Tunnel engineering long-distance data transmission and intelligent monitoring method

Abstract

The invention relates to a tunnel engineering long-distance data transmission and intelligent monitoring method, which comprises the following steps of: sensing and preprocessing different monitoring parameters of different parts in a tunnel by using an integrated intelligent sensor, fusing dispersed, independent and single multi-source monitoring data by using a single-mode multi-core fiber grating branch Ethernet, and transmitting the fused data to a monitoring platform; and the data is transmitted to a central intelligent calculation center outside the tunnel through a backbone Ethernet in the tunnel for integration and analysis, so that tunnel design, construction and management personnel can grasp the tunnel condition in real time to dynamically adjust the design and construction, thereby ensuring the tunnel production and operation safety.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of tunnel construction safety and construction management technology, and specifically relates to a method for long-distance data transmission and intelligent monitoring in tunnel engineering. Background Technology

[0002] High-speed railways and highways, as strategic, pioneering, and crucial major infrastructure projects and the main arteries of the national economy, can strengthen regional connections and are vital to comprehensive regional development. my country has a vast territory and diverse terrain. As my country's high-speed railways and highways make great strides into plateaus and mountainous areas, the number of tunnels excavated during their construction is also increasing, and the length of single tunnels is constantly breaking domestic and international records.

[0003] The environment faced in tunnel construction is becoming increasingly complex, especially for long-distance tunnels that traverse varied geological formations and involve numerous specialized equipment and personnel. The construction challenges are also becoming increasingly prominent. Extensive practical experience demonstrates that only by prioritizing construction quality during tunnel construction can public safety be guaranteed during operation. Therefore, real-time intelligent monitoring of multi-source data, including surrounding rock deformation, equipment operating status, personnel information, harmful gases, and wind speed, is crucial during tunnel construction. This provides a basis for design and construction, enabling dynamic design and construction to avoid construction disasters and improve safety after commissioning.

[0004] Existing monitoring methods mainly include manual monitoring, wired automatic monitoring, and wireless automatic monitoring, which are scattered, independent, and single monitoring and control methods and data platforms. Manual monitoring requires periodic data collection from various monitoring devices and subsequent qualitative analysis, which is labor-intensive, involves many steps, is time-consuming, and results in low data fusion and accuracy. Wired automatic monitoring requires laying multiple lines to collect data from multiple sources. For long-distance tunnels, this not only involves a large workload for line maintenance, but also involves numerous and dispersed intermediate devices, making fault diagnosis difficult. Furthermore, electrical signals are easily affected by industrial interference from motors, high-voltage power lines, etc., in the working environment, leading to signal attenuation. Once information updates lag, dynamic guidance for design and construction cannot be achieved. Wireless automatic monitoring utilizes technologies such as WIFI and Bluetooth. The monitoring equipment has high environmental requirements and is easily affected by obstacles in the confined space of the tunnel, the geological magnetic field, and mutual interference from wireless communication. In addition, improper placement can easily create communication blind spots, especially in long-distance tunnels, resulting in defects in transmission dynamism, data loss, and reduced reliability.

[0005] With the continuous development of communication technology, optical fiber has gradually replaced traditional cable communication methods due to its significant advantages. As fiber Bragg grating (FBG) manufacturing technology continues to improve, research on FBGs in optical sensing has penetrated various industries. Besides its advantages of being resistant to electromagnetic interference, highly sensitive, small in size, lightweight, and suitable for use in high-temperature and corrosive environments, FBG sensors also possess unique advantages such as multi-point multiplexing and distributed, multi-parameter distinguishable measurement. However, how to reduce costs, improve measurement accuracy, meet the requirements of real-time and intelligent measurement, and satisfy the modernization and practical application needs of FBG sensing systems has always been a key consideration for researchers. Summary of the Invention

[0006] Analysis servers (application servers, web servers, data acquisition servers, etc.);

[0007] Network architecture: Lay several single-mode multi-core backbone optical fibers, branch optical fibers and supporting equipment to build a hybrid network that combines "industrial Ethernet (wired) and wireless sensor network (wireless)" to enhance transmission reliability and redundancy.

