Railway signal cable safety monitoring device and method

Abstract

The application discloses a railway signal cable safety monitoring device and method, which comprises an outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit, a wireless data transmission unit based on a railway special wireless frequency band and a monitoring and diagnosing host. The acquisition unit adopts a Rogowski coil sensor to acquire the current and the body temperature of the cable armor, is powered by traction return current and is compatible with external power supply, and is matched with a low-power consumption design to reduce energy consumption; the wireless transmission unit adopts narrowband communication technology and combines with a relay node to build a stable transmission channel; and the monitoring and diagnosing host is based on a Qt framework and a BP neural network, stores data through a MySQL database, visually displays monitoring results and locates faults such as insulation damage. The application realizes real-time monitoring of a signal cable full path, solves problems such as a traditional monitoring blind area, power supply difficulty and inaccurate fault positioning, and improves railway operation and maintenance efficiency and transportation safety.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of cable safety monitoring technology, specifically to a railway signal cable safety monitoring device and method. Background Technology

[0002] As the core communication and control carrier of the railway system, railway signal cables undertake critical tasks such as transmitting train dispatching instructions and providing equipment status feedback. Their operational stability directly determines the safety and efficiency of railway transportation. With the rapid development of my country's railway network towards high speed and density, the mileage of signal cables continues to increase, and the operating environment becomes increasingly complex, facing multiple challenges such as natural aging, mechanical damage, and environmental corrosion.

[0003] During the long-term service of railway signal cables, various potential faults have gradually become apparent. Firstly, the cable insulation layer is prone to aging and damage due to factors such as increased service life, temperature changes, and chemical corrosion, leading to abnormal leakage of traction return current. High current flowing through the cable armor layer causes a sharp rise in local temperature, potentially triggering cable burn-out accidents, resulting in widespread train delays and severely disrupting railway transportation. Secondly, cable joints are prone to poor contact due to installation defects, vibration, and loosening, becoming weak points in signal transmission. Thirdly, railway signal cables are often laid concealed, lacking detailed and intuitive digital records of their routes, leading to difficulties in finding diagrams and unclear terminal markings during routine maintenance, significantly reducing maintenance efficiency. Fourthly, when multiple cables laid in the same trench fail, current technology struggles to accurately identify and locate the fault, causing delays in fault handling and further expanding the scope of the fault's impact.

[0004] In recent years, the frequency of traction return current related faults has increased significantly. During electric locomotive operation, the traction return current must flow back to the traction substation through the rails, suction line, and grounding wire. Under high-power loading scenarios, the return current easily finds weak points to leak, and the grounding part of the armor layer of railway signal cables often becomes the entry point for current leakage. However, current railway electrical maintenance work lacks effective real-time monitoring methods for the grounding current and body temperature of the cable armor layer. Traditional manual inspection methods are limited by factors such as the working environment and inspection cycle, making it difficult to cover all monitoring points and detect early potential faults in a timely manner. This makes it difficult to fundamentally eliminate such burn-out accidents.

[0005] Existing technical solutions have significant limitations. Firstly, some solutions only monitor the ground current of the armor layer at the termination points of indoor cables, failing to cover cable sections between outdoor branch boxes and between branch boxes and terminal boxes. Outdoor cables, due to their scattered layout and limited power and communication resources, become monitoring blind spots. Secondly, monitoring the insulation resistance of the armor layer to ground makes it difficult to detect early degradation of cable insulation, failing to provide early warnings for traction return leakage faults and failing to meet the actual safety protection needs of railway signal cables. Furthermore, traditional cable maintenance methods primarily rely on "fault repair" and "periodic maintenance," lacking proactive early warning and real-time monitoring capabilities. This results in high maintenance costs and limited effectiveness, making them unsuitable for the high-density, high-speed operation demands of modern railways. Summary of the Invention

[0006] Therefore, the present invention provides a railway signal cable safety monitoring device and method to solve the problems of incomplete monitoring range, insufficient early warning and low maintenance efficiency in the prior art.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a railway signal cable safety monitoring device, comprising an outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit, a wireless data transmission unit based on the railway wireless frequency band, and a railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host.

[0008] The outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit and the railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host establish communication through the wireless data transmission unit based on the railway wireless frequency band;

[0009] The outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit collects the armored grounding current and cable body temperature of the railway outdoor signal cable; the wireless data transmission unit transmits the collected current and temperature data to the railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host; the railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host receives and stores the data and performs fault diagnosis and displays the results.

[0010] As a preferred embodiment of the railway signal cable safety monitoring device, the outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit includes an antenna, a wireless transmission module, an acquisition module, a self-powered device, and a current and temperature sensor. The current and temperature sensor is electrically connected to the acquisition module and transmits the acquired current and temperature signals to the acquisition module. The acquisition module is communicatively connected to the wireless transmission module and transmits the processed signals to the wireless transmission module. The wireless transmission module is connected to the antenna to transmit data through the antenna. The self-powered device is used to supply power to the outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit.

[0011] As a preferred embodiment of the railway signal cable safety monitoring device, the current temperature sensor adopts a Rogowski coil structure; the current temperature sensor is integrated inside the Rogowski coil, and the temperature probe protrudes from the circular hole in the sensor housing;

[0012] The self-powered device includes a current transformer and a power management module. The core material of the current transformer is pomor alloy. The current transformer extracts energy from a traction return current with a frequency of 50Hz. The energy extraction point is the center connection plate between the choke transformers, the grounding wire, or the suction wire.

[0013] The power management module is located on the secondary side of the current transformer. The power management module includes a rectifier boost circuit and a charging management module. The power management module is used to realize AC to DC conversion, voltage boosting and energy storage.

[0014] As a preferred embodiment of the railway signal cable safety monitoring device, the rectifier boost circuit includes plug-in VIN, switch SW2, switch SW3, switch SW4, anti-static diode D13, rectifier diode D9, rectifier diode D10, rectifier diode D11, rectifier diode D12, rectifier diode D14, capacitor C45, capacitor C46, ​​capacitor C47, capacitor C48, capacitor C40, capacitor C54, capacitor C55, capacitor C56, inductor L3, resistor R52, resistor R45, resistor R46, and boost chip U7;

[0015] The connector VIN is connected to the secondary side of the current transformer. Anti-static diode D13 protects the circuit from damage caused by static electricity and surges from connector VIN. Rectifier diodes D9, D10, D11, and D12 form a rectifier circuit. Capacitors C45, C46, ​​C47, and C48 are supercapacitors. Capacitors C55 and C40, resistors R45 and R46, inductor L3, and boost chip U7 form a boost circuit. Capacitors C56 and C54 are filter capacitors.

[0016] Switches SW2, SW3, and SW4 are used to switch between the current transformer power extraction mode and the external direct power supply mode. When switch SW2 is switched to connect terminals 3 and 4 with terminals 5 and 6, switch SW3 is switched to connect terminals 3 and 4 with terminals 1 and 2, and switch SW4 is switched to connect terminals 3 and 4 with terminals 1 and 2, the current transformer power extraction mode is activated.

[0017] When switch SW2 is switched to connect terminals 3 and 4 with terminals 1 and 2, switch SW3 is switched to connect terminals 3 and 4 with terminals 5 and 6, and switch SW4 is switched to disconnect terminals 3 and 4 from terminals 1 and 2, it is in the external direct power supply mode.

