TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multi-modal image fusion and use

Abstract

The present application relates to a TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multi-modal image fusion and use method. The model comprises a simulated thoracic and abdominal cavity with a built-in heart wave beat simulation part that drives fluid to generate pulsatile blood flow, a simulated thoracic and abdominal body with pre-set vascular access, a bionic heart assembly with structures such as a ventricular cavity, a pathological valve module that can be detachably fitted to the aortic valve ring and contains a pressure sensor array and simulated calcification, a coronary circulation monitoring module that monitors the perfusion state of the coronary artery opening, a virtual fluoroscopy positioning module that generates real-time fluoroscopy images, and a central control console that electrically cooperates with each module. The scheme simulates the tactile sensation of calcification through the pathological valve module, the heart wave beat simulation part reproduces the physiological pressure difference with a closed loop blood flow, realizes image navigation training with non-radiation virtual fluoroscopy, integrates real-time simulation of complications with coronary monitoring and annulus pressure sensing, and solves the problems of existing models such as distorted hand feeling, inaccurate dynamics, dependence on radiation, and lack of complication training.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of medical teaching and training equipment technology, and in particular to a TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion, and its usage. Background Technology

[0002] With the increasing aging of the population, the incidence of aortic stenosis (AS) is showing a year-on-year upward trend. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), with its significant advantages such as being minimally invasive and allowing for rapid recovery, has become the mainstream treatment for elderly patients with calcified aortic stenosis.

[0003] However, TAVR surgery is extremely complex, involving several high-risk steps such as establishing vascular access, crossing the stenotic valve, balloon pre-dilation, and valve positioning and release.

[0004] Currently, the training models used in medical teaching mainly have the following problems:

[0005] (i) Lack of tactile feedback: Most existing valve models are made of uniform silicone or rubber, which cannot simulate the hard and irregular resistance caused by "calcifications" in real diseased valves. When performing balloon pre-dilation, doctors cannot feel the "crunching" breaking sensation and find it difficult to accurately judge the pressure limit of balloon inflation.

[0006] (ii) Hemodynamic distortion: Most models rely solely on simple water pump circulation, which cannot simulate the instantaneous pressure changes during cardiac systole and diastole, let alone present the key pathological feature of "high transvalvular pressure gradient" in valvular stenosis. Physicians cannot assess surgical outcomes by practicing catheter pressure measurement.

[0007] (iii) Insufficient training in image-guided navigation: TAVR surgery relies heavily on fluoroscopy for positioning. Existing training methods either require the use of real X-rays in expensive catheterization labs (which poses radiation risks) or are performed entirely under direct vision (which is detached from clinical practice).

[0008] (iv) Lack of simulation for complications: Coronary artery occlusion, annular rupture, and severe paravalvular leak are the most serious complications of TAVR. Existing models usually cannot provide real-time feedback on these situations during the procedure, resulting in a lack of training for physicians to deal with sudden crises. Summary of the Invention

[0009] In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, the purpose of this invention is to provide a TAVR teaching model and its usage based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion, so as to solve one or more problems in the prior art.

[0010] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows: A TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion, the model comprising: The main body is a simulated chest and abdomen, with a simulated thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity inside, and a simulated vascular access is pre-installed. The cardiac wave simulation unit, located within the simulated thoracic cavity of the simulated chest and abdomen body, is configured to drive fluid to generate pulsating blood flow that conforms to physiological or pathological characteristics. The bionic heart assembly, in conjunction with the cardiac wave simulation unit, includes a flexible ventricular cavity, aorta, coronary artery openings, aortic valve, and pericardial cavity; A pathological valve module, detachably fitted to the aortic valve annulus, includes a pressure sensing array and simulated calcifications; A coronary circulation monitoring module is configured to monitor the fluid perfusion status at the coronary artery ostium; The virtual perspective positioning module is configured to generate virtual perspective images in real time; The central control console is electrically connected to the cardiac pulsation simulation unit, the pathological valve module, the coronary circulation monitoring module, and the virtual fluoroscopic positioning module.

[0011] Furthermore, the cardiac wave simulation unit includes a motor and a positive displacement piston pump, wherein the motor is electrically coupled to the positive displacement piston pump.

