A method for oil and gas exploration suitable for small and medium-sized basins
By constructing scale constraints and dynamically controlling the exploration process, the problems of lack of targeting and high uncertainty in exploration deployment in small and medium-sized basin oil and gas exploration have been solved, and efficient, reliable and risk-controllable engineering implementation of the exploration process has been achieved.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- HENAN RESOURCES & ENVIRONMENT SURVEY INST CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2026-02-06
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-02
AI Technical Summary
Existing oil and gas exploration technologies lack specificity for small and medium-sized basins, have insufficient adaptability to exploration methods, and have high uncertainty in exploration decisions, resulting in unstable exploration efficiency and difficulty in controlling engineering risks.
By constructing scale constraints, compensating for and deploying exploration sites, assessing and controlling the sequence of structural complexity, switching between exploration methods and controlling uncertainties, an organized and controllable oil and gas exploration engineering system is formed, dynamically regulating the exploration process.
It has improved the targeting and adaptability of exploration deployment, reduced exploration uncertainty, enhanced the efficiency of exploration resource utilization and the reliability of engineering implementation, reduced blind exploration and duplicate investment, and improved the credibility and risk controllability of exploration decisions.
Smart Images
Figure CN122132735A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention belongs to the field of oil and gas resource exploration technology, specifically relating to an oil and gas exploration method suitable for small and medium-sized basins. Background Technology
[0002] As the exploration of oil and gas resources in large stable sedimentary basins continues to improve, oil and gas exploration work is gradually extending from traditional large-scale concentrated basins to small and medium-sized basins with complex structural conditions. Small and medium-sized basins are usually characterized by limited basin area, broken structural units, irregular development of fault systems, rapid changes in stratigraphic distribution, and complex tectonic evolution processes. The corresponding oil and gas occurrence conditions are jointly controlled by multiple structural factors, the spatial distribution is relatively discrete, and the overall accumulation conditions are unstable, making small and medium-sized basins one of the more difficult and risky engineering objects in the current oil and gas exploration field.
[0003] In actual engineering exploration, small and medium-sized basins generally face problems such as limited access to exploration data, insufficient geophysical coverage, and poor continuity of historical exploration data. On the one hand, due to the limitations of basin size and engineering costs, the distribution of exploration points is often sparse, making it difficult to form a high-density, continuous exploration information base. On the other hand, the internal structural complexity of small and medium-sized basins varies significantly, and the structural conditions change drastically between different regions. Traditional engineering models that rely on single exploration methods or fixed exploration processes are difficult to fully adapt to the exploration needs under different structural conditions.
[0004] Under the aforementioned conditions, existing oil and gas exploration technologies primarily target large basins, typically relying on large-scale continuous geophysical data and employing structural interpretation, reservoir prediction, and hydrocarbon accumulation analysis for exploration deployment. However, in engineering practice in small and medium-sized basins, due to significant differences in the scale of structural units, uneven exploration information, and high exploration uncertainty, existing exploration processes lack systematic methodological support tailored to the characteristics of small and medium-sized basins in terms of exploration deployment sequence, selection of exploration method combinations, and exploration risk control. This can easily lead to problems such as reliance on experience for exploration decisions, unstable exploration efficiency, and difficulty in effectively controlling engineering risks.
[0005] Therefore, there is an urgent need for an oil and gas exploration method suitable for small and medium-sized basins to solve the problems of lack of targeted exploration deployment, insufficient adaptability of exploration methods, and high uncertainty of exploration decisions in existing technologies, thereby improving the engineering applicability and implementation reliability of oil and gas exploration work in small and medium-sized basins. Summary of the Invention
[0006] In view of this, the present invention proposes an oil and gas exploration method applicable to small and medium-sized basins, which is applied to the field of oil and gas resource exploration technology to solve the existing technical problems of lack of targeted exploration deployment, insufficient adaptability of exploration methods and high uncertainty of exploration decision-making.