[0008] Step 2: Wired network transmission process:

[0009] The branch network terminal intelligent sensor connects to the switch via a fiber optic coupler and sends terminal data to the switch.

[0010] The switch connects to the backbone fiber optic network inside the tunnel via a fiber optic coupler and uploads data to the backbone network.

[0011] The backbone network transmits data to the central intelligent computing center outside the tunnel. (The intelligent computing center is a central processing center for multi-source data. It uses its internally configured intelligent computing system to decompress, classify, process, store, record, and display the transmitted multi-source data.)

[0012] Wired network characteristics: It adopts cross-connect and open data access technology, supports different transmission protocols running on the same bus, is compatible with different physical media and topologies, and has a high data output rate;

[0013] Step 3: Wireless Network Transmission Process:

[0014] Wireless terminals (mobile / vehicle-mounted wireless smart terminals, wireless sensors) transmit data, and the coverage of the wireless base station ensures that all terminal signals can be received;

[0015] The base station connects to the switch via an Ethernet extender or fiber optic coupler and sends the received terminal data to the switch.

[0016] The switch connects to the backbone fiber optic network inside the tunnel via a fiber optic coupler and uploads data to the backbone network.

[0017] The backbone network transmits data to the central intelligent computing center outside the tunnel;

[0018] Step 4: Redundancy Guarantee for Transmission Reliability:

[0019] (1) Network layout guarantee:

[0020] The backbone network and branch networks adopt a star topology:

[0021] Each branch site is connected only to the central node, making media access control simple and supporting various broadband requirements.

[0022] Fault diagnosis and isolation are convenient; a single connection point failure does not affect the entire network, ensuring high reliability.

[0023] The length of the backbone network gradually increases with the tunnel advance, making it highly expandable.

[0024] Fiber selection requirements: The fiber core and cladding must meet the total internal reflection condition, formula: ,in The angle of propagation during total internal reflection. The angle between the ray and the longitudinal axis of the optical fiber. The refractive index of the fiber core, The cladding refractive index, It is the arcsine function;

[0025] (2) Guarantee of optical transmission and reception power:

[0026] Fiber optic transmitter (LD laser): After the driving current exceeds the threshold, the output optical power must satisfy the formula: ( Injected optical power, in μW; The optical attenuation coefficient is expressed in dB / km. Average optical output power at the fiber optic end, in dBm; (Tunnel length, in km).

[0027] Optical receiver (core component is an APD avalanche photodiode): The minimum average received optical power must satisfy the formula: ( Minimum average received optical power, in μW; The optical attenuation coefficient is expressed in dB / km. Average optical output power at the fiber optic end, in dBm; (where the tunnel length is in km) to ensure high-sensitivity reception of medium- and long-distance fiber optic signals;

[0028] Step 5: Data Analysis at the Intelligent Computing Center:

[0029] The intelligent computing center applies an improved OMNIBUS model, processing data through a dynamic control loop from "intelligent monitoring to intelligent orientation to intelligent decision-making to optimized execution." This improved OMNIBUS model is a unified process model for multi-source information fusion in data intelligent computing systems. This model can form a fusion framework of "loop + hierarchy + closed-loop feedback," suitable for complex data fusion scenarios across multiple domains.

[0030] Data fusion and analysis process: from pre-fusion to decision fusion to on-site fusion;

[0031] Output results: Provide real-time decision-making support for tunnel management, design, and construction.

[0032] The long-distance intelligent detection method includes an intelligent sensor perception system, a data intelligent acquisition system, and a data intelligent computing system;

[0033] The intelligent sensor perception system includes intelligent perception of production personnel information, intelligent perception of production equipment operating conditions, and intelligent perception of production status.

[0034] Intelligent sensing of production personnel information utilizes mobile devices to achieve functions such as monitoring and querying, personnel attendance, guidance, and information networking. It can understand and grasp the working status of operators in real time and dynamically, thereby effectively improving the level of tunnel production and management.