[0018] As a preferred solution for railway signal cable safety monitoring devices, the charging management module includes capacitors C53, C51, C52, and C49, inductor L5, resistor R14, resistor R47, switch SW1, battery BAT, and charging management chip U8.

[0019] Capacitors C53, C51, and C52 are filter capacitors; resistor R14 is a 0-ohm resistor; capacitor C49, resistor R47, and inductor L5 are peripheral circuits of the charging management chip U8; capacitor C49 is a decoupling capacitor used to cooperate with the charging management chip U8 to realize the charging and discharging management of battery BAT.

[0020] Switch SW1 is used to control the working status of the self-powered module. When terminals 3 and 4 of switch SW1 are connected to terminals 1 and 2, the self-powered module works normally. When terminals 3 and 4 of switch SW1 are disconnected from terminals 1 and 2, it is used to reduce the power loss of battery BAT during equipment shutdown.

[0021] As a preferred solution for railway signal cable safety monitoring devices, the wireless data transmission unit based on the railway wireless frequency band adopts the Daosheng Bio TKM-210 module. The TKM-210 module is based on the TK8620 chip and has a reset interface, a programming interface, an antenna interface and a power interface on the periphery.

[0022] The power supply circuit of the wireless data transmission unit includes transistor Q6, filter capacitor C4, filter capacitor C5, filter capacitor C6, pull-up current limiting resistor R3, and pull-up current limiting resistor R4. The conduction and cutoff of transistor Q6 are controlled by the MCURST pin of the MCU. When the wireless module is in sleep mode, the MCURST1 pin outputs a low level, transistor Q6 does not conduct, and the power supply circuit of the wireless module is cut off to achieve energy saving.

[0023] When the wireless module is woken up, the MCURST1 pin outputs a high level, the transistor Q6 is turned on, the power supply circuit is connected, and power is supplied to the wireless module. Filter capacitors C4, C5, and C6 are used to reduce power supply ripple, and pull-up current limiting resistors R3 and R4 are used to limit the circuit current.

[0024] As a preferred solution for railway signal cable safety monitoring devices, the communication interface circuit of the wireless module includes WX_UART1_TXD pin, WX_UART1_RXD pin, transistor Q1, transistor Q2, pull-up current limiting resistor R39, pull-up current limiting resistor R40, pull-up current limiting resistor R43, pull-up current limiting resistor R44, filter capacitor C17, filter capacitor C22, and UartCom pin header;

[0025] The WX_UART1_TXD and WX_UART1_RXD pins are the UART serial port pins of the wireless communication module; transistors Q1 and Q2 serve as signal isolation, forming a signal path when the circuit is powered.

[0026] Pull-up current limiting resistors R39, R40, R43, and R44 are used to limit the current in the circuit; filter capacitors C17 and C22 are used to filter out noise in the signal; the UartCom header is used for testing the communication interface circuit and firmware burning operations.

[0027] As a preferred solution for railway signal cable safety monitoring devices, the railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host is based on the Qt framework and developed using the C++ object-oriented language. The railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host has built-in network communication module, MySQL database storage module, main interface display module, configuration management module, data details and chart display module, and log and system management module.

[0028] The network communication module supports the UDP protocol, uses Qt's QUdpSocket to asynchronously receive data, and encapsulates the data using JSON; the MySQL database storage module uses a connection pool to reduce connection overhead, completes data writing, reading and querying operations, can query data by device number and time period, and provides a data interface for the chart module.

[0029] The main interface display module is used to display the icons or list of data acquisition devices, the corresponding installation location of the devices, and their online status. The online status of the devices is determined by the data reception and update time.

[0030] The configuration management module uses INI files to manage the list of acquisition devices and their installation locations. When the software starts, it automatically reads the configuration file and dynamically generates the main interface.

[0031] The data details and chart display module uses QtCharts to display the real-time data and historical curves of the set device. After clicking on the device on the main interface, the latest real-time updated data of the device is displayed. It supports selecting 1 hour, 24 hours or custom intervals to query historical data and is used to draw line charts and bar charts.

[0032] The log and system management module is used to store operation logs and error information.

[0033] The present invention also provides a method for safety monitoring of railway signal cables, used in the aforementioned monitoring device for railway signal cable safety monitoring, comprising the following steps:

[0034] Step 1: The outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit starts working based on self-powered or external power supply mode. It collects the armored grounding current and cable body temperature of the railway outdoor signal cable through the Rogowski coil sensor with integrated temperature sensor. It can select to collect data individually or simultaneously according to monitoring needs.

[0035] Step 2: The outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit transmits the pre-processed current and temperature data to the wireless data transmission unit based on the railway wireless frequency band. Combined with the routing and forwarding mechanism of the relay node, the data is transmitted to the railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host.

[0036] Step 3: The railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host asynchronously receives and transmits data via UDP protocol, stores it in the MySQL database after JSON parsing, and extracts the absolute value and climbing speed features from the data based on the preset railway signal cable topology model. The data is then input into the BP neural network, and the fault diagnosis is completed through neural network operation to identify cables with insulation damage.

[0037] Step 4: The visualization interface module of the railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host retrieves real-time and historical data from the database, displays them through charts, and synchronously stores system operation logs and fault information to achieve fault location and handling.

[0038] As a preferred method for safety monitoring of railway signal cables, in step 1, the outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit adopts a working mode that combines periodicity and event triggering: when the current or temperature exceeds the set threshold, instant data transmission is initiated; when the current or temperature does not exceed the threshold, data is transmitted according to a dynamically adjusted period.

[0039] As a preferred solution for railway signal cable safety monitoring, in step 1, the power supply method for self-powered operation is as follows: power is drawn from the traction return current through a current transformer, the voltage is boosted to 5V through a rectifier and boost circuit, and the energy is stored through a charging management module. When an external power source is available, the system switches to the external direct power supply mode through switches SW2~SW4.

[0040] As a preferred method for safety monitoring of railway signal cables, in step 2, the wireless data transmission unit based on the railway wireless frequency band dynamically adjusts the transmission power according to the channel conditions; after receiving the message, the wireless relay node determines whether the network address in the message is consistent with the local network address, whether the source address and destination address match the local routing table, whether the hop count is less than the set maximum value minus 1, and whether it has not been repeatedly forwarded. If all conditions are met, the hop count is incremented by 1 and the previous hop address is modified before forwarding; otherwise, the message is discarded.

[0041] As a preferred method for safety monitoring of railway signal cables, in step 2, the terminal and relay node use the source address and Cnt field to determine data deduplication and duplicate forwarding. When the terminal sends a packet, the previous hop address is filled with the local address, and when the relay node forwards, the previous hop address is modified to the local address. The routing rule is bidirectional. After configuring a routing rule for a source address segment and a destination address segment, it automatically includes the forwarding function of the reverse address segment.

[0042] As a preferred method for safety monitoring of railway signal cables, in step 3, when constructing the railway signal cable topology model, the topology is compiled based on the box layout and cable connection relationship of the railway signal cables, and monitoring points are associated; the number of nodes in the input layer of the BP neural network is 8 times the number of cables, and two monitoring points are set for each cable. Each monitoring point includes two values: ground current and temperature. Each value corresponds to two features: absolute value and climbing speed; one or two intermediate layers are set; the number of nodes in the output layer is consistent with the number of cables, and the diagnostic result is that the cable has insulation damage.