[0007] To achieve the above-mentioned technical objectives, the specific technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows: A method for oil and gas exploration suitable for small and medium-sized basins includes the following steps: S1. Structural scale constraint: Based on the spatial extension scale parameters of basin tectonic units, fault zone distribution density parameters, stratigraphic thickness variation parameters, and tectonic undulation amplitude parameters, a structural scale parameter vector is constructed. Based on the structural scale parameter vector, a structural scale threshold is calculated. The target basin is spatially divided according to the structural scale threshold to form a structurally constrained exploration unit. S2. Exploration point compensation and deployment: When the density of exploration points within a structurally constrained exploration unit is lower than a preset density threshold, the existing exploration points are compensated and extrapolated, and the exploration points are deployed in zones based on the spatial distribution characteristics of the structurally constrained exploration unit. S3. Structural complexity assessment and exploration sequence control: Obtain parameters such as the number of fractures, the degree of fracture intersection, and the rate of change of stratigraphic dip within the structurally constrained exploration unit. Calculate the structural complexity index based on the parameters, and sort the structurally constrained exploration units according to the structural complexity index, and carry out oil and gas exploration operations in order from low to high complexity. S4. Switching between exploration methods: Dynamically switch the combination of exploration methods according to the changes in the structural complexity index. S5. Uncertainty control: Conduct uncertainty analysis on the exploration results obtained by different exploration methods. When the uncertainty index exceeds the preset uncertainty threshold, trigger the risk feedback mechanism and start the supplementary exploration process.
[0008] Furthermore, in step S1, the step of constructing scale constraints includes the following: S101. Obtain the structural scale parameters of the target small and medium-sized basins. The structural scale parameters shall include at least the spatial extension scale parameters of the basin structural units, the fault zone distribution density parameters, the stratigraphic thickness variation parameters, and the structural undulation amplitude parameters. S102. Construct a construction scale parameter vector based on the construction scale parameters, and perform weighted calculations on the construction scale parameter vector to obtain the construction scale threshold; S103. Based on the structural scale threshold, the target basin is spatially divided to form several structurally constrained exploration units. S104. The boundaries of the structurally constrained exploration units are modified according to the spatial orientation of the main fault zones.
[0009] Furthermore, in step S102, in the weighted calculation of the structural scale parameter vector, the weight coefficients corresponding to different structural scale parameters are set according to the degree of influence of different structural factors on oil and gas occurrence in historical exploration data.
[0010] Furthermore, in step S2, a point compensation model is constructed based on the structural continuity assumption, and the existing exploration points are spatially extrapolated along the fault strike direction and the sedimentary layer extension direction to generate a set of reference points.
[0011] Furthermore, in step S2, in addition to constructing the spatial distribution characteristics of the structurally constrained exploration units, the exploration points are also deployed in zones based on the reference point set, and the initial exploration density within different structurally constrained exploration units is determined.
[0012] Furthermore, in step S3, the parameters of the number of fractures, the degree of fracture intersection, and the rate of change of stratigraphic dip angle are normalized and then weighted and summed based on preset weight coefficients to obtain the structural complexity index.
[0013] Furthermore, in step S4, when the structural complexity index is below the first threshold, a basic geophysical exploration method is used, and when the structural complexity index is above the first threshold, a geological survey and verification drilling exploration method is superimposed.
[0014] Furthermore, in step S5, the uncertainty control steps include the following: S501. Conduct a consistency analysis on the exploration results obtained by different exploration methods; S502. Perform stability analysis on the structural interpretation results; S503. Based on the consistency analysis results and stability analysis results, construct a set of uncertainty parameters and perform weighted calculations to obtain uncertainty indices; After the uncertainty index is calculated, the structurally constrained exploration unit is divided into high-confidence, medium-confidence, and low-confidence zones according to the uncertainty index, and the newly added exploration results are fed back to the structurally constrained exploration unit for re-execution of subsequent steps S1 to S5.
[0015] Furthermore, in step S503, the weighting coefficients of the consistency analysis results and stability analysis results in the calculation of uncertainty index are set according to the historical verification reliability of different exploration methods.
[0016] Furthermore, in steps S1 to S5, the constrained exploration units are stored in the form of data objects. The data objects include a set of construction parameters, a set of construction complexity parameters, a set of exploration points, and a set of exploration results. An oil and gas exploration state machine system is constructed based on the data objects. The state machine system includes at least an initial exploration state, an intermediate verification state, a risk feedback state, and a final evaluation state.