[0035] Intelligent sensing of production equipment operating conditions involves sensing and monitoring the parameters of major equipment such as tunnel boring equipment, power supply equipment, ventilation equipment, and drainage equipment. Specifically, it uses fiber optic voltage sensors and fiber optic current sensors to detect the real-time operating voltage and current of tunnel boring equipment, power supply equipment, ventilation equipment, and drainage equipment; and uses fiber optic water level sensors to monitor the water level in the sump.

[0036] Intelligent sensing of production status involves sensing physical quantities such as displacement, stress, temperature, wind speed, dust concentration, and velocity. Specifically, it uses fiber optic grating intelligent force-measuring anchors to measure the stress in the tunnel surrounding rock; fiber optic grating intelligent roof delamination meters to measure tunnel strain; fiber optic grating intelligent temperature sensors to monitor the temperature inside the tunnel; fiber optic grating intelligent dust sensors to detect dust concentration; fiber optic grating intelligent wind speed and dust sensors to monitor wind speed inside the tunnel; and fiber optic grating intelligent vehicle-mounted sensors to monitor the speed and fuel consumption of transportation equipment.

[0037] The aforementioned intelligent sensor / device is an integrated sensor that can convert the measured physical quantity into a corresponding electrical signal, which is then sent to the signal conditioning circuit. After filtering, amplification, and analog-to-digital conversion, the signal is sent to the preprocessing chip. The preprocessing chip performs calculations, storage, data analysis, and preprocessing on the received signal, and then transmits it to the central intelligent computing center outside the tunnel via the backbone Ethernet.

[0038] The aforementioned intelligent data acquisition system uses sensors to appropriately convert the measured physical quantities, and then performs signal conditioning, sampling, holding, quantization, encoding, preprocessing, pre-analysis, compression, and transmission steps before finally transmitting the data to the intelligent computing center.

[0039] The aforementioned data intelligent computing system decompresses, classifies, processes, stores, records, and displays / prints multi-source data transmitted from abroad.

[0040] The various intelligent sensors are deployed in suitable locations within the tunnel according to the conditions of the tunnel construction site. The wireless networks of each intelligent monitoring device deployment area must overlap within a 10m range. For mechanized excavation faces, the distance between the intelligent monitoring device deployment area and the face of a straight section should be greater than 10m, and the distance from the face of a curved section should be greater than 5m. For blasting excavation faces, the distance between the intelligent monitoring device deployment area and the face of a straight section should be greater than 100m, and the distance from the face of a curved section should be greater than 50m.

[0041] The data transmission system combines industrial Ethernet with wireless sensor network technology, employing components including fiber optic transmitters, single-mode multi-core optical fibers, fiber optic couplers, switches, wireless base stations, and mobile or vehicle-mounted wireless intelligent terminals, as well as various data analysis servers in the terminal intelligent computing center. Based on the network requirements within the tunnel, several single-mode multi-core backbone optical fibers, branch optical fibers, and related equipment are laid within the tunnel, utilizing a combination of wired and wireless networks to enhance the reliability and redundancy of long-distance data transmission in the tunnel project.

[0042] The wired network utilizes industrial Ethernet technology, employing cross-connect and open data access techniques throughout the network. It boasts a high data output rate, maintains a consistent communication protocol, can run different transmission protocols on the same bus, and allows the use of different physical media and different topologies. Each branch network terminal's intelligent sensor connects to a switch via fiber optic couplers, transmitting received terminal information to the switch. The switch then connects to the backbone fiber optic network within the tunnel via fiber optic couplers, thereby transmitting the terminal data to the backbone network and ultimately to the central intelligent computing center outside the tunnel.

[0043] The wireless network utilizes wireless sensor network technology. By leveraging the coverage of the wireless base station, it can ensure that all information transmitted by wireless terminals can be received by the base station. The base station and the switch are connected through an Ethernet extender or fiber optic coupler. The received terminal information is sent to the switch, and the switch connects to the backbone fiber optic network inside the tunnel through the fiber optic coupler, thereby transmitting the terminal information to the backbone network and then to the central intelligent computing center outside the tunnel.