[0043] As a preferred method for railway signal cable safety monitoring, in step 3, the training samples of the BP neural network include laboratory simulation samples and actual fault samples from railway sites. The laboratory simulation samples are generated by simulating three different scenarios of slight, severe, and serious insulation damage to single or multiple cables. The simulation simulates the current value at a specified monitoring point after traction return current intrusion, and calculates the cable temperature based on the current value, the cross-sectional area of ​​the cable armor layer, and room temperature. The actual fault samples from railway sites are manually established based on historical accident cases and monitoring data.

[0044] During fault diagnosis, the probability of a node in the output layer of the neural network is compared with a set threshold. Nodes that exceed the threshold are output as faulty cables.

[0045] As a preferred solution for railway signal cable safety monitoring, in step 4, the railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host uses Qt multi-threading to process the network and database, thereby decoupling database writing and interface updates; when receiving data at high concurrency, caching is used, and chart drawing is optimized by sampling or downsampling.

[0046] The present invention has the following advantages:

[0047] First, this invention breaks through the limitations of traditional methods that only monitor indoor cables, enabling real-time acquisition of current and temperature in key areas such as outdoor distribution boxes and between distribution boxes and terminal boxes, covering the entire cable laying path, and timely capturing early fault risks such as traction return leakage.

[0048] Secondly, this invention uses railway traction return current as its self-sourced energy source, and combines it with a Pomer alloy core current transformer and a high-efficiency power management module to stably realize the collection, conversion and storage of electrical energy. At the same time, it is compatible with external power supply mode, perfectly adapting to outdoor scattered deployment scenarios without the need for additional power supply resources.

[0049] Third, the present invention adopts a low-power MCU, independent power supply, timed and event-triggered working mode and dynamic transmission cycle strategy, which significantly reduces energy consumption; the host computer system supports data visualization, historical query and log traceability, upgrading the traditional "fault repair" and "periodic repair" to "predictive maintenance", greatly improving operation and maintenance efficiency.

[0050] Fourth, the device of this invention is adaptable to different types of cables, laying environments and station scales. The modular design of the host computer system supports functional expansion and multi-device access. The core technology is independently controllable, combining technological advancement and engineering practicality. It is easy to promote on a large scale and provides strong protection for railway transportation safety.

[0051] Fifth, this invention is based on narrowband communication technology in the railway wireless frequency band, combined with a relay routing and forwarding mechanism, to build a stable and reliable data transmission channel; by using a cable topology mathematical model and a BP neural network, and integrating laboratory simulation and field fault sample training, it can identify insulation damage of different degrees in multiple cables and achieve rapid fault location. Attached Figure Description

[0052] To more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are merely exemplary, and those skilled in the art can derive other embodiments based on the provided drawings without creative effort.

[0053] The structures, proportions, sizes, etc. illustrated in this specification are only for the purpose of assisting those skilled in the art in understanding and reading the content disclosed herein, and are not intended to limit the conditions under which the present invention can be implemented. Therefore, they have no substantial technical significance. Any modifications to the structure, changes in the proportions, or adjustments to the size, without affecting the effects and objectives that the present invention can produce, should still fall within the scope of the technical content disclosed in the present invention.

[0054] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the railway signal cable safety monitoring device architecture provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0055] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit of the railway signal cable safety monitoring device provided in this embodiment of the invention;

[0056] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the self-powered device principle of the railway signal cable safety monitoring device provided in this embodiment of the invention;

[0057] Figure 4This is a diagram of a rectifier boost circuit provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0058] Figure 5 This is a circuit diagram of the charging management module provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0059] Figure 6 This is a circuit diagram of the peripheral interface of the wireless data transmission unit based on the railway wireless frequency band provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0060] Figure 7 This is a power supply circuit diagram for a wireless data transmission unit based on the railway wireless frequency band provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0061] Figure 8 This is a circuit diagram of the communication interface of the wireless data transmission unit based on the railway wireless frequency band provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0062] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the railway signal cable safety monitoring method provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0063] The following specific embodiments illustrate the implementation of the present invention. Those skilled in the art can easily understand other advantages and effects of the present invention from the content disclosed in this specification. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some, not all, of the embodiments of the present invention. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0064] See Figure 1 This invention provides a railway signal cable safety monitoring device, including an outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit, a wireless data transmission unit based on railway wireless frequency bands, and a railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host. The outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit and the railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host establish communication through the wireless data transmission unit based on railway wireless frequency bands. The outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit acquires the armored grounding current and cable body temperature of the railway outdoor signal cable. The wireless data transmission unit transmits the acquired current and temperature data to the railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host. The railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host receives and stores the data and performs fault diagnosis and displays the results.

[0065] Specifically, railway signal cable faults often originate from insulation damage and traction return leakage in outdoor sections. Traditional devices only monitor indoor termination sections, resulting in blind spots. This device achieves full-link coverage through a three-tiered architecture of acquisition, transmission, and diagnosis. The outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit directly addresses the high-fault outdoor cable sections, capturing fault signs such as armor layer current leakage and abnormal temperature. The wireless data transmission unit adapts to the communication needs of railway scenarios, solving the problem of data interoperability between indoor and outdoor environments. The railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host integrates data processing and fault analysis functions, enabling management from data acquisition to fault handling, breaking the limitations of traditional monitoring models.

[0066] See Figure 2 In this embodiment, the outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit includes an antenna, a wireless transmission module, an acquisition module, a self-powered device, and a current and temperature sensor. The current and temperature sensor is electrically connected to the acquisition module and transmits the acquired current and temperature signals to the acquisition module. The acquisition module is communicatively connected to the wireless transmission module and transmits the processed signals to the wireless transmission module. The wireless transmission module is connected to the antenna to transmit data. The self-powered device supplies power to the outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit. The current and temperature sensor adopts a Rogowski coil structure; the current and temperature sensor is integrated inside the Rogowski coil, and the temperature probe protrudes from a circular hole in the sensor housing, and the probe is equipped with a spring structure.

[0067] Specifically, outdoor cable distribution boxes often have diverse outer diameters for their sheaths and limited installation space, making traditional rigid sensors difficult to adapt. Rogowski coils, with their flexible structure, have small outer diameters and can flexibly fit different sheath specifications, solving the installation adaptation problem. The temperature sensor is integrated inside the coil, and together with a spring-structured probe, it ensures tight contact with the sheath, preventing temperature measurement distortion caused by the probe being suspended and ensuring the accuracy of current and temperature data. The acquisition module performs signal preprocessing, converting the analog signals acquired by the sensors into digital signals, reducing interference during transmission. The self-powered device addresses the power supply issue of outdoor acquisition units, eliminating reliance on external power sources and adapting to scattered outdoor deployment scenarios.

[0068] See Figure 3 In this embodiment, the self-powered device includes a current transformer and a power management module. The core material of the current transformer is pomor alloy, and the energy source of the current transformer is a traction return current with a frequency of 50Hz. The energy source point is the center connection plate between the choke transformers, the grounding wire, or the suction wire. The power management module is located on the secondary side of the current transformer and includes a rectifier boost circuit and a charging management module. The power management module is used to realize AC to DC conversion, voltage boosting, and energy storage.