[0012] Furthermore, the cardiac wave simulation unit also includes an energy storage device, and the two ends of the volumetric piston pump act on the two ends of the energy storage device through vascular pathways, with one side of the vascular pathway connected to the energy storage device.

[0013] Furthermore, the cardiac wave simulation unit also includes a regulating valve, which is located in a vascular passage on one side that is not connected to the energy storage device, in order to regulate systemic circulatory resistance.

[0014] Furthermore, the pathological valve module includes a matrix layer and a fibrous layer and a calcified layer located between the matrix layers, the pressure sensing array is located in the fibrous layer, and the simulated calcification foci are located in the calcified layer.

[0015] Furthermore, the matrix layer is a flexible silicone with a Shore hardness of 10-20A to simulate normal valve leaflet tissue; the calcification layer is a mixture of irregularly distributed hard resin particles or ceramic powder with a Shore hardness >90D to simulate different degrees of valve calcification; the pressure sensing array is distributed circumferentially relative to the aortic valve annulus to detect the radial support force after the artificial valve is released.

[0016] Furthermore, the coronary circulation monitoring module includes a flow sensor disposed at the coronary artery opening.

[0017] Furthermore, the coronary circulation monitoring module includes a photoelectric proximity switch, which is positioned close to the coronary artery opening.

[0018] Furthermore, the model also includes an effusion control valve that acts on the pericardial cavity and is electrically coupled to the central control console.

[0019] One usage method, applied to the aforementioned TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion, includes the following steps: S1: Preoperative assessment, import patient CT data into the central console, select the pathological valve module corresponding to the anatomical structure and install it.

[0020] S2: Establish a pathway and, under the action of the virtual fluoroscopic positioning module, insert the guidewire into the left ventricle of the flexible ventricular cavity via the femoral artery; S3: Transvalvular and pressure measurement: The catheter is used to cross the aortic valve and the real-time pressure difference between the left ventricular pressure and the aortic pressure is displayed via the central control console; S4: Balloon pre-dilation, the balloon is inflated in the aorta to dilate the pathological valve module, the operator feels the calcification resistance, and the model records the dilation pressure value through a pressure sensor array; S5: Valve release. Locate and release the artificial valve. If it obstructs the coronary artery opening or is too deep or too shallow, the model will issue a real-time alarm. S6: Effect evaluation, measure the new transvalvular pressure gradient after release, and assess paravalvular leakage through a pressure sensor array.

[0021] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial technical effects of the present invention are as follows: (i) The replaceable pathological valve module of the present invention adopts a composite structure of "soft rubber substrate + hard calcification", which can realistically simulate the nonlinear resistance and fragmentation sensation when balloon expands calcified valve, and solves the problem of distorted feel of traditional uniform material models.

[0022] (ii) The cardiac pulsation simulation unit of the present invention drives a piston pump through a servo motor and integrates an elastic energy storage device, which can accurately simulate blood flow in pathological and physiological states, including transvalvular pressure difference and physiological blood pressure waveform, making catheter pressure measurement and effect evaluation training realistic and reliable.

[0023] (III) This invention generates radiation-free virtual fluoroscopic images with simulated artifacts by integrating electromagnetic tracking technology with CT image reconstruction through a virtual fluoroscopic positioning module, which can be projected from multiple angles. This makes it convenient for operators to conduct interventional operation training that relies entirely on images in a safe environment.

[0024] (iv) This invention, through the linkage of the pathological valve module, the coronary circulation monitoring module and the central control console, can monitor and dynamically simulate serious complications such as coronary artery blockage, annular rupture, and paravalvular leakage in real time, trigger corresponding physiological sign deterioration alarms, and provide training for handling emergency scenarios. Attached Figure Description

[0025] Figure 1 The diagram illustrates the architecture of the TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion, and its usage, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 2 This illustration shows a cross-sectional view of the internal structure of the cardiac pulsation simulation section in a TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion, as well as its usage, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0027] Figure 3 An exploded view of the replaceable pathological valve module in the TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion, as well as its usage, is shown in the embodiment of the present invention.