[0017] This invention does not focus on analyzing single exploration data or establishing predictive models. Instead, based on the engineering reality of complex tectonic conditions, sparse and highly uncertain exploration data in small and medium-sized basins, it designs the oil and gas exploration process itself as an organized and controllable engineering system. By holistically constraining and dynamically regulating the exploration spatial scale, exploration sequence, and combination of exploration methods, it transforms exploration decision-making from a traditional experience-based approach to a systematic method based on engineering process control, thereby fundamentally reducing the uncertainty of oil and gas exploration in small and medium-sized basins.
[0018] By adopting the above technical solution, the present invention can also bring the following beneficial effects: 1. This invention proposes an oil and gas exploration method suitable for small and medium-sized basins. Addressing the engineering characteristics of small and medium-sized basins—fragmented structural units, significant differences in structural conditions, and complex oil and gas occurrence patterns—this method systematically analyzes and comprehensively utilizes the basin's structural features. This allows the oil and gas exploration process to more fully consider the spatial differences between different structural units, thereby avoiding the simple application of a uniform exploration model for large basins. It improves the adaptability of exploration deployment to the actual geological conditions of small and medium-sized basins, offering advantages such as strong exploration targeting and high structural adaptability.
[0019] 2. This invention provides an oil and gas exploration method suitable for small and medium-sized basins. Under engineering conditions where the acquisition of exploration data is limited and the distribution of exploration points is sparse, it can rationally organize and utilize limited exploration information, making the exploration deployment process more in line with the actual situation of small and medium-sized basin projects. It helps to reduce decision-making biases caused by insufficient or uneven distribution of exploration information, improves the overall rationality and stability of the exploration process, and has the advantages of high efficiency in the utilization of exploration resources and strong reliability in engineering implementation.
[0020] 3. This invention proposes an oil and gas exploration method suitable for small and medium-sized basins. By controlling the overall process of exploration, the exploration results can form a dynamic feedback and continuous optimization mechanism in engineering practice. This effectively reduces the engineering risks caused by exploration uncertainties under complex geological conditions, reduces blind exploration and repeated investment, and improves the credibility and feasibility of oil and gas exploration decisions. It has the advantages of strong risk controllability and high engineering application value. Attached Figure Description
[0021] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.
[0022] Figure 1The present invention provides a flowchart of an oil and gas exploration method suitable for small and medium-sized basins; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the division of the structurally constrained exploration units mentioned in this example; Figure 3 This is a flowchart illustrating the uncertainty control and risk feedback mechanism mentioned in this example; Detailed Implementation
[0023] The embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0024] The following specific examples illustrate the implementation of the present invention. Those skilled in the art can easily understand other advantages and effects of the present invention from the content disclosed in this specification. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of them. The present invention can also be implemented or applied through other different specific embodiments, and the details in this specification can also be modified or changed based on different viewpoints and applications without departing from the spirit of the present invention. It should be noted that, in the absence of conflict, the following embodiments and features in the embodiments can be combined with each other. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.
[0025] It should be noted that various aspects of embodiments within the scope of the appended claims are described below. It will be apparent that the aspects described herein can be embodied in a wide variety of forms, and any particular structure and / or function described herein is merely illustrative. Based on this invention, those skilled in the art will understand that one aspect described herein can be implemented independently of any other aspect, and two or more of these aspects can be combined in various ways. For example, any number of aspects set forth herein can be used to implement the device and / or practice the method. Additionally, this device and / or method can be implemented using other structures and / or functionalities besides one or more of the aspects set forth herein.
[0026] It should also be noted that the illustrations provided in the following embodiments are only schematic representations of the basic concept of the present invention. The drawings only show the components related to the present invention and are not drawn according to the actual number, shape and size of the components in the actual implementation. In the actual implementation, the form, quantity and proportion of each component can be arbitrarily changed, and the layout of the components may also be more complex.