[0069] Specifically, railway electric locomotives generate a stable 50Hz traction return current during operation. This return current flows back through the rails, suction wires, and grounding wires, providing a natural energy source for self-energy extraction. The center connection plate, grounding wire, and suction wire between the choke transformers serve as pathways for the traction return current, ensuring stable current and sufficient amplitude for energy extraction. Pomoral alloy, with its high permeability and low loss characteristics, is used to manufacture the core of current transformers, significantly improving the transformer's energy conversion efficiency and ensuring rapid energy extraction during the short period of traction return current flow (lasting only a few seconds when the train passes). The power management module's rectifier and boost circuit converts the AC voltage output from the transformers into a stable DC voltage and boosts it to 5V to meet power supply requirements. The charging management module stores and intelligently distributes electrical energy, ensuring the data acquisition unit can still operate normally when there is no traction return current.

[0070] See Figure 4 In this embodiment, the rectifier boost circuit includes connector VIN, switches SW2, SW3, SW4, anti-static diode D13, rectifier diodes D9, D10, D11, D12, D14, capacitors C45, C46, ​​C47, C48, C40, C54, C55, C56, inductor L3, resistors R52, R45, R46, and boost chip U7. Connector VIN is connected to the secondary side of the current transformer. Anti-static diode D13 is used to protect the circuit from damage caused by static electricity and surges from connector VIN. Rectifier diodes D9, D10, D11, and D12 form a rectifier circuit. Capacitors C45, C46, ​​and C57 are connected to the secondary side of the current transformer. Anti-static diode D13 is used to protect the circuit from damage caused by static electricity and surges from connector VIN. Rectifier diodes D9, D10, D11, and D12 form a rectifier circuit. 46. ​​Capacitors C47 and C48 are supercapacitors; capacitors C55 and C40, resistors R45 and R46, inductor L3, and boost chip U7 form a boost circuit; capacitors C56 and C54 are filter capacitors; switches SW2, SW3, and SW4 are used to switch between the current transformer power supply mode and the external direct power supply mode. When switch SW2 is switched to connect terminals 3 and 4 with terminals 5 and 6, switch SW3 is switched to connect terminals 3 and 4 with terminals 1 and 2, and switch SW4 is switched to connect terminals 3 and 4 with terminals 1 and 2, it is the current transformer power supply mode; when switch SW2 is switched to connect terminals 3 and 4 with terminals 1 and 2, switch SW3 is switched to connect terminals 3 and 4 with terminals 5 and 6, and switch SW4 is switched to disconnect terminals 3 and 4 from terminals 1 and 2, it is the external direct power supply mode.

[0071] Specifically, connector VIN serves as the connection interface between the secondary side of the current transformer and the rectifier boost circuit, directly receiving induced energy. Anti-static diode D13 is connected in reverse parallel in the circuit to quickly discharge static electricity, surges, and other instantaneous high voltages, preventing damage to subsequent components. Rectifier diodes D9-D12 form a full-bridge rectifier circuit, converting the AC output from the current transformer into DC power to meet DC power supply requirements. Supercapacitors C45-C48 feature large capacity and fast charging / discharging speeds, allowing for rapid energy storage during short periods of train passage, ensuring continuous power supply when there is no traction return current. The boost circuit, through components such as boost chip U7 and inductor L3, forms a DC-DC conversion circuit, boosting the rectified low-voltage DC to a standard 5V voltage to meet the power supply requirements of core components such as the data acquisition module and wireless transmission module. Filter capacitors C54 and C56 filter out high-frequency ripple in the voltage, ensuring power supply stability. Switches SW2-SW4 constitute a dual power supply mode switching mechanism. By using different switch combinations, the energy extraction mode can be switched. When an external power source is available, it switches to the external power supply mode to improve the device's adaptability. When there is no external power source, the current transformer energy extraction mode is automatically activated to ensure normal operation in remote outdoor areas.

[0072] See Figure 5 In this embodiment, the charging management module includes capacitors C53, C51, C52, and C49, inductor L5, resistors R14 and R47, switch SW1, battery BAT, and charging management chip U8. Capacitors C53, C51, and C52 are filter capacitors; resistor R14 is a 0-ohm resistor; capacitor C49, resistor R47, and inductor L5 form the peripheral circuitry of the charging management chip U8; capacitor C49 is a decoupling capacitor used to cooperate with the charging management chip U8 to manage the charging and discharging of battery BAT; switch SW1 controls the working state of the self-powered module. When terminals 3 and 4 of switch SW1 are connected to terminals 1 and 2, the self-powered module operates normally; when terminals 3 and 4 of switch SW1 are disconnected from terminals 1 and 2, it reduces the power loss of battery BAT during equipment downtime.

[0073] Specifically, filter capacitors C51-C53 are connected in parallel in the circuit to filter out power supply ripple and ensure stable voltage input to the charging management chip U8. The 0-ohm resistor R14 primarily optimizes electromagnetic compatibility, reducing electromagnetic interference in the circuit and ensuring stable operation of the charging management module. The charging management chip U8, as the core control component, works with external capacitor C49, resistor R47, and inductor L5 to form a charging and discharging control circuit. The decoupling capacitor C49 filters out high-frequency noise from the chip's power supply, preventing abnormal chip operation. The chip automatically adjusts the charging current and voltage based on the battery's (BAT) voltage state to achieve constant current and constant voltage charging, preventing overcharging and over-discharging and extending battery life. Switch SW1 is the master control switch for the self-powered module. It is turned on during normal operation to store and supply electrical energy; it is turned off during shutdown to disconnect the battery from subsequent circuits, preventing static power consumption and further reducing energy consumption.

[0074] See Figure 6 and Figure 7 In this embodiment, the wireless data transmission unit based on the railway wireless frequency band adopts the Daosheng Bio TKM-210 module. The TKM-210 module is based on the TK8620 chip and has a reset interface, a programming interface, an antenna interface, and a power interface. The power supply circuit of the wireless data transmission unit includes transistor Q6, filter capacitors C4, C5, and C6, and pull-up current limiting resistors R3 and R4. The conduction and cutoff of transistor Q6 are controlled by the MCURST pin of the MCU. When the wireless module is in sleep mode, the MCURST1 pin outputs a low level, transistor Q6 is not conducting, and the power supply circuit of the wireless module is cut off to achieve energy saving. When the wireless module is awake and working, the MCURST1 pin outputs a high level, transistor Q6 conducts, the power supply circuit is connected, and power is supplied to the wireless module. Filter capacitors C4, C5, and C6 are used to reduce power supply ripple, and pull-up current limiting resistors R3 and R4 are used to limit the circuit current.