[0028] Figure 4 The diagram illustrates the coronary circulation monitoring module and coronary artery protection in the TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion, as well as its usage, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0029] Figure 5 The diagram illustrates the working principle and interface display of the virtual perspective positioning module in the TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion, as well as its usage, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0030] Figure 6 The diagram illustrates the function of the fluid control valve in the TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion, and its usage in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0031] Figure 7 The present invention illustrates a TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion, and a flowchart illustrating its usage.

[0032] The attached diagram is labeled as follows: 1. Simulated chest and abdomen main body; 2. Heart wave simulation unit; 21. Motor; 22. Volumetric piston pump; 23. Energy storage device; 24. Regulating valve; 3. Bionic heart assembly; 31. Flexible ventricular cavity; 32. Aorta; 33. Coronary artery opening; 34. Aortic valve; 35. Pericardial cavity; 4. Pathological valve module; 41. Pressure sensor array; 42. Simulated calcification foci; 5. Coronary circulation monitoring module; 51. Flow sensor; 52. Photoelectric proximity switch; 6. Virtual fluoroscopic positioning module; 7. Central control console; 8. Fluid accumulation control valve. Detailed Implementation

[0033] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the following detailed description, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments, provides a more comprehensive overview of the TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion, and its usage. The advantages and features of this invention will become clearer from the following description. It should be noted that the accompanying drawings are in a very simplified form and use non-precise proportions, intended only to facilitate and clearly illustrate the purpose of the embodiments of this invention. Please refer to the accompanying drawings for a clearer understanding of the objectives, features, and advantages of this invention. It should be understood that the structures, proportions, sizes, etc., depicted in the accompanying drawings are only for illustrative purposes and to enable those skilled in the art to understand and read the content disclosed in the specification. They are not intended to limit the implementation conditions of this invention and therefore have no substantial technical significance. Any modifications to the structure, changes in proportions, or adjustments to the size, without affecting the effects and objectives achieved by this invention, should still fall within the scope of the technical content disclosed in this invention.

[0034] Please refer to the following: Figure 1 The TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion in this embodiment includes: The simulated thoracic and abdominal body 1 contains simulated thoracic and abdominal cavities and is pre-installed with simulated vascular access to mimic the real vascular anatomy of the human body, providing near-clinical access conditions for simulated operations. Preferably, the simulated thoracic and abdominal body 1 is made of modified polyurethane and silicone composite material, and the vascular access includes bilateral femoral arteries, subclavian arteries, and carotid artery inlets. All inlets are equipped with leak-proof self-healing valves, allowing repeated insertion and removal of catheter sheaths while maintaining a closed tubing system. To simulate blood viscosity, the circulating fluid is a 3:1 mixture of water and glycerol, with the addition of red dye and a trace amount of acoustic contrast agent to facilitate ultrasound-guided training.

[0035] The cardiac pulsation simulation unit 2, located within the simulated thoracic cavity of the simulated chest and abdomen body 1, is configured to drive fluid to generate pulsating blood flow conforming to physiological or pathological characteristics, thereby accurately simulating the contraction and relaxation functions of the heart. For details, please refer to [reference needed]. Figure 2 The cardiac wave simulation unit 2 includes a motor 21 and a positive displacement piston pump 22. The motor 21 is preferably a linear servo motor, and the motor 21 is electrically coupled to the positive displacement piston pump 22. The motor 21 drives the positive displacement piston pump 22 to perform reciprocating motion, thereby generating periodic hemodynamics.

[0036] Furthermore, the cardiac wave simulation unit 2 also includes an energy storage device 23, which can absorb and release blood flow energy, making the blood flow waveform closer to the physiological state, so as to more realistically simulate the elasticity and compliance of the arterial system. In this embodiment, the energy storage device 23, as a compliance energy storage device, has a sealed chamber with an air spring and is located behind the initial segment of the aorta 32. When the volumetric piston pump 22 ejects blood, part of the energy is absorbed by the energy storage device 23 to simulate vasodilation and release during diastole, thereby generating a realistic diastolic pressure, so that the blood pressure waveform is no longer a square wave, but a physiological waveform with dicrotic notches.