[0027] Furthermore, specific details are provided in the following description to facilitate a thorough understanding of the examples. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the described aspects can be practiced without these specific details.
[0028] In one embodiment of the present invention, such as Figure 1 As shown, a method for oil and gas exploration suitable for small to medium-sized basins is mentioned, which includes the following steps: S1. Structural Scale Constraints: A structural scale parameter vector is constructed based on the spatial extension scale parameters of basin tectonic units, fault zone distribution density parameters, stratigraphic thickness variation parameters, and tectonic undulation amplitude parameters. A structural scale threshold is then calculated based on this parameter vector. The target basin is spatially divided according to this threshold, forming structurally constrained exploration units. After forming these units, the structural complexity index is further hierarchically divided into first-level and second-level exploration subunits. The first-level subunits are used for basic exploration deployment, while the second-level subunits are used for intensive verification exploration of key areas identified in the first-level subunits. This hierarchical structure of structurally constrained exploration units allows for a progressively refined exploration process from overall to local levels, thereby improving the spatial targeting and engineering efficiency of exploration deployments in small and medium-sized basins.
[0029] The steps for constructing scale constraints include the following: S101. Obtain the structural scale parameters of the target small and medium-sized basins. The structural scale parameters shall include at least the spatial extension scale parameters of the basin structural units, the fault zone distribution density parameters, the stratigraphic thickness variation parameters, and the structural undulation amplitude parameters. S102. Construct a structural scale parameter vector based on structural scale parameters, and perform weighted calculation on the structural scale parameter vector to obtain the structural scale threshold. In the weighted calculation of the structural scale parameter vector, the weight coefficients corresponding to different structural scale parameters are set according to the degree of influence of different structural factors on oil and gas occurrence in historical exploration data. S103. Based on the structural scale threshold, the target basin is spatially divided to form several structural constraints. S104. The boundaries of the structurally constrained exploration units are modified according to the spatial orientation of the main fault zones.
[0030] S2. Exploration Point Compensation and Deployment: When the density of exploration points within a structurally constrained exploration unit is lower than a preset density threshold, existing exploration points are compensated and extrapolated. Based on the spatial distribution characteristics of the structurally constrained exploration unit, exploration points are deployed in zones. A point compensation model is constructed based on the assumption of structural continuity, and existing exploration points are spatially extrapolated along the fault strike direction and sedimentary layer extension direction to generate a reference point set. In addition to the spatial distribution characteristics of the structurally constrained exploration unit, exploration points are deployed in zones based on the reference point set, and the initial exploration density within different structurally constrained exploration units is determined.
[0031] like Figure 2As shown, in this embodiment, the structurally constrained exploration unit divides the exploration area into multiple structurally constrained exploration units based on the structural characteristics of the target basin. Each unit represents an area with similar structural characteristics and has consistent deployment conditions for exploration methods. Different areas show different types of structural units within the basin and corresponding exploration density distributions, thereby ensuring that exploration operations can be optimized for the specific geological characteristics of each type of area. Figure 2 Each small area shown represents a separate exploration unit. The division of exploration units is based on tectonic scale, fault zone distribution, stratigraphic variation and other geological factors. This spatial division enables more efficient deployment of exploration points and risk control, thereby improving the rationality and accuracy of exploration decisions.
[0032] S3. Structural complexity assessment and exploration sequence control: Obtain parameters such as the number of faults, the degree of fault intersection, and the rate of change of formation dip angle within the structurally constrained exploration units. Calculate the structural complexity index based on these parameters, and sort the structurally constrained exploration units according to the structural complexity index. Carry out oil and gas exploration operations in ascending order of complexity. Normalize the parameters of the number of faults, the degree of fault intersection, and the rate of change of formation dip angle, and perform weighted summation based on preset weight coefficients to obtain the structural complexity index.
[0033] S4. Switching between exploration methods: The combination of exploration methods is dynamically switched according to the changing state of the structural complexity index. During the switching process, the combination of exploration methods is controlled in stages according to the changing trends of the structural complexity index and uncertainty index. When the structural complexity index is at a low level and the uncertainty index gradually decreases, basic geophysical exploration methods are given priority. When the structural complexity index continues to rise or the uncertainty index does not decrease sufficiently, high-resolution geophysical exploration methods are gradually introduced. When the structural complexity index is high and the uncertainty index still does not meet the engineering credibility requirements, verification drilling exploration methods are further superimposed, thus forming a strategy of gradually evolving exploration method combination from low input to high precision.