[0075] Specifically, the TKM-210 module is based on the domestically produced TK8620 chip, adapted to the railway-specific wireless frequency band, and features narrowband communication characteristics, making it suitable for short-distance, low-data-volume railway data transmission scenarios. Its peripheral interfaces have clearly defined functions: a reset interface for restarting and resetting in case of module failure, a programming interface for firmware updates, an antenna interface for connecting an antenna to enhance signal transmission capabilities, and a power interface to ensure module power supply. The power supply circuit uses transistor Q6 as a switching element. The MCU's MCURST pin controls the transistor's conduction state by outputting high and low levels: when the wireless module does not need to transmit data, MCURST1 outputs a low level, transistor Q6 is cut off, the power supply circuit is disconnected, and the module enters sleep mode for energy saving; when data transmission is required, a high level is output, the transistor conducts, the power supply circuit is connected, and the module wakes up and starts working, achieving intelligent power supply management. Filter capacitors C4-C6 filter out power ripple to ensure stable module power supply; pull-up current-limiting resistors R3 and R4 limit the maximum current in the circuit to prevent damage to the transistor and module due to overcurrent, ensuring circuit safety.

[0076] See Figure 8 In this embodiment, the communication interface circuit of the wireless module includes the WX_UART1_TXD pin, the WX_UART1_RXD pin, transistors Q1 and Q2, pull-up current-limiting resistors R39, R40, R43, and R44, filter capacitors C17 and C22, and the UartCom header. The WX_UART1_TXD and WX_UART1_RXD pins are the UART serial port pins of the wireless communication module. Transistors Q1 and Q2 provide signal isolation and form a signal path when the circuit is powered. Pull-up current-limiting resistors R39, R40, R43, and R44 limit the current in the circuit. Filter capacitors C17 and C22 filter out noise in the signal. The UartCom header is used for testing the communication interface circuit and firmware burning operations.

[0077] Specifically, WX_UART1_TXD (transmit pin) and WX_UART1_RXD (receive pin) are the core pins for UART serial communication, enabling bidirectional data transmission between the wireless module and external devices. They also support firmware flashing, facilitating module program updates and maintenance. Transistors Q1 and Q2 are PNP type, conducting only when the circuit is powered normally, forming a signal path. They are cut off when no power is supplied, achieving signal isolation and preventing external signals from interfering with the module's internal circuitry or affecting external devices in case of module failure. Pull-up current-limiting resistors R39, R40, R43, and R44 are connected in series on the signal lines. On one hand, they pull the signal line level up to a high level, ensuring the stability of the communication signal; on the other hand, they limit the current during signal transmission, preventing pin damage due to overcurrent. Filter capacitors C17 and C22 are connected in parallel between the signal line and ground to filter out high-frequency noise in the signal and improve the integrity of the communication signal; the UartCom header serves as a test and programming interface, which facilitates performance testing and firmware updates of the circuit during the production and debugging stages, reducing maintenance costs.

[0078] In this embodiment, the railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host is based on the Qt framework and developed using the C++ object-oriented language. The railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host has built-in network communication module, MySQL database storage module, main interface display module, configuration management module, data details and chart display module, and log and system management module.

[0079] The network communication module supports the UDP protocol, uses Qt's QUdpSocket to asynchronously receive data, and encapsulates the data using JSON. The MySQL database storage module uses a connection pool to reduce connection overhead, completes data writing, reading, and querying operations, can query data by device number and time period, and provides a data interface for the chart module.

[0080] Specifically, the Qt framework boasts cross-platform compatibility and modularity, while the C++ language offers high execution efficiency, making it suitable for developing high-performance host computer systems. The network communication module utilizes the UDP protocol, adapting to the low-data-volume, high-real-time transmission requirements of railway scenarios. Qt's QUdpSocket supports asynchronous reception mode, eliminating the need to block the main thread and enabling simultaneous processing of data transmission from multiple acquisition units, thus improving system concurrency. The JSON format, lightweight and easy to parse, is used for data encapsulation, reducing data transmission volume and facilitating data interaction between different modules. The MySQL database storage module employs connection pooling technology, pre-creating and reusing a certain number of database connections to avoid resource overhead caused by frequent connection creation and closure, thereby improving data read / write efficiency. It supports queries by device number and time period, enabling rapid location of target data and supporting fault tracing and data analysis.

[0081] The main interface display module is used to display the icons or list of data acquisition devices, the corresponding installation locations of the devices, and their online status. The online status of the devices is determined by the data reception and update time.

[0082] Specifically, the main interface adopts a visual design, presenting the data acquisition devices as icons or lists and associating them with their installation locations. This addresses the pain point of traditional cable routing information being unintuitive, allowing maintenance personnel to quickly locate the devices. Device online status is determined by data reception and update time: if data is received from the device within a set time, it is considered online; otherwise, it is offline. This allows for timely detection of device faults or communication anomalies, ensuring the integrity of the monitoring system.

[0083] The configuration management module uses INI files to manage the list of acquisition devices and their installation locations. When the software starts, it automatically reads the configuration file and dynamically generates the main interface.

[0084] Specifically, the INI file is in text format, with a clear structure and easy editing, making it suitable for storing configuration information such as device lists and installation locations. The software automatically reads the configuration file upon startup, dynamically generating the main interface without manual configuration, reducing manual operation costs. When monitoring devices are added, removed, or their locations change, system updates can be completed simply by modifying the INI file, improving system scalability and ease of maintenance.

[0085] The data details and chart display module uses QtCharts to display the real-time data and historical curves of the set device. After clicking on the device on the main interface, the latest real-time updated data of the device is displayed. It supports selecting 1 hour, 24 hours or custom intervals to query historical data and is used to draw line charts and bar charts.

[0086] Specifically, QtCharts boasts powerful charting capabilities, supporting various chart types such as line charts and bar charts, which can intuitively display the changing trends of current and temperature data. Real-time data display meets the needs of maintenance personnel for immediate monitoring of equipment operating status; the historical data query function supports selection of different time intervals, facilitating the analysis of data change patterns and tracing the state before the fault occurred; compared to pure data listing, chart-based displays make it easier to identify data anomalies (such as sudden current changes, continuous temperature increases, etc.), providing intuitive evidence for fault diagnosis.

[0087] The log and system management module stores operation logs and error information. The operation logs record system startup, data reception, fault diagnosis, and other operations, while error information records faults such as device communication anomalies and database read / write failures, providing a complete traceability basis for system maintenance. When a system failure occurs, maintenance personnel can quickly locate the cause of the failure by querying the logs, shortening troubleshooting time and improving system maintenance efficiency.

[0088] See Figure 9 This invention also provides a method for safety monitoring of railway signal cables, used in the monitoring device described in the above embodiments, comprising the following steps:

[0089] S1: The outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit starts working based on self-powered or external power supply mode. It collects the armored grounding current and cable body temperature of the railway outdoor signal cable through the Rogowski coil sensor with integrated temperature sensor. It can select to collect data individually or simultaneously according to monitoring needs.

[0090] The data acquisition unit supports switching between two power supply modes to adapt to different deployment scenarios. In remote outdoor areas without external power, it can activate the self-powered mode, utilizing traction return energy for autonomous power supply. In indoor areas with external power, it can switch to the external power supply mode to improve power supply stability. The Rogowski coil sensor has both current and temperature acquisition functions, supporting single or simultaneous acquisition to meet different monitoring needs: current can be acquired separately when only current leakage needs to be monitored, temperature can be acquired separately when only temperature anomalies need to be monitored, and simultaneous acquisition is used for comprehensive monitoring, flexibly adapting to diverse scenarios. During the acquisition process, the sensor captures the armor layer grounding current (reflecting return leakage) and the cable body temperature (reflecting insulation status), providing data for fault diagnosis.