[0044] The advantages of this invention are:

[0045] (1) The principle and technology of this invention are reliable. It uses integrated intelligent sensors to sense and preprocess different physical data of different parts in the tunnel, and then uses fiber optic gratings to fuse and transmit the dispersed, independent and single multi-source monitoring data to the central intelligent computing center outside the tunnel. It applies an improved OMNIBUS model and integrates and dynamically analyzes the data through expert databases such as various application servers, web servers, data acquisition servers and data analysis servers, which can provide real-time decision-making basis for management, design and construction.

[0046] (2) The single-mode multi-core fiber optic grating sensing technology used in this invention can transmit up to 80-120km. It is not affected by electromagnetic interference, has high sensitivity, small size, and light weight. It is suitable for use in high temperature and corrosive environments. It also has the unique advantages of multi-point multiplexing and multi-parameter distributed differentiation measurement. Moreover, the signal is not easily attenuated and can meet the requirements of long-distance tunnel data transmission.

[0047] (3) The wireless sensor network technology used shortens the wireless network to adjacent different intervals. The signal superposition area of ​​adjacent base stations is reliable and there are no blind spots. The coverage of the wireless base station can ensure that the information transmitted by all mobile wireless terminals in the interval can be received by the base station.

[0048] (4) This invention provides a new method for long-distance intelligent monitoring and data transmission in tunnel engineering. The intelligent sensing of production status can intelligently sense production physical quantities such as displacement, stress, temperature, wind speed, dust concentration and speed. This not only saves a lot of manpower and improves the accuracy, timeliness and reliability of data monitoring, but also allows the equipment to be recycled without causing a significant increase in monitoring costs. Attached Figure Description

[0049] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the fiber optic grating smart sensor structure;

[0050] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of a long-distance data transmission system for tunnel engineering;

[0051] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of an improved OMNIBUS model for a long-distance intelligent monitoring method and data transmission system for tunnel engineering. Detailed Implementation

[0052] The invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0053] like Figure 1 , 2 As shown in Figures 3 and 4, the long-distance intelligent detection method includes an intelligent sensor perception system, a data intelligent acquisition system, and a data intelligent computing system.

[0054] The intelligent sensor perception system includes intelligent perception of production personnel information, intelligent perception of production equipment operating conditions, and intelligent perception of production status.

[0055] The intelligent sensing of production personnel information utilizes mobile devices to achieve functions such as monitoring and querying, personnel attendance, guidance, and information networking. It can understand and grasp the working status of operators in real time and dynamically, thereby effectively improving the level of tunnel production and management.

[0056] The intelligent sensing of production equipment operating conditions involves sensing and monitoring the parameters of major equipment such as tunnel boring equipment, power supply equipment, ventilation equipment, and drainage equipment. Specifically, it uses fiber optic voltage sensors and fiber optic current sensors to detect the real-time operating voltage and current of the tunnel boring equipment, power supply equipment, ventilation equipment, and drainage equipment; and uses fiber optic water level sensors to monitor the water level in the collection well.

[0057] The intelligent sensing of production status involves sensing physical quantities such as displacement, stress, temperature, wind speed, dust concentration, and velocity. Specifically, it uses fiber optic grating intelligent force-measuring anchors to measure the stress in the tunnel surrounding rock; fiber optic grating intelligent roof delamination meters to measure tunnel strain; fiber optic grating intelligent temperature sensors to monitor the temperature inside the tunnel; fiber optic grating intelligent dust sensors to detect dust concentration; fiber optic grating intelligent wind speed and dust sensors to monitor wind speed inside the tunnel; and fiber optic grating intelligent vehicle-mounted sensors to monitor the speed and fuel consumption of transportation equipment.

[0058] The intelligent sensor / device is an integrated sensor that can convert the measured physical quantity into a corresponding electrical signal, which is then sent to the signal conditioning circuit. After filtering, amplification, and analog-to-digital conversion, the signal is sent to the preprocessing chip. The preprocessing chip performs calculations, storage, data analysis, and preprocessing on the received signal, and then transmits it to the central intelligent computing center outside the tunnel via the backbone Ethernet.