[0034] S5. Uncertainty Control: Uncertainty analysis is performed on the exploration results obtained by different exploration methods. When the uncertainty index exceeds the preset uncertainty threshold, a risk feedback mechanism is triggered and a supplementary exploration process is initiated. The uncertainty control steps include the following: S501. Conduct a consistency analysis on the exploration results obtained by different exploration methods; S502. Perform stability analysis on the structural interpretation results; S503. Based on the consistency analysis results and stability analysis results, construct a set of uncertainty parameters and perform weighted calculations to obtain uncertainty indices. The weight coefficients of the consistency analysis results and stability analysis results in the calculation of uncertainty indices are set according to the historical verification reliability of different exploration methods.
[0035] like Figure 3 As shown, this invention has an uncertainty control and risk feedback mechanism, including consistency analysis, stability analysis, uncertainty assessment, final assessment, risk feedback, and supplementary exploration, forming a complete feedback loop. Through this complete feedback mechanism, the uncertainty in oil and gas exploration can be effectively controlled, the risks in the exploration process can be reduced, the reliability of decision-making can be improved, and the efficiency and accuracy of exploration work can be ensured.
[0036] After the uncertainty index is calculated, the structurally constrained exploration unit is divided into high-confidence, medium-confidence, and low-confidence zones according to the uncertainty index, and the newly added exploration results are fed back to the structurally constrained exploration unit for re-execution of subsequent steps S1 to S5.
[0037] After multiple rounds of risk feedback and supplementary exploration processes, when the uncertainty index assessment results are consistently below the preset convergence threshold, it is determined that the exploration results of the current structurally constrained exploration unit have met the engineering credibility requirements. The supplementary exploration process of the structurally constrained exploration unit is then terminated, and the final evaluation state is entered, which is used to output the oil and gas exploration conclusions of the corresponding structurally constrained exploration unit.
[0038] In steps S1 to S5, the constrained exploration units are stored in the form of data objects. The data objects include a set of construction parameters, a set of construction complexity parameters, a set of exploration points, and a set of exploration results. An oil and gas exploration state machine system is constructed based on the data objects. The state machine system includes at least an initial exploration state, an intermediate verification state, a risk feedback state, and a final evaluation state.
[0039] In summary, this invention is applicable to oil and gas exploration in small and medium-sized basins. Based on the engineering realities of complex tectonic conditions and limited exploration data in small and medium-sized basins, it provides overall organization and dynamic control of the exploration process. This makes the exploration deployment more consistent with the geological characteristics of small and medium-sized basins in terms of spatial scale, exploration sequence, and combination of exploration methods. Furthermore, it introduces continuous feedback and risk control mechanisms during the exploration process, thereby effectively reducing exploration uncertainty and improving the rationality and reliability of exploration decisions while ensuring engineering feasibility. It has the advantages of strong engineering applicability, controllable exploration risks, and high decision reliability.
[0040] The above description is merely a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any variations or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed in the present invention should be included within the scope of protection of the present invention. Therefore, the scope of protection of the present invention should be determined by the scope of the claims.
Claims
1. A method for oil and gas exploration suitable for small and medium-sized basins, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Structural scale constraint: Based on the spatial extension scale parameters of basin tectonic units, fault zone distribution density parameters, stratigraphic thickness variation parameters, and tectonic undulation amplitude parameters, a structural scale parameter vector is constructed. Based on the structural scale parameter vector, a structural scale threshold is calculated. The target basin is spatially divided according to the structural scale threshold to form a structurally constrained exploration unit. S2. Exploration point compensation and deployment: When the density of exploration points within a structurally constrained exploration unit is lower than a preset density threshold, the existing exploration points are compensated and extrapolated, and the exploration points are deployed in zones based on the spatial distribution characteristics of the structurally constrained exploration unit. S3. Structural complexity assessment and exploration sequence control: Obtain parameters such as the number of fractures, the degree of fracture intersection, and the rate of change of stratigraphic dip within the structurally constrained exploration unit. Calculate the structural complexity index based on the parameters, and sort the structurally constrained exploration units according to the structural complexity index, and carry out oil and gas exploration operations in order from low to high complexity. S4. Switching between exploration methods: Dynamically switch the combination of exploration methods according to the changes in the structural complexity index. S5. Uncertainty control: Conduct uncertainty analysis on the exploration results obtained by different exploration methods. When the uncertainty index exceeds the preset uncertainty threshold, trigger the risk feedback mechanism and start the supplementary exploration process.