[0091] In this embodiment, in step S1, the outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit adopts a working mode that combines periodicity and event triggering: when the current or temperature exceeds the set threshold, instant data transmission is initiated; when the current or temperature does not exceed the threshold, data is transmitted according to a dynamically adjusted period.

[0092] Periodic triggering ensures that data is uploaded regularly even when it is stable, guaranteeing continuous monitoring. Event triggering, on the other hand, transmits data immediately when it is abnormal (exceeding a threshold), enabling rapid fault early warning. The dynamic periodic adjustment strategy optimizes the transmission frequency based on data size: the higher the current and temperature (the greater the risk of fault), the shorter the transmission cycle, allowing for intensive monitoring of data changes; the lower the data (the more stable the state), the longer the transmission cycle, reducing unnecessary energy consumption and achieving a balance between monitoring effectiveness and energy efficiency; when data changes abruptly, the cycle is automatically shortened for real-time reporting, further improving fault response speed.

[0093] In one possible embodiment, step S1, the power supply method for self-powered operation is as follows: power is drawn from the traction return current through a current transformer, the voltage is boosted to 5V through a rectifier boost circuit, and the energy is stored through a charging management module. When an external power source is available, the system switches to the external direct power supply mode through switches SW2~SW4.

[0094] Specifically, the current transformer senses electrical energy from the traction return current, and the pomolecular alloy core improves energy conversion efficiency, ensuring sufficient electrical energy is collected during the short period of traction return current flow. The rectifier boost circuit converts the induced AC power into 5V DC voltage to meet the module's power supply requirements. The charging management module stores excess energy in the battery, ensuring the acquisition unit can still operate normally when there is no traction return current. The switching mechanism of switches SW2~SW4 enables seamless switching between two power supply modes. When external power is available, it is used first to improve power supply stability; when no external power is available, the self-powered mode is automatically activated to ensure continuous monitoring in remote outdoor areas and completely solve the outdoor power supply problem.

[0095] S2: The outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit transmits the pre-processed current and temperature data to the wireless data transmission unit based on the railway wireless frequency band. Combined with the routing and forwarding mechanism of the relay node, the data is transmitted to the railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host.

[0096] Specifically, the acquisition module preprocesses the raw data collected by the sensors (such as filtering, amplification, and digitization) to reduce data noise and improve data accuracy; the wireless transmission unit transmits based on the railway-specific wireless frequency band to avoid interference with other frequency bands and ensure communication stability; the relay node's routing and forwarding mechanism solves the problem of limited transmission distance in railway scenarios, expands the transmission coverage through multi-hop forwarding, and ensures that data in remote outdoor areas can also be successfully transmitted to the host, building a full-range communication network without dead zones.

[0097] In one possible embodiment, in step S2, the wireless data transmission unit based on the railway wireless frequency band dynamically adjusts the transmission power according to the channel conditions; after receiving the message, the wireless relay node determines whether the network address in the message is consistent with the local network address, whether the source address and destination address match the local routing table, whether the hop count is less than the set maximum value minus 1, and whether it has not been repeatedly forwarded. If all conditions are met, the hop count is incremented by 1 and the previous hop address is modified before forwarding; otherwise, the message is discarded.

[0098] Specifically, the transmit power is dynamically adjusted to optimize energy consumption based on channel quality. Transmit power is reduced when channel conditions are good and increased when channel conditions are poor, minimizing energy consumption while ensuring communication quality. The relay node's four-fold judgment mechanism ensures the accuracy and effectiveness of data forwarding: network address consistency ensures data is transmitted within the same network, avoiding cross-network interference; source and destination address matching in the routing table ensures data is forwarded along a preset path, avoiding transmission chaos; hop count limitation prevents network congestion caused by unlimited data forwarding; duplicate forwarding judgment avoids data redundancy and improves transmission efficiency; modifying the previous hop address facilitates tracing the data transmission path and allows for rapid location of communication problems in case of failure.

[0099] In one possible embodiment, in step S2, the terminal and relay node use the source address and Cnt field to determine data deduplication and duplicate forwarding. When the terminal sends a packet, the previous hop address is filled with the local address. When the relay node forwards, the previous hop address is modified to the local address. The routing rule is bidirectional. After configuring a routing rule for a source address segment and a destination address segment, the forwarding function of the reverse address segment is automatically included.

[0100] Specifically, the source address identifies the data sender, and the Cnt field is a data counter (incrementing with each data transmission). Terminals and relays use this combination to determine if data is duplicated, avoiding repeated reception or forwarding of the same data, thus reducing network bandwidth consumption and host processing load. When a terminal sends a packet, it fills in the local address with the previous hop address; when a relay forwards it, it modifies this to its own address, forming a complete transmission path record, facilitating data source tracing during troubleshooting. Bidirectional routing rules simplify the configuration process; configuring a single forward route enables reverse data transmission without the need for additional reverse route configuration, improving routing configuration efficiency and adapting to the bidirectional communication needs between terminals and hosts in railway scenarios (e.g., hosts sending configuration commands to terminals).

[0101] S3: The railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host receives and transmits data asynchronously via UDP protocol. After JSON parsing, the data is stored in a MySQL database. Based on a preset railway signal cable topology model, the absolute values ​​and climbing speed features in the data are extracted and input into a BP neural network. The neural network then performs fault diagnosis to identify cables with insulation damage.

[0102] Specifically, the host receives data asynchronously via the UDP protocol without blocking the main thread, allowing for simultaneous processing of data from multiple terminals and improving concurrent processing capabilities. JSON parsing restores the encapsulated data to a readable format, facilitating subsequent processing. A MySQL database stores data to ensure no data loss and supports historical queries and analysis. The railway signal cable topology model is constructed based on the box layout and cable connection relationships, clearly defining the correspondence between monitoring points and cables, providing a spatial basis for fault location. The absolute values ​​of current and temperature (reflecting data magnitude) and the rise rate (reflecting data change trends) are extracted as input features for the BP neural network, comprehensively characterizing the cable's operating status. The BP neural network, trained with a large number of samples, possesses fault identification capabilities, accurately determining whether the cable has insulation damage, solving the problem of traditional methods' difficulty in identifying early degradation.

[0103] In one possible embodiment, in step S3, when constructing the railway signal cable topology model, the topology is compiled based on the box layout and cable connection relationship of the railway signal cable, and monitoring points are associated; the number of nodes in the input layer of the BP neural network is 8 times the number of cables, and two monitoring points are set for each cable. Each monitoring point includes two values: ground current and temperature. Each value corresponds to two features: absolute value and climbing speed; one or two intermediate layers are set; the number of nodes in the output layer is consistent with the number of cables, and the diagnosis result is that there are cables with insulation damage.

[0104] Specifically, the topology model is compiled according to the actual cable layout and connection relationship, clearly presenting the cable path and monitoring point location, and associating the correspondence between monitoring points and cables to ensure that fault diagnosis results can be mapped to specific cables; the number of input layer nodes is designed to comprehensively cover the key monitoring characteristics of each cable, with two values ​​and two features for each monitoring point, totaling eight feature dimensions, to ensure the comprehensiveness of input data; the intermediate layer is set with one or two layers to adapt to different station sizes: one layer is sufficient for small stations to meet diagnostic needs, while two layers can improve diagnostic accuracy for large stations; the number of output layer nodes is consistent with the number of cables, with each node corresponding to one cable, and if the node output probability exceeds a threshold, it is determined that the cable has insulation damage, realizing accurate identification of faulty cables.