[0059] The intelligent data acquisition system uses sensors to appropriately convert the measured physical quantities, and then performs signal conditioning, sampling, holding, quantization, encoding, preprocessing, pre-analysis, compression, and transmission steps before finally transmitting the data to the intelligent data computing center.

[0060] The data intelligent computing system decompresses, classifies, processes, stores, records, and displays / prints the multi-source data transmitted from the system.

[0061] The various intelligent sensors are deployed in appropriate locations within the tunnel according to the conditions of the tunnel construction site. The wireless networks of each intelligent monitoring device deployment area must overlap within a 10m range. For mechanized tunneling faces, the distance between the intelligent monitoring device deployment area and the face of a straight section should be greater than 10m, and the distance from the face of a curved section should be greater than 5m. For blasting tunneling faces, the distance between the intelligent monitoring device deployment area and the face of a straight section should be greater than 100m, and the distance from the face of a curved section should be greater than 50m.

[0062] The data transmission system combines industrial Ethernet and wireless sensor network technologies, employing components including fiber optic transmitters, single-mode multi-core optical fibers, fiber optic couplers, switches, wireless base stations, and mobile or vehicle-mounted wireless intelligent terminals, as well as various data analysis servers in the terminal intelligent computing center. Based on the network requirements within the tunnel, several single-mode multi-core backbone optical fibers, branch optical fibers, and related equipment are laid within the tunnel, utilizing a combination of wired and wireless networks to enhance the reliability and redundancy of long-distance data transmission in the tunnel project.

[0063] The wired network utilizes industrial Ethernet technology, employing cross-connect and open data access techniques throughout the network. It boasts a high data output rate, maintains a consistent communication protocol, can run different transmission protocols on the same bus, and allows the use of different physical media and different topologies. Each branch network terminal's intelligent sensor connects to a switch via fiber optic couplers, transmitting received terminal information to the switch. The switch then connects to the backbone fiber optic network within the tunnel via fiber optic couplers, thereby transmitting the terminal data to the backbone network and ultimately to the central intelligent computing center outside the tunnel.

[0064] The wireless network utilizes wireless sensor network technology, leveraging the coverage of the wireless base station to ensure that all information transmitted by wireless terminals can be received by the base station. The base station is connected to the switch via an Ethernet extender or fiber optic coupler, sending the received terminal information to the switch. The switch then connects to the backbone fiber optic network inside the tunnel via a fiber optic coupler, thereby transmitting the terminal information to the backbone network and ultimately to the central intelligent computing center outside the tunnel.

[0065] The long-distance data transmission reliability redundancy includes:

[0066] (1) The backbone network and branch network adopt a star network layout structure, which is simple to control. Each branch station is only connected to the central node. The media access control method is simple and can meet various broadband requirements. It is easy to monitor and manage the network. Fault diagnosis and isolation are easy. The central node can isolate the connection lines one by one for fault detection and location. The fault of a single connection point only affects one device and will not affect the whole network. It has strong service and high reliability. The backbone network structure is simple and easy to install. The length L gradually increases with the tunnel advance and has good expandability. In order to meet the data transmission reliability requirements, the fiber core and outer cladding must meet the following requirements when selecting optical fibers:

[0067]

[0068] In the formula, The angle of propagation of light during total internal reflection within the optical fiber; The angle between the light and the longitudinal axis of the optical fiber when total internal reflection occurs; , These are the refractive indices of the core and cladding, respectively.

[0069] (2) The fiber optic transmitter uses an LD laser. The output optical power only increases significantly after the driving current exceeds a threshold. The output optical power increases rapidly with increasing driving current. To meet data transmission reliability requirements, the output optical power is: ;

[0070] In the formula, To inject optical power ; The optical attenuation coefficient is a constant. ; Average optical output power required for light to propagate to the end of an optical fiber of length L L represents the tunnel length in km.