[0037] Furthermore, the two ends of the volumetric piston pump 22 act on the two ends of the energy storage device 23 via vascular pathways, with one side of the vascular pathway connected to the energy storage device 23 as the fluid output end. Through the elastic buffering effect of the energy storage device 23, the output blood flow waveform is made closer to the arterial pulsation curve under physiological conditions, for example, it can simulate characteristic waveforms including systolic peak, diastolic trough, and dicrotic wave. At the same time, the cardiac wave pulsation simulation unit 2 also includes a regulating valve 24, which is set in the vascular pathway on the side not connected to the energy storage device 23. By adjusting the opening of the regulating valve 24, the peripheral resistance of the systemic circulation can be changed, thereby simulating the hemodynamic characteristics under different pathological conditions and providing diverse clinical scenarios for training.

[0038] The bionic heart assembly 3, in conjunction with the cardiac pulsation simulation unit 2, includes a flexible ventricular cavity 31, an aorta 32, a coronary artery opening 33, an aortic valve 34, and a pericardial cavity 35. The flexible ventricular cavity 31 comprises left and right ventricles, through which simulated blood fluid driven by the cardiac pulsation simulation unit 2 flows. The aorta 32 connects to the left ventricular outflow tract of the flexible ventricular cavity 31, used to deliver simulated blood into the systemic circulation. The coronary artery opening 33 is located at the root of the aorta 32, simulating the anatomical origin of the coronary arteries and providing a structural basis for subsequent monitoring of coronary blood flow perfusion. The aortic valve 34 is located between the aorta 32 and the left ventricle, and its annulus is used to mount a pathological valve module 4 to simulate the function of the aortic valve 34 in a diseased state. The pericardial cavity 35 surrounds the bionic heart assembly 3, simulating the physiological structure of the pericardium.

[0039] Preferably, in this embodiment, a transparent observation window may be configured at the root of the aorta 32 of the bionic heart assembly 3, and the outer side of the observation window is covered with a color-changing electrochromic membrane. In beginner mode, the electrochromic membrane is transparent, allowing direct visual observation of the valve release process. In assessment mode, the electrochromic membrane becomes opaque black when energized, and the operator must rely entirely on the image from the radiation-free virtual fluoroscopic positioning module 6 for blind operation. Thus, by switching between different modes, the operator's dependence on image navigation and operational proficiency are gradually improved, better meeting the needs of actual clinical surgical environments.

[0040] The pathological valve module 4, detachably fitted to the aortic valve annulus, includes a pressure sensing array 41 and a simulated calcification foci 42. Please refer to [reference needed]. Figure 3 The pathological valve module 4 is composed of a multi-layered structure, specifically including a matrix layer and a fibrous layer and a calcified layer located between the matrix layers. The matrix layer is made of flexible silicone material with a Shore hardness of 10-20A, whose soft and elastic properties can effectively simulate the texture and mobility of normal aortic valve leaflet tissue. The pressure sensing array 41 is embedded within the fiber layer. This pressure sensing array 41 consists of multiple miniature pressure sensors evenly distributed along the circumference of the aortic valve annulus. It can collect pressure change data in different areas of the valve in real time and accurately when subjected to external forces (such as balloon dilation or artificial valve release). After the artificial valve stent is placed at the root of the aorta 32 (the artificial valve is placed at both ends of the artificial valve stent), the radial support force after the artificial valve is released is collected. This allows the central control console 7 to calculate the probability of paravalvular leakage based on the support force. If the pressure sensing array 41 is uniformly stressed after the artificial valve is released, it indicates that the artificial valve fits well. If the stress in a certain area is zero, it indicates that there is a gap at that location, i.e., "paravalvular leakage". The calcified layer integrates the simulated calcification foci 42, which is composed of irregularly distributed hard resin particles or a mixture of ceramic powders with a Shore hardness >90D. It is used to simulate different degrees of valve calcification and provides nonlinear mechanical resistance during balloon dilation, allowing the operator to truly feel the hard texture of the calcification foci and the resistance change at the moment of rupture. For example, when simulating a valve with a severe degree of calcification, the balloon will produce a noticeable "clunking sensation" when inflated to a specific pressure, corresponding to the mechanical feedback of calcified plaque rupture in clinical practice.

