrid forage 15%-20%, Sudan grass 10%-15%, corn stalks 15%-20%, forage hybrid sorghum 10%-15%, black oats 5%-10%; Concentrated feed components account for 30%-40% of the dry matter of the diet, including the following raw materials by weight percentage: corn 50%-55%, soybean meal 20%-25%, wheat bran 8%-10%, yellow mealworms 5%-8%, and yak-specific premix 3%-5%; The additive component is sodium bicarbonate, which accounts for 0.3%-0.6% of the dry matter in the diet.

2. The fattening feed for yaks in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet according to claim 1, characterized in that, The improved forage is an artificially bred variety of Reed, with a crude protein content of 18%-22%, lignin content of 13%-20%, and reducing sugar content of 6.34%-7.29% on a dry matter basis during its vegetative growth period, and a hydrocyanic acid content of ≤12mg / kg throughout its entire growth period.

3. The fattening feed for yaks in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet according to claim 1, characterized in that, The hybrid forage is an annual grass obtained by continuous selection after artificial distant hybridization of sorghum and Sudan grass, with a crude protein content of 10.2%-13.05% on a dry matter basis.

4. The fattening feed for yaks in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet according to claim 1, characterized in that, Corn stalks are crushed to a particle size of 2-3 cm or modified by ammoniation. In the roughage component, improved forage, hybrid forage and forage hybrid sorghum were processed into silage and then mixed evenly with hay corn stalks, Sudan grass and black oats.

5. The fattening feed for yaks in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet according to claim 1, characterized in that, Yak-specific premix contains calcium, phosphorus, salt, as well as iron, zinc, copper, and fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E. The mass fraction of calcium is 1.5%-2%, phosphorus is 0.8%-1%, and salt is 0.5%-1%.

6. The fattening feed for yaks in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet according to claim 1, characterized in that, The concentrated feed components are processed into pelleted feed with a particle size of 3-5mm and a particle density of 1.2-1.4g / cm³.

7. The fattening feed for yaks in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet according to claim 1, characterized in that, When applying feed in the early fattening stage, roughage should account for 70%-75% of the dry matter of the diet, and concentrate should account for 25%-30% of the dry matter of the diet. When applying feed in the later stages of fattening, roughage should account for 60%-65% of the dry matter of the diet, and concentrate should account for 35%-40% of the dry matter of the diet.

8. The fattening feed for yaks in the high-altitude and cold regions of Tibet according to claim 7, characterized in that, The early fattening period lasts 1-30 days, and the late fattening period lasts 60-120 days.