[0105] In one possible embodiment, step S3, the training samples of the BP neural network include laboratory simulation samples and actual fault samples from railway sites; the laboratory simulation samples are generated by simulating three different scenarios of slight, severe, and serious insulation damage to single or multiple cables, simulating the current value at a specified monitoring point after traction return current intrusion, and calculating the cable temperature based on the current value, the cross-sectional area of ​​the cable armor layer, and room temperature; the actual fault samples from railway sites are manually established based on historical accident cases and monitoring data; during fault diagnosis, the probability of a node set in the output layer of the neural network is compared with a set threshold, and nodes exceeding the threshold are output as faulty cables.

[0106] Specifically, the dual-sample training mode ensures the diagnostic accuracy of the neural network. Laboratory simulation samples can model various fault scenarios (different degrees of damage, single / multiple cable faults), compensating for the limitations of field samples and enriching sample diversity. Actual field fault samples are based on real accident cases, ensuring the model adapts to actual railway scenarios and improving diagnostic practicality. During simulation sample generation, temperature is calculated by combining parameters such as current value, armor layer cross-sectional area, and room temperature to ensure the authenticity of the sample data. During fault diagnosis, a probability threshold is used to determine whether a fault exists; exceeding the threshold indicates a fault. This allows for the identification of different degrees of insulation damage and supports multiple fault outputs (multiple nodes exceeding the threshold), addressing the difficulty in distinguishing faults in multiple cables within the same trench.

[0107] S4: The visualization interface module of the railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host retrieves real-time and historical data from the database, displays them through charts, and synchronously stores system operation logs and fault information to enable fault location and handling.

[0108] Specifically, the visualization interface module displays real-time data (reflecting the current state) and historical data (reflecting trends) from the database in chart form, intuitively presenting changes in current and temperature, facilitating rapid anomaly detection by maintenance personnel. The storage of operation logs and fault information provides a basis for fault tracing and system maintenance. Through the fault cable information displayed on the interface (combined with the topology model), maintenance personnel can quickly locate the path and position of the faulty cable, solving the problems of difficult fault finding and slow handling in traditional fault detection methods, achieving rapid fault location and efficient handling, and shortening fault latency.

[0109] In one possible embodiment, in step S4, the railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host uses Qt multi-threading to process the network and database, thereby decoupling database writing and interface updates; when receiving data at high concurrency, caching is used, and chart drawing is optimized by sampling or downsampling.

[0110] Specifically, Qt's multithreading technology distributes tasks such as network data reception, database read / write, and UI updates to different threads, avoiding system lag caused by single-thread blocking and improving processing efficiency. Database writes and UI updates are decoupled (through a signal / slot mechanism), ensuring that database writes do not affect UI responsiveness and improving user experience. In high-concurrency scenarios, caching can temporarily store large amounts of received data to prevent data loss, and then write it to the database in batches when the system is idle. Sampling / downsampling optimizations in chart drawing reduce the pressure of drawing massive amounts of data points, improving chart loading speed without affecting trend display and ensuring smooth operation under large data volumes.

[0111] Although the present invention has been described in detail above with general descriptions and specific embodiments, modifications or improvements can be made to it, which will be obvious to those skilled in the art. Therefore, all such modifications or improvements made without departing from the spirit of the present invention fall within the scope of protection claimed by the present invention.

Claims

1. A railway signal cable safety monitoring device, characterized in that, It includes an outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit, a wireless data transmission unit based on railway wireless frequency bands, and a railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host. The outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit and the railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host establish communication through the wireless data transmission unit based on the railway wireless frequency band; The outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit collects the armored grounding current and cable body temperature of the railway outdoor signal cable; the wireless data transmission unit transmits the collected current and temperature data to the railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host; the railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host receives and stores the data and performs fault diagnosis and displays the results.

2. The railway signal cable safety monitoring device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit includes an antenna, a wireless transmission module, an acquisition module, a self-powered device, and a current and temperature sensor. The current and temperature sensor is electrically connected to the acquisition module and transmits the acquired current and temperature signals to the acquisition module. The acquisition module is communicatively connected to the wireless transmission module and transmits the processed signals to the wireless transmission module. The wireless transmission module is connected to the antenna to transmit data through the antenna. The self-powered device is used to supply power to the outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit.

3. The railway signal cable safety monitoring device according to claim 2, characterized in that, The current-temperature sensor adopts a Rogowski coil structure; the current-temperature sensor is integrated inside the Rogowski coil, and the temperature probe protrudes from the circular hole in the sensor housing; The self-powered device includes a current transformer and a power management module. The core material of the current transformer is pomor alloy. The current transformer extracts energy from a traction return current with a frequency of 50Hz. The energy extraction point is the center connection plate between the choke transformers, the grounding wire, or the suction wire. The power management module is located on the secondary side of the current transformer. The power management module includes a rectifier boost circuit and a charging management module. The power management module is used to realize AC to DC conversion, voltage boosting and energy storage.

4. The railway signal cable safety monitoring device according to claim 3, characterized in that, The rectifier boost circuit includes a plug-in VIN, switches SW2, SW3, and SW4, an anti-static diode D13, rectifier diodes D9, D10, D11, D12, and D14, capacitors C45, C46, ​​C47, C48, C40, C54, C55, and C56, an inductor L3, resistors R52, R45, and R46, and a boost chip U7. The connector VIN is connected to the secondary side of the current transformer. Anti-static diode D13 protects the circuit from damage caused by static electricity and surges from connector VIN. Rectifier diodes D9, D10, D11, and D12 form a rectifier circuit. Capacitors C45, C46, ​​C47, and C48 are supercapacitors. Capacitors C55 and C40, resistors R45 and R46, inductor L3, and boost chip U7 form a boost circuit. Capacitors C56 and C54 are filter capacitors. Switches SW2, SW3, and SW4 are used to switch between the current transformer power extraction mode and the external direct power supply mode. When switch SW2 is switched to connect terminals 3 and 4 with terminals 5 and 6, switch SW3 is switched to connect terminals 3 and 4 with terminals 1 and 2, and switch SW4 is switched to connect terminals 3 and 4 with terminals 1 and 2, the current transformer power extraction mode is activated. When switch SW2 is switched to connect terminals 3 and 4 with terminals 1 and 2, switch SW3 is switched to connect terminals 3 and 4 with terminals 5 and 6, and switch SW4 is switched to disconnect terminals 3 and 4 from terminals 1 and 2, it is in the external direct power supply mode.