[0041] The coronary circulation monitoring module 5 is configured to monitor the fluid perfusion status at the coronary artery ostium 33 to determine whether there is a risk of coronary artery blockage during valve replacement. Please refer to the relevant documentation. Figure 4 The coronary circulation monitoring module 5 includes a flow sensor 51, which is disposed at the coronary artery opening 33. The module also includes a photoelectric proximity switch 52, which is positioned close to the coronary artery opening 33. When the implanted artificial valve stent obstructs the coronary artery opening 33, the flow sensor 51 reading decreases and the photoelectric proximity switch 52 is triggered, causing the central control console 7 to immediately issue a myocardial ischemia alarm and simulate ST-segment elevation ECG changes on the central control console 7. Simultaneously, it can also provide feedback and control the volumetric piston pump 22 to simulate arrhythmic vibrations, thus simulating acute myocardial infarction.

[0042] For example, if the operator releases the valve too high, the metal skirt of the artificial valve may obstruct the right coronary ostium. In this case, the signal of the photoelectric proximity switch 52 will be interrupted, and the central control console 7 will determine "right coronary occlusion". The cardiac wave simulation unit 2 will immediately reduce the contractile force to simulate myocardial stunning, and the blood pressure waveform amplitude will decrease. At this time, the operator must immediately withdraw the artificial valve or perform coronary artery protection operations. Once the signal of the photoelectric proximity switch 52 is restored, the vital signs will slowly improve.

[0043] Virtual perspective positioning module 6 is configured to generate virtual perspective images in real time. Please refer to the following: Figure 5 The virtual fluoroscopic positioning module 6 includes an electromagnetic field generator embedded in the model and a miniature tracer coil placed at the tip of the interventional device. It generates virtual X-ray fluoroscopic images in real time to simulate the device imaging effect under X-ray fluoroscopy during actual operation. Guided by the virtual fluoroscopic images, the operator positions and manipulates the guidewire, catheter, and valve delivery system, allowing the position and orientation in the magnetic field to be calculated in real time. The operational trajectory and device shape can be superimposed and displayed in the virtual image in real time. Preferably, the electromagnetic field generator is embedded in key locations such as the root of the aorta 32 and the aortic arch. The display interface of the virtual fluoroscopic positioning module 6 can simulate multi-angle projection using a known C-arm machine, including RAO (right anterior oblique), LAO (left anterior oblique), and Cranial / Caudal (head / foot) angle adjustments. The image background includes shadows of the spine, ribs, and calcifications reconstructed from real CT data, enhancing the clinical realism of the operation. The software first loads the patient's CT data, performs volume rendering, retaining only bones and calcified blood vessels while removing soft tissue, generating a "digital reconstructed radiographic image (DRR)". This module then reads the coordinates of a miniature tracer coil at a specific frequency and maps them onto the DRR image within the central control console 7. To enhance realism, simulated X-ray tube artifacts and noise are added to the image. When the operator presses the foot pedal, the screen lights up to display a fluoroscopic image; when the pedal is released, the image freezes, perfectly replicating the operating logic of a C-arm machine.

[0044] The model also includes an effusion control valve 8, which acts on the pericardial cavity 35 and is electrically coupled to the central control console 7. Please refer to the following reference. Figure 6 When the pressure sensor array 41 detects that the expansion force at the aortic valve annulus exceeds the safety threshold, it determines that "valve annulus rupture" and the effusion control valve 8 opens, injecting red simulated blood into the pericardial cavity 35 to simulate acute cardiac tamponade. At the same time, the cardiac wave pulsation simulation unit 2 automatically reduces the stroke volume to simulate shock signs.

[0045] For example, consider aortic valve annulus rupture caused by excessive balloon dilation. When the pressure sensing array 41 at the annulus detects a local pressure exceeding 3 MPa (the simulated tissue tear threshold set in this embodiment), a slight "pop" sound is emitted internally (triggered by a built-in miniature striking pin). At this time, the effusion control valve 8 is activated, pumping colored fluid into the pericardial cavity 35. During ultrasound examination, the operator can see a fluid-filled dark area within the pericardial cavity 35. The operator must immediately perform pericardiocentesis. Successful puncture allows for fluid aspiration, and as the fluid is drained, the heart's pulsation amplitude gradually returns to normal.