2. The oil and gas exploration method suitable for small and medium-sized basins according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the step of constructing scale constraints includes the following: S101. Obtain the structural scale parameters of the target small and medium-sized basins. The structural scale parameters include at least the spatial extension scale parameters of the basin structural units, the fault zone distribution density parameters, the stratigraphic thickness variation parameters, and the structural undulation amplitude parameters. S102. Construct a construction scale parameter vector based on the construction scale parameters, and perform weighted calculation on the construction scale parameter vector to obtain the construction scale threshold; S103. The target basin is spatially divided according to the structural scale threshold to form several structurally constrained exploration units. S104. The boundaries of the structurally constrained exploration units are modified according to the spatial orientation of the main fault zones.
3. The oil and gas exploration method suitable for small and medium-sized basins according to claim 2, characterized in that: In step S102, the weighted calculation of the structural scale parameter vector is performed by setting the weight coefficients corresponding to different structural scale parameters according to the degree of influence of different structural factors on oil and gas occurrence in historical exploration data.
4. The oil and gas exploration method suitable for small and medium-sized basins according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S2, a point compensation model is constructed based on the structural continuity assumption, and existing exploration points are spatially extrapolated along the fault strike direction and sedimentary layer extension direction to generate a set of reference points.
5. The oil and gas exploration method suitable for small and medium-sized basins according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S2, in addition to constructing the spatial distribution characteristics of the structurally constrained exploration units, the exploration points are also deployed in zones based on the reference point set, and the initial exploration density within different structurally constrained exploration units is determined.
6. The oil and gas exploration method suitable for small and medium-sized basins according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S3, the parameters of the number of fractures, the degree of fracture intersection, and the rate of change of the dip angle of the strata are normalized and then weighted and summed based on preset weight coefficients to obtain the structural complexity index.
7. The oil and gas exploration method suitable for small and medium-sized basins according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S4, when the structural complexity index is lower than the first threshold, a basic geophysical exploration method is used, and when the structural complexity index is higher than the first threshold, a geological survey and verification drilling exploration method is superimposed.
8. The oil and gas exploration method suitable for small and medium-sized basins according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S5, the uncertainty control steps include the following: S501. Conduct a consistency analysis on the exploration results obtained by different exploration methods; S502. Perform stability analysis on the structural interpretation results; S503. Based on the consistency analysis results and stability analysis results, construct a set of uncertainty parameters and perform weighted calculations to obtain uncertainty indices; After the uncertainty index is calculated, the structurally constrained exploration unit is divided into high-confidence, medium-confidence, and low-confidence zones according to the uncertainty index, and the newly added exploration results are fed back to the structurally constrained exploration unit for re-execution of subsequent steps S1 to S5.
9. The oil and gas exploration method suitable for small and medium-sized basins according to claim 8, characterized in that: In step S503, the weighting coefficients of the consistency analysis results and stability analysis results in the calculation of uncertainty index are set according to the historical verification reliability of different exploration methods.
10. The oil and gas exploration method suitable for small and medium-sized basins according to claim 9, characterized in that: In steps S1 to S5, the constrained exploration units are stored in the form of data objects. The data objects include a set of construction parameters, a set of construction complexity parameters, a set of exploration points, and a set of exploration results. An oil and gas exploration state machine system is constructed based on the data objects. The state machine system includes at least an initial exploration state, an intermediate verification state, a risk feedback state, and a final evaluation state.