[0071] (3) The optical receiver consists of a photodetector, an amplifier, and related circuit chips. The core component, the photodetector, uses an APD avalanche photodiode, which has high internal gain, fast response speed, high photoelectric conversion efficiency, and large photocurrent, meeting the requirements for high-sensitivity medium-to-long-distance optical fiber communication. To meet the data reception reliability requirements, the minimum average received optical power of the optical receiver must meet the following requirements:

[0072]

[0073] In the formula, Minimum average received optical power ; The optical attenuation coefficient is a constant. ; Average optical output power required for light to propagate to the end of an optical fiber of length L L represents the tunnel length in km.

[0074] The intelligent computing center integrates various application servers, web servers, data acquisition servers, and data analysis servers. It applies an improved OMNIBUS model and performs systematic dynamic analysis on the monitored multi-source data through a dynamic control loop of "intelligent monitoring to intelligent orientation to intelligent decision-making to optimized execution," from "front-end pre-fusion to decision fusion (software) to decision fusion (hardware) to on-site fusion." This provides real-time decision-making support for management, design, and construction.

Claims

1. A method for long-distance data transmission and intelligent monitoring in tunnel engineering, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1: Setting up the transmission system: Core hardware configuration: fiber optic transmitter, single-mode multi-core fiber, fiber optic coupler, switch, wireless base station, mobile / vehicle-mounted wireless intelligent terminal, and various data analysis servers in the intelligent computing center; Network architecture: Lay several single-mode multi-core backbone optical fibers, branch optical fibers and supporting equipment to build a hybrid network that combines "industrial Ethernet with wireless sensor network" to enhance transmission reliability and redundancy. Step 2: Wired network transmission process: The branch network terminal intelligent sensor is connected to the switch via a fiber optic coupler and sends terminal data to the switch; The switch connects to the backbone fiber optic network inside the tunnel via a fiber optic coupler and uploads data to the backbone network. The backbone network transmits data to the central intelligent computing center outside the tunnel; Wired network characteristics: It adopts cross-connect and open data access technology, supports different transmission protocols running on the same bus, is compatible with different physical media and topologies, and has a high data output rate; Step 3: Wireless Network Transmission Process: The wireless terminal transmits data, and the coverage of the wireless base station ensures that all terminal signals can be received. The base station connects to the switch via an Ethernet extender or fiber optic coupler and sends the received terminal data to the switch. The switch connects to the backbone fiber optic network inside the tunnel via a fiber optic coupler and uploads data to the backbone network. The backbone network transmits data to the central intelligent computing center outside the tunnel; Step 4: Redundancy Guarantee for Transmission Reliability: (1) Network layout guarantee: The backbone network and branch networks adopt a star topology: Each branch site is connected only to the central node, making media access control simple and supporting various broadband requirements; Fault diagnosis and isolation are convenient; a single connection point failure does not affect the entire network, ensuring high reliability. The length of the backbone network gradually increases with tunnel progress, making it highly expandable. Fiber selection requirements: The fiber core and cladding must meet the total internal reflection condition, formula: ,in, The angle of propagation during total internal reflection. The angle between the ray and the longitudinal axis of the optical fiber. The refractive index of the fiber core, The cladding refractive index, It is the arcsine function; (2) Guarantee of optical transmission and reception power: Fiber optic transmitter: When the drive current exceeds the threshold, the output optical power must satisfy the formula: ( Injected optical power, in μW; The optical attenuation coefficient is expressed in dB / km. Average optical output power at the fiber optic end, in dBm; (Tunnel length, in km). Optical receiver: The minimum average received optical power must satisfy the formula: ( Minimum average received optical power, in μW; The optical attenuation coefficient is expressed in dB / km. Average optical output power at the fiber optic end, in dBm; (where the tunnel length is in km) to ensure high-sensitivity reception of medium- and long-distance fiber optic signals; Step 5: Data Analysis at the Intelligent Computing Center: The intelligent computing center applies an improved OMNIBUS model to process data through a dynamic control loop from "intelligent monitoring to intelligent orientation to intelligent decision-making to optimized execution"; Data fusion and analysis process: from pre-fusion to decision fusion to on-site fusion; Output results: Provide real-time decision-making support for tunnel management, design, and construction.