[0046] The central control console 7, serving as the core control and data processing center of the entire model, is electrically coupled to the cardiac wave simulation unit 2, the pathological valve module 4, the coronary circulation monitoring module 5, and the virtual fluoroscopic positioning module 6. The central control console 7 incorporates a high-performance processor and dedicated simulation software, enabling real-time acquisition, analysis, and feedback of data from multiple modules. Specifically, the central control console 7 can simulate the pressure waveforms of systolic ejection and diastolic filling by controlling the push rod speed curve of the motor 21, and automatically adjust the transvalvular pressure gradient according to the degree of valvular stenosis.

[0047] Please refer to the following: Figure 7 The usage of this embodiment, applied to the above-mentioned TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion, includes the following steps: S1: Preoperative assessment. Patient CT data is imported into the central control console 7, and the pathological valve module 4 corresponding to the anatomical structure is selected and installed. The patient CT data is fused with information collected by sensors such as the pressure sensor array 41, the flow sensor 51, and the photoelectric proximity switch 52, so that the operator can intuitively understand the patient's structural characteristics and the degree of lesion, thereby more accurately selecting the appropriate pathological valve module 4.

[0048] S2: Establishing a pathway: Under the action of the virtual fluoroscopic positioning module 6, the guidewire is inserted into the left ventricle of the flexible ventricular cavity 31 via the femoral artery, and the guidewire's direction is observed in real time through virtual fluoroscopic images to ensure that it safely reaches the target position along the preset simulated vascular pathway, simulating the key operation of establishing a surgical path through percutaneous vascular puncture in clinical practice.

[0049] S3: Transvalvular Pressure Measurement: The catheter is inserted across the aortic valve 34, and the real-time pressure difference between the left ventricular pressure and the aortic pressure is displayed on the central control console 7. Specifically, the central control console 7 acquires the calculated transvalvular pressure difference, which is achieved by adjusting the output flow and pressure of the volumetric piston pump 22 via the motor 21. When the aortic valve 34 is narrowed, the transvalvular pressure difference increases, and the difference in pressure waveforms is dynamically displayed on the screen of the central control console 7. The operator can judge the severity of the aortic valve 34 stenosis based on this pressure difference, providing a basis for subsequent balloon dilation or valve selection.

[0050] S4: Balloon pre-dilation, the balloon is inflated in the aorta 32 to dilate the pathological valve module 4, the operator feels the calcification resistance, and the model records the aortic valve annulus dilation pressure value through the pressure sensor array 41.

[0051] S5: Valve release. Locate and release the artificial valve. Flow velocity and obstruction at the coronary artery are detected by flow sensor 51 and photoelectric proximity switch 52. If the coronary artery opening 33 is obstructed or the position is too deep or too shallow, the model will alarm in real time. At this time, the simulation shows arrhythmia or myocardial ischemia. The operator needs to adjust the position of the artificial valve or take remedial measures according to the alarm prompt to confirm the release position of the artificial valve.

[0052] S6: Effect evaluation, measuring the new transvalvular pressure gradient after release. The model comprehensively judges rupture by using the pressure distribution data of the pressure sensor array 41, the coronary blood flow data of the flow sensor 51, and the blocking signal of the photoelectric proximity switch 52. If rupture occurs, the effusion control valve 8 triggers cardiac tamponade, and the central control console 7 calculates paravalvular leak. The model will adjust the balloon size and expansion pressure according to the current location and degree of paravalvular leak. If the paravalvular leak does not meet the requirements, the process returns to step S1 and repeats the operation until the preset success standard is reached. When no rupture occurs or the operation is successful, the operation ends and returns to the central control console 7 to generate corresponding data and a quantitative scoring report of key indicators, providing the operator with an objective basis for skill assessment.