5. The railway signal cable safety monitoring device according to claim 3, characterized in that, The charging management module includes capacitors C53, C51, C52, and C49, inductor L5, resistor R14, resistor R47, switch SW1, battery BAT, and charging management chip U8. Capacitors C53, C51, and C52 are filter capacitors; resistor R14 is a 0-ohm resistor; capacitor C49, resistor R47, and inductor L5 are peripheral circuits of the charging management chip U8; capacitor C49 is a decoupling capacitor used to cooperate with the charging management chip U8 to realize the charging and discharging management of battery BAT. Switch SW1 is used to control the working status of the self-powered module. When terminals 3 and 4 of switch SW1 are connected to terminals 1 and 2, the self-powered module works normally. When terminals 3 and 4 of switch SW1 are disconnected from terminals 1 and 2, it is used to reduce the power loss of battery BAT during equipment shutdown.

6. The railway signal cable safety monitoring device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The wireless data transmission unit based on the railway wireless frequency band adopts the Daosheng Bio TKM-210 module. The TKM-210 module is based on the TK8620 chip and has a reset interface, a programming interface, an antenna interface and a power interface on the periphery. The power supply circuit of the wireless data transmission unit includes transistor Q6, filter capacitor C4, filter capacitor C5, filter capacitor C6, pull-up current limiting resistor R3, and pull-up current limiting resistor R4. The conduction and cutoff of transistor Q6 are controlled by the MCURST pin of the MCU. When the wireless module is in sleep mode, the MCURST1 pin outputs a low level, transistor Q6 does not conduct, and the power supply circuit of the wireless module is cut off to achieve energy saving. When the wireless module is woken up, the MCURST1 pin outputs a high level, the transistor Q6 is turned on, the power supply circuit is connected, and power is supplied to the wireless module. Filter capacitors C4, C5, and C6 are used to reduce power supply ripple, and pull-up current limiting resistors R3 and R4 are used to limit the circuit current.

7. The railway signal cable safety monitoring device according to claim 6, characterized in that, The communication interface circuit of the wireless module includes the WX_UART1_TXD pin, the WX_UART1_RXD pin, transistors Q1 and Q2, pull-up current limiting resistors R39, R40, R43, and R44, filter capacitors C17 and C22, and the UartCom header. The WX_UART1_TXD and WX_UART1_RXD pins are the UART serial port pins of the wireless communication module; transistors Q1 and Q2 serve as signal isolation, forming a signal path when the circuit is powered. Pull-up current limiting resistors R39, R40, R43, and R44 are used to limit the current in the circuit; filter capacitors C17 and C22 are used to filter out noise in the signal; the UartCom header is used for testing the communication interface circuit and firmware burning operations.

8. The railway signal cable safety monitoring device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host is based on the Qt framework and developed using the C++ object-oriented language. The railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host has built-in network communication module, MySQL database storage module, main interface display module, configuration management module, data details and chart display module, and log and system management module. The network communication module supports the UDP protocol, uses Qt's QUdpSocket to asynchronously receive data, and encapsulates the data using JSON; the MySQL database storage module uses a connection pool to reduce connection overhead, completes data writing, reading and querying operations, can query data by device number and time period, and provides a data interface for the chart module. The main interface display module is used to display the icons or list of data acquisition devices, the corresponding installation location of the devices, and their online status. The online status of the devices is determined by the data reception and update time. The configuration management module uses INI files to manage the list of acquisition devices and their installation locations. When the software starts, it automatically reads the configuration file and dynamically generates the main interface. The data details and chart display module uses QtCharts to display the real-time data and historical curves of the set device. After clicking on the device on the main interface, the latest real-time updated data of the device is displayed. It supports selecting 1 hour, 24 hours or custom intervals to query historical data and is used to draw line charts and bar charts. The log and system management module is used to store operation logs and error information.

9. A method for safety monitoring of railway signal cables, characterized in that, The railway signal cable safety monitoring device for the monitoring device as described in claim 8 includes the following steps: Step 1: The outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit starts working based on self-powered or external power supply mode. It collects the armored grounding current and cable body temperature of the railway outdoor signal cable through the Rogowski coil sensor with integrated temperature sensor. It can select to collect data individually or simultaneously according to monitoring needs. Step 2: The outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit transmits the pre-processed current and temperature data to the wireless data transmission unit based on the railway wireless frequency band. Combined with the routing and forwarding mechanism of the relay node, the data is transmitted to the railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host. Step 3: The railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host asynchronously receives and transmits data via UDP protocol, stores it in the MySQL database after JSON parsing, and extracts the absolute value and climbing speed features from the data based on the preset railway signal cable topology model. The data is then input into the BP neural network, and the fault diagnosis is completed through neural network operation to identify cables with insulation damage. Step 4: The visualization interface module of the railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host retrieves real-time and historical data from the database, displays them through charts, and synchronously stores system operation logs and fault information to achieve fault location and handling.

10. The railway signal cable safety monitoring method according to claim 9, characterized in that, In step 1, the outdoor cable current and temperature acquisition unit adopts a working mode that combines periodicity and event triggering: when the current or temperature exceeds the set threshold, real-time data transmission is initiated; when the current or temperature does not exceed the threshold, data is transmitted according to a dynamically adjusted period. In step 1, the power supply method for self-powered operation is as follows: power is drawn from the traction return current through a current transformer, the voltage is boosted to 5V through a rectifier and boost circuit, and the energy is stored through a charging management module. When an external power source is available, the system switches to the external direct power supply mode through switches SW2~SW4. In step 2, the wireless data transmission unit based on the railway wireless frequency band dynamically adjusts its transmission power according to channel conditions; After receiving a packet, the wireless relay node checks whether the network address in the packet matches the local network address, whether the source address and destination address match the local routing table, whether the hop count is less than the set maximum value minus 1, and whether it has not been forwarded repeatedly. If all conditions are met, the hop count is incremented by 1, the previous hop address is modified, and the packet is forwarded; otherwise, it is discarded. In step 2, the terminal and relay node use the source address and Cnt field to determine data deduplication and duplicate forwarding. When the terminal sends a packet, the previous hop address is filled with the local address. When the relay node forwards a packet, the previous hop address is modified to the local address. The routing rule is bidirectional. After configuring a routing rule for a source address segment and a destination address segment, it automatically includes the forwarding function for the reverse address segment. In step 3, when constructing the railway signal cable topology model, the topology is compiled based on the box layout and cable connection relationship of the railway signal cable, and the monitoring points are associated; the number of input layer nodes of the BP neural network is 8 times the number of cables, and two monitoring points are set for each cable. Each monitoring point includes two values: ground current and temperature. Each value corresponds to two features: absolute value and climbing speed. One or two intermediate layers are set; the number of output layer nodes is consistent with the number of cables, and the diagnosis result is that the cable has insulation damage; In step 3, the training samples for the BP neural network include laboratory simulation samples and actual fault samples from railway sites. The laboratory simulation samples are generated by simulating three different scenarios of slight, severe, and serious insulation damage to single or multiple cables. The simulation simulates the current value at a specified monitoring point after traction return current intrusion, and the cable temperature is calculated based on the current value, the cross-sectional area of ​​the cable armor layer, and room temperature. The actual fault samples from railway sites are manually established based on historical accident cases and monitoring data. During fault diagnosis, the probability of a node in the output layer of the neural network is compared with a set threshold. Nodes that exceed the threshold are output as faulty cables. In step 4, the railway signal cable monitoring and diagnostic host uses Qt multithreading to process the network and database, decoupling database writing and interface updates; caching is used when receiving data at high concurrency, and sampling or downsampling is used to optimize chart drawing.

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