2. The method for long-distance data transmission and intelligent monitoring in tunnel engineering according to claim 1, characterized in that, This includes intelligent sensor perception systems, intelligent data acquisition systems, and intelligent data computing systems; The intelligent sensor perception system includes intelligent perception of production personnel information, intelligent perception of production equipment operating conditions, and intelligent perception of production status. Intelligent sensing of production personnel information utilizes mobile devices to achieve functions such as monitoring and querying, personnel attendance, guidance, and information networking. It can understand and grasp the working status of operators in real time and dynamically, thereby effectively improving the level of tunnel production and management. Intelligent sensing of production equipment operating conditions involves sensing and monitoring the parameters of major equipment such as tunnel boring equipment, power supply equipment, ventilation equipment, and drainage equipment. Specifically, it uses fiber optic voltage sensors and fiber optic current sensors to detect the real-time operating voltage and current of the tunnel boring equipment, power supply equipment, ventilation equipment, and drainage equipment; and uses fiber optic water level sensors to monitor the water level in the sump. Intelligent sensing of production status involves sensing physical quantities such as displacement, stress, temperature, wind speed, dust concentration, and velocity. Specifically, it uses fiber optic grating intelligent force-measuring anchors to measure the stress of the tunnel surrounding rock; fiber optic grating intelligent roof delamination meters to measure tunnel strain; and fiber optic grating intelligent temperature sensors to monitor the temperature inside the tunnel. A fiber optic grating intelligent dust sensor is used to detect dust mass concentration; a fiber optic grating intelligent wind speed and dust sensor is used to monitor wind speed inside the tunnel. Fiber Bragg grating intelligent vehicle sensors are used to monitor the speed and fuel consumption of transportation equipment.

3. The method for long-distance data transmission and intelligent monitoring in tunnel engineering according to claim 1, characterized in that, Intelligent sensors / devices are integrated sensors that can convert the measured physical quantity into a corresponding electrical signal, which is then sent to the signal conditioning circuit. After filtering, amplification, and analog-to-digital conversion, the signal is sent to the preprocessing chip. The preprocessing chip performs calculations, storage, data analysis, and preprocessing on the received signal, and then transmits it to the central intelligent computing center outside the tunnel via the backbone Ethernet.

4. The method for long-distance data transmission and intelligent monitoring in tunnel engineering according to claim 1, characterized in that, The intelligent data acquisition system uses sensors to appropriately convert the measured physical quantities, and then performs signal conditioning, sampling, holding, quantization, encoding, preprocessing, pre-analysis, compression, and transmission steps before finally transmitting the data to the intelligent data computing center. The intelligent data computing system decompresses, classifies, processes, stores, records, and displays and prints the transmitted multi-source data.

5. The method for long-distance data transmission and intelligent monitoring in tunnel engineering according to claim 1, characterized in that, The intelligent sensors are deployed in appropriate locations within the tunnel according to the conditions of the tunnel construction site. The wireless networks of each intelligent monitoring device deployment area must overlap within a range of 10m. For mechanized excavation faces, the distance between the intelligent monitoring device deployment area and the straight section face should be greater than 10m, and the distance between the intelligent monitoring device deployment area and the curved section face should be greater than 5m. For blasting excavation faces, the distance between the intelligent monitoring device deployment area and the straight section face should be greater than 100m, and the distance between the intelligent monitoring device deployment area and the curved section face should be greater than 50m.

6. The method for long-distance data transmission and intelligent monitoring in tunnel engineering according to claim 1, characterized in that, The data transmission system combines industrial Ethernet with wireless sensor network technology, employing components including fiber optic transmitters, single-mode multi-core optical fibers, fiber optic couplers, switches, wireless base stations, and mobile or vehicle-mounted wireless intelligent terminals, as well as various data analysis servers in the terminal intelligent computing center. Based on the network requirements within the tunnel, several single-mode multi-core backbone optical fibers, branch optical fibers, and equipment are laid within the tunnel. By combining wired and wireless networks, the reliability and redundancy of long-distance data transmission in tunnel engineering are enhanced.

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