[0053] The technical features of the above embodiments can be combined in any way. For the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

[0054] The embodiments described above are merely illustrative of several implementations of the present invention, and while the descriptions are relatively specific and detailed, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention patent. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the concept of the present invention, and these all fall within the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of this invention patent should be determined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion, characterized in that, The model includes: The simulated chest and abdomen body (1) has a simulated thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity inside, and a simulated vascular access is pre-installed; The cardiac wave simulation unit (2), located in the simulated thoracic cavity of the simulated chest and abdomen body (1), is configured to drive fluid to generate pulsatile blood flow that conforms to physiological or pathological characteristics; The bionic heart assembly (3), which is used in conjunction with the cardiac wave simulation unit (2), includes a flexible ventricular cavity (31), aorta (32), coronary artery opening (33), aortic valve (34) and pericardial cavity (35). The pathological valve module (4) is detachably fitted to the aortic valve annulus and includes a pressure sensing array (41) and simulated calcifications (42). The coronary circulation monitoring module (5) is configured to monitor the fluid perfusion status at the coronary artery ostium (33); The virtual perspective positioning module (6) is configured to generate virtual perspective images in real time; The central control console (7) is electrically coupled to the cardiac pulsation simulation unit (2), the pathological valve module (4), the coronary circulation monitoring module (5) and the virtual fluoroscopic positioning module (6).

2. The TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The cardiac wave simulation unit (2) includes a motor (21) and a volumetric piston pump (22), wherein the motor (21) is electrically coupled to the volumetric piston pump (22).

3. The TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion as described in claim 2, characterized in that: The cardiac wave simulation unit (2) also includes an energy storage device (23). The two ends of the volumetric piston pump (22) act on the two ends of the energy storage device (23) through vascular pathways, and one side of the vascular pathway is connected to the energy storage device (23).

4. The TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion as described in claim 3, characterized in that: The cardiac wave simulation unit (2) also includes a regulating valve (24), which is located in a vascular passage on one side that is not connected to the energy storage device (23) to regulate systemic circulatory resistance.

5. The TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The pathological valve module (4) includes a matrix layer and a fibrous layer and a calcification layer located between the matrix layers. The pressure sensing array (41) is located in the fibrous layer, and the simulated calcification foci (42) are located in the calcification layer.

6. The TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion as described in claim 5, characterized in that: The matrix layer is a flexible silicone with a Shore hardness of 10-20A to simulate normal valve leaflet tissue; the calcification layer is a mixture of irregularly distributed hard resin particles or ceramic powder with a Shore hardness >90D to simulate different degrees of valve calcification; the pressure sensing array (41) is circumferentially distributed relative to the aortic (32) valve annulus to detect the radial support force after the artificial valve is released.

7. The TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The coronary circulation monitoring module (5) includes a flow sensor (51), which is disposed at the coronary artery opening (33).

8. The TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The coronary circulation monitoring module (5) includes a photoelectric proximity switch (52), which is positioned close to the coronary artery opening (33).

9. The TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The model also includes an effusion control valve (8) that acts on the pericardial cavity (35) and is electrically coupled to the central control console (7).

10. A usage method, applied to the TAVR teaching model based on blood flow simulation and multimodal image fusion as described in any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that, The steps include the following: S1: Preoperative assessment, import patient CT data into the central console (7), select the pathological valve module (4) corresponding to the anatomical structure and install it; S2: Establish a pathway and, under the action of the virtual fluoroscopic positioning module (6), insert the guidewire into the left ventricle of the flexible ventricular cavity (31) via the femoral artery; S3: Transvalvular and pressure measurement, the catheter is operated to cross the aortic valve (34) and the real-time pressure difference between the left ventricular pressure and the aortic (32) pressure is displayed via the central control console 7; S4: Balloon pre-dilation, the balloon is inflated in the aorta (32) to dilate the pathological valve module (4), the operator feels the calcification resistance, and the model records the dilation pressure value through the pressure sensor array (41); S5: Valve release, locate and release the artificial valve. If it obstructs the coronary artery opening (33) or is too deep or too shallow, the model will issue an alarm in real time. S6: Effect evaluation, after release, measure the new transvalvular pressure difference and assess paravalvular leakage through the pressure sensor array (41).

Images